B.Tech.

(Bioinformatics)

Semester – I

BBI 101: Concepts of Biotechnology – I 38 Hrs

1. Introduction:
a. Biotechnology as interdisciplinary science…….………………………………….1
b. Historical developments………….………………………………………………..1
2. Industrial biotechnology:
a. Large scale cultivation of microbes ………………………………………………2
b. Microbial strain improvement……………………………………………………..2
c. Bioreactor design and parameters (generalized design)…………………………...2
d. Media design ……………………………………………………………………...1
e. Scale up …………………………………………………………………………...1
f. Fermentations techniques (SSF and SMF) ………………………………………..2
g. Downstream processing…………………………………………………………...2
3. Products and services based on biotechnology:
a. Medicines (vaccines, antibiotics and diagnostics tests)…………………………...2
b. Energy(natural sources and biological fuel generation, biomass energy)…………2
c. Foods and beverages (cheese and beer)…………………………………………...2
d. Chemicals(citric acid)……………………………………………………………..1
e. Agriculture (micropropogation and production og disease resistant plant)……….2
4. Material Biotechnology:
a. Tanning of leather………………………………………………….. ……………..2
b. Retting of flax, hemp & Coir ……………………………………………………..2
c. Biodeterioration and preservation of : Food, paper, textiles and paint…………...4
5. Environmental biotechnology:
a. Biodegradation of xenobiotic compound………………………………………….1
b. Surfactants and biosurfactant ………………………………………………….….2
c. Biopesticides………………………………………………………………………2
d.Use of super bugs in oil slicks…………………………………………………...1
e. Soil Remediation…………………………………………………………………..1
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Books recommended
1) Fundamentals of Biochemistry; A. C. Deb, New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd.
(2002).
2) Introductory Practical Biochemistry; S.K Sawhney, Randhir Singh; Narosa
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. (2005).
3) Biochemistry; J. M. Berg, J. L Tymoczko, L. Stryer; W.H. Freeman and company,
New York (2003)
4) Biochemistry; Mathews, Van Holde, Ahern; Pearson Education (Singapore,
Indian Brach, New Delhi (2005).
5) Biochemistry; G. Zubay; Wm. C. Brown Publisher (1993)
6) Biochenmistry; P.C. Champe, R.A. Harvey; Lippin Cott Williams & Wilking,
Philadelphia. 3rd (2004)
7) Principles of Biochemistry; D. L. Nelson, M. M. Cox; W. H. Freeman & Co. New
York (2005).

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BBI 102: Cell Biology and Developmental Biology 45 Hrs

Cell biology:
1. Cell as basic unit of living systems …………………………………………………...2
2. Pre-cellular evolution : artificial evolution of cells …………………………………...2
3. Broad classification of cell types PPLO’s, bacteria…………………………………...2
4. Biochemical composition of cell (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates,Nucleic acids and
metabolic pool) ………………………………………………………………………..2
5. Ultra-structure of the cell membrane………………………………………………….2
6. Structure and function of cell organelles:
a. Cytosol…………………………………………………………….………………2
b. Golgi bodies, ……………………………………………………………………...2
c. Endoplasmic reticulum (rough) and (smooth) ribosomes ………………………...2
d. Cytoskeletal structures (actin, microtubules etc.) ………………………………...2
e. Mitochondria ……………………………………………………………………...1
f. Chloroplasts ………………………………………………………………………1
g. Lysosomes ………………………………………………………………………...1
h. Nucleus ……………………………………………………………………………1
7. Cell division and cell cycle …………………………………………………………...2
8. Cell – cell interaction …………………………………………………………………1
9. Cell senescence and death……………………………………………………………..1
Developmental biology:
10. Differentiation of sex………………………………………………………………….2
11. Mammalian testis: Histology Spermatogenesis and cell to cell interaction…………...2
12. Mammalian ovary: Histology & Mechanism of ovulation, Ovary-pituitary
Relationship..…………………………………………………………………………..1
13. Mechanism of fertilization…………………………………………………………….2
14. Gastrulation in frog……………………………………………………………………2
15. Mammalian development
a. Cleavage – Morula and Blastocyst. ……………………………………………….2
b. Implanatation in mammals………………………………………….…….……….2

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 c. Placentation in mammals………………………………………………………….2
16. Determination and totipotency of plant cells………………………………………….2
17. Experimental manipulation of totipotency…………………………………………….1
18. Factors affecting totipotency…………………………………………………………..1

Books recommended
1. Developmental Biology; T Subramoniam, Narosa Publication 1st Edition (2002)
2. Textbook Of Medical Physiology; Guyton, Arthur C.; Hall, John E.; W.B.
Saunders 10th Edition (2000)
3. Human Embryology; Churchill Livingstone; Larsen, William J.; Sherman,
Lawrence S.; Churchill Livingstone 1st Edition (2001)
4. Cell and Molecular Biology; DeRobertis; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 8th
Edition (2001)
5. Molecular Biology of the Cell and the Hypercell with CDROM; Alberts, Bray;
Garland Publishing 1st Edition (1999)
6. Molecular Biology of the Cell with CDROM Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander;
Lewis, Julian 4th Edition (2005).

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BBI 103: Basic Concepts of Bioinformatics - I 45 Hrs

1. Essential requirement for bioinformatics :

Understanding central dogma
Transcription …………………………………………………1
Translation …………………………………………………...2
Protein structure – primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, and
functions……………………………………………………………….4
Nucleic acid structure and gene expression………………………………..3
DNA and protein sequence analysis……………………………………….3
Signal transduction and oncogenesis……………………………………...5
Protein folding……………………………………………………………..3
Molecular chaperons………………………………………………………3
2. Introduction to Bioinformatics:
Bioinformatics……………………………………………………………..3
Sequence databases………………………………………………………..5
Genome projects – human, mouse, plasmodium………………………….5
Pattern recognition and prediction………………………………………...5
Sequence analysis- homology and analogy ………………………………3

Books recommended
1. Molecular biology of gene Fifth edition - Watson, Baker, Pearson education
publication (2004)
2. Principles of Biochemistry Fourth edition – Lehninger, Nelson , cox, Freeman &
company (2005)
3. Introduction to Bioinformatics – Teresa Atwood and David J.Parry, Pearson smith
publication (2003)
4. Introduction to Bioinformatics – lesk, Oxford press (2003)
5. Fundamental Concepts of Bioinformatics - Dan E. Krane, Michael L. Raymer,
Pearson education (2004)
6. Sequence structure and Database – Des Higgins, Willice Taylor, oxford press
(2003)

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BBI 104: Bioinformatics: Contribution in Biotechnology – I 45 Hrs

Review on the basic concept in bioinformatics.

a) Outline of Bioinformatics contribution to different problems in
biology……………………………………………………………………..2
b) DNA and Genome sequencing…………………………………………….5
c) Sequence accuracy………………………………………………………...2
d) Sequence storage…………………………………………………………..2
e) Sequence format…………………………………………………………...2
f) Sequence submission to sequence Database………………………………2
Pairwise alignment:
a) Definition………………………………………………………………….1
b) Database searching………………………………………………………...1
c) Algorithms and programs………………………………………………….2
d) Sequence comparison……………………………………………………...2
e) Analysis of identity and similarity………………………………………...1
f) local and global similarity…………………………………………………1
g) Dynamic programming……………………………………………………3
h) Pairwise database searching……………………………………………….2
i) Alphabets and complexity…………………………………………………2
Multiple sequence alignment:
a) Definition…………………………………………………………………..1
b) Purpose of multiple sequence alignment and searching of database………4
c) Understanding and conceptualization of computational complexity………5
d) Simultaneous and progressive methods for multiple database alignment…5

Books recommended

1. Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome analysis by David W. Mount

CBS Publishers & Distributors, 2004 reprint
2. Fundamental concepts of Bioionformatics by Dan E. Krane, Michael L. Raymer
Low price edition, Pearson Education

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 3. Bioinformatics- A practical guide to the analysis of genes and proteins II Edition,
Edited by Andreas D. Baxevanis, B.F Francis Ouellette John Wile & sons, Inc.,
Publication
4. Current topics in Computational molecular Biology 2004 Edition TaoJiang, Ying
xu,
5. Michael Q. Zhang Ane books publishers

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BBI 105: Biochemistry – I 45 Hrs

1. Nature of biological material:

General properties of organic molecules, suitability of organic compounds for
generation of structure…………………………………………………………………2
2. Physical Chemistry: ……………………………………………………………..
a. Basic concepts, principles and applications in biology ………...………………..18
i. Diffusion
ii. Osmosis
iii. Dialysis
b. Nernst equation
c. Viscosity
d. Colloids
e. Stoke-Einstein Equation for diffusion
f. Acid-base Dissociation
g. Redox Potential
h. Structure of water
3. Carbohydrates: ………………………………………………………. ……………..6
Classification and stereochemistry, structural properties and functional
importance of storage and structural polysaccharides such as starch,
glycogen, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, chitin and mucopolysaccharides.
4. Lipids: ………………………………………………………………………………...5
Structure, classification and properties of lipids, lipid assembly, different
models of membranes, formation of liposomes.
5. Nucleic acids:…………………………………………………………………………6
Components and organization of nucleic acids, covalent structure of RNA and
DNA, nucleic acid: double helix, A, B and Z forms, denaturation and
renaturation of nucleic acids, classes of nucleic acids: RNA and their subclasses,
functions of nucleic acids: molecules involved in storage and retrieval of
information.
6. Proteins: ………………………………………………………………………………8

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 Primary, secondary (with respect to domains and motifs), tertiary and quaternary
structures, Details of keratin, collagen, hemoglobin, cytoskeletal and extracellular
proteins.
Books recommended:
1. Fundamentals of Biochemistry; A.C. Deb; New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd. 8th
Edition (2002)
2. Introductory practical Biochemistry; S.K. Sawhney, Randhir Singh;; Narosa
Publishing house (P) Ltd; 2nd Edition (2005).
3. Biochemistry; J. M. Berg, J.L. Tymoczko, L. Stryer; W.H. Freeman and Co., New
York. 5th Edition (2003).
4. Biochemistry; Mathews, Christopher K, Van Holde, Ahern; 5th Edition; Pearson
Education (2005).
5. Biochemistry; G. Zubay; Wm. C. Brown Publishers. 3rd Edition (1993) .
6. Biochemistry; P.C. Champe, R.A. Harvey;; Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2nd
Edition (1991).
7. Principle of Biochemistry; D.L. Nelson, M.M. Cox; W. H. Freeman and Co., New
York. 4th Edition (2005).

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BBI 106: Bio statistics 45 Hrs

1. Introduction, scope, application and use of statistics, collection and

classification of data, census and sampling graphs and diagrams,
arithmetic mean, median standard
deviation…………………………………………………………………5
2. Correlation and regression for ungrouped data, scatter diagram, calculation
and interpretation of correlation coefficient, linear regression coefficients,
and equations of the lines of regression, non-linear relationship
transformable to linear (Y=Abх , Yax b).
………………………………………………………………… 5
3. Probability, definition. Addition and multiplicative laws (without proof).
Random variable and its distribution, binominal probability distribution,
examples and conditions, means and variance, poison probability
distribution, examples and conditions, means and variance, continuous
variable, normal distribution, use of normal probability table for
including probabilities…………………………… 8
4. Population parameters and sample statistics, sampling techniques, simple
random sampling stratified random sampling systematic sampling,
standard error of mean Estimation, point & interval, confidence
intervals for population mean & proportion. …………. 5
5. Hypothesis testing, Type I and Type II errors levels of significance, one-
tailed and two tailed tests, application to single mean and single
proportion, equality of population means and two population
proportions…………………………….. 5
6. Chi-square test for independent attributes in r X c table, special case of
2x2 Table Students test for significance of correlation coefficient V for
p=o (small sample test)…… 3
7. Fishers Z transformation coefficient for getting yp-0 in large samples, test
of significance for y (p=0)……………… 5
8. Design of experiment: Principle and concepts of completely randomised
design, randomised block design and Latin square design………………5
9. Variance ration F-test – Analysis of variance in one - way classification...2

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 10. Non-parametric test: Distribution-free methods, sign test for method pairs,
Wilcox on test for unpaired data, Run test……………………………...2
Books recommended
1. Calculus; Thomas and Finney; 9th Edition; Pearson’s Edu. Singapore.
2. Integral Calculus; Shanti Narayan and R.K. Mittal , Revised edition , S.Chand &
company limited.
3. Statistical methods ; S.P. Gupta , Revised edition (33rd) , S.Chand & sons , New
Delhi.
4. Probability , Statistics & Random processes ; T. Veerarajan , 2nd Edition , Tata Mc
Graw Hill.
5. Fundamental of Mathematical Statistics ; Gupta & Kapoor , 11th Edition , S.Chand
& Sons , New Delhi.
6. Mathematical Statistics with application ; D. Wackerly , Richard Sheaffer &
W.Mendenhall , 6th Edition , Duxbury Advanced Series.
7. Advanced Engineering Mathematics ; Erwin Kreyszig , 8th Edition , John Wiley &
Sons.
8. Statistical methods in biology ; Bailey ,3rd Edition , Cambridge University Press.
9. Statistics for biologist ; Campbell.

