Toefl Book Grammar

Grammar – Vocabulary
GRAMMAR – VOCABULARY.............................................................................................................................................. 1
1. SENTENCES............................................................................................................................................................. 4
1.1 Sentence patterns................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.1 Subject....................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.2 Object......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.3 Complement............................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Subordinate clause................................................................................................................................. 5
1.2.1 Reduced clause.......................................................................................................................... 5
1.3 Reversion – Inversion – đảo ngữ: đảo động từ chính / đảo trợ động từ.................................................5
2. VERBS....................................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.1 Tenses.................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.1 Past............................................................................................................................................ 7
2.1.2 Present....................................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.3 Future......................................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Verb patterns........................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Intransitive V............................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.2 Linking verbs: S + Linking V + C (noun / adj / adv).....................................................................8
2.2.3 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb).................................................................................................... 9
2.2.4 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + IO (sth)..................................................................................10
2.2.5 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Bare Inf.  causative form....................................................11
2.2.6 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + V-ing (present participle)  V2 đang tiếp tiễn.......................11
2.2.7 Perception verbs: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Gerund / Bare inf...........................................................11
2.2.8 Transitive V: S + Vt + O (sb/sth) + (as / to be) + OC (complement).........................................11
2.2.9 S + V + (not) + Gerund (V-ing)  hòan thành công việc, đã qua, passive...............................13
2.2.10 S + expression + Gerund (V-ing).............................................................................................. 14
2.2.11 S + V + to + V........................................................................................................................... 15
2.2.12 S + V + to-inf / V-ing................................................................................................................. 16
2.2.13 Series of V................................................................................................................................ 17
2.3 Modal verbs – động từ hình thái............................................................................................................ 18
2.4 Condition............................................................................................................................................... 19
2.4.1 Tense....................................................................................................................................... 19
2.4.2 Conditional conjunction............................................................................................................ 19
2.4.3 Unreal expression.................................................................................................................... 20
2.4.4 To Wish.................................................................................................................................... 20
2.5 Active - Passive voice........................................................................................................................... 21
2.5.1 Active form............................................................................................................................... 21
2.5.2 Passive form............................................................................................................................. 21
2.6 Reported speech................................................................................................................................... 22
2.7 Verb + prepositions............................................................................................................................... 23
2.8 Verbal phrases...................................................................................................................................... 24
2.8.1 Clichés..................................................................................................................................... 26
3. NOUNS.................................................................................................................................................................... 26
3.1 Nouns agree with V............................................................................................................................... 26
3.2 Countable and uncountable nouns........................................................................................................ 27
3.2.1 countable nouns....................................................................................................................... 27
3.2.2 Uncountable nouns.................................................................................................................. 27
3.2.3 Countable nouns...................................................................................................................... 28
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3.2.4 Uncountable nouns.................................................................................................................. 28
3.2.5 Count and noncount noun meanings........................................................................................ 28
3.2.6 Collective nouns + singular / plural Verbs................................................................................29
3.2.7 Patterns.................................................................................................................................... 30
3.2.8 Noun phrase = Adv + Adj + Noun............................................................................................ 30
3.2.9 Noun clauses............................................................................................................................ 30
3.2.10 Article....................................................................................................................................... 30
3.3 N + Verb................................................................................................................................................ 30
3.4 Preposition............................................................................................................................................ 31
3.4.1 Pronouns.................................................................................................................................. 31
3.4.2 Noun phrases........................................................................................................................... 31
3.4.3 N – Idioms................................................................................................................................ 32
4. ADJECTIVES........................................................................................................................................................... 33
4.1 Position of adj. in clause........................................................................................................................ 33
4.2 Possition of adj in phrase: OPSHACOM............................................................................................... 33
4.3 Patterns................................................................................................................................................. 33
4.3.1 Sentences................................................................................................................................ 33
4.3.2 Adjective clause....................................................................................................................... 34
4.4 Comparison........................................................................................................................................... 34
4.4.1 Equal comparision.................................................................................................................... 34
4.4.2 Comparative............................................................................................................................. 35
4.4.3 Supperlative............................................................................................................................. 35
4.5 Vocabulary............................................................................................................................................ 35
4.5.1 Descriptive adj.......................................................................................................................... 35
4.5.2 Limiting adj............................................................................................................................... 35
4.5.3 Irregular comparatives and supperatives.................................................................................35
4.6 Preposition............................................................................................................................................ 37
5. ADVERBS................................................................................................................................................................ 38
5.1 Definition............................................................................................................................................... 38
5.2 Adverbial phrases = MPT = Manner + Place + Time.............................................................................38
5.3 Building words....................................................................................................................................... 38
5.4 Vocabulary............................................................................................................................................ 38
5.4.1 Frequency................................................................................................................................ 38
5.4.2 Degree..................................................................................................................................... 39
5.4.3 Quality/manner – tính chất, cách thức......................................................................................39
5.4.4 Place........................................................................................................................................ 39
5.4.5 Time......................................................................................................................................... 40
5.4.6 Purpose.................................................................................................................................... 40
5.4.7 Reason – nguyên nhân............................................................................................................ 40
5.4.8 Concession – nhượng bộ......................................................................................................... 40
5.4.9 Contrast – đối lập..................................................................................................................... 40
5.4.10 Vocabulary............................................................................................................................... 40
6. CONJUNCTIONS..................................................................................................................................................... 41
6.1 Vocabulary............................................................................................................................................ 41
6.1.1 Coordinating conjunction.......................................................................................................... 41
6.1.2 Subordinating conjunction........................................................................................................ 41
7. PREPOSITIONS...................................................................................................................................................... 43
7.1 Meaning................................................................................................................................................ 43
7.2 Phrases................................................................................................................................................. 44
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LISTENING......................................................................................................................................................................... 48
TOEFL................................................................................................................................................................................ 49
8. CONFUSED WORDS.............................................................................................................................................. 49
9. NUMBERS............................................................................................................................................................... 52
9.1 Ordinal numbers – số thứ tự................................................................................................................. 52
9.2 Cardinal number – số đếm.................................................................................................................... 52
9.3 Time,..................................................................................................................................................... 52
9.4 Age........................................................................................................................................................ 53
9.5 Measurement – units............................................................................................................................. 53
9.6 Comparative.......................................................................................................................................... 54
9.7 Maths.................................................................................................................................................... 54
10. expressions - Phrases.............................................................................................................................................. 54
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1. SENTENCES
Main clause + subordinate clause
1.1 Sentence patterns

Introductory S Adv V O Adv
modifier
N, + definiting relative clause V O , V-ing + O
Adj, + , Appositive (N phrase), V O and V + O
non-definite relative clause
(V-ing, V-ed…) ,
Adv, V O ,…, and V + O  Adv
modifies
clause
Adv V–ing V O  Adv
+O modifies V
Prep. + V-ing + O, V–ed + V O
V-ing + O,  active
V-ed + O,  passive
To – inf + O,  purpose
Adverbial clause, Main clause
Main clause Adverbial
clause
 SPECIAL
It / there + be + adj + to-inf/ that + clause.
It / there + be + N + adj - clause.
It is likely that + clause
That + clause + V + O
It is the first (sb) to – inf
(Sb) + first + V-ed
It was 1973 that + clause
 It was I/she/he/we/they/you (=subject compplement) who …
It is + to be + pp + by 2010  future invention
It was + to be + pp + by 1995  past invention
Ex.
Astronomer now believe them.
To influence farmers the most.
The very mistakes they make show that + clause.
The committee members resented the president’s not Oinforming them of meeting.
S V adj N N O
The American dancer Maria Tellchief first became prominet in Europe.
1.1.1 Subject
Noun, N phrase, N clause, Pronoun, Gerund,
Ex. That – clause + V + O
1.1.2 Object
DO = sth IO = sb
Patern: S + tV + IO (sb) + DO (sth)
S + tV + DO (sth) + prep. + IO (sb)
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1.1.3 Complement
N, Adj.
Pattern: S + Linking V + complement ( modify S)
Complement : classification (norminal), description (adjectival), location time (adverbial).
1.2 Subordinate clause

