Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BIOGAS PROJECT
CONTENTS
D. Environmental impacts
E. Stakeholders’ comments
Annexes
The baseline scenario of the project will be the continued use of the existing deep lagoon wastewater
treatment process, which currently emits methane to the atmosphere. In addition, the factory will
continue to use HFO in the heaters to dry the starch, and electricity will be purchased from the local
electricity grid.
In the project scenario, the project will capture and burn the methane, thus reducing the potent
greenhouse gas. The renewable biogas burned in the heaters will displace the need to burn fossil
fuel HFO and the associated emissions.
The additionality of the project is clearly demonstrated by a quotation from the Owner of the Starch
Factory at the second meeting with the Consultant, Carbon Bridge, the company that introduced the
biogas concept to the owner and helped identify technology providers “I had heard about this
technology but some people said it had problems and did not work. I had no idea how to bring it to
my factory and make sure I got good quality until you came along”. No other starch factory in
Cambodia has a biogas plant.
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Name of Party involved (*) Private and/or public entity(ies) Kindly indicate if the
((host) indicates a host Party) project participants (*) Party involved wishes to
(as applicable) be considered as project
participant (Yes/No)
Cambodia • T.T.Y Agricultural Plant No
Development and IMEX Co. Ltd
• Carbon Bridge Pte Ltd
Carbon Bridge, who is a project participant, is the contact for this Project Activity.
(See Annex 1 for Contact Details).
TTY Tapioca
Starch Factory
Siem Reap
(Angkor Wat)) •
Kompong Cham •
Phnom Penh •
The Project Activity will employ Waste Solutions CIGAR technology, which is a uniquely designed
lagoon process with inlets, baffles and a thick HDPE cover. The CIGAR takes the organic rich
effluent into a closed anaerobic lagoon and optimises the contact with anaerobic bacteria which
converts the organic matter into biogas. The CIGAR system also optimises the mixing process to
separate and capture the biogas, which is then collected in pipes, cleaned and sent to the heaters and
stripped of hydrogen sulphide and fed to dedicated biogas engines.
• Sludge Recycle or processing - a small amount of sludge (which mainly consists of perished
bacteria) will be collected in the bottom of the CIGAR, and will be either recirculated back to
the CIGAR as slurry or removed by pump and used for aerobic land application on the TTY
cassava plantations. It is expected to have a good nitrogen content due to the selective nutrient
up take of the bacteria.
• Gas extraction and pumping – the gas will be extracted in a large diameter pipe where it will be
stripped of condensation, dust, H2S and compressed to be sent to the Factory heaters, engines or
in case of excess build-up of biogas or emergency, to an enclosed flare.
• Biogas engines – dedicated engines designed to run on biogas will be used to produce
electricity. This component of the project is excluded from the CDM project activity.
• Biogas Drying – the biogas will be sent to the existing heaters at the factory, which will be
retrofitted to run on dual fuel biogas.
The following diagram shows the pre-project and post-project layout of the starch factory and new
biogas plant.:
The technology process is based on over 15 years of Waste Solutions Ltd anaerobic digestion
experience. The technology is sound and well proven, having been applied worldwide, and
successfully applied at starch factories in neighbouring Thailand for many years. The technology is
safe. The key safety concern raised at the community consultation session was that of explosion. It
has been demonstrated at sites in Thailand, that even if a CIGAR is accidentally exposed to flame, it
smoulders and puts itself out due to lack of oxygen (Hearn, 2006). There is no gas storage tank, and
the pipes distributing the biogas to the flare, genset and heaters will all be of strong and reliable
material, minimising leaks. Handling of biogas is similar to handling of LPG, which is widely used
in households and industry throughout the country. In addition, the CIGAR is specifically designed
to remain low to the berm level and not balloon up. This means the cover is less exposed should
there be an unlikely strong wind gust.
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The project is designed by WSL, and co-ordination of construction is undertaken by W2E. Local
suppliers have been used for civil, mechanical and electrical and HDPE works. After construction,
WSL will provide intensive training for TTY Factory staff. Ad hoc review and advice to TTY
operators will be provided by WSL. This will be improved by live telecommunications link to the
PLC output reporting system.
A.4.4 Estimated amount of emission reductions over the chosen crediting period:
The emission reductions are lower in the first year as the project will be commissioned by July 2008
and the factory will only continue to ramp up to full production by start of 2009.
B.1. Title and reference of the approved baseline and monitoring methodology applied to
the project activity:
AM0022v4: Avoided Wastewater and On-site Energy Use Emissions in the Industrial Sector:
Version 4, December 2006.
Tool to determine project emissions from flaring gases containing methane - version 1.EB28.
B.2 Justification of the choice of the methodology and why it is applicable to the project
activity:
There are two approved methodologies that could apply to this Project Activity– AM0013 and
AM0022v4. AM0022v4 has been chosen for this project as it is the only methodology specifically
designed for starch factories. While both methodologies rely on COD removal, AM0022v4 is more
accurate as it includes the actual measured and site specific COD removal rate using a full mass
balance approach, rather than applying generic default factors applied in AM0013. In addition,
TTY specifically requested the methodology with less monitoring points, so they can ensure quality
control of the monitoring of the project.
The Project complies with the AM0022v4 as it involves the installation of an anaerobic treatment
system in an existing open lagoon-based wastewater treatment system and it meets all the
applicability condition stated in the applicability conditions as follows:
B.3. Description of the sources and gases included in the project boundary
Justification /
Source Gas Included?