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 Semester – I

Practical Course Paper I

1. Introduction to computer
2. Introduction to MS-Office (MS-WOrd, Excel, PowerPoint),
3. MS-DOS
4. Internet and Web browsing
5. Database Searching using Entrez and SRS search Engine.
6. Study of Databases and Data retrieval:
7. Genome Databases,
8. Sequence Database,
9. Secondary Databases,
10. Taxonomy Databases,
11. Bibliographic Database,
12. Metabolic Pathway Databases

Practical Course Paper II

1. Preparation of 1% glucose, 100ppm and 1000 ppm CuSO4, use of
pipettes and their Calibration.
2. Determination of Lambda max, verification of Beer’s Law &
determination of molar absorption coefficient.
3. Qualitative tests for carbohydrates.
4. Estimation of sugar by DNSA method.
5. Estimation of ribose by orcinol method.
6. Biochemical test for the presence of protein and amino acid.
7. Acid and Alkaline hydrolysis of pure protein casein and determination
of its component by one dimensional paper chromatograph.
8. Estimation of protein by Biuret – Method.
9. Separation of amino acids and sugar by paper chromatography.
10. Extraction of starch from potato.

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 Semester – II

BBI 201: Concepts of Biotechnology – II 45 Hrs

1.Enzymes biotechnology:
a. Sources and applications of enzymes ……………………………………………..2
b. Enzyme production : extraction and purification of protease and amylase……….2
c. Methods of immobilization of cells and enzymes and applications……………….2
d. Enzyme replacement & Enzyme therapy………………………………………….2
e. Analytical uses………………………………………………………………..
f. Industrial uses………………………………………………………………... 2
g. Biosensors (overview)………………………………………………….………….2
h. m. Biochips and bioelectrical devices……………………………………………..2
2.Energy and Biotechnology:
a. Conservation of energy……………………………………………………………2
b. Ethanol from biomass……………………………………………………………..1
c. H2 production……………………………………………………………………...2
d. Petroleum processing……………………………………………………………...2
e. Enhanced oil recovery……………………………………………………………..2
f. Biogas technology…………………………………………………………………2
3.Genetics and biotechnology:
a. Recombinant DNA technology- principles and techniques ………………………5
Expression of cloned genes
b. Protein engineering………………………………………………………………..2
c. DNA amplification : Polymerase chain reaction and applications………………..3
d. Gene probes as diagnostic reagents and molecular finger printing ……………….2
e. Protoplast fusion …………………………………………………………………..1
f. Cell fusion technology…………………………………………………………….2
g. Hybridoma technology……………………………………….……………………2

Books recommended
1. Biotechnology –P. K. Gupta Rastogi Publishers, 1st Edition (2004).
2. Enzyme Technology P. Gacesa and J. Hubble Open University Press, 1st Edition
(1987).

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 3. Biotechnology B. D. Singh, Kalyani Publishers, 1st Edition ( Reprint 2003).
4. Basic Biotech; Colin Ratledge and Bjana Kristiansen, Cambridge Univ Press, 2nd
Edition (2001).
5. Biotechnology; John E. Smith Cambridge Univ Press. 3rd Edition, (2003)
6. Biotechnology ; The biological principles M. D. Trevan S. Boffey K. H. Goulding
Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.12th Edition (2003).
7. Billogical sciences D. J. Taylor, N. P. U. Green, G. w. Stout Lambridge Univ Press
3rd Edition (2003).

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BBI 202: Genetics and Evolution 45 Hrs

1. Origin and evolution of life : ………………………………………………………..5

a. Classical experiments and current concepts
b. Various theories of evolution and origin and of life
c. Genomic and molecular evolution
2. Mendelian Genetics:
a. Mendel’s Law……………………………………………………………………...1
b. Chromosomal basis of heredity……………………………………………………2
c. Chromosomal analysis, karyotyping, chromosome mapping…………….……….3
d. Allelic Variation …………………………………………………………………..2
e. Linkage and crossing over ………………………………………………………..3
f. Gene interaction…………………………………………………………………...3
3. Non- Mendelian genetics: Cytoplasmic inheritance ……………………………….2
4. Microbial Genetics:
a. Genetic recombination in bacteria (Transformation, conjugation, general and
specialized transduction)…………………………………………………………..2
b. Bacteriophage lambda (lytic / lysogenic cycle)…………………………………...2
c. Tetrad analysis in yeast and Neurospora….………………………………………2
d. Restriction modification systems in bacteria. …………………………………….1
5. Human Genetics: Pedigree analysis (e.g. Haemophilia and colour blindness)………..2
6. Sex determination ……………………………………………………………………..2
7. Genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities…………………………………...3
8. Somatic cell hybridization for chromosome mapping………………………………...1
9. Population Genetics: Hardy-Weinberg law and its role in evolution and speciation….2
10. Genetics in plant and animal breeding………………………………………………...2

Books recommended
1. Genetics. P.K Gupta; Rastogi Publications 1st Edition (2004-2005).
2. Instant Notes in Genetics; P.C. Winter, G.I. Hickey and H.L. Fletcher; Viva
Books Pvt. Ltd. 2nd Edition (2003).
3. Basic Genetics; G.S. Miglani; Narosa Publishing House, 1st Edition (2002).

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 4. Microbial Genetics; David Freifelder; Narosa Publishing House, 2nd Edition
(2004).
5. Human Genetics; S.D. Gangane; Elsevier Publishers, 2nd Edition (2004).
6. Genetics; C. Sarin; Tata McGraw Hill Publishing, 1st Edition (2004).
7. Principles of Genetics; R.H. Tamarin; Tata McGraw Hill Publishing, 1st Edition
(2004).
8. Biological Science; D.J. Taylor, N.P.O. Green and G.W. Stout; Cambridge
University Press, 3rd Edition (2003).

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BBI 203: Basic Concepts of Bioinformatics – II 45Hrs

Web browsing, HTTP, HTML, URLs . ………………………………………………3

Utility and understanding of EMBnet,
NCBI sites in research and development……………………………………………...3
Biological databases and extraction of information and their utilization in R&D:
1. Protein databases
Primary structure databases …………………………………………………...2
Functional protein Databases …………………………………………………2
Composite sequence database ………………………………………………...2
Secondary structure database …………………………………………………2
Structural classification database……………………………………………...2
2. Nucleic acid databases :
DNA sequence database……………………………………………………….2
Genome sequence resources…………………………………………………...2
GENE structure and DNA sequences …………………………………………2
Feature of DNA sequence analysis …………………………………………...2
Expression profiling – EST and cDNA libraries analysis , Gene hunting…….2
3.Secondary Database: … .5
What is Secondary database? What is utility of secondary database?
Building a sequence search protocol and analysis packages:
A Practical approach and when to believe results? ……………………………….3
Structural and functional approaches. …………………………………………….3
Different packages for nucleic acid and protein sequences analysis available
from different commercial Sources and their accessibility in research…………...8

Books recommended:
1. Molecular biology of gene Fifth edition - Watson, Baker, Pearson education
publication (2004)
2. Principles of Biochemistry Fourth edition – Lehninger, Nelson , cox, Freeman &
company (2005)
3. Introduction to Bioinformatics – Teresa Atwood and David J.Parry, Pearson smith
publication (2003)

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4. Introduction to Bioinformatics – lesk, Oxford press (2003)
5. Fundamental Concepts of Bioinformatics - Dan E. Krane, Michael L. Raymer,
Pearson education (2004)
6. Sequence structure and Database – Des Higgins, Willice Taylor, oxford press (2003)

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 BBI 204 : Fundamentals of Computer 45 Hrs

1. Introduction to computers…………………………………………………2
2. Hardware …………………………………………………………………2
3. Software…………………………………………………………………...2
4. Types of computers………………………………………………………..2
5. Concept of files and directories……………………………………………2
6. OS and interfaces………………………………………………………….2
7. Commonly used commands……………………………………………….3
8. Concept of login and logout……………………………………………….2
9. File ownership……………………………………………………………..2
10. Networking fundamentals…………………………………………………4
11. Client-server……………………………………………………………….3
12. LAN, WAN………………………………………………………………..3
13. FTP, Telnet, remote login…………………………………………………3
14. Internet, Web Browser- Netscape Navigator, Mozilla, Internet explorer,
opera HTML……………………………………………………………….3
15. Different high-level Programming language ……………………………...5
16. Algorithms, pseudo codes…………………………………………………5

Books recommended:
1. Computer Fundamentals III edition – Pradeep sinha & Priti sinh, BPB publication
(2003)
2. Fundamentals of information technology – Alexis leon & Mathew Leon vikas
publication(2003)
3. Computer networks IV edition – Andrew s.Tannenbaum, Prentrice Hall India
publication (2001)
4. HTML Unleashed – Rick Darnell,SAMS publication (2003)
5. Sequence structure and Database – Des Higgins, Willice Taylor, Oxford press
(2003)
6. Let us C Vth edition - Yashwant Kanetkar BPB publication (2002)

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BBI 205: Biological Chemistry – II 45 Hrs

I Enzymes
History, nomenclature and classification, activation energy, active site……….10
1. Enzyme kinetics: Michaelis Menton equation, factors affecting enzyme activity,
Mechanisms of enzyme catalysis with reference to Chymotrypsin.
2. enzyme substrate reactions: Lock and key model, induced fit model, Single
displacement reaction, double displacement reaction.
3. Regulation of enzyme action: Theory of allostery with reference to ATC ase, enzyme
inhibitors, types and their kinetics
4. Isoenzymes with reference to LDH, coenzymes and their roles, ribozymes, abzymes,
metalloenzymes.
II. Electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation:……………8
Structure and functions of mitochondrial and chloroplast ETC proteins.
Light Harvesting Complex, Mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation, theories of
ATP synthesis
III Nature of biochemical reactions underlying Biosynthesis and
Degradation ……………………………………………………………………...9
Example : amino acid metabolism.
Biosynthesis of glycine, glutamate, glutamine, proline, aspartate, asparagines and
tyrosine.
Transamination, deamination, Amnio acid pool, ammonia metabolism, urea cycle,
albinism, phenyl ketonuria.
IV Carbohydrate Metabolism………………………………………………………...7
Gluconeogenesis, enzymatic relationship of gluconeogenesis to glycolysis,
glcogen biosynthesis (in short)
V Signal molecules:…………………………………………………………………...6
Cell surface receptors: like receptors for G proteins and tyrosine kinases.and
secondary messengers like Calcium, cAMP, nitric oxide, IP3 etc

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Books recommended
1. Fundamentals of Biochemistry; Dr. A. C. Deb; New Central Book Agency (p)
Ltd. 7th edition (2002)
2. Introductory practical Biochemistry; S. K. Sawhney, Randhir Singh; Narosa
Publishing house P.Ltd , 1st Edition (2005)
3. Biochemistry; J. M. Berg, J. L. Tymoczko, L. Stryer; W. H. Freeman and
company, New York, - 5th Edition (2003).
4. Biochemistry; Mathews, Van Holde, Ahern; Pearson Education, 5th Edition
(2005).
5. Biochemistry; G. Zubay; Wm. C. Brown Publishers, 3rd Edition (1993).
6. Biochemistry; P. C. Champe, R. A. Harvey.; Lippincott Williams and Wilkins,
Philadelphia, 2nd Edition (2005).
7. Principle of Biochemistry;; D. L. Nelson, M. M. Cox.; W. H. Freeman and co.,
New York, 4th edition (2005).