Noun clause
Adjective clause
Adverbial clause
Reduced adj-clause; appositive.
1.2.1 Reduced clause
If, unless, When, after, before, since, while V-ing  Active
whether, Once, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, as V- ed  Passive Main clause
although, though (S+V+O)
Though While adj
Ex. Take the medicine as prescribed
The man took the medicine as having to.
After / if permitted, the student will be absent from class.
1.3 Reversion – Inversion – đảo ngữ: đảo động từ chính / đảo trợ động từ
 Pattern: adv + aux/defective V + S – Strong form
 Weak form: emphasize
Ex. Money you shall have if you go and get me a magazine.
Negative word: not only, not until, not once, at no tim, by no mean, nowhere, never, seldom, rarely,
scarely, hardly, no longer, barely, no sooner, nowhere, not, at no time, nore, neither, on no account, by no
means, little, evenless, so, such
Ex. Never will I smoke again.
Ex. In no circumstances must a soldier leave his cambat position.
= A soldier must not leave his cambat position in any circumstances .
Only, so, such…: only after, only once, only them, only by chance , only today, only yesterday, only on
rare occational, only with dificulty, only by luck
Ex. So beautiful is she that… = such a beautiful girl is she that…
Only + subordinate clause, + main clause
Preposition phrase + V + S: in front of, in the corner of, in, outside…  đảo động từ
Ex. On the desk lies a spider
Here / there + V + S  chủ từ giả  đảo động từ
Ex. Here comes my taxi!
Except: Here you are!
If clause: unreal in the past/present; real in the present
Ex. Had I met you 10 years ago, I wouldn’t have married her.
Were I you, I would marry
Should she come, I’ll tell.
Did you study har, you might pass the exam.
Comparision  đảo động từ
Ex. Helium is not inflamable, and is therefore safer than hydrogen.
New York City’s Central Park is nearly twice as large as is the second smallest country, Monaco.
{long subject}
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2. VERBS
Finite verb: can combine with S  complete sentence (chia thì và phù hôïp với S).
Non-finite verb: to – inf; V – ing; V – ed  cannot make a complete sentence.
2.1 Tenses
2.1.1 Past
2.1.1.1 Simple past
Time expression: Prehistory, deadth, ancestor, during the 1840s, the early___, during the industrial
revolution ( meaning finish)
2.1.1.2 Past progressive
2.1.1.3 Past perfect = had + pp
1st action 2nd action Now
past perfect simple past Present
= had + pp. = V-ed = inf
After + had + pp  finish before another action (V-ed)

By (before) _____, had + pp.
2.1.2 Present
2.1.2.1 Simple present
2.1.2.2 Present progressive
2.1.2.3 Present perfect = have + pp  finish before another action: liên quan đến hiện tại, kéo dài
đến hiện tại
Time expressions: yet, already, often, as soon as, during the past few days, lately, recently, just, ever,
never, so far = up to now = for some time now, frequently, finally, after, since, for, over the past few years,
during the past three decades, by the end of.
 Formular:
S + has/have (not) + pp + (yet)
S + has/have + yet + to-inf +
2.1.2.4 Present perfect progression:S + has/have + been + V-ing

Time expressions: for, since, all day (morning… )
2.1.3 Future
2.1.3.1 Simple future: will / shall + inf
 Time expressions:
next time,
2.1.3.2 Future progressive: will / shall + be + V-ing
 Time expressions
2.1.3.3 Future perfect: will / shall + have + pp
Time expressions: by…, by that time, by then, in a few hours, by the end of next year…
 Note:
Don’t use perfect tense in time clause, except in reported speech.
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2.2 Verb patterns
S+ Auxilary V + Main V +
Modal V = can, could, may, might, will, Intransitive V + Modifier = adv
would, shall, should, must, ought to,
had better, would rather
Modal verb + (not) bare – inf.
Primary V = be, have, do… Transitive V + IO + DO = Sb + Sth
Linking V + Complement = N, adj, adv
To be
2.2.1 Intransitive V
Intransitive Verbs: cannot be passive form
Swap – run rẩy,
+ modifier = adv
Collape, run, walk, wait…
2.2.2 Linking verbs: S + Linking V + C (noun / adj / adv)

 Linking verbs:
Be = Become
Become * – trở nên
Go
Grow
Get
Turn
Remain – vẫn còn
Stay
+ complement = N, adj, adv
Appear *
Look *– trông như
Seem *– dường như
Sound – nghe như
Prove – tỏ ra
Feel
Smell
Taste
Ex. To look ordinary lying on the bed
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2.2.3 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb)
2.2.3.1 Subjunctive – bàng thái cách: S + Vt + DO (sb) + to-inf.
Meaning  an order or a request  2 Subj.
Transitive V: can make passive forms
Formular:
S1 + V + DO(sb) + (not) to – inf.
S1 + V + that S2 + (not) bare – inf present subjuctive
Verbs:
Advise + V-ing Know + V-ing = + to-inf.
Allow * + V-ing ≠ + to-inf, Instruct
= permit Invite *
Ask + to-inf Move
Cause * Need + to-inf ≠ +V-ing (= need to
Command be V-ed  active)
Convince = persuade – thuyết Order * + to-inf
phục Permit * = allow + to-inf ≠ +V-ing
Challenge = Defy – thách thức Prefer +to-inf ≠ V-ing
Decree – ban hành Propose + to-inf ≠ +V-ing
Demand Recommend * + V-ing
+ (sb) + (not) to – inf.
Desire + V-ing  desire + to-inf = +(as)+to-inf
– muốn Remind
Enable Request * + to-inf
Require *
Encourage (*)
+ V-ing
Stipulate – quy định.
= encourage * that (bare-inf)
Suggest *
- khuyến khích, ủng hộ
Teach
Expect + to-inf
Tell + (sth) *
Force + to-inf
Train
Help + V-ing = + to-
Urge – thúc giục.
Help + (sb) + to-inf / bare-inf
Wish + to-inf
Hire + to-inf
Insist * + that = on + V-ing /
Demand, insistance, preference, proposal, recommendation, request,

+ that + clause (bare-inf) +
requirement, suggestion
main V
To ask, demand, insist, prefer, propose, order, recommend, require,

request, suggest
It’s
+ that + clause (bare–inf)
Recommended*, suggested*, proposed*, required*, urgent – khaån
Or
Mandatory, obligatory – bắt buộc
+ to – inf  active.
Assential*, nessessary*, important*, vital*- very important, imperative *-
cấp bách, bắt buộc (a).
2.2.3.2 S + V + to + be + pp  passive
Ex. There is (sth) to be  passive
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2.2.4 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + IO (sth)
List of verbs:
Write
Read
Sing
Tell
Paint
Draw
Pass
Hand
Give
Send
Borrow (sb) (sth) = borrow (sth) from (sb)
Lend * (sth) to (sb)
Mail
Bring
Find
Get
Leave + (sb) + (sth)
Promise
Offer
Throw
Sell
Buy
Loan
Owe – nôï
Advance – đặt trươùc
Teach
Show
Make
Feed
Cut
Build
S + V + IO (sth) + to/for (DO) (sb)
Explain
Describe
Introduction
Lend + (sth) + to/for (sb)
Say
Report
Repeat
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2.2.5 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Bare Inf.  causative form
2.2.5.1 Active
To have/get + (sb) + bare – inf
To have/get + (sth) + pp.  passive
To help + (sb) + bare-inf. / to – inf
To make + (sb)/(sth) + bare-inf = force (sb) + to–inf.  bắt buộc.
To let + (sb)/(sth) + bare–inf
Would you please * + (not) + bare-inf.
Please * + (don’t) + bare-inf.
To say/ tell + (sb) + that + clause (bare-inf)
To think / believe
2.2.5.2 Passive: S + Vt + IO (sth) + pp. / Adj 

Have / get/ make + (sth) + pp.  nhờ (ai) làm …
Ex. To have my hair cut
To have the floor cleaned
Let us do (sth) = let’s do (sth)
2.2.6 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + V-ing (present participle)  V2 đang tiếp tiễn

