1.

PROBLEM STATEMENT AND ASSUMPTIONS:

A single span noncomposite I-girder bridge has span length of 10.668m and a 14.184 deck
width. The steel girders have Fy= 350 Mpa and all concrete has a 28-day compressive
strength of f’c= 28 The concrete slab is 203 mm thick. A typical 2” haunch was used in the
section properties. γc = 24 KN/m3 , γwearing =22.5 KN/m3
Concrete barrier 380 mm. wide and weighs 9.34 KN/m and Allow for a future wearing
surface of 75mm. thick bituminous overlay.
Consider the outline of AASHTO (2005) LRFD Bridge Specifications, Section 6.

Solution

A. Develop Typical Section

1. I-Girder
a. Composite or Noncomposite Section [A6.10.1.1] This bridge
is noncomposite, does not have shear connectors, and the shear
strength should follow [A.6.10.10].

b. Nonhybrid [A6.10.1.3] This cross section is a rolled beam and

the same material properties are used throughout the cross
section. The section is nonhybrid.

c. Variable Web Depth [A6.10.1.4] The section depth is prismatic

and variable-depth provisions are not applicable.

d. Section Properties:

Girder spacing, S = (2438 mm)

Span length, L = (10,668 mm)
Deck thickness, ts = (203 mm)
Deck modulus of elasticity, Ec = (24,827.6 MPa)
Girder modulus of elasticity, Es = (200,000 MPa)
Modular ratio, n = Es /Ec =200,000 /24,827.6 = 8.05; use 8
Girder area, Ag = (20452 mm2)
Girder moment of inertia, Ig = 4470 in.4 (1860.55×106 mm4)

1
Girder eccentricity, eg= 0 (for noncomposite section) .
Stiffness parameter, Kg = n(Ig + eg2 Ag ) = 8×(1860.55×106) = 14884.4×106 mm4

B. Design Conventionally Reinforced Concrete Deck : The deck will be designed later on

C. Select Resistance Factor

. Strength Limit State φ [A6.5.4.2]
Flexure 1.00
Shear 1.00

D. Select Load Modifiers η.

Strength Service Fatigue
1. Ductility, ηD [A1.3.3] 1.0 1.0 1.0
2. Redundancy, ηR [A1.3.4] 1.0 1.0 1.0
3. Importance, ηI [A1.3.5] 1.0 N/A N/A
η = ηDηRηI [A1.3.2.1] 1.0 1.0 1.0

E. Select Load Combination and Load Factors

1. Strength I Limit State: U = η[1.25DC + 1.50DW + 1.75(LL + IM) + 1.0FR + γTGTG]

2. Service I Limit State: U = η[1.0(DC + DW ) + 1.0(LL + IM) + 0.3(WS + WL) + 1.0FR]

3. Service II Limit State: U = η[1.0(DC + DW ) + 1.3(LL + IM)]

4. Fatigue and Fracture Limit State: U = η[0.75(LL + IM)]

F. Calculate Distribution Factors:

.

1. Distribution Factor for Moment [A4.6.2.2.2]

a. Interior Beams [A4.6.2.2.2b] (Table 6.5)
One design lane loaded:
0.4 0.3 0.1
𝑆𝐼
𝑆 𝑆 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑔𝑀 = 0.06 +
4300 𝐿 𝐿𝑡𝑠3
0.4 0.3 0.1
𝑆𝐼
2438 2438 14884.4 × 106
𝑚𝑔𝑀 = 0.06 + = 0.4878
4300 10668 10668 × 2033

Two or more design lanes loaded:

0.6 0.2 0.1
𝑀𝐼
𝑆 𝑆 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑔𝑀 = 0.075 +
2900 𝐿 𝐿𝑡𝑠3
0.6 0.2 0.1
𝑀𝐼
2438 2438 14884.4 × 106
𝑚𝑔𝑀 = 0.075 + = 0.6357
2900 10668 10668 × 2033

2
b. Exterior Beams [A4.6.2.2.2d] (Table 6.5) [Table A4.62.2.2d-1]
One design lane loaded—lever rule:
𝑃 638+2438
𝑅= = 0.631𝑃
2 2438
𝑆𝐸
𝑚𝑔𝑀 = 1.2 × 0.631 = .757

Two or more design lanes loaded:

𝑀𝐸 𝑀𝐼
𝑚𝑔𝑀 = 𝑒 × 𝑚𝑔𝑀
𝑑𝑒
𝑒 = 0.77 + ≥1
2800
e=0.77+610/2800=0.987 ≤ 1 use 1
𝑀𝐸
𝑚𝑔𝑀 = 0.6357

2. Distribution Factor for Shear [A4.6.2.2.3]:

a. Interior Beams [A4.6.2.2.2a]

One design lane loaded

𝑆 2438
𝑚𝑔𝑉𝑆𝐼 = 0.36 + = 0.36 + = 0.68
7800 7800

Two or more design lanes loaded:

0.2 0.2
𝑆 𝑆 2438 2438
𝑚𝑔𝑉𝑀𝐼 = 0.2 + − = 0.36 + − = 0.83
3600 10700 7800 10700

b. Exterior Beams [A4.6.2.2.2b]

One design lane loaded—lever rule

𝑚𝑔𝑉𝑆𝐸 = 1.2 × 0.631 = .757
Two or more design lanes loaded
𝑚𝑔𝑉𝑀𝐸 = 𝑒 × 𝑚𝑔𝑉𝑀𝐼
𝑑𝑒
𝑒 = 0.6 + = 0.8
3000

𝑚𝑔𝑉𝑀𝐸 = 0.8 × 0.83 = 0.667

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G. Calculate Live-Load Force Effects:

1. Select Live Loads [A3.6.1] and Number of Lanes [A3.6.1.1.1] Select

Number of Lanes [A3.6.1.1.1]:
NL = INT(w/3.6) = INT(13.424/3.6) =3.73 ≈ 3 lanes

2. Multiple Presence [A3.6.1.1.2] (Table 4.6)

No. of Loaded Lanes M
1 1.20
2 1.00
3 0.85

3. Dynamic Load Allowance [A3.6.2] (Table 4.7)

Component IM (%)
Deck joints 75
Fatigue 15
All other 33
Not applied to the design lane load

4. Max Moment :

The following design vehicular live load cases described in AASHTO-LRFD are
considered:
1. The effect of a design tandem combined with the effect of the lane loading. The
design tandem consists of two 110 KN axles spaced 1.2 m apart. The lane loading
consists of a 9.37 KN/m uniform load on all spans of the bridge. (HL-93M)

2. The effect of one design truck with variable axle spacing combined with the effect of
the 9.37 KN/m lane loading. (HL-93K)

MLL+IM =mg ((MTruck or MTandem)(1+IM)+ MLane )

MTruck = 145(2.667)+(145 + 35)(0.5334)=482.73 KN.m

MTandem = 110(2.667+2.05) = 520.74 KN.m (governs)
MFatigue = 145(2.667)+ 35(0.5334) = 405.4 KN.m (used later)
MLane =(9.37*10.6682)/8 =133.29 KN.m

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 Truck, tandem, and lane load placement for maximum moment at
location 105.

Fatigue truck placement for maximum moment.

The absolute moment due to the tandem actually occurs under the wheel closest to the resultant
when the cg of the wheels on the span and the critical wheel are equidistant from the centreline of
the span. For this span, the absolute maximum moment is 526.15 KN.m. However, the value of
520.74 KN.m is used because the moments due to other loads are maximum at the centreline and
thus can be added to the tandem load moment:

MLL+IM =0.757*(1.33*520.74+133.29) =625 KN.m

Mfatigue+IM = (0.757/1.2)[ 405.4 (1.15)]= 294.1 KN.m

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 5. Max Shear :
VLL+IM = mg((VTruck or VTandem)*(1 + IM/100)+ VLane
VTruck = 238.335 KN governs
VTandem = 207.62 KN
VLane = 50 KN
VFatigue = 165.9 KN (used later)

VLL+IM = 0.83[238.335 (1.33) + 50] = 367 KN

VFatigue+IM = (0.757/1.2)[ 165.9 (1.15)] = 120.35 KN (used later)

Truck, tandem, and lane load placement for maximum shear at

location 100

H. Calculate Force Effects from Dead Loads: Analysis for a uniformly distributed load w

Mmax = M105 = wL2/8 =14.225w KN.m

Vmax = V100 = wL/2=5.334w KN

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 Unfactored Moment and Shear
Mmax Vmax
component W (KN/m/Girder)
(KN.m/Girder) (KN/Girder)

