The Health of the St.

Croix Estuary
in the
Next Millennium

EARTH
Report #1
A Restoration / Remediation Plan
St. Stephen Waterfront
Art MacKay & Kim Reeder
ACAP St. Croix 2005
1
 The Health of the St. Croix Estuary
in the
Next Millennium
Report #2005-1
A Restoration / Remediation Plan
St. Stephen Waterfront
2005
March 2005

Arthur MacKay, Kim Reeder

St. Croix Estuary Project Inc.
St. Stephen NB, Canada
Occasional Report No. 2005-1

Primary Funding Provided By:

Your Environmental Trust Fund at Work St. Croix Estuary Project Inc.
Atlantic Coastal Action Program
Votre Fonds en fiducie pour l’environment au travail St. Stephen, NB, Canada
Environment Canada
3
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iii

II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. THE STUDY AREA 3

3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 5

4. ST. STEPHEN SEWAGE SYSTEM 11

5. MATERIALS & METHODS 19

6. RESULTS 21

ZONE 1 - THE COVE 23

ZONE 2 - COMMERCIAL STRIP 31
ZONE 3 - OLD SEWAGE LAGOON AREA 39
ZONE 4 - DENNIS STREAM AREA 45
51
7. RECOMMENDATIONS 53

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 57

i
 I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I
n 1999, ACAP St. Croix began a program of study and monitoring
designed to lead to proactive restoration and remediation in the St.
Croix Watershed. A two-year study, The St. Croix Estuary 1604-2004
- the Environmental Health of the St. Croix Estuary after 400 years,
conducted by ACAP St. Croix, identified and flagged “problem” areas
and sites along the St. Croix Estuary from St. Stephen-Calais down river
to the St.Andrews-Mill Cove area. Based on high E.coli (Eschericia coli)
results from bacteriological samples taken during the study, previous
sampling, and new field work, the St. Stephen waterfront was identified as
a primary target for action. Consequently, funds were sought to do more
detailed waterfront studies, to produce this report, and begin liaison with
the appropriate authorities with a view to beginning cleanup actions.

During the 2004 field season, all visible outfalls along the St. Stephen
Waterfront between Dennis Stream and Buchanan’s Hill (the St. Stephen
Waterfront), were located, surveyed, and sampled.

A pre-collection survey was conducted. This included both the study of

the Town’s engineering drawings as well as a visual search conducted at
the lowest low waters of the month of July, 2004. Water samples were
collected and sent within a 24-hour time period to the Water Metrics
(Bacteria and Environmental Services) Laboratory in St. John, NB for
chemical and bacteriological analysis.

Unacceptably high levels of E. coli and fecal coliform bacteria were

confirmed along the St. Stephen waterfront and sources were pinpointed.
The bacteriological results in this study included 19 sites tested, with 9 sites
exceeding the Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for secondary contact in
Recreational Waters. Of the remaining 10 sites, 7 had total coliform levels
exceeding the 400/100ml values. There is presently no Canadian standard
for total coliform levels.

Because a new highway will soon by-pass the Town, St. Stephen is
currently looking for new revenue sources and is considering the potential
for the development of eco-tourism related activities in the River.
However, the risk to human health, as defined by the Canadian Water
This innocent-looking pipe has E. coli counts in excess of 2 million per
100 ml against a standard count of 100 - 400 per 100 ml.
iii
Quality Guidelines, is great. The highest densities of E.coli have been
recorded along the St. Stephen Waterfront and it is this area that has been
identified for tourist-related development. Unfortunately, current pollution
levels may preclude any worthwhile development based on the River at
this point.
The St. Stephen waterfront was identified as an area in urgent need of
remedial action and is the focus of this report. Recommendations include
the re-building of a salt marsh, the installation of at least 3 lift stations
coinciding with connection of outfall pipes to the wastewater facility as
well as consideration of oil/grit separators, trucking removed street snow
to the wastewater facility, a street sweeping program and educational
programs to be launched in the community.
Recommendations which preclude any further development of the St.
Stephen waterfront include mitigation of the 9 sites which exceed the
Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for secondary contact in Recreational
Waters, plus the mitigation of the outfall directly behind the NB Tel
building which has sanitary products exiting from it.
IMPORTANT NOTATION
Site names used in this report are based on the building nearest the
New Sewage Lagoons at Dennis Stream
iv
outfall on the shore. This does not mean sewage is coming from that
particular building. Names are used only to identify the location of the
site.
Mitigation priorities as are follows:
a. The Clark Building which has E. coli counts of over 1.5 million and
sewage (toilet paper/sanitary products) being disposed of on the beach,
should be a top priority. This outfall needs to be redirected into the sanitary
sewer line that runs along Milltown Boulevard, less than 200m away.
b. The Cove 2 site also has E. coli counts exceeding 1.5 million, it needs to
be redirected into the sanitary sewer line, instead of onto the beach.
c. Both the Chocolate Park outfall and the NB Tel outfall have sewage
(toilet paper and sanitary products) being disposed of on the beach and
should also be redirected into the sanitary sewer line.
d. The outfall at the Picnic Kiosk location needs remediation. The E. coli
levels are over 99 000/100ml. This site needs to be tied into the existing
sanitary sewer line.
e. The Pizza Delight outfall has excessive counts of E. coli, over 40
000/100ml. There is no obvious pipe at this location and the only way to
mitigate this properly will be to uncover the present fill and investigate
the problem. It may be a disconnected pipe or a filtration device may be
needed.
Objectives and Results were:
8. To recommend sources for potential funding for the work proposed
in subsequent years.
Existing Town funding is adequate if properly applied. Additional funding
for the marsh restoration project could be obtained through the Gulf of
Maine Council and others. Prelminary contacts were made. Please see the
report for details

Objective 1. To identify all outfalls (seepages, storm drains, open 9. To carry out second annual monitoring in 10 established sampling
sewers, etc.) entering the St. Croix Estuary within the Study Area. zones from St. Stephen to St. Andrews.
Completed. Completed and reported separately.

2. To collect samples from each location and to perform bacteriological

and chemical analyses.
Completed

3. To prioritize sites for action using criteria to be developed.

Completed

4. To recommend methods for elimination of problem sites.

Completed

5. To provide cost estimates for work proposed

Unable to complete without further input from the Town of St.Stephen.
Most remedial activities fall within the Town’s responsibility and, we
believe, can be accommodated within projected budgets shown in the
report.

6. To provide a proposed timeline for the work proposed

The existing timeline published by the Town of St. Stephen is adequate.

7. To provide 30 hard copy and 20 CD copies of a restoration plan for

the St. Stephen waterfront
Completed. Copies will be produced and distributed on demand as well as
through the organization’s web site.

v
II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

P
rimary funding for this study was provided by: Atlantic Coastal Ac-
tion Program, Environment Canada (ACAP); and the New Bruns-
wick Environmental Trust Fund. Student staff funding was provided
by Human Resource Development, New Brunswick’s SEED Program.

We would like to thank the following individuals for their assistance:

Tina Spires, Steven Raye, Mary Gilmore, Bill McAlister, Hugh Akagi,
David Seman, Lomax Baker, Duncan McGeachy, Ron McGuire, Paul Do-
nahue, Phil Holmes, Alan Gillmor, Gerhard Pohle Howard Urdang, and
Ken Reeder.