 List of verbs:
Catch
Find
Keep + (sb) + V-ing (present participle)
Leave – để  V2 đang tiếp tiễn
Set – để
Start
2.2.7 Perception verbs: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Gerund / Bare inf.
Perception verbs: sense of humor/community: hearing,
seeing, touch, smell, taste
Observe
See *
Look at
Watch *
+ (sb) + Gerund / Bare inf.
Hear *
Listen to
Notice *
Feel *
Smell
Taste
2.2.8 Transitive V: S + Vt + O (sb/sth) + (as / to be) + OC (complement)
 List of verbs:
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Call
Name
Make
Consider * (sb) (as) N = regard * (sb) + as + N – xem như

+ O (sb/sth) + (as / to be) + OC
Appoint *– bổ nhiệm
Assign – phân công, chỉ định
Designate (chỉ định)
Choose
Select
Pick – out
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2.2.9 S + V + (not) + Gerund (V-ing)  hòan thành công việc, đã qua, passive
 Tense:
Past action: V + having + pp.
Passive: V + being + pp.
 List of verbs:
Admit *– thừa nhận  passive. Keep (*)
Advise (*) + V-ing = advise + (sb) + to-inf Like (**) + V-ing  like + to-inf
Anticipate * – đốn trươùc Love (**)+ V-ing  love + to-inf
Appreciate (*) + V-ing = advise + adj + V-ing Mention
Avoid * Mind * – would you mind / do you mind
Allow (*) + V-ing / to-inf = allow (sb) + to-inf. Miss
Complete Need (*) + V-ing  passive.
Consider * – xem như. Pardon
Control * Permit (*) + V-ing = permit (sb) + to-inf.
Defend Practise
Defer = Delay + V-ing = Postpone + V-ing – trì hoãn Prevent
Delay *+ V-ing = Postpone* + V-ing + to / until + Quit *
Deny *+ V-ing = Refuse * + To-inf. – phủ nhận Remember (**) + V-ing  remember + to-inf
Desire *  passive. Recall
Detest Recollect
Discuss Recommend (*) + V-ing = recommend (as) +
Dislike to-inf
Encourage (*) + V-ing = encourage + (sb) + to-inf Regret + V-ing  regret + to-inf – tiếc
Enjoy * Report
Escape Resent * – phẫn nộ, nổi giận, ghen
Excuse Resist – kháng cự
Fancy – tưởng tượng Resume
Fear Risk – liều
Finish * Suggest  passive.
Forbid (*) + V-ing = forbit (sb) + to-inf. Top, End (**)
Forgive + V-ing = forgive (sb) + to-inf. Tolerate – tha thứ, chịu đựng
Hate (**) + V-ing = hate + to-inf. Try (**) + V-ing  try + to-inf
Imagine Understand
Involve * – liên quan Want (*) + V-ing  want + to-inf = want (sb) to-
inf.
S + V + Gerund = S + V + DO(sb) + to-inf.
Advise
Recommend
Encourage – khuyến khích, ủng hộ
+ V-ing = + (sb) + to-inf
Allow
Permit
Forbid * – cấm
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2.2.10 S + expression + Gerund (V-ing)
2.2.10.1 Expression / phrasal verb
Can’t help
Can’t bear = can’t stand – không thể chịu đựng
have a hard time
have fun trouble
spend time
go ( sport / hobby)
be worth  passive. + V-ing
Give up = abandon – từ bỏ, đầu hàng
Get through = use up; finish + V-ing
Go on = continue, work on
Keep on
Put off = postpone (hoãn)
2.2.10.2 Prep. + V–ing