Explanation
CH4 emissions Originating from a
from the open biogenic
CO2 Excluded
lagoon source, considered
carbon neutral
Main GHG emission
Included
Baseline Emissions
CH4 source
N2O Excluded Negligible
On site CO2 Main GHG emission
Included
emissions from CO2 source
fossil fuel CH4 Excluded Negligible
displaced by
N2O Excluded Negligible
biogas
Grid CO2 Main GHG emission
Included
emissions from CO2 source
fossil fuel CH4 Excluded Negligible
displaced by
Excluded Negligible
biogas N2O
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Originating from a
biogenic
CO2 Excluded source, considered
CH4 emissions
carbon
from
neutral
the open lagoon
Main GHG emission
Included
CH4 source
N2O Excluded Negligible
Project Activity
Originating from a
biogenic source,
CH4 emissions CO2 Excluded
considered carbon
from the new
neutral
wastewater
Main GHG emission
treatment facility Included
CH4 source
N2O Excluded Negligible
Originating from a
biogenic source,
CH4 emissions CO2 Excluded
considered carbon
from inefficient
neutral
combustion and
Main GHG emission
leaks Included
CH4 source
N2O Excluded Negligible
B.4. Description of how the baseline scenario is identified and description of the identified
baseline scenario:
The most plausible baseline scenario is identified following AM0022v4 methodology, following a
procedure which involves several steps, summarized as:
• Step 1 – List a range of potential baseline options
• Step 2 – Select the barriers from the range of potential barriers that can be demonstrated to be
significant in the context of the particular project under consideration
• Step 3 – Score the barrier
• Step 4 – Compare, through assessment of the barrier results, which is the most plausible option
and determine whether, on balance it can be shown that particular barriers drive a particular
baseline option
• Step 5 –Investment Analysis (In situations where more than one baseline option results from the
barrier analysis in steps 2 to 4)
• Step 6 – Conclusion – test if the continuation of current practice the only plausible baseline
option.
1. Legal barrier
• Does the practice violate any host country laws or regulations or is it not in compliance with
them?
There is no specification under the Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources
Management and the Sub-Decree on Water Pollution Control (1999) on what type of treatment
system should be used for wastewater. These regulations state that “Project owners are responsible
for implementing waste water treatment methods that comply with the effluent standards stipulated
in the sub-decree” (Sub-Decree on Water Pollution Control, Royal Government of Cambodia,
1999).
Alternative 1, the current lagoon based system, is in compliance with the regulations. Therefore
Alternative 1 it does not face any legal barriers.
Alternative 2&3 improve the wastewater treatment system and do not violate any laws or regulations
in Cambodia, so they do not face any legal barriers.
Direct release of starch processing wastewater outside the factory without treatment will result in
violation of the effluent discharge standards of the regulations. It would have significant impact to
local farmers. Therefore, Alternative 4 cannot be considered the baseline and is now excluded from
further barrier assessment.
2. Technical barrier
• Is this technology option currently difficult to purchase through local equipment suppliers?
• Are skills and labor to operationalise and maintain this technology in country insufficient?
• Is this technology outside common practice in similar industries in the country?
• Is performance certainty not guaranteed within tolerance limits?
• Is there real, or perceived, technology risk associated with the technology?
All tapioca starch factories in Cambodia use a lagoon based method to treat wastewater, and most
factories in neighbouring Thailand and Vietnam use the same technology (except where anaerobic
digestion is recently implemented as a CDM project). Lagoon based systems are very low-tech –
the skills and labour required to construct open anaerobic lagoons is very basic, they can achieve
tolerance limits and there is very low risk associated with this technology. Therefore, the BAU case
does not face technical barriers.
There are no starch factories in Cambodia that use anaerobic wastewater treatment systems. The
technology for starch factories is not available domestically, and the skills and labor required to
operate and maintain the facility properly will require extensive training which is not available in
Cambodia at the moment. Furthermore, anaerobic digestion or aerobic technology is not common
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practice in starch factories in neighbouring Thailand or Vietnam, which means there are significant
performance and technology risks in effluent treatment. Therefore, Alternative 2 faces very strong
technical barriers.
There are no starch factories in Cambodia that use aerobic wastewater treatment systems. While the
technology has been used in sewage treatment plants in major cities, the construction of such plants
are usually donor funded and internationally built, as in the case of the new Sihanoukville
Wastewater Treatment plant financed by ADB and built by a Japanese consortium (RGC, 2006) .
There are very limited skills and labor available to operate and maintain the facility properly and
this would require extensive training. Aerobic technology also exists in neighbouring Thailand or
Vietnam, but it is not common practice for use in starch factories. Therefore, while Alternative 3
faces less technical barriers than Alternative 2, it still faces significant technology risk for
application in starch factories.
3. Financial barrier
Is the technology intervention financially less attractive in comparison to other technologies (taking
into account potential subsidies, soft loans or tax windows available)?
• Is equity participation difficult to find locally?
• Is equity participation difficult to find internationally?
• Are site owners/ project beneficiaries carrying any risk?
• Is technology currency (country) denomination a risk?
• Is the proposed project exposed to commercial risk?
TTY is currently using an open lagoon based system and it does not require further financing.
Therefore Alternative 1 does not face any financial barriers.
Anaerobic digesters and aerobic treatment systems have very high upfront capital, operation and
maintenance costs. Compared to the open lagoon based system, which is a very cheap, low-tech
solution and requires virtually no operation and maintenance, these Alternatives face significant
financial barriers. TTY had no plans to install aerobic or anaerobic digestion systems at the Factory
because the existing wastewater treatment system fulfills all regulatory requirements. TTY had
vaguely heard of the concept of biogas – however they were unsure how to access the technology
and ensure good quality in Cambodia. They considered the commercial risk to be very high.
Without the CDM, TTY would not have been approached by consultants who were prepared to go
through the full educational process about the technology, the suppliers available internationally, the
costs, the benefits and options for finance in return for partnership on CDM. In TTY’s case, the
CDM Consultant, Carbon Bridge, invested significant time and resources to explain the process,
research technology suppliers and developers, undertake sampling and data analysis, directly liaise
and arrange for Waste Solutions to undertake a feasibility study, assess the costs and benefits of the
project, including of course the CERs and finally co-ordinate a developer to construct the project.