The following individuals gave valuable advice and assistance:

Environment Canada
Colleen McNeill - Atlantic Coastal Action Program
Roy Parker - Former ACAP St. Croix liaison (Window)
Peter Johnson - ACAP St. Croix liaison (Window)

Basic Design Associates:

Larry Stewart

Town of St. Stephen:

Figure 1.2 This beautiful scene habors one of the most polluted outfalls Brenda Knight, Town Manager
on the St. Stephen Waterfront. The wharf is the last of many that filled the Gerald McEcheran, Development Officer
banks of the River at St. Stephen and Calais. (Photo A. MacKay) Lee Johnson, Engineer

Godfrey & Associates:

Clayton Rogers

Water Metrics:
Ken MacIntosh

vi
 1. INTRODUCTION

T
wice each day, the St Croix River Estuary is the stage for a life-
giving event influenced by the moon and the sun. Clean seawater
arriving from the Bay of Fundy drives a wedge under the flowing
fresh water of the River, gradually moving upstream to tidehead at Salmon
Falls in Milltown.

As the tide sweeps forward, channels, branching across the mud flats and
cobble beaches, are filled with incoming ocean waters and the rising tide
spreads slowly across the intertidal zone. The deepening waters lift the
various seaweeds, fill the burrows of estuary fauna, and creep into tiny
channels that penetrate the shoreline and once-present salt marshes. Then
as the earth turns, the ocean’s push becomes a pull, and the waters of
the riverine estuary recede. Debris at the shoreline edge accumulates to
produce a rich drift zone, seaweed lies flat providing a safe hiding place
for various animals while other creatures sink into their burrows, hide
under rocks and debris, or become stranded in isolated pools of water
warming in the sun.

Estuaries are unique places where ocean and river mingle to create
dynamic, diverse, and highly productive environments. Plants and animals
thrive in this exclusive environment driven by sunlight and the daily tides.
Humans, too, have historically been drawn to estuaries to harvest food,
travel on their waters, and claim the flat lands for their farms and homes.

An estuary is defined as a semi-enclosed body of water, connected to the

ocean, where salt water is measurably diluted with fresh water from the
land. In reality, an estuary is a whole lot more. It is a zone of transition
between the marine-dominated systems of the ocean and the upland
river systems, a zone where the mix of the two yields one of the most The dam at Salmon Falls, Milltown, showing heavy foam.
biologically productive areas on Earth.

This restoration plan aims to engage our citizens in actions that will see
restoration of this valuable asset to a fully functioning ecosystem.

For decades, we have turned our backs on our rivers, using them as
convenient sewers for the disposal of our industrial and domestic wastes.
1
In the process we have not only created unhealthy environments for
ourselves, we have, paradoxically, eliminated important economic
components that nourished our community in the past and could again
do so in the future. Indeed some communities along the New England
seaboard have reestablished estuarine fish runs that now bring millions of
dollars in revenues.

Until the early 1960s, the St. Croix Estuary supported commercial fisheries
worth about $20 million in today’s dollars. Today, recreational fisheries
would add even more revenue flow. Oddly enough, it is not our treasured
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) that is most sought after by anglers, but the
striped bass (Morone saxatilis), an aggressive fighting fish that can reach
50 pounds or more. Once abundant in the St. Croix Estuary, the Striped Bass (Morone
saxatilis) supports a multimillion dollar fishery elsewhere. It could
The benefits that will emerge as we restore the St. Croix Estuary cannot do so here.
be overstated. We have abused our marine resources and it has been a real
loss to our economy. We can restore this balance. Some of us will enjoy
the fruits of these efforts - most certainly our children and grandchildren
will benefit.

As dire global warnings about environmental collapse reach our ears, it is

incumbent on us to do our small part by caring for our tiny but valuable
corner of this planet. If we ignore our obligations to our community and
future generations, we do so at our own peril.

Until recent years, weirs were built and fished in the lower St. Croix Estuary up to Oak Bay. Pollution elminated this
valuable fishery in the 1960s.
2
 2. THE STUDY AREA

T
he Study Area is located in the Outer Bay of Fundy in the St. Croix
River Estuary between Maine , U.S.A. and New Brunswick, Can-
ada. St. Stephen, NB and Calais, ME are located across from each
other at tide head as shown in Figure 2.1

Study areas or zones were established after sampling was concluded based
on location. These are, as shown in Figure 2.2:

Zone 1 - The Cove. The area from Dover Hill Park to the
International Bridge.

Zone 2 - Downtown Strip - The area from The International The Study Area
Bridge to Princess Street.

Zone 3 - Old Sewage Lagoon Area - Princess Street to the Passamaquoddy Bay
Seniors Apartment Building Bay of Fundy

Zone 4 - Dennis Stream Area - Seniors Apartment building

to the Bridge over Dennis Stream.

The St. Croix Estuary is a typical estuary where marine influences become
more pronounced as one proceeds downstream. The study area has both
freshwater and marine affinities. The River bottom here has been sub-
jected to serious industrial pollution and was anaerobic and virtually dead
during the sixties.

While the River is not fully recovered, some hardy colonizers now occur in
the study area, including Sand Shrimp (Crangon septemspinosus), Green
Crabs (Carcinus spp.), Annelid Worms, seaweeds and some molluscs. The
once large runs of anadromous fishes is virtually gone. The recovery has a
long way to go and the River is still influenced by chronic pollution from
industrial releases and domestic sewage leakages into the River.

The Study Area is primarily influenced by domestic sewage leakages from Figure 2.1 The Study Area in the St. Croix Estuary with locator map.
the Town of St. Stephen and industrial pollution from industrial plants
located upstream. Sampling along the Calais waterfront did not find high
bacterial levels during the 2002-2003 study.
3
 Study Zone 1 Study Zone 2 Study Zone 3 Study Zone 3
THE COVE DOWNTOWN STRIP OLD SEWAGE LAGOON AREA DENNIS STREAM AREA

Figure 2.2 Study Zones - St. Stephen Waterfront, 2004 - 2005.

4
 3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

W
hen Champlain and Demonts arrived at St. Croix in 1604,
the area was much different than it is today. The shorelines
were dominated by huge “cathedral” pine that created forests
much like the rain forests of the west coast; towering trees that created
a wet, dark understory. The trees we see today were much less common
and were found on hill tops, burns, and swampy areas. White-tailed deer
were absent or rare and the dominant species included caribou, moose,
and wolves. Labrador duck, the great auk, passenger pigeon, sea mink and
other extinct species were common.

The St. Croix Estuary thronged with fish, osprey, eagles, and other species
that fed on the abundant marine forage to be found here. Champlain stated
that, In May and June there is taken there (Salmon Falls) so great an
abundance of herring and bass that vessels could be loaded with them.

The water quality of the St. Croix River Estuary started to suffer during the
logging days. As industry rushed to the St. Croix to capitalize on the forest
wealth, sawmills, chandlers, brokers, and various industries established
themselves on wharves along the St. Stephen and Calais waterfronts. At
the height of commercial activity, there were more than 40 active wharves
along the shores of St Stephen and Calais. ( Figure 3.1)
Dams, and sluiceways were constructed along the River and fish runs
began to diminish. A dam at the Union was particularly hard on fish runs
since it spanned the entire River. Eventually fish ladders were built in an
attempt to restore the important St. Croix fish runs.
In addition, shoreline stability was reduced due to deforestation, Tons of
sawdust, wood debris, and chemicals accumulated in the River creating
anaerobic processes that greatly reduced the environmental health of the
Estuary. To this day, shoreline sediments have created huge intertidal flats
and banks. that are virtually uninhabitable “sawdust flats” - a 150 year old
legacy.
In the 1960’s the lower River and Estuary became grossly polluted as
Figure 3.1 The St. Stephen - Calais Waterfront in 1849.
the mill at Woodland, operated at that time by Georgia-Pacific, began
dumping black liquor and other wastes directly into the St. Croix River.
The health of the estuary declined rapidly and the impacts were felt both
on the American and Canadian sides of the estuary as well as downstream
into Passamaquoddy Bay. Recreational fishing disappeared, commercial
fishing began a precipitous decline, paint peeled from houses, and
respiratory problems arose.
The conditions of the River at St. Stephen even gave rise to a little ditty
- St. Andrews-by-the-sea - St. Stephen-by-the-smell. On both the Canadian
and American sides, at least 9 significant clam flats have been closed due
to bacterial contamination. On the US side, these closures have been in
effect since 1969 and on the Canadian side, since 1988.
Elevated levels of pollution continued until the 1970s when the waste
treatment protocols at the mill in Woodland, Maine were upgraded under
pressure from government. Nevertheless, spills and controlled releases still
5
 1

3
4

Figure 3.2 The St. Stephen Waterfront and Estuary in the mid to late 1800s. 1. A view of Calais from the St. Stephen side. 2. Calais and St. Stephen
(right) from The Ledge. 3. A typical factory, the old Ganong Candy Factory. 4. Deforestation at Todd’s Point was typical for the whole area.