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BBI 206 Biomathematics and Computers in Medicine 45 Hrs

1. Biomathematics
Limits of functions, derivatives of functions. Probability calculations …………………...4
Differential and integral calculus ……………………………………………….………...3
Derivative and its physical significance, basic rules for differentiation ………….……...4
(Without derivation) maxima and minima, their application in chemistry. ……..………..3
Germetric meaning of integration, application in biology and chemistry. Differential
equations:
Separable variable, exact and Linear equation, application of differential
Equations in chemistry……………………………………………….………………..6
2. Computers in Medicine
Role of computers in health care and clinical decision……………………..…………2
Information system development ……………………………………………………..2
Clinical data bases……………………………………………………………………..2
Computer-based patient records or diagnosis…………………………………………2
Use of standard packages, such as dBASE III………………………………………...2
Spreadsheets and their applications……………………………………………………2
Introduction to intelligent system……………………………………………………...2
Pattern and recognition ……………………………………………………………….2
Heuristics in clinical inferencing………………………………………………………2
Knowledge organisation and engineering……………………………………………..2
Expert system in medicine…………………………………………………………….2
Development of computer-based system using knowledge engineering tools………..3

Books recommended:
1. Manicavachagom Pillai, T.K., Natarajan T. and Ganapathy, K.S- Algebra volume
I.
2. Manicavachagom Pillai, T.K –Calculas.
3. Millman and Halkids- Electronics.
4. Campbell -Stastistics for Biologist.
5. Gupta, S.C and Kapoor, V.K.- Fundamental of Mathematical Stastistics
6. E.A. Shortifile; computer based decision marking in medicine: MYCIN.

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 7. P. Szolovits (ed.); Artificial intelligence in Medicine. West view press, Boulder,
Colorado, 1982.
8. Calculus; Thomas and Finney; 9th Edition; Pearson’s Edu. Singapore.
9. Advanced Engineering Mathematics ; Erwin Kreyszig , 8th Edition , John Wiley &
Sons.

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 Semester – II

Practical course I
1. Study and data retrieval from NCBI, EMBL, DDBJ sequence databases
2. Protein databases: Swiss-Prot, PIR.
3. Study of secondary databases and data retrieval: Prosite, Prints, Block, P-fam.
4. Motif, finding, Profile and Pattern matching, Finding the functions of new
Sequences.
5. Sequence alignment using stand-alone programs (DotPlot, Emboss and Jemboss).
6. Structural Database study and retrieval.

Practical Course – II
1. Instrumentation: Study of autoclaves, incubator and Hot air oven
2. Standardization of pH meter and preparation of buffer
3. Titration curve of amino acid (Glycine)
4. Separation of amino acids by TLC
5. Phase contrast microscopy
6. Estimation of calcium by EDTA
7. Estimation of vitamin C by Iodometric method

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 Semester – III

BBI 301: Industrial Microbiology 37Hrs

1. History and scope of industrial Microbiology………………………………………….2

2. Screening strategies:………………………………………………………………….8

a) Isolation of Industrially important Micro organisms

b) Isolation methods using selection of the desired characteristics

By liquid Culture

By Solid Culture

c) Isolation method not using desired characteristics

d) Principle behind screening methods.

e) Isolation of mutants producing improved yield of primary

f) & secondary metabolite.

g) Screening & Selection of stable strain

3. Preservation of industrially important microorganisms:…………………………..2

a) Storage at reduced temperature

b) Storage in dehydrated form

c) Quality control of preserves stock.

7. Strain improvement by recombination systems & their application…………………3

8. Inoculum development: Fermentation media & stock culture………………………3

9. Recovery of product (Downstream processing)…….………………………………..2

10. Fermentation economics & process appraisal …………….………………………….3

8. Biosynthesis & Production:

Amino acids (L lysine) …………………………………………………………….……..2

Organic acids(vinegar and gluconic acid)……………………………………………….2

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Alcohol production (Bioethanol and biobutanol)……………………………..………….1

Beverage production (Wine, Brandy) ……………………………….……….………….3

Food products (sauerkraut and pickles) ………………………………………….……….2

Baker’s yeast……………………………………………………………..………………..1

9. Brief Introduction to Patents & Secret Process……………………………..…………..3

` 26
Books recommended

1. Industrial Microbiology; L.M. Prescott, J.P. Harley, D.A. Klein; McGraw Hill Pub.

5th Edition, (2005).

2. Biotechnology; B.D. Singh; Kalyani Pub., 1st Edition (2003).

3. Industrial Microbiology; L.E.Casida; New Age International Pub., 1st Edition, (2004).

4. Principles of Fermentation Technology; P.F. Stanbury, A. Whitaker and S.J. Hall;

Aditya Books Pvt. Ltd., 2nd Edition, (1997).

5. Biotechnology: Text Book of Industrial Microbiology; Walf Crueger and A.

Crueger; Panima Publishing Corp. 2nd Edition (2004).

` 27
BBI 302: Immunology 45 Hrs

1. Historical perspective……………………………………………………………...2
2. The Immune System:
a. Introduction…………………………………………………………………2
a. Organs and Tissues of Immune System- Primary and
secondary lymphoid organs……………………………………………….2
b. Haematopoiesis, Cells and Classes of immune system …………………...2
3. Antigens:
a. Types, Chemical nature…………………………………………………….2
b. Antigenic determinants/ Epitopes………………………………………….3
i. Chemical nature
ii. Types- Isotypic, Allotypic, Idiotypic
4. Immune Response:
a. Lymphocytes…………………………………………………………...4
i. T-Cells- Classes, Structure and organization of TCRs
ii. B-Cells- Cell surface Receptors
b. APCs and Interaction and Mounting of Immune Response ……………...2
5. Immunoglobulins:
a. General Structure………………………………………………………….2
b. Classes of Immunoglobulins and Isotypes………………………………...4
c. Functions………………………………………………………………….1
d. Affinity and Avidity……………………………………………………….1
6. Techniques in Immunology:
a. Precipitation Reactions/ Tests…………………………………………….1
b. Agglutination Reactions…………………………………………………..1
c. ELISA……………………………………………………………………..2
d. RIA………………………………………………………………………..2
e. Recent Developments……………………………………………………..2

` 28
Books recommended
1. Immunology; Richard A. Goldsby, Thomas J. Kindt, Barbara A. Osborne, Janis Kuby;
W.H. Freeman & Company, 5th edition (2003)
2. Roitt’s Essential Immunology; Ivan M. Roitt, Peter J. Delves Blackwell Science Ltd.,
10th Edition (2001)
3. An Introduction to Immunology; C.V. Rao; Narosa Publishing House,1st Edition
(2004)
4. Instant Notes in Immunology; P.M. Lydyard, A. Whelan, M.W. Fanger BIOS
Scientific Publishers Ltd, 1st Edition (2003)
5. Textbook of Microbiology ;R. Ananthnarayan, C. K. J. Panicker, Orient Longman, 6th
Edition (2003)
6. Immunology: Introductory textbook;Nandini Shetty, New Age International pvt. Ltd.
1st Edition (2003)

` 29
BBI 303: Molecular Biology 45 Hrs

1. Molecular Basis of life and Structure of DNA ……………………………………….2

2. DNA replication: …………………………………………………………………….2
a. Prokaryotes
b. Eukaryotes
3. DNA recombination molecular mechanisms: ……………………………………...2
a. Prokaryotes
b. Eukaryotes
4. Transposable Elements in prokaryotes and eukaryotes………………………………..3
5. Structure of genes:
a. Prokaryotes………………………………………………………………………...3
b. Eukaryotes ………………………………………………………………………...2
6. Transcription & Translation
a. Prokaryotes ………………………………………………………………………..5
b. Eukaryotes ……………………………………………………….………………..4
7. Gene Expression:
a. Prokaryotes:
i. Lac operon and Catabolite repression ……………………………..……...4
b. Eukaryotes :
i. Transcription factors ……………………………………………….……..2
ii. Yeast ………………………………………………………………………1
iii. Protozoan Parasites ………………………………………………….……1
c. Gene organization & expression in mitochondria and chloroplast ……………….3
d. Post translation regulation of gene expression ……………………………………4
e. Development and environmental regulation of gene expression.…………………2

` 30
Books recommended
1) Molecular Biology; David Freifelder, Narosa Publishing House,2nd edition (2004)
2) Microbial Genetics; David Freifelder, Narosa Publishing House, 2nd
edition(2004)
3) Principles of Gene Manipulations; S. B. Primrose, R. M. Twyman, R. W. old,
Blackwell Science,6th Edition (2003).
4) Gene VIII; Benjamin Lewin; Oxford Univ. Press ,8th edition (2004)
5) Advanced Molecular Biology ;R. M. Twyman, 1st Edition , (2003)
6) Instant Notes on Molecular Biology; P.C. Turner, A. G. Mclennan, A. D. Bates &
M. R. H. White, 2nd Edition (2002)

` 31
BBI 304: Biological Database 45Hrs

1. Microbiological database …………………………………………………..10

2. Introduction
3. National MicrobiologicalDatabasesUNIQEM
4. Cell gene-banks related sites
5. JCRB, Cell Bank, GeneBank, UKNCC…………………………………….5
6. Sequence Database ………………………………………………………...5
7. Protein and nucleic acid sequence database. ………………………………5
8. Virology information database
9. ICTVdb, NCBI Viral Genomes……………………………………………..5
10. Biodiversity information
11. Tree of Life………………………………………………………………….5
12. Structural database
13. PDB, CSD, SCOP, CATH, CCSD…………………………………………10

Books recommended
1. Nucleic Acids Research – Database Issue – Open Access (2005), Original Papers
of 719 database is available from the NAR Website :
http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/vol33/suppl_1/index.dtl
2. Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins, Third
Edition by Andreas D. Baxevanis, B. F. Francis Ouellette, Wiley-Interscience,
Released: 15 October, 2004
3. Fundamental Concepts of Bioinformatics by Dan E. Krane, Michael L.
Raymer;Benjamin Cummings Released: 12 September, 2002

` 32
BBI 305: Computer Networking 45Hrs

1. Use of Computer Networking:

a. Introduction to Internet, Web Browsers, NICNET, ERNET,
VSNL, ISDN…………………………………………………………..1
2. Network Goals:
a. Applications of Network………………………………………………1
b. LAN, WAN, Fiber Optics Network ………………………………….2
c. Network topologies……………………………………………………2
d. Traffic Regulators:
Network Interfaces………………………………………………1
Hubs, Switches…………………………………………………..2
Bridges, Routers…………………………………………………2
Firewalls, Viruses………………………………………………..1
e. Ethernet and TCP/IP family of protocols……………………………...2
f. ISO OSI reference model……………………………………………...2
3. Programming in C
a. Introduction, Programming basics ……………………………………2
b. Loops and Decisions…………………………………………………..3
c. Structures and Functions………………………………………………4
d. Arrays: One Dimensional and Two Dimensional……………………..4
e. Pointers………………………………………………………………..4
f. Files and Streams……………………………………………………...3
4. Data Structures Through C:
An Introduction to:
Algorithms……………………………………………………………………..1
Arrays …………………………………………………………………………1
String…………………………………………………………………………..1
Linked List ……………………………………………………………………1
Stacks………………………………………………………………………….1
Queues…………………………………………………………………………1
Searching Sorting Algorithms…………………………………………………1

` 33
Books recommended
1. Let us C by Yeswanth Kaetkar VI Edition, 2004 BPB Publication
2. Programming in C by E. Balagurusamy Tata McGraw Hill publication
3. The complete reference C, fourth edition, 2002 by Schildt Tata McGraw Hill
publication
4. Computer Networks- fourth Edition by Andrew S. Tanenbaum Prentice Hall India
2003 Edition

` 34
BBI 306: Microbial Genetics 45 Hrs

1. Gene transfer in bacteria:

a. Conjugation …………………………………………………………………...3
b. Transformation………………………………………………………………...3
c. Transduction.…………………………………………………………………3
2. Genetics of Bacteriophages:
a. Lytic cycle…………………………………………………………………..3
b. Lysogenic cycle……………………………………………………..………2
3. DNA Replication and regulation:
a. Enzymes involved …….………………………………………………….…2
b. Okazaki fragments ……………………………………………….…..2
c. Rolling circle model ………………………………………………..….2
d. Theta Model ……………………………………………….…………....1
e. D-loop Model ……………………………………………………………..2
4.Gene Expression and Regulation:
a. Operon Concept …….…………………………………………………………..2
5. Recombinant DNA technology:………………………………………………………5
a. Vectors
b. Restriction Endonuclease
c. Basic concept of cloning and organisms used
d. DNA repair mechanisms ………………………………………….……….5
e. Oncogenes and Protoncogenes…………………………... …………………….5
f. Transposable Elements………………………………….………………………5

Books recommended
1. Molecular Bilogy; David Freifelder, Narosa Publishing House (2004)
2. Microbial Genetics; Narosa Publishing House (2004)
3. Principles of Gene Manicpulation; S. B. Premrose, R. M. Twymen, R. W.
old, Blackwell Science )2001).
4. Gene VIII Benjamin Lewin; Pearson Education International (2004)

` 35
 Semester – III

Practical Course Paper I

1. Writing of 20 program in C Language

2. Writing a programs in C language based on Biological problems
a. Translation
b. Transcription
c. Short sequence finding
d. Comparing sequences
e. Triplet codon
f. GC concentration

Practical Course Paper II

1) Determination of the ABO blood group of the given sample and Rh typing.
2) Determination of iso agglutination titer of the given serum sample.
3) Preparation of O and H antigen from Salmonella.
4) Qualitative widal test. (Dreyer’s technique).
5) Ag-Ab Interaction: by Oudin’s immunodiffusion method.
6) Isolation of acidophiles.
7) Isolation of thermophiles.
8) Isolation of antibiotic producers.
9) Crowded plate method.
10) Wilkins overlay method.
11) Determination of its antibacterial spectrum.
i. Agar strip method
ii. Agar streak method.
iii. Ditch plate method.
12) Preservation of antibiotic producer.