Without the worldwide demand for carbon credits, CDM companies would not be present in such
small and risky economies and visiting small factories. Without the CDM, the factory owner would
not have accessed the technology transfer, despite over 10 years of ‘renewable energy’ aid and
development projects.
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4. Social barrier
• Is the understanding of the technology low in the host country/ industry considered?
The BAU is common practice in starch factories in Cambodia, and no social barriers were identified
for the continued use of this practice.
There is a low understanding of anaerobic and aerobic treatment systems, witnessed by the questions
at the community consultation sessions. Despite the lack of understanding of these technologies,
these barriers are not considered very significant, as the social barriers can be overcome through
public meetings and discussions..
There is no required change of management practice for the business as usual wastewater treatment
system. It currently meets all regulatory requirements. Therefore there is no barrier to the continued
use of this method and Alternative 1 faces no barriers.
As the current practice is meeting regulatory requirements, and TTY has no experience in managing
anaerobic digestion or aerobic treatment systems and the technology is not standard practice there
would be a reluctance to change to alternatives 3&4. In addition there is a lack of experience in
managing anaerobic digestion systems in Cambodia, re-inforcing a reluctance to change to alterative
management practices. However, these barriers are not considered very significant, as the business
culture barriers can be overcome by training and technology transfer from other countries.
3. New Aerobic
without CDM
1. Business as
2. Anaerobic
Barrier Tested
4. Direct
Release
System
Usual
Therefore, Alternative 1, continuation of the current situation, is considered to be the most plausible
baseline scenario.
Conclusion
There are no barriers for TTY to continue the current practice, while there are significant barriers
identified for aerobic treatment, anaerobic digestion without CDM, and discharge outside the
factory.
Therefore the baseline determination and barrier analysis demonstrates that Option 1 – the
continuation of open lagoons systems on the site - would continue in the absence of the CDM
Project activity, as it is the only option of all other plausible baseline options with no legal,
investment and technological risk of all other plausible baseline options.
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B.5. Description of how the anthropogenic emissions of GHG by sources are reduced
below those that would have occurred in the absence of the registered CDM project activity
(assessment and demonstration of additionality):
The above analysis outlined that there is only one baseline option for the project in the absence of
CDM – the continued use of the open lagoon system. As the Project is not the baseline scenario,
the project is additional. The Project has not started operation.
In the absence of the registered CDM project activity, emissions of GHG would occur through:
• Fugitive CH4 emissions from anaerobic decay of the organic matter in wastewater held in the
open lagoons
• CO2 emissions from the combustion of HFO to dry the starch, and
• CO2 emissions from the combustion of coal and natural gas in Vietnam to supply electricity to
the Grid that supplies the town.
Project emissions
Total estimated project emissions are the sum of fugitive methane emissions from the existing
lagoon based wastewater treatment system, possible methane emissions from the new anaerobic
wastewater treatment facility, from incomplete biogas combustion and biogas leaks.
AM0022v4 sets out the procedures estimating total project emissions using the following
equations.
where:
Mlagoon_anaerobic is the amount of organic material removed by anaerobic processes in the lagoon
system (kgCOD)
EFCH4 is the methane emission factor (kgCH4/kgCOD). A default COD to Methane
conversion factor of 0.21kg CH4/kgCOD is used as per AM0022v4
GWPCH4 is the Global Warming Potential of methane (21)
The amount of organic material removed by anaerobic processes in the lagoon system (Mlagoon_anaerobic)
is calculated using a mass balance approach to COD removals:
Mlagoon_anaerobic = Mlagoon_total – Mlagoon_aerobic – Mlagoon_chemical_ox – Mlagoon_deposition (3)
where:
Mlagoon_total is the total amount of organic material removed in the lagoon system from
equation (5) (kg COD). This is site specific and determined prior to Project
implementation.
Mlagoon_aerobic is the amount of organic material degraded aerobically in the lagoon system
(kg COD).
Surface aerobic losses of organic material in pond-based systems equal to 254kg
COD per hectare of pond surface area and per day is assumed to be lost through
aerobic processes.
Mlagoon_chemical_ox is the amount of organic material lost through chemical oxidation in the lagoon
system (kg COD).
Mlagoon_deposition is the amount of organic material lost through deposition in the lagoon system
from equation (6) (kg COD)
where:
Mlagoon_input is the input of organic material from the new project anaerobic wastewater
treatment facility into the lagoon system (kg COD)
Rlagoon is the total organic material removal ratio of the lagoon. It is a project specific
factor, and is equal to the proportion of organic material removed (through all
routes) within the boundaries of the existing lagoon system and determined
through testing prior to project implementation.
Minput_total is the total amount of organic material fed into the new project wastewater
treatment facility (kg COD)
RNAWTF is the total organic material removal efficiency of the new project wastewater
treatment facility.
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The amount of organic material degraded aerobically in the lagoon system is calculated as the
product of default value of surface aerobic losses of organic material in pond (254 kg
COD/ha/day), total surface area of the lagoons (1.08 ha) and number of days in a year (365 days).
As per the methodology, sensitivity analysis was conducted in order to determine the effect of
change in the surface aerobic loss of COD to the emission reductions.
Table 4 – Sensitivity analysis for the surface aerobic losses of organic material
Baseline Emissions
Oxidative Lagoon Project Pond Reductions
Removal Rate Error Factor Applied Emissions Sensitivity Emissions Sensitivity Estimated Sensitivity
254 - 53397 - 7595 - 45803 -
318 25% 53286 0% 7483 1% 45803 0%
381 50% 53177 0% 7374 3% 45803 0%
508 100% 52956 1% 7153 6% 45803 0%
1524 500% 51190 4% 5387 41% 45803 0%
2794 1000% 48982 9% 3179 139% 45803 0%
This analysis clearly shows that the emissions reduction calculated are independent of the surface
oxidative removal of COD in this project, and thus the 254 kg COD/ha/day is appropriate for this
project.