6
occur and highly toxic materials also enter the groundwater and watershed
from the air. In addition, the old sewage infrastructure of St. Stephen
continues to leak and seep significantly high levels of E. coli and other
bacteria into the Estuary.
The St. Croix Estuary was once a vital environment, supporting
diverse populations of fish and marine invertebrates recently valued at
approximately $20 million in today’s dollars
Our study, The St. Croix Estuary 1604-2004. The Environmental Health of
the St. Croix Estuary after 400 year, showed how the health of the St. Croix
estuary has declined over 400 years. A model of the original biodiversity
of the Estuary was constructed based on historical information. This was
compared with studies done in the 1970s and in 2001- 2002. As can be
seen in Figures 3.3 and 3.4, both plants and fishes have declined; fishes
significantly. Similar results were obtained for other groups of marine
animals.
Non-point source (NPS) pollution is now a major stressor of the St Croix
River Estuary. The NPS pollution affecting the St Croix River Estuary
can be divided into three general categories, atmospheric deposition, land
run-off, and marine activities. In this study of the St Stephen waterfront,
the concentration is centered on the land run-off category and specifically
the present-day storm and sanitary drain system.
The Town of St. Stephen is presently looking at the potential for the
development of eco-tourism related activities in the River. Since St.
Stephen will soon be by-passed by a new highway, it is recognized that
a new approach to tourism is essential if visitors are to be attracted to the
Town. However, the risk to human health, as defined by the Canadian
Water Quality Guidelines, is great. The highest densities of E.coli have
been recorded along the storm drain outfalls and mysterious seepages of
the St. Stephen waterfront; the area that has been identified for tourist-
related development. Unfortunately, the risk to human health is real and
this fact may preclude any worthwhile development based on the River at
this point.
Among the various types of organisms found in the St Stephen sewage
outfalls are disease-causing organisms or pathogens and fecal coliforms,
bacteria found in the intestinal tracts of warm-blooded mammals and a
standard used to determine the extent of sewage contamination. Fecal
coliform bacteria themselves are not necessarily hazardous to humans.
However, they provide an indication of the amount of total fecal matter
present and indicate the possible presence of other pathogens, such as
hepatitis B, cholera, and typhoid. When high levels of fecal coliform are
present, swimming and other recreational uses of water are prohibited
(APA Web Site).
Fecal coliforms, particularly E. coli (Figure 3.5), indicate the presence of
mammal or bird feces in the water. Certain types of E. coli, particularly
those from cattle, can cause death in humans. In fact, there have been many
dramatic instances of contamination causing death and contaminated water
is of great concern to all municipal officials everywhere
Enterococcus bacteria are a type of fecal streptococcus and are another
valuable indicator for determining the amount of fecal contamination of
water. According to studies conducted by the EPA, enterococci have a
greater correlation with swimming-associated gastrointestinal illness in
both marine and fresh waters than other bacterial indicator organisms,
and are less likely to “die off” in saltwater. (www.oasisdesign.net/water/
quality/coliform.htm).
Additionally, cleanup and restoration of the St. Stephen waterfront is
essential to the return of the valuable runs of anadromous fish species.
Marshes, ponds, and streams have been destroyed during the long
history of development of the waterfronts of St. Stephen and Calais.
Habitat destruction, together with pollution from industrial and domestic
sources, has resulted in the loss of important forage species such as smelt,
sticklebacks, mummichogs. and important marine invertebrates, as well as
spawning habitat for species such as striped bass, American eel and other
estuarine fishes and invertebrates. With proper environmental design,
some of this habitat may be reclaimed during the process of reducing and
eliminating pollution sources in the Town of St. Stephen.
7
The St. Stephen waterfront has been identified as an area in urgent need of
remedial action and it is this area that is the focus of this report.

Figure 3.5 (above) Escherichia coli (E.coli bacteria) Courtesy Univer-

sity Oregon Web Site.

8
Figure 3.3. Biodiversity ratings
for marine plants over time based
on the number and abundance of
species. The lighter the color, the
lower the biodiversity (See rating
scale).

Figure 3.4. Rated distribution

and abundance of fishes over
time based on the number and
abundance of species. Existing
data suggests a decline of species
diversity and abundance in the
St. Croix Estuary. The lighter the
color, the lower the biodiversity
(See rating scale).

9
 4. ST. STEPHEN SEWAGE SYSTEM

I
ncorporated in 1871, St. Stephen is, by North American standards at
least, an “old” town. Its infrastructure grew on the basis of demand
using available materials. Waterfront fill projects over the years
covered sewers, marshes, brooks, and storm drains alike. Each and
every year, the town struggles to maintain functionality and to gradually
improve and upgrade the system. The record has been good in this regard
and annual plans show forethought. Nevertheless, the Town has ignored
the waterfront, and the Estuary continues to receive raw sewage from
seepages and combined septic and sewer systems. This study shows there
is little reason for this to continue and elimination of these problems
should be possible in a relatively short time.

4.1 Storm Sewers

Storm sewers are an underground collection system to which storm water,

snow and ice melt drain. Storm sewers are probably best known to the
public for their catchbasins commonly seen at intervals along street curbs.
Water that drains into catch basins travels through a network of pipes to
storm outfalls seen along the banks of the St Stephen waterfront.

4.2 Sanitary Sewers

Figure 4.1 The Old Sewage Lagoon on the banks of the St. Croix Estuary
The sanitary sewer system is where everyone’s toilets flush, dishwashers
at Budd Avenue.
and washing machines discharge, and sinks and shower tubs drain.
Sanitary sewers are so named because they allow for the streets of our
towns to remain relatively clean and “sanitary”, since the sewage remains 4.3 Combined Sewers
underground. Wastes collected by the sanitary sewer system are to be
discharged to the Sewage Treatment Plant. This is so that wastewater can Combined sewers are an older type of collection system that carries both
receive treatment to make it relatively clean before releasing it into the Stwastewater and stormwater in the same pipe. This combination of both
Croix River. The St. Stephen Municipal Plan 2004, section 3.20.3 states: sanitary and storm sewers was less expensive to install and maintain
when it was built. Most of the time, combined sewers carry sanitary
It shall be a policy of Council to give priority to storm and sanitary sewer wastewater and captured stormwater to a treatment plant before it is
separation. Sewer separation may be combined with other infrastructure released into the river or ocean. However, in a least 6 instances in the
improvements such as sanitary sewer and water main upgrading. St. Stephen system, this is not the case and the outfalls release directly
into the river without first going to the Treatment Plant. Figure 4.2

11
identifies the 6 outfalls: 3 were identified on the Town map and the other
3 were confirmed by the observation of feminine sanitary products and
toilet paper at outfall locations during the field work of 2004. Also, when
it rains heavily, the volume of stormwater runoff can become too large
for the combined sewers to handle. This has caused additional polluted
runoff to reach the River (the old waste water lagoon in Milltown was
particularly bad).
Figure 4.2 shows the sanitary sewers and Figure 4.3. shows the sanitary
and combined sewers in St Stephen, NB as prepared for the Town by SGE
Acres in June of 2003. The full document is available from the World Wide
Web at http://www.chocolatetown.ca/documents/StStephenMaps.pdf

It is important to understand the seriousness of the situation which exists

at this time. As shown in Tables 4.1 and 4.2, wastewater sewage (sanitary
sewage) is not just made up of human excrement and water. It may contain
other unidentified pathogens, and it known to contain over 200 chemicals
and other toxic pollutants which enter the sewer system from households,
businesses and industrial operations. It also includes debris such as gravel, Figure 4.4 Particularly disgusting sewage drains directly into
grit, tampons, condoms, rags and hair (Figure 4.4). the St. Croix Estuary at several locations.