Steel Girder(DC1) 1.567*1.15 25.79 9.67

. 203 × 24 × 14.184
Deck slab (DC1) = 11.517 163.838 61.43
6

2 × 9.34
Barriers(DC2) = 3.11 44.307 16.61
6

. 075 × 22.5 × 13.424

Wearing
6 53.702 20.135
surface(Dw)
= 3.775

LL+IM N/A 625 304.6

Fatigue + IM N/A 294.1 120.35

I. Factored Loads:

1. Strength I Limit State: U = η[1.25DC + 1.50DW + 1.75(LL + IM) ]

Mu=1[1.25(25.79+163.838+44.307)+1.5(53.702)+1.75(625)]=1466.72KN.m governs

Vu=1[1.25(9.67+61.43+16.61)+1.5(20.135)+1.75(304.6)] = 672.9 KN governs

2. Service II Limit State: U = η[1.0(DC + DW ) + 1.3(LL + IM)]

Mu =1[1.0(25.79+163.838+44.307+53.702) + 1.3(625)] =1131.387 KN.m

Vu=1[1.0(9.67+61.43+16.61+20.135)+ 1.3(304.6)] =503.825 KN

3. Fatigue and Fracture Limit State: U = η[0.75(LL + IM)]

Mu =1[0.75*(294.1)= 220.5 KN.m

Vu =1[0.75*(120.35) = 90.3 KN

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Check design section W30x108 : from AISC manual:

A= 31.7 in2 I=4470 in4 bf =10.475 in

,tw =0,545 in tf = 0.76 in D = 29.83 in

Z = 346 in3 Mp = 1440 ksi S =299 in3

 Compactness :
All rolled sections in AISC have compact webs for Fy ≤ 50ksi
Based on this the section is compact

 Flexural :
φf Mn ≥ Mu , φf =1.0 Mn = Mp = ZFy
Mp = 1953 KN.m > Mu = 1466.72KN.m OK. For Flexural.

 Cross-Section Proportion Limits [A6.10.2] :

𝑑 29.83 − 2 × 0.76
≤ 150 , = 51.9 𝑂𝐾
tw 0,545

𝑏𝑓 10.475
≤ 12 , = 6.9 𝑂𝐾
2𝑡𝑓 2 × 0.76

𝐷 29.83
𝑏𝑓 ≥ , 10.475 ≥ = 4.9 𝑂𝐾
6 6

 Shear :
Vu ≤ φVcr = φCVp = φC(0.58)FyDtw
Vp =0.58*50*29.83*0.545 =471.5 kips =2100 KN
Vu =672.9 KN < 1*1*2100 OK

 Fatigue [A6.10.5.1] [A6.6.1] :

Allowable fatigue stress range depends on load cycles and connection details.

(a) Stress Cycles

Assuming a rural interstate highway with 20,000 vehicles per lane per day, Fraction of
trucks in traffic = 0.20 (Table 4.4) [Table C3.6.1.4.2-1]
ADTT = 0.20 × ADT = 0.20(20 000)(2 lanes) = 8000 trucks/day
p = 0.85 (Table 4.3) [Table A3.6.1.4.2-1]

ADTTSL = p × ADTT = 0.85(8000) = 6800 trucks/day

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From Table 8.4 [Table A6.6.1.2.5-2], cycles per truck passage, for a simple-span girder of
span 35 ft, is equal to n = 2.0
N = (365 days/year)(75 years)(2.0 cycles/pass) (6800 trucks/day)

= 372×106 cycles

(b) Allowable Fatigue Stress Range—Category A

1 1
𝐴 3 250 × 108 3
∆𝑓𝑛 = = = 4.1 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑁 372 × 106
0.5(∆f)Th =0.5*24 = 12 ksi < 4.1ksi

There for (∆f)n =12 ksi

(c) The Maximum Stress Range [C6.6.1.2.5]
The maximum stress range is assumed to be twice the live-load stress range due to the
passage of the fatigue load. However, the stress range need not be multiplied by 2
because the fatigue resistance is divided by 2.

For fatigue, U = 0.75(LL + IM).

Dynamic load allowance for fatigue is IM = 15%.
MLL+IM is maximum in the exterior girder, no multiple presence (live-load range only):
Mfatigue = 0.75 (294.1)= 220.5 KN.m = 168.8 K.ft

𝑀 168.8 × 12
𝑓= = = 6.77 𝑘𝑠𝑖 < 12 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝑂𝐾
𝑆 229