Approve of
Be letter off
Count on
Think about / of
Forget about
+ V-ing
To object to
To look forward to
To be accustomed to = get/ be used to + V- ing 
used to + inf.
To go ( sport / hobby)
Accustom to
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2.2.11 S + V + to + V
2.2.11.1 S + V + (not) to –inf. (không có nghóa mục đích)
 hướng tới tương lai: mong muốn, bắt buộc
Afford (đáp ứng) Learn – nghe tin
Agree* + to-inf  refuse + to-inf Like / dislike (**) + to-inf  + V-ing
Aim Love (**) + to-inf  + V-ing
Appear* Manage
Arrange Mean
Ask+ to-inf = ask (sb) + to-inf. Need* + to-inf = need (sb) + to-inf  + V-ing
Attempt Offer
Beg Order + to-inf = order (sb) + to-inf
Care Plan
Choose Prefer
Claim – tuyên bố. Prepare
Consent – tán thành, đoàng yù. Pretend – giả vờ
Dare Promise*
Decide Refuse *
Demand* + to-inf = demand + that (bare-inf) = Request
demand (sb) + to-inf Seem
Deserve* – xứng đáng. Strive – phấn đấu, cố gắng = try + to-inf
Desire (*) + V-ing/To-inf. Struggle
Determine Swear
Expect* Tend
Force* + to-inf = force (sb) + to-inf Threaten – đe doạ
Fail* Undertake – đảm nhận
Forget (**) + to-inf  forget + V-ing Warn – cảnh báo
Happen Want * + to-inf = want (sb) + to-inf.  want + V-ing =
Hate want to be + V-ed.
Help (**) + V-ing = help + to-inf. Wait
Hesitate Wish
Hire + to-inf = hire (sb) +to-inf. = engage Volunteer
Hope* Vote * – bầu cưû.
Intend*
Would like + to –inf  invitation, want
To be likely + to –inf  có lẽ. + to-inf
There is to be + to –inf passive
 S + V + Wh-question + to–inf.
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Ask
Tell
Show
Advise
Teach
Learn
Know + Wh-question + to-inf
Remember
Forget
Explain
Understand
Wonder
Decide
Ex.
I want to know how to prepare a lecture.
2.2.12 S + V + to-inf / V-ing
 Don’t change meaning
Begin
Start
Intend
Continue
+ to–inf / V–ing
Bother
Help
Know
 Change meaning:
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Remenber
Forget
Regret
Love
Like /dislike (would you like)
Hate
Want
Prefer
Try + to-inf  cố gắng
Try + V-ing  thưû
Need* + to-inf  active
Need* + V-ing = need + to be + pp.  passive
Advise + to-inf/V-ing = advise (sb) on (sth) + V-ing  đã qua, bị động (được làm), công việc;
Agree  meaning: tinh thần, tình cảm
Allow + to-inf  sẽ làm, kết quả  meaning: vật chất,
Permit
Attempt
Leave
Mean
Neglect
Dread – sợ hãi
Study
Stop
Propose
Go on
Can’t help
Can’t bear
2.2.13 Series of V
2.2.13.1 S + V + to + V
 Purpose  nhằm, để.
2.2.13.2 S + V and V
 Consecutive  các hành động liên tiếp.
2.2.13.3 S + V (,) present participle
 Simultaneous  các hành động cùng một lúc.
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2.3 Modal verbs – động từ hình thái
Present tense: Modal verb + (not) bare – inf.
Modal verbs: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to, had better, would rather,
1. Request – Yêu cầu lịch sự
Will you + inf.  have (sb) do (sth)
Would you + inf.  invite
2. Permission – Xin phép
May, can + inf. 
3. Ability – khả năng
Can + inf = to be able to + inf.  có thể
4. Guess, posibility – Phán đốn
 50%: may*, might* (unreal), could + inf  có thể
 90%: should*, ought* + inf  expect – mong muốn  có lẽ là
 95%: must + inf  chắc là
5. Advisibility – khuyên bảo
Should*, had better*, ought to + inf  nên, tốt hơn là
Should* have + pp  lẽ ra nên ( past)…
6. Necessary / obligation / logical conclusion – cần thiết, yêu cầu
Must + (not) inf = (don’t) have to + inf (past tense: had to) = be to + inf.
= have got to + inf = be supposed to + inf.
Past tense: Must* + have + pp.  logical conclusion in the past.
7. Logical conclusion
Must + have + pp.  logical conclusion in the past.
Must + be + V-ing / adj  logical conclusion in the present.
Must + bare – inf … every day, often  logical conclusion events that repeat.
8. Preference – đề nghị
Present / Future: Would rather / would sooner + (not) inf. (present subjunctive – inf.)
Would rather than S2 + past subj. = S1 + wish + S2 + past subj.
Present contrary to fact: S1 + wish + S2 + present subjunctive (inf.)
Past contrary to fact: S1 + wish + S2 + past perfect subjunctive (had + past sub.)
9. Past habit – Thói quen trong quá khứ
Would + inf. = used to + inf.
To be used to + V-ing  to be accustomed to
To get used to + V-ing  to become accustomed to
10. Would rather – thành thực mà nói
Would rather + (not) bare-inf = Prefer + to-inf
Would rather* + S + (didn’t) + inf  unreal  thành thực mà nói.
Ex. I’d rather you didn’t do anything about it for the time being.
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11. Spectation about the past - ước đoán hành động trong quá khứ - “chắc hẳn là”
Past tense: modal + have + (not) past participle
Should + have + pp  lẽ ra nên …
Must + have + pp.  certain – chắc chắn.
May + have + pp.  possible– có thể.
Could + have + pp.  possible – có thể.
Might + have + pp.  less possible – it khả năng.
Can’t + have + pp.  impossible, almost impossible – hầu như không thể.
Ex. You should have done (sth) = you didn’t do (sth).
2.4 Condition
2.4.1 Tense
If- clause Main clause
Real in the present / future Present simple Future simple
Do * Will + inf.
Unreal in the present / future Past subjunctive Conditional simple
V-ed (were) ** Would + inf.
Unreal in the past Past perfect subjunctive Conditional perfect
Had + past subj. * Would + have + pp.
Inversion of had + omit “if”
Mixed time – Past perfect subjunctive Conditional simple
Result of the action in the past Had + pp. Would + inf.
(unreal in the past) (unreal in the present)
Tense
Conditional tense: would + inf  expresion action in the future
Past subjunctive: V-ed (were)  expresion action in the present
Past perfect sub.: had + past sub.  expresion action in the past
Could = would be able to
Might = may be would
Inversion – đảo ngữ ***
Ex 1. If I had a car I would go to class on time.
 Had I a car I would go to class on time.
Ex 2. If he should be here he would see her
 a little chance to happen  nếu tình cờ.
 an opportunity  nếu có cô hội.
Reduce form – dạng rút gọn *
V-ing / V–ed + S + V + O
2.4.2 Conditional conjunction
 If, only if  nếu, chỉ khi.
 In case = in the event that  trong trường hôïp.
 Provided that * = providing that = as long as (adv) + phrase  miễn là, với điều kiện.
 Unless = If … not…  nếu không.
 Or else = otherwise = or  nếu không.
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2.4.3 Unreal expression
 Ước
Wish = If only  ước mà, giá mà, giá mà. + clause (unreal past)
Would to God = would rather that  ước gì Would + have + pp.
V-ed
Might / could / would + inf  future
Might / could / would + past sub.  present
Might / could / would + past perfect sub. (had pp)  past
 Như thể là
Main clause + as if / as though + clause = Would + have + pp.
Present simple  past sub.
Past simple  past perfect sub.
 Đã đến lúc
It’s (high / about) time + for (sb) + to - inf  punctual  present  đã đến lúc.
It’s time + clause (V-ed = past sub.)  đã qua  lẽ ra … đã …
 complaining / criticizing: phàn nàn, chống đối, chỉ trích.
 Unfulfilled desires in the past **
Had hoped + that + would + (not) + bare – inf.
Ex. She had hoped that he would stay longer.
2.4.4 To Wish
Wish + to-inf = wish + (sb) + to-inf  want
Wish + would + bare – inf
Wish + V-ed (past subjuctive)  unreal in the future / present / past
Wish + had + V-ed (past perfect)
Wish + (sb) + N Ex. I wish you luck.
Wish + (sb) + adj We wish you a Merry Christmas
Wish + for + N He wished himself dead.
He wishes for money.
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2.5 Active - Passive voice
2.5.1 Active form
Meaning: Express habitual, natural, realy actions
Compare these cases:
Active: If the sake bakes much longer, it will burn.
Active: Brick exposed
Active: Mecury expand in direct proporttion to temp.
Active: the sale ends
Active: City lies in …
Passive: City is locatied in …
2.5.2 Passive form
S + V + DO (sth) + IO (sb)
 DO (sth) + be + pp. + IO + by + S
 IO (sb) + be + pp. + to + DO + by + S
S + get + pp  sth happen unplanned, unexpected.
S is said that + clause = S is said + to – inf.  người ta nói rằng
S is supposed + to + inf. = It is planned / arranged / expected
There is / are + sth + to be + pp.  dần được làm
Be + to be + present/ pp.  intention – dự tính.
It’s believed
It’s hypothesized
It’s known + that + clause (simple present)
It’s said  expresses, knowledge
It’s thought
It’s true
It’s written
Ex.
Fish have been found to contain a particular type of fat that helps lower blood cholesterol levels
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2.6 Reported speech
 Verbs:
ask, believe, forget, knowm remember, report, say, think, tell + that + clause.
 Change:
 Pronoun, possessive pronoun  he, she, they, him her…
 Time:
Today  that day
Yesterday  the day before.
The day before yesterday  two days before
Tomorrow the next day, the following day.
The day after tomorrow  in two days’ time .
A year ago  the previous year, a year before.
Không đổi theo bảng khi có thời gian cụ thể.
Ex, On Monday Jack said to Tom: “I’m leaving the day after tomorrow”.
 On Tuesday Jack said to Tom he was leaving tomorrow.
 Adjective:
This, that  the, it
These, those  them
Next  the following
Last  the previous
 Wh – question
 Wh –word + S + V + O
 Câu mệnh lệnh  2 đại từ liên tục
Verbs: beg, remind, warn, advice, recommend, ask
S + O + to – inf.
 Mệnh đề diễn đạt một sự thật, chân lý
Không đổi trật tự của đại từ: simple present, simple past
 Điều kiện không thật  không đổi thì của động từ.
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2.7 Verb + prepositions
Accede to – tán thành Be noted for work
Accommodate to – sắp xếp Be well-known for work + as person/position
Accommodate (sb) with (sth)  cung cấp Be respected for work
Accompany by (sb) with (sth)  theo Be appreciated for work
Account for = as of (prep?) – tính đến Win prize / award for work – thưởng cho công trình
Add (sth) to (sth) Receive prize / award for work
Adjust to Reward (sb) for (sth)
Admit to – nhận vào .
Advise on (sth) Pay for (sth)
Appeal for – kêu gọi Buy / sell / purchase + (sth) + for (money)
Apply to (place) for (position) – xin vào Gain prominence for – được chú yù vì
Appose to + V-ing Mistaken for (sth) – bò nhầm với
Approve of
Arive at place, in country, in city, home Pay for (sth) with cash
Attach to Spend (money) for (sth)
Attribute to Qualify for
Believe in, belief(s) in (n) Register (sb) for (course)
Belong to (sth) To cast off = to give up – từ bỏ, đầu hàng
Confess to – thú nhận To get rid of + V -ing = do away … - rũ bỏ
Confine to – giam cầm , hạn chế. Associate with – liên kết với
Contribute to – đóng góp Connect with (sb) to (sth)
Consist of = compose of – gồm = include =incompass. Deal with
Delicate (sth) to (v-ing) Depute with – tranh cãi với
Devide into Compare with
Devote (sth) to (sth) – cống hiến Compete with – cạnh tranh.
Differentiate between + in – khác nhau giữa +ở chỗ Comply with (sth) – tuân theo.
Enter + (place)  enter into (problem) Mingle with = mix with = blend with – trộn lẫn= sth
Expose to Blend into – trộn lẫn vào
Face + with (sth) Come from = stem from = derive from
Feed on = eat Detach from – tháo ra
Fight for. Detract from – lấy đi, làm giảm
Forget about (sth) Differ from (sth) in (sth)/ that clause
Infuse A into B / B with A – thấm, ngấm Emerge from – nổi lên, hiện lên
Interfere with – trở ngại, cản trở Escape from
Introduce into (sth) Forbid (sb) + from + V-ing ≠ be forbidden + to – inf
Lead to Obtain from
Object to (sth/ one’s V-ing) Prevent (sb/sth) from
Refer to Profit from
Regard to Suffer from
Relate to (sb) Remove from
Remind (sb) of (sth/sb) Result from  là do
Search for – tìm kiếm = Result in  dẫn đến kết quả = the result of
Serve as position Withdraw from – rút ra khỏi.
Succeed in – successful – success – thành công
Succeed to – successive – succession – kế thừa, kế
tục
Worry about
Talk + to (sb) about (sth)
Talk with (sb)(sth) – trình bày .
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To catch (sb) in + V-ed  bắt gặp Advise (sb) on (sth)/ of (sth)
To be caught in + V-ed ≠ advise (sb) agaisnt doing sth
To be opposited + to Aggree with / on
To be better off + V-ing Concentrate on – tập trung
Count on (sb/sth)
Decide on *
Confide in – giãi bày với
Depend on *
Engage in – tiến hành, hứa hẹn
Design on *
Observe in (light, flame)
Focus on *
Participate in
Insist on / that (inf)– khẩn khoản đòi, nhất định *
Rank in (value) – xếp hạng theo
Plan on (V-ing) *
Range in (size) – phân loại theo
Rely on: to be dependent – tin vào.
Succeed in
Spend (time) on (sth) = spend (time) doing (sth) *
Vary in (sth)
Spend (money) for (sth) *
Vote on (sth) *
Ex.
I forgot about our asking them
V prep.-Adj-Gerund-Obj
2.8 Verbal phrases