At least 6 outfalls are introducing these materials into the St Croix River.
However, adequate treatment could remove many of these toxic substances 4.3 Sewage Lagoons
from sewage effluent and capture them in the sludge (solid waste left
over after treatment of liquid waste) as long as the effluents were to be Until recently the Town of St. Stephen had 2 wastewater treatment
redirected to the Treatment Plant. facilities: A small open system at Milltown (Figure 4.6) and the main
two-cell system on the waterfront at the end of Budd Avenue (Figure
Although combined sewer systems bring with them the problems of 4.1). The recent construction of a larger lagoon on the banks of Dennis
overflows, the alternative of separate sewers for stormwater runoff and Stream (Figure 4.5) will lead to the closure of these facilities. The old
domestic sewage can also have significant adverse effects. In St Stephen, main lagoons are being considered for conversion to a constructed marsh
where we have this type of separation, stormwater runoff is not usually for tertiary treatment of some sewage. The new facility has had serious
treated at all but runs straight into the receiving water, even when the leakage problems that are being addressed. However, the proximity of the
domestic system is not overloaded and could treat this discharge. As a complex to Dennis Stream, an important stream for many reasons, is of
result, heavy metals and toxic synthetic chemicals that collect in storm concern. These considerations are beyond the scope of this work.
drains are constantly being discharged raw.

12
Figure 4.2 Sanitary Sewers in the Town of St. Stephen. Sanitary Sewer in Blue. Combined Sewer in Red. (AGE Acres, 2004).

13
 Figure 4.3 Storm Sewers in the Town of St. Stephen. Sanitary Sewer in Blue. Combined Sewer in Red. (SGEAcres, 2004)

14
Table 4.1 Potential health and environmental effects of toxins found in sewage treatment plant effluents (www.environmentprobe.org).

Toxins Potential health and environmental effects

Heavy metals
Cadmium neurotoxin (attacks nerve cells), teratogen (causes birth defects)
Chromium carcinogen (causes cancer)
Lead neurotoxin, teratogen, affects female fertility, bioaccumulative
Mercury neurotoxin, teratogen, affects female fertility, bioaccumulative
Zinc excessive ingestion is uncommon but can cause gastrointestinal
distress and diarrhea
Agricultural chemicals
2,4-D teratogen
Lindane carcinogen, teratogen, immunotoxicity (damages immune system)
Methoxychlor reduces fertility, bioaccumulative
DDD and DDE neurotoxin, affects fertility, immunotoxicity, carcinogen

Industrial chemicals
PCBs neurotoxin, carcinogen, suppresses immune system in animals,
causes skin disorders, liver damage, depression and internal
bleeding, affects fertility
Chloroform carcinogen, affects female reproductive capacity
Xylene affects male reproductive capacity
Tetrachlorethylene affects respiratory system, very persistent in the environment
Trichloroethylene poisonous by ingestion or absorption through skin, skin irritant
Cresol, Phenol poisonous by ingestion or absorption through skin
PAHs carcinogens, biotransformable (shift forms once in the organism)
LABs persistent in the environment, effects not yet known

15
Table 4.2 Diseases associated with pathogenic micro-organisms found in domestic sewage (www.environmentprobe.org).

Type Disease or syndrome caused

BACTERIA
Aeromonas hydrophila Enteritis (inflammation of the intestine)
Campylobacter Enteritis, diarrhea
Clostridium perfringens Enteritis (indicator)
Escherichia coli Enteritis, diarrhea
Francisella tularensis Tularemia
Leptospira Jaundice, meningitis
Listeria monocytogenes Listeriosis
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, skin
Pseudomonas Skin, ear infections
Salmonella (1700 types) Enteritis, typhoid
Shigella (4 species) Enteritis, diarrhea
Staphylococcus aureus Skin infections
Vibrio cholerae and parahemolyticus Cholera, skin infections
Yersinia enterocolitica & pseudotuberculosis Enteritis
HELMINTHS
Ascaris lumbricoides Ascariasis
Ancylostoma duodenale Hookworm infections
Trichuris trichiura Trichiuriasis
Taenia Taeniasis
Toxocara Abdominal pains
Strongyloides Abdominal pains
PROTOZOANS
Entamoeba histolytica and coli Enteritis, chronic diarrhea, dysentery, liver abscess
Giardia lamblia Giardiasis, enteritis
Cryptosporidium parvium Enteritis, diarrhea
Ballantidium coli Enteritis, diarrhea
Naegleria fowleri Meningoencephalitis
Acanthamoeba spp. Meningoencephalitis
VIRUSES
Polioviruses (3 types) Paralysis, meningitis
Echoviruses (34 types) Meningitis, diarrhea
Coxsackieviruses A and B (30 types) Meningitis, conjunctivitis, chronic fatigue syndrome, myocardia, diabetes
Hepatitis A and E viruses Epidemic hepatitis
Enteroviruses 68-71 Meningitis, conjunctivitis
Rotaviruses (+4 types) Enteritis
Reoviruses (3 types) Enteritis, respiratory
Adenoviruses (+40 types) Enteritis, eye and respiratory
Norwalk and like viruses Gastroenteritis
Caliciviruses and Astroviruses Enteritis
Coronaviruses Enteritis
Parvoviruses (2 types) Enteritis, respiratory in children
16
Figure 4.5 New Wastewater Treatment Lagoons at Dennis Stream. Two views.

17
 Figure 4.4 Decommissioned Wastewater System at Milltown.

18
M 5. MATERIALS & METHODS
ajor pollution sources along the St. Stephen Waterfront from
Dennis Stream to Buchanan’s Hill had previously been
identified in the study, The St. Croix Estuary 1604 - 2004.
A detailed follow-up examination was conducted during 2004. A pre-
collection survey was carried out to identify all outfalls in the study area;
this included both the study of the Town’s engineering drawings as well
as a visual search conducted at the lowest low waters of the month of
July, 2004 and later in March, 2005. Based on this survey, outfalls into the
St. Croix River Estuary were located, tested and sampled. Seepages not
previously located were identified.

Field days were selected that coincided with monthly low tides. A new,
detailed, pre-restoration survey was conducted to obtain additional current
data that could be used to develop recommended remediation strategies.

Two teams were deployed to collect photographs, GPS points, weather

data, sediments and water samples. The water samples were collected in
separate laboratory-issued bottles for each of the tests; bacteria, total oil
and gas, PCB and mercury. Water samples were sent within a 24-hour
time period to the Water Metrics (Bacteria) and Environmental Services
Laboratory in Saint John, NB for chemical and bacteriological analysis. Figure 5.1 Field staff collecting samples in 2003.