Amount of organic material lost through deposition in the lagoon system (Mlagoon_deposition)
where:
Rdeposition is the organic material deposition ratio of the lagoon.
The wastewater at the TTY factory shows little signs of sedimentation as the wastewater is well
mixed and COD readily available for bacterial digestion. However to check this assumption, the
deposition of organic material was measured based on Annex 3 of AM0022v4 and adapted from
advice from Waste Solutions Engineers. It showed that over the 6 years of operation of the TTY
Starch Factory, 1.3% of COD input into the lagoons has sedimented. To be conservative per the
Gold Standard requirements, a conservative error factor of 1.5 was applied, and an Rdeposition of
2.9% has been applied.
Methane emissions from the CIGAR are expected to be zero for this project, as the CIGAR will be
operating under sub atmospheric pressure. Therefore it is likely that air would be drawn in as
opposed to biogas escaping out. Leaks in the biogas pipeline system are also expected to be zero
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for this project, however this will be monitored as per AM0022v4. At TTY, all the pipes will be
new and high quality materials and significantly less than 2km (around 250m).
where:
the emissions are summed over two routes r for methane destruction (heat and
power generation).
ECH4_IC+Leaks is the methane emissions from inefficient combustion (t CO2e)
Vr is the biogas combustion process volume in route r (Nm3)
CCH4 is the methane concentration in biogas (tCH4/Nm3)
fr is the proportion of biogas destroyed by combustion
Peflare is the project emissions from flaring of the residual gas stream (tCO2e) calculated
following the procedures described in the “Tool to determine project emissions
from flaring gases containing Methane”. Peflare can be calculated on an annual
basis or for the required period of time using this tool.
Baseline Emissions
Total estimated baseline emissions are the sum of fugitive methane emissions from the existing lagoon
based wastewater treatment system and CO2 emissions from the generation of power on site or off site.
where:
EBL is the total baseline emission (tCO2e)
ECH4_lagoon_BL is the fugitive methane emission from lagoons in the baseline case (tCO2e). It is
calculated with baseline data based on equation (2) in the previous section.
ECO2_heat+powers_BL are the CO2 emissions from on site fossil heat and/or power generation in
the baseline case (tCO2) that are displaced by generation based on biogas collected
in the anaerobic treatment facility.
Methane emissions from lagoons are calculated using equations (2), (3), (5) and (6). In the baseline
case, without the new anaerobic treatment facility, no material is degraded from the waste water
before entering the lagoon system and all the organic material to be treated enters the lagoon
system. Therefore:
where:
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Mlagoon_input_BL is the input of organic material from the new project anaerobic wastewater
treatment facility into the lagoon system (kg COD)
Minput_total is the total amount of organic material fed into the baseline wastewater treatment
facility (kg COD) It is the same amount as fed into the project wastewater
treatment facility.
All emission factors for surface aerobic losses of organic material, aerobic degradation, deposition
or removal as well as chemical oxidation are determined in the same way as described for project
emissions calculations.
2) On site fossil fuel emissions displaced by generation of heat based on biogas collected in the
anaerobic treatment facility (ECO2_heat_BL )
Where:
F is the corresponding amount of fossil fuel displaced by the use of biogas for the
generation of on site heat (unit). This is estimated as product of 1) Average
specific fuel consumption for the output of the facility, estimated using historical
data; and (2) the annual production NCV is the net calorific value of the fossil fuel
considered (TJ/unit). IPCC default data for Cambodia was used as site specific
data is not available.
EF is the carbon emission factor of the fossil fuel considered (tCO2/TJ).
Leakage
As per the methodology, leakage is considered to be negligible.
Emission Reductions
Emission reductions, ER (tCO2e) are calculated as the difference between the total baseline
emissions (equation (8)) and the total project emissions (equation (1)). Leakage is considered to be
negligible.
It has to be verified that the emissions of methane from the lagoons in the baseline scenario are not
higher than the total emissions of methane from the CIGAR and lagoons in the project scenario.
Therefore we check whether the following equation is positive:
where:
ECH4_coll is the amount of methane expressed in (tCO2e) contained in the biogas collected from the
anaerobic treatment facility (i.e. the sum of the biogas sent to generation sets and biogas sent to the
flare)
If the result of the equation (13) is positive, it will be deducted from the result obtained through the
equation (12) in order to obtain the final estimation of the emission reductions.
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For the purpose of ex-ante calculation, it is assumed that the emissions of methane from the
lagoons in the baseline scenario are equal to the total emissions of biogas from the digester and the
lagoons in the Project. Therefore, equation (13) sums up to zero and is disregarded in the emission
calculations.
Data / Parameter: Proportion of methane emitted from CIGAR and Biogas pipeline
Data unit: %
Description: Proportion of methane emitted from CIGAR
Source of data used: Project Developer
Value applied: 0
Justification of the Methane emissions from the CIGAR are expected to be zero for this project, as
choice of data or the CIGAR will be operating under sub atmospheric pressure. Therefore it is
description of likely that air would be drawn in as opposed to biogas escaping out.
measurement methods Leaks in the biogas pipeline system are also expected to be zero for this project,
and procedures however this will be monitored as per AM0022v4. At TTY, all the pipes will be
actually applied new and high quality materials and significantly less than 2km (around 250m).