 To make
To make means to produce, creat contruct.
Ex:Make an advances in Make a forcast Make a profit
make an attempt Make a law Make a promise
make choice Make a mistake Make an offer
make a comparision Make a point Make a suggestion
make a contribution Make an investment Make a sound / noise
make an exception Make a plan Make use of
make a decision Make a prediction
make a discovery
make a distinction
To make a grant to (sb) = to grant (sb) (sth)  ban, cấp.
To make + Obj (short form) + adj + to – inf. = To make + adj + Obj (noun phrase).
Ex. Make it possible for people to live
Make possible the first settlment
 To do
To do means to perform, act, accomplish
Do an assignment Do someone a favor Do damage
Do bussiness with Do one’s best – cố gắng hết sức Do wonder
Do a job (errand, chore – việc vặt) Do a service
Do one’s duty Do manufacture Do kindness
Do one’s work Do contribution to Do harm
Do homework Do wrong
Do research Do justice to – đánh giá đúng
 To Advise
Advise (sb) not to do (sth)
Advise (sb) of do (sth) = inform (sth)
Advise (sb) on (sth) = should do (sth)
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Advise (sb) against (sth)/ doing (sth) = should not do (sth)
Advise (sb) that + clause
Advise (sb) how to do (sth)
 To have
To have a lack of (sth) = to lack
To have a chance to do (sth)/ of doing (sth)
To be to + inf = have to + inf = must + inf
 To mind – phiền lòng
To make up my mind to – inf
Would you mind + to – inf ?
 To play
To play the guitar/ the piano
To play football
To play the key role in + V-ing = to be in charge of = To be responsibility for
To play the key role in structure of Cell membranes
 To please – vui lòng
Please don’t do it
Would you please tell me …
 To prefer
Prefer + (O)
Prefer (N1) to (N2) = prefer to do (sth) rather than do (sth)
Prefer to-inf = prefer + V-ing
 To take
To take a dicision = To make a dicision = to decide
To take a turn
To take credit for (sth)
To take precaution against / for
It takes (sb) (time) + to do (sth) = (Sb) spend (time) + doing (sth) = (Sb) spend (time) + on (sth)
To take a day off work  ngày không làm việc.
To take a dim view of
 Phrases
To be equal to = equal
To get married to (sb) = to marry (sb)
To remain loyal to – trung thành với
To owe much to – nhờ vào
To be called by the term “banner”
To be made up to
Don’t have to be refined
To conduct on the role of hormone
To work on
Don’t have to be refine
Drop a line
Go skiing
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2.8.1 Clichés
To put in your diary = remember to do.
To give me a hand = help, aid, assisst,…
3. NOUNS
3.1 Nouns agree with V
Here / there + be (S) + S
Great quantities of + N
Lot of = a lot of
None + of the
No, half, any +
Almost of the, almost all, Most, all, some, (Of the) + N + V (N)
majority
All but tất cả, ngoại trừ…
Of many things,  trong số
Fractions / percentages
The rest
Not only + S1 + but (also) + S2 + V (N2)
Either/ Neither + N1 + or/nor + N2
S1 + as well as + S2  (cũng như)
S1 + along with + S2  đi theo + V(S1)
S1 + accompanied by + S2  tháp tùng bởi
S1 + together with + S2
S1 + in addition to + S2
All of S1 but S2  tất cả, ngoại trừ
Ex. Of all the law suits, 95 percents of them are
Singular V Plural V
Singular count noun, non-count noun Plural count noun
Anything, nothing, something, every, A pair of, each, Both + S1 + and + S2 = both of the + N= both
everyone, someone, anyone, no one +N
Neither of, either A few, several, various, many, some,
What, whatever, whoever numerous…
One, a, an, one of the + N Two, three…

Quantities of time/ money/ value/ distance
The number of + plural N  số lượng A number of + plural N  nhiều
A great / large / big/ increasing amount of + noncount N A great / large / big / increasing number of
The adj = adj + people = N
Vietnamese  language Vietnamese  people
Ex.
A Flock of birds, sheep Eye glasses
A Herd of cattle Jeans - quần jean
A Pack of dogs Pants - quần dài
A School of fish Shorts - quần sooc
A Pride of lions Trousers - quần tây
Pliers - kềm
Tweezers - nhíp
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Scissors - keùo
Tongs - keïp
500 dollars a year Most of the + N = most + N