Test methods used were AWWA 9223 for bacteria, GC-ECD for PCB, chemical analyses was preformed.
AWWA 5520C for total oil and gas (hydrocarbons c6 to c50) and test
AWWA 4500-HgB for Mercury. Bacteria tests were preformed on July 25 4. Prioritization of sites for action, recommendations of methods for
and chemistry was preformed between July 7th and 17th. elimination of problem sites, cost estimates for work proposed and a
proposed timeline for the work is found in the recommendations section
5.1 Sampling and Sample Sites of the report.

1. All outfalls (seepages, storm drains, open sewers, etc.) entering the St. 5. The second annual monitoring in 10 established sampling zones from
Croix Estuary within the study area were identified. St. Stephen to St. Andrews was also carried out. See separate report.

2. Bacteriological analyses were conducted on all sites including 4 5.2 Marsh Restoration
previously unidentified sites. Of the nineteen total samples, five had been
sampled in 2003 as part of ACAP St. Croix’s annual monitoring program. Certain sites along the waterfront were know to have marshes. Consideration was
given to marsh restoration as a mechanism for treating seepages in certain areas.
3. Samples were collected from each location and bacteriological and Larry Stewart of Basic Design Associates was contracted to work with ACAP St.
Croix staff to produce a plan for this future, potential work
19
Table 6.1 Laboratory analysis from Water Metrics, Saint John, NB

Water Metrics
220 King Street East Report Number: 17-04-25U
Saint John, N.B. Date: July 20, 2004
E2L 1H3 Page: 1 of 1
506-693-6799

PLEASE NOTE: UNITS HERE ARE IN UNITS PER ML OR MG/Ll. ACAP ST. CROIX USES THE MG/100ML STANDARD AND THIS IS
USED THROUGHOUT THIS REPORT.
In the following table, a result of <1 or <0.001 indicates non-detection.
mg/l = milligrams per litre = parts per million

Sample ID Designation Site # Coliforms E. coli PCB TOG Mercury

Units per mL Units per mL mg/l mg/l mg/l
Stream by Sewage Z3-002 47.8 <1 <1 <1 <0.001
Empty Lot Z3-001 8.7 <1 <1 <1 <0.001
Ramp East Z2-005 78.2 5 <1 <1 <0.001
Clark Z2-002 >200000 16520 <1 11 <0.001
Picnic Kiosk Z2-007 8310 990 <1 <1 <0.001
Dennis Stream Z4-006 78.2 <1 <1 <1 <0.001
Ramp Z2-004 32.4 <1 <1 <1 <0.001
Planned Housing Z4-001 3.1 <1 <1 <1 <0.001
Open Drain Z3-004 47.8 <1 <1 <1 <0.001
Old Fertilizer Z4-005 2380 <1 <1 <1 <0.001
NBT Z2-001 20.7 1 <1 <1 <0.001
Sewage Z3-003 15 <1 <1 <1 <0.001
Chocolate Park Z2-003 5600 530 <1 1.7 <0.001
Old Wharf Z4-004 1500 <1 <1 8.3 <0.001
Gateway Z1-001 40.6 <1 <1 <1 <0.001
Cove 2 Z1-003 >200000 8850 <1 19 <0.001
Retire Z4-002 420 3.1 <1 <1 <0.001
Cove 1 Z1-002 144.5 13.7 <1 <1 <0.001
PD Z2-006 420 420 <1 <1 <0.001
___________________
Kenneth MacIntosh, M.Sc.

20
 6. RESULTS

R
esults for the field survey are presented Zone-by-Zone and
site-by-site. Most of the notations are self evident. ND = “not
detectable”.

Figure 6.1 shows sites with elevated E. coli and Total Oil and Grease
(TOG) levels.

Table 6.1 shows the actual analysis data from the testing laboratory,
Water Metrics.

Table 6.2 shows comparative results for selected sites during 2003 and
2004, as follows:

Cove 1 - Coliforms and E. coli were greatly reduced , but were still
above acceptable levels.

Clark Building - Remained excessively high exceeding the plate

count level.

The Picnic Kiosk at Tourist Bureau - Unacceptably high.

Significantly higher E. coli levels.

Dennis Stream - Coliforms up significantly

Old Sewage Lagoon Outfall - Very low readings, probably due to

chlorine treatments. Coliforms elevated in 2004
Figure 6.1 Hot Spots - Sample sites with elevated E. coli and TOG levels
layered over a map of the storm and combined sewers in St Stephen, NB.
(SGE Acres in June, 2003) Red star = Elevated E.coli, Yellow star =
elevated TOG

21
Table 6.2 Comparative results for Total Coliforms and E. coli at 5 sites in 2004 and 2005.

Acceptable
2003 2004 2003 2004 Based on CWQG
Site Total Coliforms/ Total Coliforms/ Change E.coli/ E.coli/ Change for E. coli in
100ml 100ml 100ml 100ml Recreational
Waters
Cove 1 200 000 14 450 Down 80 000 1 370 Down no

No No
Clarke > 2 000 000 >2 000 000 > 2 000 000 1 651 000 no
Change Change
Picnic No
200 000 831 000 6 500 99 000 Up no
K Change
No
Dennis 810 7 820 Up 110 <100 yes
Change
No
Sewage 100 1 500 Up 0 <100 yes
Change

22
 6. ZONE 1 - THE COVE

Z1-003 Cove 2
Z1-002 Cove 1

Z1-001 Gateway Cathedral

23
Z1-001 GATEWAY CATHEDRAL
LOCATION Z1-001 GATEWAY CATHEDRAL , Scoodic Street

N 45 11 31
GPS
W 67 17 26

DATE JUNE 24 / 04

CANADIAN
100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT
STANDARD
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
E. COLI
RESULT / 100ML
ND
E.COLI

RESULT / 100 ML
4 060 COUNT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM
RESULT TOTAL OIL
AND ND
GREASE MG / L

RESULT PCB MG / L ND

This site was not found to be a problem based on

PROBLEM Canadian Guidelines for E. coli in recreational
waters.

New housing starts can be anticipated in this

RECOMMENDATION
locality. Continue to monitor.

24
 Z1-002 COVE 1 - DOVER HILL
LOCATION Z1-002 COVE 1 - DOVER HILL

N 45 11 31
GPS
W 67 17 14
DATE JUNE 24/04

CANADIAN 100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT

STANDARD 400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
E COLI

RESULT / 100ML
1370 / 100 ML
E.COLI

RESULT / 100 ML
14 450 COUNT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM

RESULT TOTAL OIL

AND ND
GREASE MG / L

RESULT PCB MG / L ND

This outfall services 1.5 km of primarily residential

storm drainage. The E. coli levels are excessive. Oil
PROBLEM
and grease are present. Inputs are believed to come
from houses along Scoodic Street and adjacent areas.
HIGH PRIORITY – The outfalls Cove 1 and 2
drain into the historic site of a 1 ha marsh. The marsh
processes no longer provide water filtration, nutrient
RECOMMENDATION
cycling, or spawning habitat and the area has minimal
value as habitat. Please see the following pages for
marsh restoration preliminary planning.
25
Z1-003 COVE 2 Z1-003 COVE 2 -BUCHANAN ST.
LOCATION

N 45 11 33
GPS
W 67 17 11

DATE JUNE 24/04

100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT
CANADIAN STANDARD
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
E COLI

RESULT / 100ML
885 000 / 100 ML
E.COLI

RESULT / 100 ML
20 000 000 COUNT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM

RESULT TOTAL OIL AND

19
GREASE MG / L

RESULT PCB MG / L ND

This outfall is connected with 0.3km of storm

drain. The count of E. coli recorded here is
PROBLEM excessive. Oil and grease are present. Inputs
are believed to come from Buchanan Street and
adjacent areas.