` 36
 Semester – IV

BBI 401: Genetic engineering 45 Hrs

1. What is gene cloning and why do we need to clone a gene …………………………..3
2. Tools and techniques: ……………………………………………………………….8
a. Purification of DNA from bacterial, plant and animal cells
b. Cloning vehicles for genomic DNA – plasmids , bacteriophages,
phagemids, cosmids, viruses
c. Handling of DNA, RNA, cDNA, Rt enzymes & other reagents
involved in techniques
d. Introduction of DNA into living cell
3. Choice and selection of tools and techniques………………………………………….2
4. Manipulation of purified DNA………………………………………………………...2
5. Safety measures and regulations for recombinant DNA work………………………..2
6. Cloning vectors for organisms:……………………………………………………...3
a. Yeast, bacteria, fungi, plants, animal cells
b. Cloning strategies
7. Application of cloning in gene analysis: ……………………………………………8
a. How to obtain a clone of a specific gene
b. Studying gene location and structure
c. Studying gene expression
d. Production of protein from cloned gene
8. Aplication of Genetic Engineering……………………………………………...8
a. In medicine
b. Recombinant Vaccine
c. Diagnostic reagent
d. Artificial insulin gene
9. Human Genome Project ………………………………………………………………2
10. DNA markers………………………………………………………………………….4
11. Ethical issues in genetic engineering………………………………………………….2

` 37
Books recommended
1) Molecular Cloning lab manual; Joseph Sambrook, David W. Russell, cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory Press, 3rd Edition (2001)
2) Essential Molecular Biology (volume I & II) Practical Approach; Edited By T. A.
Brown; Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition (2001).
3) Principles of Gene Manipulation; S. B. Primrose, R. M. Twyman & R. W. old;
Blackwell Science, 6th Edition (2001).
4) Human genetics; S. D. Gangane; Elsevier, 2nd Edition (2004).

` 38
BBI 402: Virology & DNA finger Printing 45 Hrs
Virology:
1. Animal, Plant and bacterial viruses: ………………………………………….……2
a. Distribution
b. Classification
c. Morphology and ultra structure
2. Cultivation of viruses, Virus purification and assays…………………………………2
3. Mode of propagation:………………………………………………... ……………..8
a. Adsorption and penetration
b. Viral replication:Nucleic acid synthesis (origin, priming, types of DNA nad RNA
replication)
c. Protein synthesis
d. Assembly and release of virion
4. Life cycle of DNA Viruses (Herpes, Pox, Adenoviruses, SV 40)...………………….2
5. Life cycle of RNA Viruses (Measles, Rabies, Polio & Influenza)..… ……………..2
6. Pathogenesis, epidemiology, prophylaxis and treatment of viral disease (Herpes, Pox,
Measles, Rabies, Polio & Influenza)…………………………………………………..4
7. Retroviruses : ………………………………………………………………………..4
a. Introduction
b. Structure
c. Transformation
8. Bacteriophages :Mu, T3, T4, M13…………………………………………………...2
9. Antivirals………………………………………………………………………………1
10. Concept of virion, viriods, prions and related diseases……………………………….2
11. Identification tools: CPE,serological tests, RIA, LAT, Nucleic acid probes………….2
DNA Finger Printing:
1. Various methods:
a. RAPD, RFLP, SAGE ……………………………..………………………5
b. Differential display
2. EST, CAPs, mini & micro satellite:…………………………………………………3
3. Technology:Terminator gene studies………………………………………………... 2
4. Detection of genetic disorders………………………………………………………...2
` 39
Books recommended
1) Principles of Virology by SJ Flint, LW Enquist, RM Krug, VR Racaniello,
AM Skalka ASM Press Washington 1st edition (2002)
2) An introduction to genetic engineering by ST Desmond and Nicholl
Cambridge University Press 2nd edition(2004)
3) General Microbiology Vol. II by Powar and Daginawala Himalaya Publ.
House 8th edition (2004)

` 40
 BBI 403: Biotechnology: Application and Advances 45 Hrs

1. Industrial biotechnology:..………………………………….………………………………..16
a. Solvent (glycerol and acetone)
b. Dairy products (Processed cheese and yogurt)
c. Sweetners
d. Lactic acid
e. Gums (gellan and xanthan)
f. Flavours and flavour enhancers
g. Oriental fermented foods and beverages (koji, Soya sauce, meso)
h. Mushroom production
i. Microbial proteins (SCP)
j. Bakery products (bread)
2. Agricultural biotechnology: ……………………………………….………………9
a. Role of symbiotic and non-symbiotic N2 fixers in soil fertility, ‘nif’ gene
and its control
b. Use of Ti plasmid in gene transfer in plants
c. Production and applications of biofertilizers and biopesticides
d. Vermiculture
3. Biotechnology and health: …………………………………………………..……..15
a. Blood products (Coagulation factors, HSA, anticoagulants, hemoglobin)
b. Monoclonal antibodies – applications and hazards
c. Exploitation of microbes to produce primary and secondary metabolites
(amino acids, vitamins, antibiotics, hormones)
d. Synthetic vaccines
e. Human proteins, with therapeutic potential : Interleukins, Interferon, HGH,
Insulin.
f. Steroid biotransformations
g. New diagnostics: ELISA, RIA, PCR

` 41
Books recommended
1) Principles of Fermentation Technology by Stanbury & Whittaker, Aditya Books
Pvt. Ltd. India,2nd edition (1997)
2) Industrial microbiology by Prescott & Dunn, Agrobios Publishers India 5th edition
(2002)
3) Industrial Microbiology by Casida, New age international Pvt. Ltd.1st edition
(2004)
4) Comprehensive Biotechnology by C.L.Cooney & A. E. Humphrey, Elsevier
India,1st edition (2004)

` 42
BBI 404: Biological / Biochemical Techniques 45 Hrs

1. Electrophoresis and separation techniques:

a. Electrophoresis of nucleic acids: agarose gel electrophoresis, PAGE…………….3
b. Electrophoresis of Proteins-SDS-PAGE, native gels, gradient gels, isoelectric
focusing, 2-D gel electrophoresis………………………………………………….3
2. PCR:
a. Reaction, Amplification, Specificity, primers, degenerate rested Primers……2
b. Inverse PCR, RT-PCR (cDNA amplification) RAPD, cloning PCR products..2
3. Nucleic acid hybridization:
a. Basic principles of radioactive and non-radioactive hybridization techniques……2
b. Optimizing the temperature………………………………………………………..1
c. Ionic concentration and other critical parameters…………………………………1
4. Blotting techniques:
a. Southern Blotting………………………………………………………………….1
b. Northern Blotting………………………………………………………………….1
c. Western Blotting…………………………………………………………………..1
d. Choice of membranes……………………………………………………………...1
e. Blotting condition………………………………………………………………….1
5. Sequencing Technologies:
Sequencing by Maxim and Gilbert’s method, Dideoxy method and
High throughput DNA sequencing………………………………………………….2
DNA chips…………………………………………………………………………..1
6.Immunological methods:
f. Antibody production (poly/ monoclonal)………………………………………….2
g. ELISA……………………………………………………………………………..1
h. Immunodiffusion…………………………………………………………………..1
i. Immunoelectrophorosis……………………………………………………………1
j. Radioimmunoassay………………………………………………………………..1
k. Immunohistochemistry…………………………………………………………….1

` 43
7. Cytogenetic techniques:
1) Banding……………………………………………………………………2
2) Karyotyping………………………………………………………………..2
3) In-situ hybridization……………………………………………………….1
4) Image analysis ……………………………………………………………..1
8. Histological and anatomical techniques…………..…………………………………...2
Use of microtome
Anatomical characters as a marker

Books recommended
1. Molecular Cloning lab manual; Joseph Sambrook, David W. Russell, cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory Press 3rd edition (2001)
2. Essential Molecular Biology ( volume I & II) Practical Approach; Edited By T. A.
Brown; Oxford University Press 2nd edition (2001).
3. Principles of Gene Manipulation; S. B. Premrose, R. m. Twyman & R. W. old;
Blackwell Science 6th edition (2001).
4. Human genetics; S. D. Gangane; Elsevier 2nd edition(2004).
5. Immunology; Richard A. Goldsby, Thomas J. Kindth, Barbara A.. Osborne, Janis
Kuby, W. H. Freeman & Company. 5th edition (2003).
6. Principles & Techniques of Practicals Biochemistry; Keith Wilson & John Wlaker,
Cambrige University press 5th edition (2003).

` 44
BBI 405: Plant Cell Biotechnology 45 Hrs

1. History………………………………………………………………………………...3
a. Cell theory, theory of totpotency, history , various terminology
2. Micropropagation …………………………………………………………………...3
a. Concept, requirements, stages, explants, mention of somaclonal
variation
3. Haploids & its application ……………………………………………………….….3
a. Anther culture, pollen culture
4. Embryo culture ………………………………………………………………………2
a. Requirements, stages, application
5. Somatic embryogenesis & application ……………………………………………..2
a. Stages, requirements, application
6. Cell suspension culture and its application ………………………………………...2
a. Stages, requirements, application
7. Protoplast culture ……………………………………………………………………2
a. Stages, requirements, isolation, test for viability and application.
8. Plant tissue culture production of:
a. Agricultural crops……………………………………………………...3
b. Forest tree ……………………………………………………………..3
c. Ornamental plants …………………………………………………….3
d. Medicinal plants……………………………………………………….3
e. Endangered plants……………………………………………………..2
9. Introduction to A. tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes …………………………………….2
10. Bioreactor: Types and design
11. Industrial application of tissue culture………………………………………………...2
12. Synthetic seeds ………………………………………………………………………..1

` 45
Books recommended
1. Biotechnology: Fundamentals & Applications by Purohit, Agrobios;1st edition
(2001)
2. Culture of Animal cells: A Manual of Basic technique by Ian Freshney, John Wiley
& Sons 4th edition; (2000)

3. Trends in Plant Tissue Culture & Biotechnology; L K Pareek and P L Swarnkar;

Published by AgroBios India 1st edition 2002,

4. Plant Tissue Culture- Theories and Practices; S S Bhojwani and M K Rajdhan;

Published by Elsevier, 5th edition 1996

5. Plant Cell Culture – A practical Approach; Sec Edition, R A Dixon ;Published by

Oxford Uni. Press 1st edition 2004

6. Methods in Plant Tissue Culture; U Kumar; AgroBios India, 2nd edition 2003
7. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture Fundamental Methods;O L Gamborge ;
Published by Narosa, New Delhi 1st edition 2004

` 46
BBI 406: An Introduction to Visual Basic 45 Hrs

1. Visual Basic
a. An introduction to computers and Visual Basic…………………………..6
b. Problem solving…………………………………………………………...5
c. Fundamentals of programming in VB……………………………………..4
d. General procedures………………………………………………………...3
e. Decisions…………………..……………………………………………...3
f. Repetition………………………………………………………………….3
g. Arrays Sequential files………………………………………….…………3
h. Random Access files………………………………………………………3
i. Introduction to Graphics…………………………………………………..3
j. Additional control and objects…………………………………………….3
k. Database management……………………………………………………..3
l. Object oriented programming……………………………………………..3
m. Communicating with other applications…………………………………..3

Books recommended
1. Visual Basic 2005 : The Complete Reference (Complete Reference Series) by Ron
Petrusha McGraw-Hill ; 1 edition (2005)
2. Database Management Systems by Raghu Ramakrishnan, Johannes Gehrke,
Raghu Ramakrishnan, Johannes Gehrke McGraw-Hill 3rd edition (2002)
3. Fundamentals of Database Management Systems by Mark L. Gillenson Wiley
(2004) ,1 edition
4. Visual Basic ® 6 Complete by Steve Brown Sybex (1999) ,3rd edition
5. Microsoft VB 6.0 Professional, Step by Step, II Edition, Michael Halvorson,
Microsoft Press, Prentice-Hall India. Eastern Economy Edition

` 47
 Semester – IV
Practical Course 1.
1) Practicals in VB
2) Simple Screen Design
3) Various controls
4) More controls & simple animation
5) Input/output & drag/drop
6) Message boxes
7) Database access
8) Drop down menus
9) Menu example, converter project.