Any Comment:
Justification of the No site specific local NCV values are available. For conservativeness, the
choice of data or lowest of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for HFO NCV were used (Volume 2,
description of Chapter 1, Table 1.2). The lowest value of density of HFO was also used.
measurement methods
and procedures
actually applied :
Value applied: 39.8TJ/Gg
Any comment: Data provided in Annex 3.
For the purposes of Ex-ante calculations, the emission reductions for the full production scenario
are shown below. The emission reductions for the first year will be lower, as shown in Table 2, as
the factory continues to ramp up to full it’s full capacity.
Project Emissions
Project emissions are fugitive emissions from the lagoons, the CIGAR biogas system and
inefficient combustion.
Sedimentation
= 1,979,250 kg COD x 2.9%/y
= 58,239 kg COD/y
Oxidisation
= 1,979,250 kg COD x 1.0%/y
= 19,793 kg COD/y
3. ECH4_IC+Leaks – Methane emissions from inefficient combustion and leaks in biogas system
Baseline emissions
Total estimated baseline emissions are the sum of fugitive methane emissions from the existing
lagoon based wastewater treatment system and CO2 emission from the generation of heat and
power (on and off site).
Sedimentation
= 13,260,000 kg COD x 2.9%
= 390,173 kg COD/y
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Oxidisation
= 13,260,000 kg COD x 1.0%
= 132,600 kg COD/y
2. ECO2_heat_BL – On site and offsite grid power generation emissions displaced by generation
based on biogas collected in the anaerobic treatment facility
Emission Reductions
ER = EBL – Eproject
= 61,505 – 10,647 tCO2e/y
= 50,857 tCO2e/y
(13)
B.7 Application of the monitoring methodology and description of the monitoring plan:
3. Data / Parameter: Wastewater organic material concentration entering the project treatment
facility
Data unit: kg COD/ m3
Description: COD concentration of the wastewater entering the new anaerobic digestion
system
Source of data to be Measured by project developer
used:
Value of data applied 10.053
for the purpose of
calculating expected
emission reductions in
section B.5
Description of Daily sampling of the factory effluent will be conducted and COD concentration
measurement methods analyzed. To ensure accuracy, weekly samples will be taken and tests will be
and procedures to be carried out by an independent Government approved laboratory each week.
applied:
QA/QC procedures to Sampling and analysis will be carried out adhering to internationally recognized
be applied: procedures
Any comment: Used for project emissions and baseline emissions calculation
4. Data / Parameter: Wastewater organic material concentration leaving the treatment facility
Data unit: kg COD/ m3
Description: COD concentration of the wastewater leaving the new anaerobic digestion
CIGAR
system
Source of data to be Measured by project developer
used:
Value of data applied 1.5
for the purpose of
calculating expected
emission reductions in
section B.5
Description of Daily sampling of the CIGAR effluent will be conducted and COD concentration
measurement methods analyzed. To ensure accuracy, weekly samples will be taken and tests will be
and procedures to be carried out by an independent Government approved laboratory.
applied:
QA/QC procedures to Sampling and analysis will be carried out adhering to internationally recognized
be applied: procedures
Any comment: Used for project emissions calculation. For ex-ante calculations, the predicted
amount of COD from WSL designers was used.
7. Data / Parameter: Fossil fuel volume equivalent to generate the same amount of heat generated
from the biogas collected in the anaerobic treatment facility.
Data unit: dm3
Description: Fossil fuel that would generate same amount of heat as the biogas
Source of data to be Calculated by project developer
used:
Value of data applied 2,700m3
for the purpose of
calculating expected
emission reductions in
section B.5
Description of Calculated using the biogas volume and biogas Calorific Value sent to heaters
measurement methods taking into account any difference of efficiency of the heaters when burning a
and procedures to be fossil fuel or biogas.
applied:
QA/QC procedures to Double check of calculation result
be applied:
Any comment:
11. Data / Parameter: Project emissions from flaring of the residual gas stream
Data unit: tCO2e
Description: CO2 emissions from flaring of methane not burned in the heaters or generators
Source of data to be Calculated by project developer
used:
Value of data applied 1090
for the purpose of
calculating expected
emission reductions in
section B.5
Description of Calculated according to the “Tool to determine project emissions from flaring
measurement methods gases containing methane” from ID numbers 8,10 &19
and procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures to Double check of calculation result
be applied:
Any comment:
12. Data / Parameter: Amount of chemical oxidising agents entering system boundary
Data unit: tonnes/m3
Description: Amount of chemical oxidising agents entering system boundary
Source of data to be Measured by project developer
used:
Value of data applied 0
for the purpose of
calculating expected
emission reductions in
section B.5
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Description of Continuously monitored whether oxidative chemical species are utilized in the
measurement methods process.
and procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures to Regular samples will test for concentration of oxidising agents where they are
be applied: identified as being likely to be present in wastewater when they are added as part
of the process
Any comment: Used for project emissions and baseline emissions calculation. An assumption of
1% of COD entering the system has been used in ex-ante calculations for
conservativeness.
15 Data / Parameter: Flow of wastewater directly to the current wastewater treatment system
Data unit: m3
Description: Volume of flow of wastewater directly to the current wastewater treatment
system and bypassing the new wastewater treatment facility
Source of data to be Measured by project developer
used:
Value of data applied 0
for the purpose of
calculating expected
emission reductions in
section B.5
Description of Bypass flow is measured by an electromagnetic flow meter. A flow meter is the
measurement methods same or more accurate than a level sensor, and therefore has been proposed.
and procedures to be The bypass is not expected to be used except in emergency situations. Therefore
applied: volumes of wastewater measured are expected to be low or zero.
QA/QC procedures to Monitoring equipment will undergo maintenance / calibration subject to
Be applied: appropriate industry standards
Any comment: Used for project emissions calculation
Monitoring Continuously.
frequency:
QA/QC procedures Thermocouples should be replaced or calibrated every year.
PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM (CDM PDD) - Version 03.1.
The Monitoring Plan ensures that parameters for both project and baseline scenario emissions are
monitored. The main elements, to be monitored as per AM0022v4 1 , include:
• Fugitive methane, through the assessment of organic material flows through the project
and the baseline system;
• On-site heat generated from the biogas collected in the anaerobic treatment facility;
• Inefficient biogas combustion emissions in project: emissions arising though inefficient
destruction of biogas in the heating systems and electricity generation sets will be
quantified through assessing the efficiency of biogas destruction during equipment O&M
cycles; the parameters used for determining the project emissions from flaring of the
residual gas stream (PEflare) will be monitored as per the “Tool to determine project
emissions from flaring gases containing Methane”.
• Biogas leakage in project: through leaks in the pipeline during transportation of biogas, or
its production in anaerobic digesters.
• Aerobic disposal of sludge for land application
Section B.7.1 outlines the suitable indicators and their sources, QA/AC procedures and the method
to measure the parameters. Table 13 included in Annex 4 outlines the parameters, recording
frequency, type of equipment and how the data will be archived and who will be responsible
Annex 4 Contains a diagram (Figure 1) outlining the location of each of the monitoring points
outlined in Section B.7.1 & Table 13.
1
Note, AM 0022 specifically stresses the importance to quantify (measured or estimated) the organic material flowing into and out of
anaerobic systems; and contribution of different removal processes – in this case, this can include the sludge removed from the CIGAR
and dried aerobically and sent for land application as an organic fertilizer high in nitrogen.
PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM (CDM PDD) - Version 03.1.
Management Structure
TTYAP/ TTY
Corporation
Biogas Plant
Supervisor
The Biogas Plant Supervisor is responsible for overseeing the operations, maintenance and
monitoring of the biogas project:
• supervising the maintenance engineer, biogas plant operator and lab technician to ensure
the biogas plant is operating and maintained well and data is being collected and correctly
stored and backed up.
• Quality checking of Daily data Logs and data input on a weekly basis
• Responsible for preparing OMM Reports on a monthly basis and submitted to the TTY
Biogas COO.
The Biogas Plant Operator is responsible for maintaining smooth operation of the biogas plant and
for maintaining daily O&M logs. These logs are to provide detailed on-the-spot information about
the operation of the plant. Any event of significance will be reported and recorded in a special
incident log.
The Maintenance Engineer is responsible for ensuring the sound operation of all equipment,
including the gensets, pumps, blowers, valves, pipes and meters and co-ordinating the annual
calibration of equipment with the equipment suppliers.
The lab technician is responsible for all laboratory testing to international standards. This includes
COD and oxidation substances, as well as other tests specified by WSL for identifying the ‘health’
of the CIGAR. The lab technician is responsible for entering laboratory test data into the daily log.
The lab technician is required to report to the Biogas Plant Supervisor any significant fluctuations
and variations identified in the wastewater
PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM (CDM PDD) - Version 03.1.
TTY Corporation will be responsible for any external and international communication – including
submitting monthly reports to Carbon Partners and any liaison with Verifying Auditors.
TTY Corporation Quality Manager is responsible for reviewing Quality Assurance And Quality
control procedures on site.
The OMM personnel will be skilled technicians, and any additional training required to ensure
accurate and effective monitoring will be provided by WSL and W2E and Carbon Bridge prior to
project commissioning. This training will include equipment operation, data monitoring and
recording (including how to reconcile any adjustments and/or data uncertainties), reporting,
operation, calibration, maintenance, and emergency procedures, project performance review, and
corrective actions.
TTY maintenance engineer will co-ordinate the annual calibration of equipment with the
equipment suppliers, who will calibrate according to international standards. Calibration of
required equipment will be performed by the technology provider or their approved representative.
Annual calibration of equipment will be part of their procurement contract.
B.8 Date of completion of the application of the baseline study and monitoring
methodology and the name of the responsible person(s)/entity(ies)
14/02/08
Carbon Bridge Pte Ltd. Carbon Bridge is a Project Participant for the project.
01/05/07
C.1.2. Expected operational lifetime of the project activity:
25 years
01/07/08
Not Applicable
C.2.2.2. Length:
Not Applicable
The project will result in a positive environmental benefit. Firstly, the project will result in reduce
greenhouse gas emissions and therefore help reduce the global environmental issue of climate
change and global warming. Cambodia, as a least developed agrarian economy, is highly
vulnerable to climate change impacts, not the least because poorer communities are less able to
afford financially and have the capacity to adapt to changes. The project will reduce greenhouse
gas emissions by capturing the methane currently emitted from the anaerobic conditions in the
lagoons where the wastewater is held. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas 21 times that of carbon
dioxide. The project will also reduce emissions by displacing the use of heavy fuel oil in the
heaters for drying the starch.
Secondly, the closed anaerobic biogas to produce energy will result in reduced wastewater
pollution, as the process retains the wastewater in anaerobic conditions, which kills pathogens, and
reduces the COD and BOD loading. Thirdly, the project will reduce local odour pollution, which
was highlighted as a benefit during the community consultation. The use of rootcake in the low
season will significantly reduce local nuisance, as drying the rootcake in monsoonal conditions is
problematic and TTY has difficulty in finding appropriate space to dry it year round. The use of
the sludge, which is primarily bacterial biomass, will be used as an organic fertiliser for the TTY
cassava plantations. The sludge will have good concentrated nitrogen (as it is taken up by the
bacteria) and will reduce the amount of fertiliser used for the plantations.
The main environmental and social risk identified during the consultation was that of fire at the
factory. The safety risk is considered low - fires have occurred at these lagoons before, however
they do not explode, but rather put themselves out as there is not sufficient oxygen in the covered
system. There is a risk of gas leak and explosion in the gas pipes transported to the boiler,
however good quality and new piping will be used, the lengths minimised and tested regularly.