HIGH PRIORITY – The outfalls Cove 1 and

2 drain into the historic site of a 1ha marsh.
The marsh processes no longer provide water
RECOMMENDATION filtration, nutrient cycling, or spawning habitat
and the area has minimal value as habitat.
Please see the following pages for marsh
restoration preliminary planning.
26
Figure 6.2 Aerial photograph of Cove area.

27
 Parking (8) Cars
Trail Linkage to Downtown
Canoe / Kayak Launch Landing
Demonstration Fish Hatchery
Seating Area
Ferry Point
Boardwalk Bridge
Trail 1.5m width
Proper Salt Marsh / Constructed Wetland Legend - Key
ty Line
Armor Stone
Existing Forest
St Croix River New Planting
Existing Gazebo
Salt Marsh
Existing Trail

America
Parking / Bus Drop off i n aryn
m
Dover Park
i
rel ussio
P isc
For d
Scale : 1:1500

0m 50m 100m 150m

phen Dover Hill Marsh Restoration Project

Project: 2051
wick Concept Plan Date: January 20, 2005
Scale 1:750

Figure 6.3 Conceptual drawing of Marsh Restoration in The Cove.

28
6.2 Marsh Restoration Plan

Significant pollution from storm drain pipes and embankment seepages

were encountered in The Cove during surveys in 2002 - 2003. Town in-
frastrucure drawings were not made available at that time, so ACAP St.
Croix staff carried out an inspection of the area. On this basis, a sampling
program was designed for 2004-2005 and a strategy was devised to seek
funding for the restoration of an old marsh that existed here before the
lumbering era. Preliminary contacts were made and a positive response
was received from a funding source that provides assistance for marsh
restoration. ACAP St. Croix was encouraged to submit an application.
On this basis a development scenario was established and Larry Stewart,
Landscape Architect, Basic Design Associates, Sussex, NB was invited to
join us in producing a conceptual design of the project.

The proposed design remains to be developed into a full-fledged proposal,

but the basic elements are as follws:

The development should:

1. Result in the restoration of an historic marsh.

2. Provide habitat for fish and invertebrate forage species, as well as mam- Figure 6.2.1 Marsh at The Cove. 1810? (From Ronald Rees, Images of
mals, birds, and plants. our Past, Historic St. Coix, St. Stephen, Calais. Nimbus, 2003
3. Provide spawning habitat for important anadromous fishes such as
striped bass, smelt, trout, etc. St. Croix contacted a senior official in the New Brunswick Department
4. Integrate into the park at Dover Hill and provide paths and access that of Environment and Local Government. Unfortunately, we were told that
would attract visitors to the area. no permits would be issued for this work. No reasons for this were given.
5. Have an innovative demonstration hatchery component that would Nevertheless, the project has real merit as an international demonstration
provide a beginning to the restoration of striped bass, attract tourists, and project. In addition, it would draw St. Stephen to the forefront of “Green”
serve as an educational tool for marsh restoration, river rehabilitation, towns and help bring the town into the important sphere of “Environmen-
sewage management, etc. tal Tourism”.
6. Act as a filter for river-bank seepages and inputs that cannot be con-
trolled by infrastructure development and repair. ACAP St. Croix will continue to pursue this development, but will not
produce a proposal until the appropriate authorities approve of the devel-
Figure 6.3 shows a plan that incorporates all of these components. It has opment, at least “in principal”. Once this is accomplished a proposal will
been presented to St. Stephen Town Council and others and was, we be- be prepared and submitted to appropriate funding agencies with a view to
lieve, well received. As a preliminary step to developing a proposal, ACAP initiating this exciting and worthwhile project.
29
 ZONE 2 - COMMERCIAL STRIP

Z2-004/5 Boat Ramp Z2-006 Pizza Delight

Z2-001 NBTel Bldg Z2-002 Clark Bldg Z2-003 Chocolate Park Z2-007 Picnic Kiosk
31
Z2-001 NBTEL SHORE
LOCATION Z2-001 NBTEL SHORE

N 45 11 31
GPS
W 67 16 34

DATE JUNE 24/04

CANADIAN
100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT
STANDARD
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
E COLI

RESULT / 100ML
E.COLI 100 COUNT / 100 ML

RESULT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM 2070 COUNT / 100 ML

RESULT TOTAL OIL

AND
ND
GREASE MG / L

RESULT PCB MG / L ND

Toilet paper and sanitary products observed, this

PROBLEM outfall is linked to 0.3 km of commercial effluent
sewer line

HIGH PRIORITY – This outfall should be hooked

into a system with the 5 outfalls within a 570 metre
(1700 foot) stretch including Clarke site, Picnic
RECOMMENDATION Kiosk site, Chocolate Park Site, Ramp and Ramp
East Sites and proceed to a lift station which will
divert contaminants to the St Stephen Wastewater
Treatment Facility

32
 Z2-002 CLARK BUILDING
LOCATION Z2-002 CLARK BUILDING

N 45 11 31
GPS
W 67 16 46

DATE JUNE 24/04

100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT
CANADIAN STANDARD
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
E COLI

RESULT / 100ML
1 652 000 / 100 ML
E.COLI
RESULT / 100 ML
>2 000 000 COUNT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM

RESULT TOTAL OIL AND

11
GREASE MG / L

RESULT PCB MG / L ND
This outfall services 5.4km of
commercial/residential and parking
PROBLEM storm drainage. The E. coli levels
are excessive. Oil and grease are
present
HIGH PRIORITY – This outfall
should be hooked into a system
with the 5 other outfalls within
a 570 metre (1700 foot) stretch
including NB Tel site, Picnic Kiosk
RECOMMENDATION
site, Chocolate Park Site, Ramp
and Ramp East Sites and proceed
to a lift station which will divert
contaminants to the St Stephen
Wastewater Treatment Facility.
33
Z2-003 CHOCOLATE PARK
LOCATION Z2-003 CHOCOLATE PARK STORM DRAIN

N 45 11 30
GPS
W 67 16 45
DATE JUNE 24/04
100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT
CANADIAN STANDARD
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
E COLI

RESULT / 100ML
53 000 COUNT / 100 ML
E.COLI

RESULT / 100 ML
560 000 COUNT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM
RESULT TOTAL OIL AND
1.7 mg/l
GREASE MG / L

RESULT PCB MG / L ND

Toilet paper and sanitary products observed.

PROBLEM
Excessive E.coli count.

HIGH PRIORITY - This outfall should be

hooked into a system with the 5 other outfalls
within a 570 metre (1700 foot) stretch
RECOMMENDATION including NB Tel site, Clarke site, Picnic Kiosk
Site, Ramp and Ramp East Sites and proceed to
a lift station which will divert contaminants to
the St Stephen Wastewater Treatment Facility

34
 Z2-004 BOAT RAMP WEST
LOCATION Z2-004 BOAT RAMP WEST

N 45 11 32
GPS
W 67 16 43

DATE JUNE 24/04

100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT
CANADIAN STANDARD
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
E COLI

RESULT / 100ML
ND
E.COLI
RESULT / 100 ML
3 240 COUNT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM
RESULT TOTAL OIL AND
ND
GREASE MG / L

RESULT PCB MG / L ND

This site was not found to be a problem when

PROBLEM comparing it to the Canadian Guidelines for E.
coli in recreational waters.

