Electromagnetics 2

Electromagnetics

! Grading policy.
" Weekly Homework 0%
" Midterm exam, final exam 50% each.
! Office hour: 2:10 ~ 3:00 pm, Monday.
! Textbook: David K. Cheng, “Field and Wave
Electromagnetics, 2nd Ed.”
! Importance of Electromagnetics.
" Communications.
" High Frequency Circuits.
" Fundamental Physics.
! What is Electromagnetics?
" A science
" Heavy use of mathematics
" The easiest among electrical engineering
discipline.
 Electromagnetics 3

Maxwell Equations

! Important Laws in
Electromagnetics
" Coulomb’s Law
" Gauss’s Law
" Ampere’s Law
James Clerk Maxwell 1831-1879
" Ohm’s Law
" Kirchhoff’s Law
" Biot-Savart Law
" Faradays’ Law

! Maxwell Equations (1873)

 Electromagnetics 4

Vector Analysis
What is a coordinate system?

Examples:
Rectangular coordinate system
Polar coordinate system

y
(a,b)

(r,φ)
b
r
φ
x
a
Suppose a coordinate system described by three ordered
variable . When we say a point’s coordinate is
, we mean the point is located at the
interception of the three surfaces defined by
. When the three surfaces are always
orthogonal, the coordinate system is called orthogonal
coordinate systems.

What is a vector?

A vector is a quantity defined by a direction and a

 Electromagnetics 5

magnitude.

What is a vector field?

A vector field is a distribution of vectors whose

directions and magnitudes are a function of location.

Base vectors

In order to define the direction everywhere, the surface

normals of the constant surfaces at each point are used
as base vectors to defined the direction of the vector.
The directions of the surface normals are chosen to
point to the direction at which the coordinate increases.
In a general right-handed, orthogonal, curvilinear
coordinate system, the base vectors are
arranged in such a way that the following relations are
satisfied:

,
Note that in general the base vectors are functions of
coordinate.

Then a vector field can be represented as

 Electromagnetics 6

! Vector Algebra
" Addition and subtraction.
" Dot product:
" Cross product :
" Identities
-
-
! Orthogonal coordinate systems
" Cartesian
" Cylindrical
" Spherical
! Vector calculus
" Integration
" Gradient
" Divergence
" Curl
 Electromagnetics 7

Vector Calculus
Metric coefficient
Some coordinate variables may not correspond to the
actual length, therefore a conversion factor is needed to
convert a differential change, say to a change in
length by a factor , i.e.,

Line Integral

Surface Integral

Volume Integral
 Electromagnetics 8

! Cartesian coordinates

"

"

"

"
"

"

! Cylindrical coordinates

"

"

"

"
 Electromagnetics 9

"
Coordinate transform

! Spherical coordinates

"

"

"

"
"
 Electromagnetics 10

" Coordinate transform

Homework #1 2-20, 2-21, 2-24

 Electromagnetics 11

Vector Calculus – Integration

! Volume integration

! Line integration
" Scalar:

" Vector:

! Volume integration:
 Electromagnetics 12

Vector Calculus – Gradient

!

" Cartesian:

" Cylindrical:

" Spherical:

!
" is normal to the surface
" represent both the magnitude and the
direction of the maximum space rate of
increase of a scalar function.
" Proof:

From the above, the maximum of occurs when

. Let be a tangential vector on the
surface, , therefore .
 Electromagnetics 13

Vector Calculus – Divergence

" Cartesian:

" Cylindrical:
" Spherical:

! Proof:
! Divergence Theorem
 Electromagnetics 14

Vector Calculus – Curl

" Cartesian:

" Cylindrical:

" Spherical:

! Proof:
! Stoke’s theorem:
 Electromagnetics 15

Two Null Identities

!
"
!
"

Homework #2: 2-23, 2-29, 2-34, 2-36