a large supply of pens Most of them = almost all
Olympic series Both of the + N = both + N
A few of us girls = a few girls  vài đưá trong
số bọn con gái chúng tôi.
The young, the woulded, the deaf, the blind, the
dead, the living
Olympic games
Singular nouns
Mumps - bệnh quai bị . Meases – sởi. Arthritis – viêm
khớp. Appendicitis – viêm ruột thừa. Rickets – còi xương.
Herpes -
Economics. Mathematics. Statistics. Physics. Politics.
Civis – công dân. Ethics – đạo đức. Genetics.
News
Learning, shopping working
3.2 Countable and uncountable nouns
3.2.1 countable nouns 3.2.2 Uncountable nouns
Từ đi kèm
The, this, that, these, those, (a) few, pieces of The, this, that, these, those, (a) little, piece of
A, all, each, one, two, none Some, any, much, a lot of
Some, any, many, A lot of, several
A great number(s) of, The number of (sing. V), A A large/ big/ great/ increase number of, The
number of (plural V), fewer … than …, more … than amount of, less … than …, more … than, less
Few = not many  a few = some  3 + plural count Little = not much  a little = some = a small
N, Only a few of amount of sth
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 Vocabulary
3.2.3 Countable nouns 3.2.4 Uncountable nouns
Singular – Plural Food (s) Fruit, Apple, Bread (s), Butter, Cheese,
Alga – algae – tảo Coffee, Pepper (s), Salt, Sugar (s), Tea (s), Milk, Rice
Nucleus – Nuclei – nhân TB (s) oil
Bacterium – Bacteria Clothing, Jewelry
Fish – Fish General Ns:
Fungus – Fungi / funguses Equipment, Furniture, Machinery
Mouse – Mice Materials: wood, iron, glass
Wolf – Wolves – chó sói Traffic, Transportation
Man – Men
Child – Children Homework, Housework, Information, Knowledge,
Person – People Music, training, movie
Alumnus – Alumni Sunshine
Foot – Feet Evidence (bằng chứng), Intelligence, Violence,
Thought - Thoughs Air, steam, smoke, water, ice, Soil, Silver (s)
Feeling – Feelings Advice
Courage
Byssinosis – Byssinoses - bệnh bụi phổi do bông Damage
Datum - Data Fun, Luck, Honesty (sự thành thật), Happiness,
Basis – Bases Sadness, beauty, peace,
Criss – Crises Luggage, Postage
Criterion – Criteria Money
Stimulus – Stimuli - tác nhân kích thích Pottery, Poverty, Progress, Scenery
Phenomenon – Phenomena Abstract Ns:
Dialysis – Dialyses – thaåm tách Significance, ignorance
Medium – media
Radius – Radii
Index – Indices
Appendix – Appendices
Singular nouns (plural):
Improvement(s), mammal(s), fossil(s), color(s),
regulation(s), mural(s) – tranh tường; vegetable(s),
collection(s); skin (s), superstition(s), culture(s)
3.2.5 Count and noncount noun meanings
Agreement(s)
Bone(s)
Business(es)
Cloth(s)
Damage  sự thiệt hại; damage(s)  tiền boài
thường.
Decision(s)
Education(s)
Fire(s)
Glass(es)
History(ies)
Honor(s)
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3.2.6 Collective nouns + singular / plural Verbs
Army (đoàn quân) Government
Assembly Group
Audience Jury (boài thaåm đoàn)
Band, Team Majority *
Class Minority
Client – khách hàng của luật sư… Orchestra – ban nhạc.
Club Organization
Chorus – dàn đoàng ca. Public
Committee + singular V Police
Congress Series
Crowd Staff
Crew Variety
Faculty 2,3,4… dolars
Family 2,3,4… miles
Ex. Eat plenty fruit and vegetables.
Ordinary: + sing V
The majority believes him to inocent.
The majority of students believe him to inocent (vô tội).
Most of the car is
No remain are
Many a student knows this
N1 … N2, they  dễ nhầm lẫn  viết rõ ra.
N = V + post position
Ex. A drop out. A sit in. a look out. A break out. A lift out
3.2.7 Patterns
Position
N, apposition, V + O
N + Prep. + N
N + prepositional phrase + V
Ex.
Training program
It was they who + clause  emphasize
3.2.8 Noun phrase = Adv + Adj + Noun
Compound Noun: N (name, as an adj) – N
Position / function + N. Ex. Inventor John Hollan
N – V-ing/ V-ed + N Ex. Wheat – producing country
V-ing + N = Printing paper, making blacksmiths,
Adj + Adj + N. Ex. direct physical experience; efficient flying capabilities
Such + (a/an) + adj + N
So + adj + (a) + N. Ex. So far north
 Noun phrases
Sách giáo khoa  biology book  compound noun
Sách nói chung  book of biology
No single alphabet = not a single alphabet
29
France’s Independence Day
His first / last years of office as President of us
N, so called, N
N, both of which + V
Those people who = those who
The other  người còn lại trong 2 người
Another  người kia, (người khác)
Vietnam (n) – nation. Vietnamese (n) – nationality. Vietnamese (n) – vietnamese language
A vietnamese (n) – a person. The Vietnamese (n) – viet nam people
 Number + N
Ex. Most students = most of the students = almost all of the students
The more most student in ___
We girls ≠ some / few of us girls - một số trong bọn con gái chúng tôi
Only a few nations = some nations ≠ only few nations – negative meaning
First act of
Half an hour
Many a mile = many miles
3.2.9 Noun clauses
1. Statement:
 That – clause + V + O
 S + V + that –clause
Verbs: hope, think, say, believe…
2. Wh-question:
 S + V + Wh-question – clause
Wh – question: what, where, when, why, how…
Verbs: ask, know…
3. Y/N question:
 whether / if + N phrase / clause
If cannot begin a sentence as a subject
Ex. That the rest of the universe does not circle around the earth was proven by Gallieo.
3.2.10 Article
Nghĩa chung  “land”
Vùng đất cụ thể “the land”
Ex. The Mecican Government
The only means of land transportation was the horse
The world’s most extensive ranges
Rich people = the rich
Talented people = the talented
3.3 N + Verb
30
3.4 Preposition
Cause of Approach to
Choice of Attention to
Conponent of Belief in
Content of Contribution to
Cost of Cure for
Danger of Decrease in
Effect of (cause) + on (receiver) Demand for
Equivalent of Exception to
Evidence of Excuse for
Example of Experience with
Form of Expert on
Group of Improvement in
Instance of – trường hôïp Increase in
Intention of Influence on
Method of / for Interest in
Native of , native to (adj) Need for
Origin of In Opposition to
Possibility of / for Reason for
Price of Reliance on – tin cậy, tín nhiệm
Probability of Requirement for (V-ing)
Quality of Solution to
Result of
Supply of
Use of
3.4.1 Pronouns
Subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they.
Object pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, them.
Possessive adjectives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their. + The + N
Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, their.
Reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves.
Relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that.
Infinitive pronouns + singular verb

Everybody somebody anybody nobody
Everyone someone anyone no one + Singlular Verb
Everything something anything nothing
3.4.2 Noun phrases

To give me a hand = help, assist, aid
On the other hand
On hand = in present possession or readily available
In stock  out of stock
On sale.
On view: open to public inspection : on exhibition
On pins and needles
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In advance
3.4.3 N – Idioms
A piece of cake – very easy
A piece of her mind
Out load
On the double
In her own good time
On schedule
That’s that.
In bad taste ?
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4. ADJECTIVES
4.1 Position of adj. in clause
 Adj + N
 N + adj (+ prep.) + obj  (adj clause)
 Linking verb + adj:
Linking verb: be, become, remain, feel, look, see, smell, state, sound, stay, appear.
 Indefinite proN + adj
 N + adj
Adj [//] = available, alive, aflont, asleep, above
N = something, anything, nothing
Ex. Something new
 To make it possible for (sb) to do (sth) = to make possiple + long N
4.2 Possition of adj in phrase: OPSHACOM
Opinion – how big – how old – color – where from – made of + N

Sáng tối: Color: Pattern:
Pale Red Check
Light Orange Stripped
Bright Yellow Plain
Dark Green Flowered
Blue Splot
Violet
4.3 Patterns
4.3.1 Sentences
It’s + adj + of + sb + to – inf.
Adj + V-ing
Busy + V-ing Lucky Sorry
Eager - hăm hở Prepared = Ready – sẵn sàng Worth
Foolish - điên roà Please
Fortunate – may mắn
Happy
Adj + to-inf
Anxious – băn khoăn. Good Strangle
Boring Hard Usual
Dangerous Pleased
Difficult Prepared
Easy Ready
 Patterns
It is + (much) too + adj. + a day + for + sb + to + inf (không dùng với “that”)
It is + (much) so + hot + a day + that + clause. Except: busy + Ving
It is + such + a hot day + that + clause
It is + quite + a hot day
N + adj/adv + enough + to + inf. = sufficiently + adj. = enough + N = N enough (*)
Enough + N + to – inf. = N + enough + to – inf. (*)
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However / No matter how + adj + S + V
Whatever / No matter what + N + S + V
Ex. (*) Much too cold to = much so cold that.
Much too much for (sb) = excess – dư thừa.
Much too hot a day
too much days
As far as is known,
4.3.2 Adjective clause
 Markers
Which, whom, where, when, that, whereby – nhờ đó + clause (S + V)
Who, which + V
Of which, Whose + N + V
 That
Prep. + which/who  never use prep + that
That … the best
That  hỗn hợp : person + thing
Ex. The racket with which she is palying was offerd her on her birthday.
The racket that she is palying with was offerd her on her birthday.
 Reduced adjective clause