This outfall should be hooked into a system with

the 5 outfalls within a 570 metre (1700 foot)
stretch including Clarke site, Picnic Kiosk site,
RECOMMENDATION Chocolate Park Site, Ramp and Ramp East Sites
and proceed to a lift station which will divert
contaminants to the St Stephen Wastewater
Treatment Facility

35
Z2-005 BOAT RAMP EAST
LOCATIONL Z2-005 BOAT RAMP EAST
N 45 11 32
GPS
W 67 16 42

DATE JUNE 24/04

CANADIAN 100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT

STANDARD 400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
E. COLI
RESULT / 100ML
500 COUNT / 100 ML
E.COLI
RESULT / 100 ML
7 820 COUNT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM

RESULT TOTAL OIL

AND ND
GREASE MG / L

RESULT PCB MG / L ND

PROBLEM This seepage has unacceptable E. coli counts.

HIGH PRIORITY - This outfall should be hooked

into a system with the 5 outfalls within a 570
metre (1700 foot) stretch including Clark site, NB
RECOMMENDATION Tel site, Chocolate Park Site, Ramp and Picnic
Kiosk Sites and proceed to a lift station which will
divert contaminants to the St Stephen Wastewater
Treatment Facility

36
 Z2-006 PIZZA DELIGHT SITE
Z2-006 PIZZA DELIGHT SITE
LOCATION

N 45 11 32
GPS
W 67 16 34

DATE JUNE 24/04

100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT

CANADIAN STANDARD
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
E COLI

RESULT / 100ML
42 000 COUNT / 100 ML
E.COLI

RESULT / 100 ML
42 000 COUNT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM

RESULT TOTAL OIL AND

ND
GREASE MG / L

RESULT PCB MG / L ND

PROBLEM Seepage issue – no obvious pipe

Uncover fill present and investigate issue/hook

up disconnected pipe or apply a filtration device,
RECOMMENDATION
street sweeping or vegetation program may work
to offset issue.

37
Z2-007 PICNIC KIOSK
LOCATION Z2-007 PICNIC KIOSK STORM DRAIN
GPS N 45 11 31
W 67 16 49
DATE JUNE 24/05
CANADIAN 100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT
STANDARD 400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
E COLI
RESULT / 100ML
99 000 COUNT / 100 ML
E.COLI
RESULT / 100 ML
831 000 COUNT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM
RESULT TOTAL OIL
AND ND
GREASE MG / L

RESULT PCB MG / L ND

This outfall services 0.3km of commercial storm

PROBLEM
drainage. The E. coli levels are excessive

HIGH PRIORITY – This outfall should be hooked

into a system with the 5 other outfalls within a 570
metre (1700 foot) stretch including NB Tel site,
RECOMMENDATION Clarke site, Chocolate Park Site, Ramp and Ramp
East Sites and proceed to a lift station which will
divert contaminants to the St Stephen Wastewater
Treatment Facility.

38
 ZONE 3 - OLD SEWAGE LAGOON AREA

Z3-001 Vacant Lot

Z3-004 Seniors
Apartment 1
Z3-002 Sewage 1
Z3-003 Sewage 2

39
 Z3-008 VACANT LOT
LOCATION Z3-001 VACANT LOT

N 45 11 33
GPS
W 67 16 49

DATE JUNE 24/04

100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT

CANADIAN STANDARD
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
E COLI

RESULT / 100ML
ND
E.COLI

RESULT / 100 ML
870 COUNT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM

RESULT TOTAL OIL AND

ND
GREASE MG / L

RESULT PCB MG / L ND

This site was not found to be a problem when

PROBLEM comparing it to the Canadian Guidelines for E.
coli in recreational waters.

RECOMMENDATION Continue to monitor

40
 Z3-002 SEWAGE LAGOON 1
LOCATION Z3-002 SEWAGE LAGOON 1

N 45 11 30
GPS
W 67 16 06

DATE JUNE 24/04

CANADIAN 100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT

STANDARD 400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
E COLI

RESULT / 100ML
ND
E.COLI

RESULT / 100 ML
1 500 COUNT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM

RESULT TOTAL OIL

AND ND
GREASE MG / L

RESULT PCB MG / L ND

This site was not found to be a problem when

PROBLEM comparing it to the Canadian Guidelines for E. coli
in recreational waters.

The old sewage lagoon has consistently produced

low bacterial readings. Undoubted this results from
RECOMMENDATION the large quantities of chlorine that are used in
the municipal water system. Chlorine impacts are
beyond the scope of this work. Continue to monitor

41
Z3-003 SEWAGE LAGOON 2
LOCATION Z3-003 SEWAGE LAGOON 2

N 45 11 31
GPS
W 67 16 05

DATE JUNE 24/04

CANADIAN 100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT

STANDARD 400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
E COLI

RESULT / 100ML
ND
E.COLI

RESULT / 100 ML
4 780 COUNT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM

RESULT TOTAL OIL

AND ND
GREASE MG / L

RESULT PCB MG / L ND

This seepage was not found to be a problem

PROBLEM compared to the Canadian Guidelines for E. coli in
recreational waters.

RECOMMENDATION Continue to monitor

42
LOCATION Z3-004 - SENIORS’ APARTMENT 1
Z3-004 - SENIORS’ APARTMENT 1

N 45 11 30
GPS
W 67 15 59

DATE JUNE 24/04

CANADIAN 100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT

STANDARD 400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
E COLI

RESULT / 100ML
ND
E.COLI

RESULT / 100 ML
4 780 COUNT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM

RESULT TOTAL OIL

AND ND
GREASE MG / L

RESULT PCB MG / L ND

This seepage was not found to be a problem when

PROBLEM comparing it to the Canadian Guidelines for E. coli
in recreational waters.

RECOMMENDATION Continue to monitor

43
 ZONE 4 - DENNIS STREAM AREA

Z4-006 Dennis Stream

Z4-001 Seniors Apartment 2

Z4-002 Seniors Apartment 3

Z4-003 Deep Pipe Z3-004 Old Wharf Z4-005 Old Fertilizer

45
Z4-001 SENIORS APARTMENT 2
LOCATION Z4-001 SENIORS APARTMENT 2

N 45 11 31
GPS
W 67 16 53

DATE JUNE 24/04

CANADIAN 100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT

STANDARD 400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
E COLI

RESULT / 100ML
ND
E.COLI

RESULT / 100 ML
310 COUNT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM

RESULT TOTAL OIL

AND ND
GREASE MG / L

RESULT PCB MG / L ND

This site was not found to be a problem compared

PROBLEM to the Canadian Guidelines for E. coli in
recreational waters.

RECOMMENDATION Continue to monitor

46
 Z4-002 SENIORS APARTMENT 3
LOCATION Z4-002 SENIORS APARTMENT 3

N 45 11 26
GPS
W 67 15 52

DATE JUNE 24/04

CANADIAN 100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT

STANDARD 400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
E COLI

RESULT / 100ML
310 / 100 ML
E.COLI

RESULT / 100 ML
42 000 COUNT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM

RESULT TOTAL OIL

AND ND
GREASE MG / L

RESULT PCB MG / L ND

This seepage has nearly unacceptable E. coli counts.

PROBLEM
There is no obvious pipe to mitigate

Uncover fill present and investigate issue/hook up

disconnected pipe or apply a filtration device, street
RECOMMENDATION
sweeping or vegetation program may work to offset
issue.