The use of biogas is s similar risk to that of any other LPG cylinders used throughout households
in Cambodia.
PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM (CDM PDD) - Version 03.1.
D.2. If environmental impacts are considered significant by the project participants or the
host Party, please provide conclusions and all references to support documentation of an
environmental impact assessment undertaken in accordance with the procedures as required
by the host Party:
No significant issues were identified in the initial stakeholder consultation and the Gold Standard
EIA Pre-screen checklist that triggered a need for an EIA to be performed.
E.1. Brief description how comments by local stakeholders have been invited and
compiled:
For the Gold Standard, two public consultation sessions are held, an initial stakeholder
consultation and a consultation on completion of the PDD.
The initial stakeholder consultation for the Project was held at the TTY Starch Factory in Memot
at 11am on the 15th November 2006. 53 people attended the consultation, including community
representatives, government officials, environment officers, local farmers and factory workers.
The Consultation session was structured in a way that stakeholders directly affected by the project
were able to provide their input. A full summary of the consultation meeting was compiled. A
summary of the consultation report (in Khmer) was made available at the Factory within 15 days
after consultation for any participants to review and comment. No comments were received.
PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM (CDM PDD) - Version 03.1.
A diverse range of Cambodian policy makers, officials, staff and villagers attended the
consultation session, including those from around the area and from the capital in Phnom Penh.
Participants were given full opportunity to ask questions, understand the project and provide
feedback on the environmental and social impacts of the projects. All participants were given a
social and environmental checklist in Khmer language to fill out. 26 checklists were completed
and returned to the TTY factory the next week. Those who did not attend were given full
opportunity to comment.
Overall the stakeholder consultation was positive and there was a high level of interest to see the
project go ahead successfully. No objections were raised about the project, either in the questions
or in the filled in checklist. In fact, most were supportive of the positive environmental impact it
would have in the area, particularly relating to odour. No sensitive or protective areas were
identified in the consultation process..
Q2: For the Memot TTY Cassava Factory, how many tons of carbon emission will be reduced
when the project is implemented? (Mr. Chea Sotheavy, TTY)
A2: The project will reduce carbon emissions in 3 ways – it will reduce methane emissions from
the wastewater which is now in the lagoons and releasing methane. Those emissions will now be
captured in the closed Biogas system. It will also reduce carbon dioxide emissions by replacing
the burning of heavy oil that is now used for drying tapioca starch with biogas. It will also
replace carbon dioxide emissions from the onsite electricity generators. As you can see from the
non-technical summary of the PDD, the emission reductions total about 40.000tCO2 equivalent
per year.
Q3: How about the price of carbon credit in the world market? (Mr. Chea Sotheavy, TTY)
PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM (CDM PDD) - Version 03.1.
A3: It is about US$8-12/tCO2e. The price of the carbon credits depends on carbon quality and
good negotiation between buyer and seller.
Q4: This study indicated that for TTY can reduce 40.000tCO2e/y. How do they get the money
back from the carbon credits. Can TTY request money of selling carbon reduction from the world
buyers in advance? (Mr. Chea Sotheavy, TTY)
A4: The normal procedure to the get money is at the end of each year, after the emission
reductions have been monitored, an international UN auditor comes in and verifies the emission
reductions. They then instruct the issuance of Certified Emission Reduction (CERs). Then TTY
Company transfers these CERs to the Buyer and the buyer pays for the CERs. Buyers are
companies and governments in the EU, Japan, World Bank, other funds etc. The EU is the largest
carbon buyer recently.
Q5: Is the carbon reduction certificate recognized world wide? (Mr Heng Sotheaven, Memot
Rubber Plant, Lab Staff)
A5: Yes.
Q6: The burning fuel oil or gas will be emitted CO or CO2 to the atmosphere. If we burned fossil
fuel we can see a lot of smoke, how does it work? (Heng Sophal, Chief Researcher, TTYAP)
A6: The burning of biogas is more efficient than fuel oil so the biogas burning is cleaner and there
will be less smoke. In terms of CO2 emissions, yes, they are also emitted when the biogas is
burned. However, because the biogas is renewable, and fossil fuels are non-renewable, then the
CO2 emissions from the renewable biogas will be reabsorbed by the cassava plants growing.
Q7: Is there any smelling of wastewater from ponds as before during the project implementation
because in the current condition we can smell it about 1km around this factory. For discharge
wastewater from lagoons to the outside factory it is impacted to agricultural crop such as rice or
other plantation? (Local authority)
A7: The gases that cause the smells are mainly hydrogen sulphide, which is known as rotten egg
gas. When the project is implemented the odours will be significantly reduced because the
lagoons will be sealed to capture the biogas. All wastewater will now be pumped into the biogas
system, where after the digestion process, the wastewater will be treated and most of the organic
matter and pathogens will be removed. After this the wastewater will be discharged to the existing
lagoons from one to one, which will take a very long time before it is released outside the factory,
so it will be very well treated.
Q8: When is the project will be constructed? I want to see this project implement soon. (Local
authority)
A8: The first meeting with the Company hired to construct the project will be tomorrow at the
Factory. The detailed design will be finished in 9 weeks so the biogas project will be implement in
late 2007. (Mr. Un Piseth, Memot-TTY)
forest, human, animal, etc. - Because the air pollution by odour and
toxin will be reduced.
Q2 No this project is not involved with toxin -No, because wastewater is clean.
substances and solid waste. It does not - Wastewater ponds will be covered.
impact to the environment.
Yes if we do not use all of their capacity. No -Yes, a lot of gas storing for long time can be
waste because gases have been burned. dangerous.
Q3 No No, because no smoke as burring fuel.
-Because noise & vibration are low.