Practical Course 1I
1) Isolation of Plasmid.
2) Preparation of competent cells from E-coil.
3) Bacterial transformation.
4) Bacterial Conjugation.
5) Bacterial transudation.
6) Restriction end nuclease digestion and separation.
7) Permanents slide on mammalian physiology.
8) Blotting technique: Demo.
9) Callus Culture.
10) Micropropagation.
11) Embryoculture.

` 48
 Semester – V

BBI 501: Computational Biology – I 45 Hrs

1. Sequence Analysis- An Overall view……………………………………………...2

2. Biological background for sequence analysis. ……………………………………2
3. Identification of protein sequence from DNA sequence. …………………………2
4. Searching of database for similar new sequence…………………………………..2
5. Calculation of sequence alignment for evolutionary inferences ………………….2
6. Database Similarity Searches:
a. Introduction to Sequence Alignment……………………………………...2
b. Optimal Alignment Methods………………………………………….…...2
c. Substitution Scores and Gap………………………………………………2
d. Database similarity searching- Introduction………………………………1
e. FASTA ……………………………………………………………………2
f. BLAST …………………………………………………………………..3
7. Practical Aspects of Multiple Sequence Alignment:
a. Distance and similarity ……………………………………………………2
b. The evolutionary basis for Sequence alignment…………………………..2
c. Progressive alignment Methods…………………………………………...2
d. Motifs & Patterns…………………………….……………………………2
e. Profilescan…………………………………………………………………2
f. MAST……………………………………………………………………...1
g. PROBE ……………………………………………………………………1
h. Alignment Presentation Methods MacBoxshade………………………….1
8. Phylogenetic Analysis:
a. Introduction ………………………………………………………………1
b. Phylogenetic tree building methods………………………………………1
c. Multiple alignment procedure…………………………………………….2
d. Internet Resources………………………………………………………...2
e. Searching for Trees………………………………………………….……1
f. Trees Evaluation and data…………………………………………………1
g. Phylogenetic analysis softwares…………………………………………..2

` 49
Books recommended
1. Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins, Third
Edition by Andreas D. Baxevanis, B. F. Francis Ouellette, Wiley-Interscience,
Released: 15 October, 2004
2. Fundamental Concepts of Bioinformatics by Dan E. Krane, Michael L.
Raymer;Benjamin Cummings Released: 12 September, 2002
3. Sequence and Genome Analysis by David W. Mount - Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory ;2004
4. Statistical Methods in Bioinformatics : An Introduction (Statistics for Biology and
Health)by Warren J. Ewens, Gregory Grant;Springer;Released: December, 2005
5. Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Solutions Using R and Bioconductor
(Statistics for Biology and Health);by Robert Gentleman, Vincent Carey,
Wolfgang Huber, Rafael Irizarry, Sandrine Dudoit;Springer ;Released: 08 August,
2005
6. Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics;by Jonathan Pevsner;Wiley-
LissReleased: 31 October, 2003

` 50
BBI 502: Introduction to Database Systems – I 45 Hrs
1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………….5
Data Abstraction
Data models
Instances & Schemes
2. E-R Model:……………………………………………………………………………..5
Entity and entity sets
Relations and relationship sets
E-R diagrams
Reducing E-R Diagrams to tables
3. Network Data Model: Basic concepts………………………………………………...2
4. Hierarchical Data Model: Basic Concepts…………………………………………...2
5. Introduction to distributed database processing…………………………………….2
6. RDBMS………………………………………………………………………………...5
Relational database design
Oracle Architecture
Oracle objects – Tables, Views, Indexes, sequences; Synonyms, Snapshots, clusters.
7. Database: Table space, Data files, Blocks, Extents, Segments; Oracle Background….2
Processes: PMON, SMON, LGWR, CKPT; Oracle Instance Start-up, Shutdown/Init.ora.
control files; Oracle Memory Management – SGA;
8. Rollback ……………………………………………………………………………….6
Segments: Redo logs/Archival; Transaction Control & Locking / Dead Lock;
Security, Grants, Roles, Privileges
Oracles Utilities & SQL *DBA – Oracle server Manager; Export – Import/SQL Monitor
Backup & Recovery (Archiving); Physical Storage & Logical Storage.
Oracle * Reports – Reports Features; Full Integration with Forms and Graphics; Data
Model and Layout editors. ……………………………………………………………6
9. Layout Objects – Frames, Repeating Frames, Fields, Boiler Plate, Anchor; Interface
Components; Report Formats: Example Reports; Single Query, Multi Query, Matrix,
Master-Detail etc.; User defined Columns; PL/SQL Interface/ Triggers; Packaged
Procedure: Calling report from a Form. ………………………………………………6

` 51
10. Menu: Default Menus; Custom Menus; Menu Objects; Menu Module, Main Menu,
Individual Menus, Sub Menus. Menu Items; Menu Editor, PL/SQL in menu Modules
Menu Security. ………………………………………………………………………..4

Books recommended
1) Database system concepts :Abraham Silberschatz Henry F. Korth S. Sudershan
2) Publisher McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York, NY, USA
3) Database in Depth: The Relational Model for Practitioners C.J. Date O'Reilly

` 52
BBI 503: Bio mark up Languages 45 Hrs

1. HTML-
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………..3
Frames…………………………………………………………………………...3
Forms…………………………………………………………………………….3
Tables……………………………………………………………………………3
CSS……………………………………………………………………………3
2. XML-
Introduction……………………………………………………………………..2
Document type definition ………………………………………………………2
XSD…………………………………………………………………………….2
XSLT…………………………………………………………………………...2
DOM…………………………………………………………………………...2
3. CML-
Introduction……………………………………………………………………...2
Validation file……………………………………………………………………2
Jchem Paint………………………...……………………………………………2
Applications……………………………………………………………………..4
4. BSML-
Introduction…………………………………………………………………….2
Validation file…………………………………………………………………..2
Genome XML Viewer………………………………………………………….2
Applications……………………………………………………………………4

Books recommended:
1. HTML Unleashed – Rick Darnell, SAMS publication(2003)
2. HTML & XHTML: The Complete Reference IV edition (Osborne Complete
Reference) -Thomas Powell; Tata Mcgraw Hill publishing company limited (2002)
3. HTML for the World Wide Web with XHTML and CSS: Visual QuickStart Guide,
Fifth Edition - Elizabeth Castro(2003)
4. HTML and XML for Beginners Ist edition (2000) - Michael Morrison Microsoft Press
5. XML in nutshell –Elliotte Rusty Harold-Oreilly 2001

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Web sites: www.cml.org
www.xml.org
www.bsml.org

` 54
BBI 504: Advanced Analytical Techniques 45 Hrs

1. Chromatography: Theory, operations and applications of

a. High performance liquid chromatography………………………………………...2
b. Specialized chromatography techniques: …………………………………………3
i. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography
ii. Covalent chromatography
iii. NA-cellulose chromatography
iv. Hydroxyapatite chromatography
v. Reverse phase chromatography
2. Electrophoresis: Theory, operations and applications of Electrophoresis
a. Paper ………………………………………………………………………………1
b. Cellulose ………………………………………………………………….……….1
c. Disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels………………………………………1
d. Electronic focusing. ……………………………………………………………….1
e. Pulse-field electrophoresis………………………………………………………...1
f. Capillary electrophoresis…………………………………………………………..1
g. Combine electrophoresis and chromatography……………………………………1
h. Finger printing …………………………………………………………………….1
3. Absorption Spectroscopy:
a. Theory of light absorption by molecules………………………………………….1
b. Instrument for measuring absorption of visible and ultraviolet light……………...1
c. Parameters measured in absorption spectroscopy…………………………………1
d. Factors affecting the absorption properties of a chromophore…………………….1
e. Chemical analysis by absorption spectroscopy using visible and UV light……….1
f. Structural studies of DNA and proteins using absorption of ultraviolet light……..2
g. Report groups, absorption of polarized light, instruments and applications
of: …………………………………………………………………………………6
i. Microspectrophotometry
ii. Densitometry
iii. Cytophotometry
iv. UV and polarized UV-microspectrophotometry
v. Flame photometry

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 vi. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
4. X-Ray Crysttallography……………………………………………………………….2
5. Laser in biology and medicine ………………………………………………………..1
6. Principles & application of CD & ORD Techniques………………………………….2
7. Capillary Isoelectric focusing electrospary Ionization mass spectrometery…………..2
8. MALDI – TOF – MS………………………………………………………………….2
9. BIOCHIPS……………………………………………………………………………..1
10. NMR…………………………………………………………………………………...1
11. MRI……………………………………………………………………………………1

Books recommended
1. Principle of Gene manipulation by Old & Primrose. BlackWell Science;6th edition
(2004)
2 Biophysical Chemsitry by Nath & Upadhyay.Himalaya Publishing House;1st
edition
3 Principles of Analytical Techniques by Wilson & Walker. Cambridge 5th
edition(2003)
4 Chromatography: Principles of Techniques by D. I. Edwards.Butterworth and
company publishers ltd 1st edition (1970)
5 Principles of Instrumental Analysis by Anand & Chalwal Skoog.Himalaya
Publishing House 1st edition (1979)
6 Light Microscopy by C. P. Rubbi; John wiley and sons UK 1st edition (1984)
7 Biophysics by Pattabhi. Narosa Publishing House Mumbai;1st edition (2005)
8. A Biologists Guide to principle and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry by
Wilson & Golding. Cambridge 5th edition (2003)

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BBI 505: Molecular Cell Signalling 45 Hrs

1. Over view of cell-cell and intracellular signaling mechanisms: ………………3

a. Endocrine transmissions
b. Paracrine transmissions
c. Autocrine transmissions
d. Synaptic transmissions
2. Cell-cell recognition ………………………………………………………………2
3. Cell-adhesion molecules…………………………………………………………..2

4. Concepts of receptors (Extracellular, intracellular): …………………………...…5

a. Receptor ligand interactions (concepts of agonist and antagonist)
b. Receptor characterizations
c. Receptor functions
d. Extra cellular receptors
e. Coupling of receptors to different signal transducing machinery

5. G-proteins;structure, function …………………………………………………….2

6. Ion channels and catalytic proteins………………………………………………..2
7. Adenylate cyclase system; cAMP-PK and CREB proteins………………………3
8. Calcium channels…………………………………………………………………2
9. Oscillations of calcium concentration as signals………………………………….2
10. Receptors with protein tyrosine kinase activity :structure and function………….2

11. Intercellular receptors: steroid receptors, structure and function …………………2

12. Second messengers: phosphoinositides, inositol 1,4,5, tris phosphate, diacyl
glycerol AMP,c GMP, arachidonic acid, prostaglandins and NO ………..………3

13. Mechanism(s) of signal transduction: coupling of activation of receptors to

intracellular signal transducing machinery; protein kinase(s) cascade;
generegulation ……………………………………………………………..……...3

14. Regulation of receptor function……………………………………………………2

15. Receptor modifications, adaptation of cells………………………………………1
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16. Signal transduction pathways in development and disease………………………..2
17. Relationship of receptor tyrosine kinases with protoncogenes.…………………...1
18. Developmental abnormalities due to defective signaling pathways…….………...1

19. Signal transducing machinery as targets for potential drugs………………………1

Books recommended
1) Genes VII & VIII; Benjamin Lewin; Pearson Education International 7th and 8th
edition (2004).
2) Molecular cell Biology; Lodish, Berk,, Matsudaria, Kaiser, Kriger, Scott,
Zipursky, Darnell; W. H. Freeman & Company, New York 5th edition(2003),
3) The Poharmacological Basis of Theapuitis; J. G. Hardman, L. E. Limdrid, A. G.
Gilman; Mc Graw- Hill, Medical Publishing Division, New York 10th
edition(2001).
4) Biochemistry; J. M. Berg, J. L. Tymoczko, L. Stryer; W. H. Freeman & Company
& N. Y. 5th edition(2003).
5) Molecular Biology of the Cell; Bruce Alberts, Johnson, Lewis, Raff, Roberts,
Walter; Garland Science, New York 4th edition (2005).