47
Z4-003 DEEP PIPE OUTFALL
LOCATION Z4-003 DEEP PIPE OUTFALL

N 45 11 25
GPS
W 67 15 49

DATE MARCH 28/05

CANADIAN 100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT

STANDARD 400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
E COLI

RESULT / 100ML
No data - unable to reach outfall
E.COLI

RESULT / 100 ML
No data - unable to reach outfall
TOTAL COLIFORM

RESULT TOTAL OIL

AND No data - unable to reach outfall
GREASE MG / L

RESULT PCB MG / L No data - unable to reach outfall

Staff was unable to reach this pipe on foot due to

PROBLEM the soft sediments. It is a major outfall and requires
examination

RECOMMENDATION Monitor at low Neap tides by boat.

48
 Z4-004 OLD WHARF
LOCATION Z4-004 OLD WHARF

N 45 11 25
GPS
W 67 15 49

DATE JUNE 24/04

CANADIAN 100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT

STANDARD 400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
E COLI

RESULT / 100ML
ND
E.COLI

RESULT / 100 ML
150 000 COUNT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM

RESULT TOTAL OIL

AND 8.3
GREASE MG / L

RESULT PCB MG / L ND

This seepage was not found to be a problem

compared to the Canadian Guidelines for E. coli in
PROBLEM
recreational waters. Total coliform counts are high.
Oil and grease are present

RECOMMENDATION Continue to monitor

49
Z4-004 OLD FERTILIZER PLANT
LOCATION Z4-004 OLD FERTILIZER PLANT

N 45 11 24
GPS
W 67 15 37

DATE JUNE 24/04

CANADIAN 100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT

STANDARD 400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
E COLI

RESULT / 100ML
ND
E.COLI

RESULT / 100 ML
238 000 COUNT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM

RESULT TOTAL OIL

AND ND
GREASE MG / L

RESULT PCB MG / L ND

This seepage was not found to be a problem

PROBLEM compared to the Canadian Guidelines for E. coli in
recreational waters. Total coliform counts are high

No action is recommended at this time. Continue to

RECOMMENDATION
monitor

50
 Z4-005 DENNIS STREAM
LOCATION Z4-005 DENNIS STREAM

N 45 11 33
GPS
W 67 15 32

CANADIAN 100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT

STANDARD 400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
E COLI

RESULT / 100ML
ND
E.COLI

RESULT / 100 ML
7 820 COUNT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM

RESULT TOTAL OIL

AND ND
GREASE MG / L

RESULT PCB MG / L ND

This site was not found to be a problem when

PROBLEM compared to the Canadian Guidelines for E. coli in
recreational waters.

RECOMMENDATION Continue to monitor

51

The environmental implications of these data are great, but
the negative impacts of current sewage-related pollution
that impact the St. Croix Estuary can be easily mitigated by
proactive planning and restoration actions; largely, we believe,
within existing budgets.
This study allows us to recommend remedial options for each
site. Options to eliminate, reduce, or purify the leakages,
seepages and contaminants entering the estuary include the use
of pollution prevention, detention basins, retention/infiltration
devices and/or vegetative controls. Some of the outfall issues
may be simply dealt with by the reconnection of broken pipes
or re-establishment of proper domestic sewage connections.
Other possibilities may include marsh rebuilding, thereby
simultaneously implementing waterfront beautification, habitat
restoration, biota restoration, and water quality improvement; all
components of the St. Stephen “Green Community” initiative.
Protection of humans and the biota through water quality
protection and restoration is the primary objective of this project.
By annually neutralizing or eliminating some of these sources,
it is possible, over the long-term, to dramatically reverse the
negative impacts of two hundred years of neglect and, further,
to reestablish the important social and economic benefits of a
healthy river.
ACAP St Croix is dedicated to this becoming an ongoing
proactive project that will result in the restoration of the St.
Croix Estuary. For this to happen, specific restoration programs
must be chosen and initiated on an annual basis over the long-
Table 7.1 shows the projects and probable budget for work on
term determined by needs and funding.
the sewage, storm drain, and water systems over the next 5 years.
7. RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommendations outside the specific sites include the re-
building of salt marshes, consideration of oil/grit separators in
sewer lines, trucking removed street snow to the wastewater
facility and a street sweeping program.
Barriers to action include the perceived level of difficulty and
expense of identifying the problem spots and repairing the
infrastructure. For example, the in-filling of the St Stephen
waterfront resulted in outfall pipe locations being lost, making
improvements in this area an interesting puzzle. Presently a
percentage of these outfalls still seep contaminants and these
provide the clues to restoration. Elsewhere, it is clear that
combined storm and septic systems have not been shifted over
to septic.
There are also issues surrounding the municipal government.
For 3 years in a row the Town of St. Stephen has agreed to
improving the water quality problems as they relate to estuary
pollution, but they have not yet produced a repair schedule or
committed any real dollars to the infrastructure that leads to the
River. A study carried out by the St. Croix Estuary Project Inc.
in the mid-nineties, also identified many of these problems. To
this date, it seems apparent that the Town of St. Stephen has
not been prepared to address their contribution to the pollution
of the St. Croix River. Hopefully, this study will create a
positive movement to accomplish the elimination of waterfront
pollution.
53
Table 7.1 St. Stephen infrastructure plans for the period 2004 to 2009

INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS
YEAR 2004
Sanitary, Storm & Road Riverside Dr Milltown Blvd to Civic #1 $400,000.00

YEAR 2005
Pleasant Street Milltown Blvd
Sanitary, Storm Water & Road $320,000.00
to Riverside Drive

YEAR 2006
Sanitary, Storm & Road Cedar Street $110,000.00
Sanitary, Storm, Water & Road Pine Street - Cedar to Queen $250,000.00
Total $360,000.00

YEAR 2007
Queensway - Church to Centre Street
Sanitary, Storm & Road $250,000.00
& Centre St.

YEAR 2008
Sanitary, Storm & Road
Sanitary, Storm & Road Queensway #47 to Church St $200,000.00
Queensway #47 to Hill St $160,000,00
Total $360,000.00

YEAR 2009
Prince William Street Duke
Sanitary, Storm & Road $140,000.00
to Thompson Ave.
Sanitary, Water & Road Dow St. - All west flow $155,000,00
Total $295,000.00
54
The current plan does not show a commitment to restoring the 3. that funds be allocated specifically for this work, and
system along the waterfront. The cost for virtually eliminating
pollution along the waterfront would be only a minor portion of
4. that the Town St. Stephen should institute an annual monitoring
these planned expenditures. program for the waterfront, conducted by trained Town staff or
under contract to the St. Croix Estuary Project Inc.
We request:

1. that the restoration and repair of sewer and storm drains along the
waterfront be included in the long-term workplan of the Town of St.
Stephen starting in the fiscal year 2005 - 2006

2. That priority be given to the following sites:

a. The Clark Building which has E. coli counts of over 1.5 million
and sewage (toilet paper/sanitary products) being disposed of on the
beach, should be a top priority. This outfall needs to be redirected into
the sanitary sewer line that runs on Milltown Boulevard, the line is
only the length of the building away, less than 200m.

b. The Cove 2 site also has E. coli counts exceeding 1.5 million, it
needs to be redirected into the sanitary sewer line, instead of onto the
beach.

c. Both the Chocolate Park outfall and the NB Tel outfall have sewage
(toilet paper and sanitary products) being disposed of on the beach
and should also be redirected into the sanitary sewer line.

d. The outfall at the Picnic Kiosk location needs remediation. The

E. coli levels are over 99 000/100ml. This site needs to be tied into the
existing sanitary sewer line.

e. The Pizza Delight outfall has excessive counts of E. coli, over 40

000/100ml. There is no obvious pipe at this location the only way to
mitigate this properly will be a process which includes uncovering
the present fill and investigating the issue. It may be possible that it
is a disconnected pipe, which needs replacement or there may be a
possibility of applying a filtration device.
55

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59