Q4 No because the wastewater ponds will be No, because the construction will be
sealed by high quality plastic cloth and standardized.
wastewater will treat before releasing to the
water stream.
Q5 No No, because the land own by the factory
Q6 No, because surrounding project has not any No, because no big animal living here.
important places and animal habitat.
Q7 No this area did not impact by earthquake or No, because this areas not effected by
severe storm. earthquake or storm.
Q8 No No, because it is located in the factory.
No because no villages are located close to
the project site.
Q9 No because around the project site does not No, because the area around the factory or
any road or public building. project is only agricultural field.
Q10 No No, because the area around the factory or
project is only agricultural field.
Q11 No No, but it could be increased knowledge to
Yes because it will be environmental the people.
friendly, no smell, no sound, increase jobs.
E.3. Report on how due account was taken of any comments received:
The two main comments that require attention was odour and safety. Odour is taken into account
naturally by the process –volatile fatty acids and some H2S are the two main gases that cause
odour and these will be reduced and contained within the CIGAR. The concern about safety and
biogas explosion is a common question with biogas plants. Waste Solutions took account of this
and designed the biogas plant to avoids any enclosed spaces, which is where biogas may reach
explosivity level of air/methane mix. Measures taken to minimise enclosed spaces and safety
include:
• All pump and blower rooms are designed to be open – with only a roof and concrete slab floor
which avoids any spaces for concentration of gases.
• Specified electric motors (pumps and blowers) that are explosion rated ie they are enclosed to
avoid sparking.
• The generator room is designed with sufficient ventilation.
PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM (CDM PDD) - Version 03.1.
Annex 1
Building:
City: Phnom Penh
State/Region:
Postfix/ZIP:
Country: Kingdom of Cambodia
Telephone: +85 (5) 23 220 942
FAX: +85 (5) 23 214 513
E-Mail: ttysengtouch@online.com.kh
URL:
Represented by: Mr Na Mardy
Title: Chief Executive Officer
Salutation: Mr
Last Name: Mardy
Middle Name:
First Name: Na
Department:
Mobile:
Direct FAX: +85 (5) 23 214 513
Direct tel:
Personal E-Mail: ttysengtoch@online.com.kh
Department:
Mobile: +85512452795
Direct FAX:
Direct tel:
Personal E-Mail: bmcintosh@carbon-bridge.com
PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM (CDM PDD) - Version 03.1.
Annex 2
Annex 3
BASELINE INFORMATION
Annex 4
ID Data type Data variable Data unit Measured Recording Archiving of Comment Responsibility
(m), Frequency data
calculated
(c) or
estimated
(e)
3 concentration wastewater organic material kg COD/ M Daily Paper and Indicator of baseline Lab Technician
concentration entering the m3 transferred wastewater methane
project boundary. to electronic emissions. Organic material
concentration will be
sampled on site, but off-site
analysis by an accredited
lab will be conducted
weekly.
4 concentration wastewater organic material kg COD/ M Daily Paper and Indicator of project Lab Technician
concentration leaving the m3 transferred wastewater methane
treatment facility. to electronic emissions. Organic material
concentration will be
sampled on site, but off-site
analysis by an accredited
lab will be conducted
PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM (CDM PDD) - Version 03.1.
weekly.
5 volume Volume of biogas sent to Nm3 M Continuously Electronic Volume in Nm3, normalised Biogas Plant
facility heaters. to take into account Operator/PLC
pressure and temperature.
7 volume Fossil fuel volume equivalent dm3 C Monthly Electronic Calculated using the biogas Biogas Plant
to generate the same volume and biogas Calorific Operator/PLC
amount of heat generated Value sent to heaters taking
from the biogas collected in into account any difference
the anaerobic treatment of efficiency of the heaters
facility when burning a
fossil fuel or biogas..
8a&b volume Biogas sent to flares Nm3 M Continuously Electronic Volume in Nm3, normalised Biogas Plant
to take into account Operator/PLC
pressure and temperature.
9 volume Biogas sent to gen sets Nm3 M Continuously Electronic Volume in Nm3, normalised Biogas Plant
to take into account Operator/PLC
pressure and temperature.
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11 concentration Project emissions from T CO2e C Monthly Electronic Calculated from ID numbers Biogas Plant
flaring of the residual gas 19-21 Operator/PLC
stream.
15 volume Flow of wastewater directly m3 M Continuously Electronic Bypass flow measured by Biogas Plant
to the current water electromagnetic flow meter Operator/PLC
treatment system, and
bypassing the new
wastewater treatment facility
16 percentage Loss of biogas from pipeline % M Annually Electronic Integrity of biogas pipeline Maintenance Engineer
for losses of biogas
methane will be tested
annually through
pressurizing the system and
establishing pressure drops
through leakage.
17 mass Organic material removed t COD M Annually Electronic Removals of COD after Biogas Plant Operator
from wastewater facility monitoring and prior to entry
to the lagoon system should
be recorded to ensure
CH4emissions are not
overestimated. This maybe
material screened out after
the wastewater
concentration is recorded.
18 energy Biogas calorific value J/Nm3 M Annually Electronic Biogas Plant Operator
concentration
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19 temperature temperature in the exhaust C M Continuously Electronic An excessively high Biogas Plant
gas of the flare temperature at the sampling Operator/PLC
point (above 700 ºC) may be
an indication that the flare is
not being adequately
operated or that its capacity
is not adequate to the actual
flow. If in a specific hour
any of the parameters are
out of the limit of
manufacturer’s
specifications, a 50% default
value for the flare efficiency
should be used for the
calculations for this specific
hour.
20 mass volume of sludge extracted Tonnes M on each Paper and Ensure that the sludge is Biogas Plant Operator
/m3 removal transferred disposed to land and
to electronic aerobically dried