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BBI 506: Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics 45 Hrs

Unit – I
a. Type of interaction: Conformational principles…………………………………...2
b. Conformational space: Type of movements: vibration, rotation, translation …..…2
c. Torsion angle, Ramachandran Plot- An introduction…………………………..…2
d. Different levels of protein structural organizations- primary, secondary, tertiary
and quaternary……………………………………………………………………..2
e. Nucleic acids – Introduction, structure of DNA – types-structure and function,
carbohydrates-Introduction, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides,
structure and function……………………………………………………………..2
Unit – II
a. Internal and external co–ordinate system…………………………………….……2
b. Generation of co–ordinates of biopolymer in Cartesian and cylindrical co–ordinate
system ……………………………………………………………………………..3
c. Potential energy calculations using semiempirical and Quantum mechanics,
potential energy function…………………………………………………………..3
Unit – III
a. Electrostatics energy surface generation…………………………………………..3
b. Methods to predict secondary structures of biopolymers………………………….4
c. Methods to predict three–dimensional structure of proteins and nucleic acids using
dynamic programming methods…………………………………………………...4
Unit – IV
X –ray crystallography of biomolecules
a. Generation of X –rays and its characteristics properties…………………………..2
b. X-ray diffraction- Bragg’s Law – unit cell ……………………………………….2
c. Lattice of crystals …………………………………………………………………2
d. X-ray crystals of proteins and nucleic acids. ……………………………………..1
Unit – V
Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy of molecules :
a. UV…………………………………………………………………………………3
b. IR……………………………………………………………….………………….3
c. NMR, (elementary treatment.)…………………………………………………….3
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Book recommended
1. Biophysical Chemistry, Principles & Techniques by Upadhyay, Himalaya
Publishing House(2005)
2. Biophysics by Vasantha Pattabhi , N. Gautham ,Narosa Publishing House (2005)
3. Light Microscopy by D.Rickwood , B.D.Hames ,Wiley & sons (1994)
4. Chromatography Principles & Techniques by D.I. Edwards , Butterworths (1970)
5. Instrumental methods of chemical analysis by Gurdeep R. Chatwal , Sham
K.Anand, Himalaya Publishing House (2004)

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 Semester – V

Practical Course I
1) Database Manipulation using SQL command. DDL, DML
2) Five Small Database designing, normalisation and implementation.
3) One Small Biological database designing, normalisation and implementation.
4) Using PL/SQL
5) Creation of Multimedia Database
6) Web page designing using HTML and XML.
7) Heading, Text: Adding the attributes to the Web pages (Color, font, Style)
8) Format of Web page Data,
9) Inserting Image and URL in the Web page.
10) Interactive and animated Web pages creation.
11) Table Creation and adding text into the table.

Practical Course II
1. Sequence Analysis:
2. Database Similarity Search BLAST AND FASTA PROGRAMS.
3. Statistical analysis of the similarity search
4. Pairwise alignment using Dynamic Programming Algorithms (Washington
University): Global Alignment and Local Alignment
5. PSI-BLAST
6. Multiple sequences Alignment using ClustalW.
7. Phylogenetic Analysis using Clustalw and Phylip software.
8. Profile Analysis, Motif searching against Motif databases.
9. Study of applications of different softwares in Bioinformatics.
10. Spdbv (3D structure manipulation)
11. Rasmol (3D structure visualisation)
12. BioEdit (Sequence Formatting)
13. Emboss (Pairwise sequence alignment – Unix based)
14. Jemboss (Pairwise sequence alignment – Windows based)
15. UNIX Commands
16. Different versions of Linux

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` 62
 Semester – VI

BBI 601: Computational Biology - II 45 Hrs

1) Predictive Methods Using Protein and Nucleic Acid Sequences:

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………3
Detecting functional sites in DNA………………………………………………...3
Internet tools for identification of Protein coding genes…………….…………….3
Internet resources for repeat analysis……………………………………………...3
Predictive methods using protein sequences………………………………………4
Sequence based physical properties……………………………………………….4
Secondary structure and folding classes…………………………………………..3
NnPredict, predict protein, ssPRED, SOPMA…………………………………….3
Tertiary structure…………………………………………………………………..3
Internet Resources…………………………………………………………………3

2) Human genome Project, microarray analysis, gene expression. Profiling (Cluster

analysis, location analysis, footprinting etc.)…… ……………………………..5
3) Comparative genomics …………………………………………………………......2
4) Exon-intron finder, sequence logo, gene finding, HMMs for motif searching,
metabolic pathway data ……………………………………………………………..6

Books recommended
1. The Internet for Cell and Molecular Biologists (Horizon Bioscience)
(Paperback)Andrea Cabibbo (Editor), Richard P. Grant (Editor), Manuela Helmer-
Citterich (Editor) BIOS Scientific Publishers; 2nd edition
2. Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis David mount; Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory Press; 2nd edition
3. Introduction to Bioinformatics; Arthur M. Lesk; Oxford University Press
4. Fundamental Concepts of Bioinformatics;Dan E. Krane, Michael L. Raymer;
Benjamin Cummings; 1st edition
5. Bioinformatics and Genomes; M. A. Andrade (Editor), Miguel A. Andrade
(Editor)
Horizon Scientific Press
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BBI 602: Bioprogrammming - II 45 Hrs

1. Perl Programming:
Introduction and Installation………………………………………………………3
Data types: Arithmetic and Logical operators……………………………………..3
Conditionals and Loops……………………………………………………………3
List and Arrays…………………………………………………………………….2
Working with files…………………………………………………………………3
Regular Expression and Pattern Matching………………………………………...2
Hashes……………………………………………………………………………..2
Functions and Subroutines………………………………………………………...2
Advanced features in Perl: Advanced functions and operators, files
and Directories, System Interaction, Using Perl’s command line tool, References
and Structures, Using Modules …………………………………………………...5
Using Perl for CGI………………………………………………………………...2
2. Application of Perl in Biotechnology:
Transcription………………………………………………………………………2
Translation ……………………………………………………………….………..2
Finding the repeat sequence ………………………………………………………1
Finding Motifs …………………………………………………………………….1
Inter conversions of different sequence file formats………………… …………...1
Generation Random DNA…………………………………………………………2
Analysis of DNA sequence ……………………………………………………….1
Separating and annotation…………………………………………………………2
Parsing annotation arsing………………………………………………………….2
PDB file …………………………………………………………………………...1
Parsing BLAST output ……………………………………………………………3

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Books recommended
1. Solution and examples for Perl Programmers by Nathan Torkington and Tom
Chistiansen .
2. Network Programming with Perl 1st Edition by Lincoln Stein.
3. Perl in nutshell- oreilly ellen silver
4. perl cookbook oreilly tom Christiansen
5. perl in 24 hours – SAMS elintonpiere

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BBI 603: Concept of Object Oriented Programming C++ 45 Hrs

1. Understand the evolution of C++ from C ……………………………………….1

2. Structured language research, and object-oriented technology………………….1
3. Implementing a function, including naming functions and variables, passing and
returning values, decision and control statements, and basic operators….……….2
4. Complete the basic steps necessary to edit, compile, link, and run C++ programs 1
5. Addresses and arrays ……………………………………………………………..3
6. The purpose of pre-processor directives in C++ …..……………………………..3
7. User-defined types ………………………………….……………………………3
8. Complete programs using multiple source files, including parameter passing
directives…………………………………………………………………….……3
9. Overloading of function names memory allocation and deallocation……….……3
10. Complete programs with overloaded functions and memory allocation ….……...3
11. Methods and techniques C++ uses to complete data abstraction ….……………..2
12. Complete programs implementing an abstract data type …..……………………..2
13. Managing collections of instances and address the problem of managing one set of
code that operates similarly on different data types. .………………………...…..2
14. Summarize the features of C++ that can be used to support data
abstraction…………2
15. The inheritance tools of C++ to construct a new class with unique behaviour. ..…2
16. Understand how that behaviour is, in fact, dynamically bound to the class
Operations………………………………………………………………………..2
17. Creating abstract classes, and the techniques that support it basic principles of
object-oriented design………….………………………………………………...2
18. Newer features of C++ aid in structuring responses to undesirable program run-
time behaviour …………………………………………………………………...3
19. Understand where the desire for some of the new features in C++ comes from,
and how they might apply to real-world problems. ….…………………………..3
20. Extend knowledge of containers from C++ level 1 to include questions of reading
and writing static data stores. ………………………………………..…………...2

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Books recommended
1. Let us C++ by Yashwant Kanetkar BPB VI edition 2004
2. C++ templets : The complete guide David vandevoorde 2002 – Addison Wesley
3. practical C++ programming 2nd 2003 steve ovalline – oreilly
4. C++ how to program 5th edition Harvey and Paul deitel oreilly (2003)
5. C++ for dummies – Randy Davis –4th edition Dummies publisher (2002)
6. C++ programming – Language IIIrd edition (2002) Mcgraw Hill inc.

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BBI 604: Medical Informatics 38 Hrs

1. Literature and reseource of the Field …………………………………………...2

2. Professional Associations, Federal Agencies, and Funder……………………...2
3. Information and Education.……………………………………………………..2
4. IAIMS: the Integrated Advanced Information Management System…………..2
5. The Unified Medical Language System………………………………………...2
6.The Electronic Patient Record HIPAA, Decision Support Systems………….….2
7. Imaging and Information. International Issues in Informatics………………….2
8. Telemedicine and Telehealth…………………………………………………...2
9. Nursing Informatics…………………………………………………………….3
10. Pharmacy Informatics, International Issues in Informatics……………………3
11. Public Health Infomratics, International Issues in Informatics………………..2
12. Denatal Informatics. Veterinary Informatics………………………………….4
13. Consumer Informatics…………………………………………………………2
14. Ethical and Legal Issues in Informatics……………………………………….1
15. Medical Libraries and Informatics. The Future of Informatics. The Professional
16. Presentation Session ……………………………………………………..……2
17. Data Modeling and Databse Design …………………………………………..2
18. Data Modeling in Action: Computer – based Patient Record…………………2
19. Data Modeling in Action: Managing Genetic Information In Biology Rese…..2
20. Data Abstraction: Computational Genomics ……………………………...….2
21. Data Abstraction: Semantic Structure of Medical Knowlwdge …………...….2
22. Diagnotic Systems …………………………………………………………...2

Books recommended :
1. Medical Informatics : Computer Application in Health Care and
Biomedicine (Health Informatics) by G. Wiederhold et al. 2nd edition
(2000)
2.
Clinical Information Systems : A Component – Based Apprach (Health
Informaics) by Rudi Van De Velde, Oatrice Degoulet.1st edition (2003)
3. Internet, Telematics and Helath (Studies in Health Technology and
Informtics,36) by Pan American Health Organization (1997)

` 68
 4. A History of Medical Informatics (Acm Press History Series) By Bruce I.
Blum, Karen Duncan (1990)

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BBI 605: Emerging Areas in Bioinformatics 45Hrs