Không thể bỏ relative pronoun khi nó là subject, whose, of which, where, whereby…
 Restrictive clause
V-ing (active); V-ed (passive)
As an object  omit relative pronoun: whom, which, that…
Ex. That’s the book which I bought 2 days ago.
Standing overthere, the girl smile with me.
The girl standing overthere is clever.
While I was young, I … = while being young, I… = while young, I …
Built in 1976, capital is still in use.
The man I saw was a Native American.
 Non-restrictive clause
That cannot be used
Which, whom as a object  cannot be omitted
Ex. Here’s her book, which you borrowed to her 2 days ago.
 Active, passive
Symptions, ranking from mild to severe,
4.4 Comparison
4.4.1 Equal comparision
(Not) + so + adj / adv + as +
(number) as + adj / adv + as +
The same + noun + as +
Vocabulary: Heavy / light  weight
Wide / narrow  width Deep / shallow  depth
34
Long / short  length Big / small  size
Ex. Five times as fast as comparable areas during the industrial revolution
As far as is known
It costs twice as much as…
4.4.2 Comparative
(far / much) + (less / more) + adj / adv - ER + than + clause.
S + V + the + adj-ER + of the two + N = of the two + N + S + V + the + adj-ER
Number multiple + as + many/much + N + as  Multiple number comparative 
The more + S + V + the more + S + V +  Double comparatives – so sánh keùp  Càng… Càng…
Ex. Herry is the smarter of the two boys.
This encyclopedia costs twice as much as the other one.
The hotter it is, the more miserable I fell.
The more you study, the smarter you will be.
Has a longer history than any region of North America.
Much too much for (sb) = excess = dư
Much more quickly
Much too fast
4.4.3 Supperlative
(Much) + the (most / least) + adj / adv – EST + in / of + N
One of the + (most / least) + adj / adv – EST + plural N + single V +
The first + adj / adv + S + to – inf
Ex. One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Bjorn Borg.
4.4.3.1 Vocabulary
Short adj/adv = 1 syllable
Single vowel – single consonant  double the consonant
Ex. Bigger, redder, hotter, …
Long adj/adv  2 syllables: -ed, -ful, - ish, - ous.
Ex. More useful, more boring, more stylish, more cautious…
Short/ Long adj/adv: -some, - y, er, - el, - ow, -le.
4.5 Vocabulary
4.5.1 Descriptive adj
Color: white, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet…
Size: large, tiny,
Quality of person: find, kind, nice, cute…
Quality of thing: beatiful, intersted , important, colorful…
4.5.2 Limiting adj
Article: a, an, the.
Cardinal number: one, two, three,…
Ordinal number: first, second, third, fourth…
Possession: my, your, his
Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
Quantity: few, many, much
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4.5.3 Irregular comparatives and supperatives
Far Farther Farthest Xa
Further Furthest
Little Less Least Ít

Many / Much More Most Nhiều
Good / Well Better Best Tốt
Bad / Badly Worse Worst Xấu
Late (adv) Later Last Trễ
Old (adj) Older Oldest Già
Elder Eldest
V-ing = adj  Animal / thing
V-ed = adj  people
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4.6 Preposition
Acceptable to pp. form
Adquate for Accustomed to
Afraid of Adapted to
Amenable to – chịu trách nhiệm. Applied to
Analogous to – tương tự. Appreciated for
Aware of / that – nhận thức. Based on
Capable of Bored with
Charactersistic of Compared to
Close to Composed of
Concern with (sth) about (sth) Disappointed in /with
Contrary to Divorced from
Dependent on  Independent of Engaged in
Different from  differently than (sb/sth) in (sth) Equipped with
Eligible for Interested in
Equal to Isolated from
Equivalent to – tương đương. Married to
Essential to / for = vital to / for (sth) Opposed to – đối lập
Except for Opposited of – đối diện Related to
Expert at Satisfied for
(sb) is Familiar with (sb) Suprised at / by
(sth) is Familiar to (sth) Related to
Fond of Tired of
Free from
Good at To be famous for
Guily of - To be granted for
Important to (sb) = importance of To be known for
Inferior to – keùm hôn, dươùi. To be noted for
Jelous of (sth/sb) – ghen tò, ganh gheùt với. To be respected for
Native to (a), native of (n)
Necessary for / to
Next to = Near + (obj)
Perfect for
Popular with (sb) in / on (sth)
Possible for
Preferable to – thích hôïp
Regard to  Regardless of
Relevant to – thích hôïp
Responsible to (sb) for (sth)
Rich in fat
Sensitive to
Similar to
Successful in
Shy of / about (sb/sth)
Thanks to
Typical of
Unusual in (sth) – bất thường ở chỗ.
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5. ADVERBS
5.1 Definition
Adverbs modify verbs, except linking verbs.
Adverbs modify adjectives or other adverbs.
5.2 Adverbial phrases = MPT = Manner + Place + Time

S + (be) + adv +
Ex. Corn is usually grown
V-ing (present participle)
V-ed (past participle)
Adv + Adj
Prep.
Conjunction
Ex.
Long before
Almost all (adv + adj)
Almost exactly (adv + adv)
5.3 Building words

Adverb = adjective + ly
5.4 Vocabulary
5.4.1 Frequency
Vocab.
Always, usually, frequently, often, generally  thường.
Sometimes, occasionally, random  thỉnh thoảng.
Seldom, rarely, barely, hardly  khó mà, hiếm khi.
Never, scarely  không.
Seldom, rarely, hardly ever  almost never , almost not at all  khó mà, hiếm khi.
Hardly, barely, scarely  almost nothing  không.
Negative + inversion
Ex. Never did she work.
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5.4.2 Degree
 Vocab.
Extremely,  cực kỳ.
Very, so, too, quite,  rất.
Fairly, rather, pretty  khá.
Quite  = fairly = khá; = complete = rất, hoàn toàn, thực sự.
Very  rất; ngay.
 Patterns
It is + too + a day + for + sb + to + inf (không được dùng với “that”)
It is + so + hot + a day + that + clause
It is + such + a hot day + that + clause
It is + quite + a hot day
N + adj + enough + to + inf.
Enough + N + to – inf. = N + enough + to – inf.
It is + enough + adj + a + N + that
5.4.3 Quality/manner – tính chất, cách thức

 Vocab.
Good  well
Fast  fast
Late  late
Hard  hard
Joyful  joyfully  vui vẻ.
Ill  ill  nói xấu.
Ex. Speak ill.
Like (prep.)
As (conj.) + clause.
5.4.4 Place
Here there + Pronoun + V
Back, straight ahead
Home
Away, far
39
5.4.5 Time - thời gian
Now
Today
Last week Two days ago Yesterday Tomorrow In two days Next week
= The day before = the day after tomorrow
yesterday
The day after
The day later
By the end of this year + fulture perfect (will have +
Again, once agai pp)
Every day
Now At the end
Then
Today of this year
Soon
Early, late
Before, after, during
By the end of this year + fulture perfect (will + have + pp.)
Prior to
During  period of time
When  point of time
5.4.6 Purpose – mục đích
Vocab
To, in order to, so as to
Patterns: can reverse
5.4.7 Reason – nguyên nhân
Due to, thanks to, owing to, because of
5.4.8 Concession – nhượng bộ
Despite, In spite of  dù .
5.4.9 Contrast – đối lập
However = no matter how
In contrast to
5.4.10 Vocabulary
Somehow (adv) – không hiểu vì sao, cách này hay cách káhc.
Somewhat (adv) = slightly – một chút, hơi.
In addition to = besides = moreover
According to
Well and trylly
Honestly speaking,
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6. CONJUNCTIONS
6.1 Vocabulary
6.1.1 Coordinating conjunction
6.1.1.1 And
Both + S1 + and + S2 (cả … và … )  Plural Verb
S1 + as well as + S2 (cũng như)  Verb (S1)
Not only + S1 + but (also) + S2 (không những … mà còn…)  Verb (S2)
Ex. Can not only receive messages from sense organs, but it can also transmit messages throughout the
body.
6.1.1.2 But (contrast) – oposite meaning
However = no matter how (adv)
Yet
Nevertheless
Still
Whereas (ngược lại – trong khi đó)
6.1.1.3 Or
Either + S1 + or + S2  V (S2)
Neither + S1 + nor + S2 (không… cũng không…)  V (S2)
Nor  phủ định mệnh đề sau  V (S2)
Whether … or …
6.1.1.4 So
Therefore,
So
That’s why
Clue: Lead  become
6.1.2 Subordinating conjunction
6.1.2.1 Place
Where, wherever
6.1.2.2 Time
Before As Every time = when ever (bất cứ
After Since: from that time to present khi nào)
When  (chắc chắn)  từ khi The next time
If  (không chắc chắn) Once The last time
While + N / clause As soon as The first time
As long as, So long as: from By the time (cho đến khi)
beginning to end
 Partterns
When + clause (V-ed = simple past) Clause (V-ed, had + pp, was/were + V-ing)
When + clause (had + pp = past perfect) Clause (V-ed)
While + clause (V-ed = simple past) Clause (V-ed)
While + clause (was/were + V-ing = past cont) Clause (V-ed, was/were + V-ing)
+ clause (was/were + V-ing = past cont) When + clause (V-ed = simple past)
Before + clause (V-ed = simple past) Clause (V-ed, had + pp)
After + clause (V-ed = simple past) Clause (V-ed)
41
After + clause (had + pp = past perfect) Clause (V-ed)
6.1.2.3 Purpose
That Lest + clause (should)
So that For fear that (sợ rằng)
In order that = should not
+ (can / could / may / might)
6.1.2.4 Condition
If As long as (trừ phi) Supposing that (giá như)
Only if Unless (nếu không) Granted that (giá như)
In case Ortherwise (nếu không) Provided that (miễn là)
In the event (that) Or else (nếu không) As though, as if (như thể là)
Whether or not
6.1.2.5 Reason, Cause – nguyên nhân