1. Information Processing challenges and new developments with specific reference

to biotechnology industry …………………………………………………...…….5
2. Advances in computer networks and communication technology. ……………….5
3. Advances in data banks organization with emphasis on those biological data banks
which are not dealt in earlier courses. …………………………………………….3
4. Advances in computer architecture, use of knowledge-based data analysis,
modelling and simulation studies applied to cell culture, cloning biodiversity,
biochemical engineering etc. and other important developments in the area of
Bioinformatics. ……………………………………………………………………7
5. Genome databases ………………………………………………………………...2
6. Assembly of full genome from sequenced fragments …………………………….2
7. Gene prediction algorithms ……………………………………………………….2
8. Operon prediction methods ……………………………………………………….2
9. Genome alignment methods……………………………………………………….2
10. Gene order comparison tools ……………………………………………………..2
11. Comparative genomics ……………………………………………………………2
12. Gene annotations ………………………………………………………………….2
a. Microarray databases and data analysis………………………………..2
13. Gene expression profile databases and analysis …………………………………..1
a. Protein array data analysis …………………………………………….….1
b. Structural and functional genomics……………………………………….1
c. Drug target identification ………………………………………….……...1
d. Metabolic pathway engineering …………………….…………………….1
e. Systems Biology ………………………………………………………….1
f. Ontology …………………………………………….…………………….1

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Books recommended
1. Systems biology in practice: concepts, complementation and application by Edda
Klipp-John wiley (2005)
2. Computational analysis of biochemical systems- A practical guide for biochemists
and molecular biologist by Eberhard O.Voit . Cambridge University press (2000)
3. Genetic analysis of genes and genomes 6th edition Daniel L. Hartl Jones and Bratt
publishers(2004)
4. DNA microarray and geneexpression: from experiments to analysis and modelling
by Pierre Bald -Cambridge university press(2002)
5. Data analysis tools for DNA microarray- Sorin Draghici Chapman Hall
publisher(2003)

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BBI 606: Metabolic Concept & Bioenergetics 45 Hrs

1. Metabolic Concept:
a. Metabolic energy flow, food chain, Energy levels in Biosphere….…..……...1
b. Nitrogen & Water Cycles in Biosphere Autotrophs, Heterotrophs……………1
c. Methods to study Metabolism: Anabolism & Catabolism…………………….1
2. Carbohydrate Metabolism :
a. Anabolism: Photosynthesis………………..………………………………………1
b. Light reaction: Photolysis of water, Photo Phosphorylation and adaptation in
plant………………………………………………………………………………1
c. Dark reaction: Calvin cycle, C4 pathway…….……………….…………………..2
d. Role of NADP & ATP ………………….………………………………………..1
e. Photosynthetic electron transport, electron carriers. …………….………………1
f. Gluconeogenesis………………………………………………………………...1
3. Chemiosmotic Theory:
a. Catabolism : Glycogenolysis, Glycolysis, Kreb cycle, Redox reaction ………...2
b. Electron transport system, various electron carries…….…………………………1
c. Chemiosmotic theory & ATP generation ….…………………………………….2
d. Inhibitors of ETS Energetics of Glucose catabolism …..…………………………1
Anaerobic respiration & Energetics
4. Lipid – metabolism:
i Catabolism
a.  - oxidation of saturated & unsaturated fatty acids……………….. ……………..1
b. Plant peroxisomes & Glyoxisomes & Acetyl-CoA ……………….. ……………..1
c. Ketone bodies…….…………………………………………….….………………1
ii Anabolism
a. Biosynthesis of saturated & unsaturated fatty acids …………………….………..2
b. Triglycerides & Cholesterol. ……………………………………………………...1
c. Regulation ………………………………………………………………………...2
5. Nucleotide & Amino Acid Metabolism:
I Nitrogen Metabolism : Nitrogen fixation…..……………………………….…...2
a. Biosynthesis of essential & non essential amino acids and its regulation…….…4

` 72
 b. Biosynthesis of nucleotides & biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines & Deoxy
ribonucleotides (in short) ………………..……………………………..…………3
II Catabolism of Nitrogen compound:
a. Source of Amino Acids……………………………………………………………1
b. General catabolic reaction of amino acids ……………………..…………………1
c. Ammonia disposal & Urea cycle ……………………………..…………………..1
d. Metabolic rate of Amino acid & Production of Uric acid ………………………...2
e. Catabolism of purines & Pyrimidines …………………………………………….1
6. Bioenergetics:
a. Thermodynamic system & process ……………….……………………………...1
b. Thermodynamic Lanes and concept : Heat, Free energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, Heat
capacity, Biochemical Reaction Kinetics ……………..…………………………2
c. Biological Energy Source – ATP…………………..……………………………...1
d. Biological Redox reaction Energetics. ( In relation to Respiration &
Photosynthesis)…………………………………..………………………………..1
e. Role of Thermodynamics in Biological Sciences ..……………………………….1

Books recommended :
1. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Fourth Edition by David L. Nelson,
Michael M. Cox - W. H. Freeman; 4th edition (2004)
2. Biochemistry, Fifth Edition by Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Lubert Stryer
- W. H. Freeman;(2002)
3. Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fourth Edition by Bruce Alberts, Alexander
Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter - Garland
Publishing ;(2002)
4. Biochemistry 3rd Edition by Christopher K. Mathews, Kensal E. van Holde,
Kevin G. Ahern - Benjamin Cummings; 3 edition (November 30, 1999)
5. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry by Pamela C., Ph.D. Champe,
Richard A., Ph.D. Harvey, Denise R., Ph.D. Ferrier- Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins; 3rd edition ( 2004)
6. Biochemistry by Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet - Wiley; 2 edition (1995)

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 Semester – VI

Practical Course 1
1. Sequences Submission to databases.
2. Programming in Perl & Bioperl: Writing minimum 20 programs in Perl &
Bioperl on different modules assignment.
3. Predictive methods using Protein & Nucleic acid sequence using selected web
servers & softwares

Practical Course II
1. Progamming in C++: Writing minimum 20 programs on different modules
assignments.
2. Metabolic pathway database.
3. Metabolic pathway analysis.

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 Semester – VII

BBI 701: Molecular Structure and Interaction 45 Hrs

Unit – I
1. Fundamental of chemical bonding and non – bonding interactions:
a. Electrovalent bonds …………………………………………………………...1
b. Stability of electrovalent bond ………………………………………………..1
c. Stability of electrovalent compounds …………………………………………1
d. Shape of orbitals and hybridisation……………………………………………1
e. Co-ordination bond ….………………………………………………………...1
f. Vander Waals forces ………………………………………………………….1
g. Metallic bond. …………………………………………………….…………..1
h. co-valent bonds………………………………………………………………..1
Unit – II
2. Fundamental of atomic and molecular orbitals :
a. Theory of atomic and molecular orbitals……………………………………….1
b. Linear combination of atomic orbitals …………………………………………1
c. Quantitative treatment of valency bond theory and molecular orbital theory… .1
d. Resonance structures …………………………………………………………...1
 -bond and  - bonds……………………………………………………………..1
3. Fundamentals of stereochemistry:
a. Stereochemistry of proteins and nucleic acids…………………………….3
Unit- III
1. Macromolecular structure and function
1. Significance and excitement of modern biochemistry: …………………...2
2. Unifying themes of structural stability and versatility…………………….2
3. Noncovalent interactions in macromolecular structure and function ……..2
4. Hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic effect; essential role of water……………..2
5. Thermodynamics of protein folding: free energy, enthalpy, entropy, and
heat capacity……………………………………………………………….2
6. Structure and properties of a-amino acids Molecular Models…………….2
7. Stereoisomers……………………………………………………………...2
8. Ionization of amino and carboxyl groups………………………………….3
9. Features of amino acid side chains………………………………………...3
` 75
 10. Noncovalent interactions mediated by side chains………………………..3
11. DNA-protein interactions I: Repressors and activators……………………3
12. Energetics of DNA protein interactions replication……………………….3

Books recommended
1. R - Molecular modelling : Principle and Application by Andrew 2001 2nd edition
2. Molecular modelling : Basic principles and Application Wiley – VCH 2nd edition
(2005)
3. An introduction to X-ray crystallography 2nd edition M.M.woolfson (1997)
4. NMR by Hore.etal – Oxford university press (1995)

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BBI 702: Biological Databank and Analysis 45 Hrs

1. Data warehousing, data capture, data analysis ……………………………………5

2. Issues in Biological databases……………………………………………………..2
3. Health and medicine- Databases…………………………………………………..2
4. Biochemistry- Databases…………………………………………………………..3
5. Biodiversity- Databases…………………………………………………………...2
6. Genetics- Databases……………………………………………………………….3
7. Zoology- Databases………………………………………………………………..3
8. EST- Database- Introduction, Application………………………………………...2
9. Microbial and cellular Data banks:
a. Introduction to MSDN (Microbial strain data network) ………………….2
b. Numerical coding systems of microbes …………………………………..2
c. Virus information system. ………………………………………………..2
d. Metabolic pathway data …………………………………………………..4
e. rRna Data bank …………………………………………………………...2
f. Signal peptide data bank …………………………………………………2
10. Analyzing Gene using Mapviewer………………………………………………...2
11. Creating transcript model with mapviewer………………………………………..2
12. Finding a candidate disease gene in physical and genetic mapping data using
mapviewer…………………………………………………………………………1
13. Finding Genes encoding protein domain using mapviewer……………………….1
14. Finding members of a gene family using mapviewer……………………………..1
15. Identification of genes in a genomic DNA sequence……………………………...2

Books recommended
1. Bioinformatics: sequence, structure and databanks A practical approach
DesHiggins- Oxford Press(2003)
2. Indroduction to Bioinformatics –A.Lesk Oxford Press(2002)
3. Datamining in Bioinformatics-Jason T.L. Wang 1st edition (Springer) 2004
4. Datamining: multimedia, softcomputing and Bioinformatics –sushmita mitra. John
wiley and sons(2003)
5. Datamining for Bioinformatics CRC.PRC ltd (2005) ISBN: 0849328012

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BBI 703: Principles of Drug Designing & Discovery: 45 Hrs

1. Organized drug discovery and development……………………………………1

2. Pharmacological, microbial, recombinant, biochemical and molecular level
screening systems and their construction strategies………………………….3
3. Alternative strategies in drug identification; drug optimization preclinical
development; clinical trials, patenting and clearance for application………..3
4. Receptor versus enzyme mediated drug action; SAR and its quantative
description………………………………………….…………………………2
5. QSAR…………………………………………………………………………...2
6. Molecular principles in agonist and antagonist action……………………...2
i. Thermodynamic and structural principles
ii. Objective and approaches in the native ligand modification
7. Molecular graphic and dynamical methods in peptide and protein mimicry
……………………………………………………………………………………3
i. morphinans versus enkephalins
ii. Paradigm example of a peptidomimetic
iii. Other illustrative examples from current literature
8. Drug design by receptor site fit………………………………………………….3
i. Active site simulations using PDB structure data and homology
modeling
ii. Graphical and computational active site fits exploting small structure
data libraries, and commercial softwares
9. Concept of perturbation free energy and its practical applications…………..3
a. Rational design of enzyme catalytic principles
b. A recapitulation
c. Affinity labels, illustrative examples
d. Principle of suicide inactivation, design strategies, scope and limitations;
illustrative examples to cover hydrolases, PLP based enzyme, isomerases
and redox enzymes; principles and practice of transition state mimicry,
illustrative examples; ACE, resin and HIV protease inhibitors; collected
substrate analog inhibitors and design strategies, illustrative examples. 5

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 e. Combinatorial approach to compound libraries, current status and future
prospects; synthetic peptide libraries; peptide libraries through phage
display……………………………………………………………………..5
f. Applications in epitope and agretope mapping, and in synthetic vaccine
design; artificial combinatorials; peptides, benzodiazepines and other
current examples…………………………………………………………..5
g. Selection strategies and screening methodologies; persepectives in gene
therapy……………………………………………………………………..4
h. Human genome project and its possible impact…………………………...4

Books recommended
1. Comprehensive medicinal chemistry Vol. I & VI by C. Hansch.
2. Design of wnzme inhibitors as drug by M. Sandle & H. J. Smith.
3. Computer aided drug design by T. J. Pexin & C.L. Propst dekke. – Marcel
Dekker(1989)
4. Computer aided drug design : Theory and application Jean Pierre Doucet,
Jacques webber Academic press(1996)
5. Practical lapplication of cmputer aided drug design Paul s.charifson- Marcel
Dekker(1997)
6. Molecular modeling and drug design – J.A.Vinter Mark gardner – CRC
Press(1994)

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 BBI 704: Java 45 Hrs

1. An introduction to JAVA programming…………………………………………..1

2. Object –oriented programming and JAVA………………………………………..1
3. Working with basics……………………………………………………………….1
4. Data types, Variables and Arrays………………………………………………….1
5. Operators…………………………………………………………………………..1
6. Conditions and loops………………………………………………………………1
7. Introduction to classes and Methods………………………………………………1
8. Inheritance…………………………………………………………………………1
9. Packages and Interfaces…………………………………………………………...2
10. Exception Handling………………………………………………………………..2
11. Multithreading……………………………………………………………………..2
12. Streams and IO…………………………………………………………………….2
13. JAVA applets basics………………………………………………………………2
14. Graphics, Fonts and colour………………………………………………………..2
15. Simple Animation and Threads……………………………………………………2
16. More Animation, Images and Sound……………………………………………...2
17. Managing Simple Events and Interactivity………………………………………..2
18. Creating User Interfaces with AWT……………………………………………….2
19. Windows, Networking and other Titbits…………………………………………..2
20. Modifiers, Access Control and Class Design……………………………………...2
21. Using Native Methods and Libraries……………………………………………...2
22. Under the Hood……………………………………………………………………2
23. Java Programming Tools…………………………………………………………..2
24. Working with Data Structures and Java…………………………………………...2
25. Advanced Animation and Media………………………………………………….2
26. Fun with Image Filters…………………………………………………………….2
27. Bio Java: Writing the Programs based on basic problems in
Biotechnology……………………………………………………………………..1

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Books recommended

1. Programming with Java - A Primer by E. Balaguruswamy ; Prentice Hall - 2004

2. Building Java Applets for Netscape 2.0 - Tim Ritchey ;O'Reilly - 2002
3. Hooked on Java - Arthur Van Hoff; O'Reilly – 2003
4. Internet World 60 Minute Java - Ed Tittel ;WROX - 2004
5. Learning Java by Patrick Niemeyer, Jonathan Knudsen - O'reilly – 2003

Websites
1. http://www.sun.com/
2. http://www.biojava.org

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BBI 705: Oncogenomics 45 Hrs
1. Cancer - Fundamentals
a. Review of Basic Cancer Genetics …………………………………………….2
b. Fundamentals of cancer cell metabolism ……………………………………..2
c. Cancer cell metabolism and multidrug resistance……………………………..2
2. Genime-wide Search for Mutations in Human Cancers
a. Homozygous deletions ………………………………………………………..2
b. Small intragenic mutations…………………………………………………….2
c. Chromosomal rearragements …………………………………………………2
d. Copy Changes…………………………………………………………………2
e. Methylation status changes ………………………………………………...2
3. RNA Expression Profiling in Cance
a. Gene Clusting in Microarrays…………………………………………………2
b. Disease Classification ………………………………………………………...2
c. Gene Discovery by Microarray………………………………………………..2
d. Phenocopies of Diesese Mutations….…………………………………………2
e. Combined Linkages and Microarray Analysis. ….…………………………..2
4. Model System of Cancer
a. Oncogene models ……………………………………………………...2
b. Tumor suppressir models. ……………………………………………………2
c. Analysisi of mouse models…………………………………………………...2
d. Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis of Colon Cancer Incidence in Mouse……2

5 Mocecularly Targeted Drugs

a. Kinases as Targets……………………………………………………………..2
b. GTPases as Targets……………………………………………………………2
c. Cdk inhibitors………………………………………………………………….2
d. Metabolic activation and Detoxification of cancer drugs……………………..2
e. Targeted Testing and the Future of Oncogenomics …………………………..2
f. Economic and Ethical Challenges of Targeted Testing……………………….1

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Books recommended
1. Boncogenomics : molecular Approaches to Cancer By Charles Brenner, David
Duggan
2. Bthe Oncogenomics Handbook (Cancer Drug Discovery and Development) by
William J, LaRochelle Richard A
3. ell Growth and Oncogenesis (Molecular and cell Biology Updates) by S. Papa
et al
4. The genetic control of susceptibility of mica to rouse sarcoma virus
oncogenesis by Alan Cochran Whitmore
5. Cancer Cell metabolism and treatrment by Aurel Lupulescu.
6. Oncogenese (Cancer Trearment and research) by Benz, et al

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BBI 706: Artificial Intelligence and Neural Network 45 Hrs

1. Introduction to Applied Artificial Intelligence…………………………………….2

2. Introduction to Expert Systems……………………………………………………2
3. Production Systems………………………………………………………………..2
4. General Structure of Expert system……………………………………………….2
5. Phases of developing an expert system……………………………………………2
6. Knowledge Base: Knowledge acquisition………………………………………...2
8. Inputs Intermediate Conclusions Outputs………….. ……………………………..1
9. Control Structures…………………………………………………………………1
10. Experts System incorporating uncertainty:
a. Probability concepts……………………………………………….………1
b. Objective description……………………………………………………...1
c. Probability laws……………………………………………………………1
d. Fuzzy sets………………………………………………………………….2
e. MYCIN methods…………………………………………………………..2
f. Machine learning expert systems………………………………………….2
g. Introduction to rule method………………………………………………..2
h. General rules using entropy ………………………………………………2
i. Multiple rule attributes…………………………………………………….2
j. Boolean Algorithms: Definitions & postulates……………………………2
k. Decision support systems and PROLOG………………………………….2
l. Command language grammar approach…………………………………...1
m. Applications in Biotechnology and Biology………………………………1
n. Neuronal Computing………………………………………………………1
o. Principle & promises of neural computing……………………………….1
p. Neural Network architectures & learning scheme
i. Feed forward Neural Network……………………………………..1
ii. Feedback Neural Network…………………………………………1
iii. Self-organising Neural Network…………………………………..1
q. Fast Learning algorithms for Neural Networks…..……………………1
i. Application of Neural Network of solve biological
problems…………………………………………………………...1

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 ii. Classification of molecules & systems……………………………1
iii. Prediction of secondary or tertiary structures……………………..1
iv. Genome mapping………………………………………………….1

Books recommended: Refer Books Section

1. Fundamentals of artifical neural networks Mohamad H.Hassoun MIT
press1995
2. Clinical application of artificalneural networks by Richard Dybowski –
Cambridge univ press 1st edition 2001
3. Artifical neural network B.Yegananarayanan Prentice Hall of India pvt Ltd
(2004)
4. Artifical intelligence applications and neural networks by M.H.Hamaza
ISBN: 08898612528 publisher not avail(1990)
5. Advances in pattern recognition systems using Neural network
Tecnologies vol7 by I.Guyon (1994)

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 Semester – VII

Practical Course 1
1. Structural Bioinformatics:
Homology modelling using modeller & SPDBV
In Silico Molecule Structure designing, Energy Minimization,
Conformational Analysis in SGI platforms.
Protein Manipulation using SPDBV
Solving the assignments regarding the Drug Designing and Vaccine Designing.
Molecular Simulation Studies using AMBER, CHARMM

Practical Course II
2. Computer: Java & Bio Java practicals –
Minimum 20 programs in Java & Biojava

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 Semester – VIII

PROJECT
Duration 6months
Maximum marks 400
Actual work 150
Presentation 150
Viva 100

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Books on Bioinformatics

1. Adams M.D., Fields C., Venter J.C. (Eds.) Automated DNA sequencing and
analysis Academic Press, London (1994). [Recommended for those interested
in DNA sequencing technologies] Amazon.com
2. Baxevanis A., Ouellette F.B.F. (Eds.) Bioinformatics: a practical guide to the
analysis of genes and proteins John Wiley and Sons, New York (1998).
[Recommended, but very partial towards NCBI tools] Amazon.com
3. Bishop M.J., Rawlings C.J. (Eds.) Nucleic acid and protein sequence analysis.
A practical approach, IRL Press, Oxford (1987) [Obsolete, replaced by 1997
book in same series] Amazon.com
4. Bishop M.J., Rawlings C.J. (Eds.) DNA and protein sequence analysis. A
Practical approach IRL Press, Oxford (1997) [Recommended] Amazon.com
5. Bishop M.J. (Ed.) Guide to human genome computing. Second edition
Academic Press, London (1998). [Recommended, but very partial towards
tools developed in the UK] Amazon.com
6. Colwell R.R., Swartz D.G., McDonald M.T. (Eds.) Biomolecular data: A
resource in transition. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1989). [Obsolete]
Amazon.com
7. Doolittle R.F. Of URFs and ORFs: a primer on how to analyze derived amino
acid sequences. University Science Books, Mill Valley California (1986).
[While in some aspects obsolete, is still a very good introductory text]
Amazon.com
8. Doolittle R.F. (Ed.) Molecular Evolution: computer analysis of protein and
nucleic acid sequences (Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 183). Academic Press,
San Diego (1990). [Obsolete, replaced by 1996 book in same series]
Amazon.com
9. Doolittle R.F. (Ed.) Computer methods for macromolecular sequence analysis
(Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 266). Academic Press, San Diego (1996).
[Recommended] Amazon.com Durbin R., Eddy S.R., Krogh A., Mitchison G.
Biological sequence analysis. Probabilistic models of proteins and nucleic
acids Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1998). [Recommended; a very
good introduction to the use of HMM in bioinformatics] Amazon.com

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 10. Gribskov M., Devereux J. (Eds.) Sequence analysis primer Stockton Press,
New York (1991). [A bit obsolete, more or less replaced by Baxevanis's book]
Amazon.com
11. Griffin A.M., Griffin H.G. (Eds.) Methods in molecular biology Vol. 24:
Computer analysis of sequence data, part I. Humana Press, Totowa (1994).
[Not recommended] Amazon.com
12. Griffin A.M., Griffin H.G. (Eds.) Methods in molecular biology Vol. 25:
Computer analysis of sequence data, part II. Humana Press, Totowa (1994).
[Not recommended] Amazon.com
13. Gusfield D. Algorithms on strings, trees, and sequences. Computer science
and computational biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1997).
[Recommended to those wanting an in depth overview of string matching
algorithms in the context of bioinformatics] Amazon.com: A Glance:
Algorithms on Strings, Trees, and Sequences: Computer Science and Comput
14. Lesk A.M. (Ed.) Computational molecular biology. Sources and methods for
sequence analysis. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1988). [Obsolete]
Amazon.com
15. Peruski L.F. Jr., Harwood Peruski A. The Internet and the new biology: tools
for genomic and molecular research. American Society for Microbiology,
Washington DC (1997). [No info] Amazon.com Schulze-Kremer S. Molecular
Bioinformatics: algorithms and applications. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin - New-
York (1995). [Interesting for those wanting to use AI techniques in
bioinformatics] Amazon.com
16. Setubal J., Meidanis J. Introduction to computational molecular biology. PWS
Publishing Co., Boston (1996). [Not recommended] Amazon.com
17. Sillince J., Sillince M. Molecular databases for protein sequences and structure
studies: an introduction. Springer Verlag, Berlin (1992). [Obsolete]
Amazon.com
18. Smith D.W. (Ed.) Biocomputing. Informatics and genome projects. Academic
Press, New York (1994). [Interesting] Amazon.com
19. Suhai S. (Ed.) Computational methods in genome research. Plenum Press,
New York (1994). [Interesting] Amazon.com

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 20. Suhai S. (Ed.) Theoretical and computational methods in genome research.
Plenum Press, New York (1997). [No info] Amazon.com
21. Swindell S.R., Miller R.R., Myers G.S.A. (Eds.) Internet for the molecular
biologist Horizon Scientific Press, Norfolk (1996). [Not really useful as things
evolves so quickly, it is already obsolete] Amazon.com
22. Swindell S.R. (Ed.) Methods in molecular biology Vol. 70: Sequence data
analysis guidebook. Humana Press, Totowa (1997). Amazon.com
23. Trifonov E.N., Brendel V. GNOMIC, a dictionary of genetic codes. Balaban
Publishers, Philadelphia (1986). [Obsolete] Amzaon.com
24. von Heijne G.; Sequence analysis in molecular biology. Treasure trove or
trivial pursuit. Academic Press, London (1987). [Obsolete] Amazon.com
25. Waterman M.S. (Ed.) Mathematical methods for DNA sequences. CRC Press,
Boca Raton (1989). [Obsolete, see his new book] Amazon.com
26. Waterman M.S. Introduction to computational biology: maps, sequences, and
genomes Chapman and Hall, London (1995). [Recommended] Amazon.com
27. Wilkins M.R., Williams K.L, Appel R.D., Hochstrasser D.H. (Eds.) Proteome
research: new frontiers in functional genomics. Sringer Verlag, Berlin (1997).
[Recommended as an overview of proteomics and associated bioinformatics
issues] Amazon.com
28. Yap T.K, Frieder O., Martino R.L. High performance computational methods
for biological sequence analysis. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht
(1996). [No info Amazon.com

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