Because For
Since In as much as
As Now that
6.1.2.6 Result, Consequence – kết quả
Therefore (vì thế) So In order (that)
That’s why Thus
6.1.2.7 Cause and effect – nguyên nhân và hậu quả
So + adjective + that
Such + noun + that
6.1.2.8 Concession – nhượng bộ

Though (mặc dù) Even though Despit the fact that,
Although Even if In spite of the fact that
6.1.2.9 Contrast
However Yet Whereas (trong khi)
Nevertheless But (tuy nhiên)
Clue: object to, not …
6.1.2.10 Comparison – so sánh
Than
As
6.1.2.11 Manner
So + adj +that
Such + N + that
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7. PREPOSITIONS
7.1 Meaning
About For
 Xung quanh  Vì, cho (mục đích)
 Khắp nơi  Nguyên do
 Khoảng chừng  Chỉ thời gian
 Về vấn đề gì  Chỉ chiều hươùng (nơi đến, mục đích)
Above  Trao đổi (trả tiền cho)
 Trên From
 Hơn  Nguồn gốc, từ (place)
After  Chỉ thời gian
 Sau (place / time)  Sự khác biệt
Against  Nguyên nhân, lyù do
 Chống lại, trái lại 
 Đụng phải In
 Dựa vào  Chỉ nơi chốn (place)
 Đối  Chỉ thời gian
 với, sánh với  Chỉ trạng thái
 Chuaån bò, dự trù (đương đầu) Of
At  Sở hữu
 Tại (place)  Nguồn gốc
 Vào lúc (time)  Khoảng cách
 Trạng thái  Về vấn đề
 Chiều hươùng  Nguyên nhân
 Số lượng  Thành phần, nội dung chưá đựng
By On
 Kế bên  Chỉ nơi chốn
 Cho đến khi  Chỉ thời gian
 Chỉ thời gian nói chung  Về vấn đề
 Ngang qua  Về sự lệ thuộc
 Bởi, do To
 Nhờ, theo  Chỉ nơi chốn
 ở chỗ  Chỉ sự di chuyển đến
 Đo lường  Giới thiệu IO (sb)
 Chỉ thời gian
With
 Chỉ sự tháp tùng
 Chỉ sự sở hữu
 Chỉ thể cách
 Chỉ phương tiện.
43
7.2 Phrases
 Time
 In: century, decade, year, season, month, part of day
 On: days of a week, date
 At: time of day; at night
 For/since: duration of time; point in time
 From… to:
In the 21st century, For three days, since 29th July…
in the 2000, From 8 am. to 5 pm.
in 2003, On time,
in July, in time
in the morning, in the evening at 6 PM, at noon…
on Wednesday At the time of the revolutionary war
nd
on 2 Sep = on July 29 … at some + future time
 Place
 In: continent, country, state, city, building, room, the world.
 On: street, floor of a building, earth
 At: address
 From … to …
At 200 Main street In Los Angeles
On Kings road In Califonia
On the second floor In Japan
In the drugstore In africa
From Alaska to California
 Means of transportation
By car, by plane, by phone, by express mail In cars, in a taxi
By land, by sea, by air On a board, on the telephone, on a bus/train
 Mesurement
Large in propotion. At the speed of 90 miles an hour
3 inches in length At about 17,000 feet per second
30 feet high = 30 feet in heigh 5 times as far as comparable
a heigh of over 30 feet 90 degree of Celcuise
1 kilo of weigth to be measured in units
Differnce in size
 Age
at the age of 20 = 20 years of age = 20 years old
a person of any age
the cost of being sick
 About
 Above
 After
 Against
44
 As
As soon as possible
As far back as
As far as know
As a consequence of
 At
At best / worst At the age of 20 = 20 years of age = 20 years old
At first = initially  at last At some + future time
At least At night
At once = immediately At the same time as
At times = occationally At times
At the peak of At the moment
At birth At the greatly reduced price
At death At no charge
At random At the core of
At home / work / school
 By
By means of By far = considerably – đáng kể.
By way of = via By contrast – ngược lại
By hand By day, by night
By chance – tình cờ By then – cho đến sau đó .
By accident = on pupose By making + V-ing
 For
For instance For now
For example For the first time
For free For an injection to be effective agaist tettanus, it must be admistered
For (sb) – đối với
 From
Part from
 Of
The probability of
Rather than = instead of
The same of
Instead of (adv)
as result of = Resulting from = to result in
 Off
Off the coast of – ngoài khơi
 Within
Within 72 hours of the injury
45
 In
In advance = Ahead of = before In: century, decade, year, season, month, part of day (in the
In vain = without success – thất bại morning, in the evening)
In the wrong direction In the forth century
In the large multilevel structures In the century BC
In effect, In use – đang lưu hành In the mid-1980s
In existence In the future, in the past
In detail  on the whole
In general In: continent, country, state, city, building, room, the world.
In common In the world = All over the world
In part = partly In the house = domestic
In practice, In theory In the night sky
In line, in a row In the front / middle / back
In style
In popularity In army/ air force / wavy
In luck In a book/ magazine/newspaper
In motion In bills
In the street obstructing –tắc nghẽn. The first stage in the manufacturing of
In conflict – trái với In some culture
In greater number
In charge of In a/an adj (hình thức adv) + manner
In danger of
In favor of – thiên vị, ủng hộ . Rich in fat
In spite of
In need of In parnership with – cộng tác với
In search of In particular with
In consideration of (get) In contact with = in touch with
In term of In common with
In the process of In addition to = besides
In view of In opposition to
 On
On diet
On fire On top of the world
On the other hand On place
On hand – available ? On land
On radio / television / the telephone On Earth
On the whole = in general On the frontier
On sale On long sea voyages
On the average On the slope – trên sườn dốc .
On purpse On the street, on the cooner, on the side walk,
On the clear night On the way = enroute,
On time = punctual On the right / left
On account of On the 5th floor,
On behalf of On train
On the basis of
46
 Out of
Out of town – away
Out of date – old
Out of fashion ??
Out of work – jobless, unemployed
Out of question – impossible
Out of order – not fuctioning, broken
 Over
All over the world
 To
To some degree  ở một chừng mực nào đó Prior to
According to – theo.
 Under
Under consideration for a job
 Upper
Upper middle class
 With
With regard to Together with
With the exception of In parnership with – cộng tác với
With the purpose of In particular with
With + instrument In contact with
In common with
47
Listening
 Agreement
Neither do I.
So do I.
I don’t either.
I do, too.
I do also.
48
TOEFL
8. CONFUSED WORDS
 Percent – percentage
Percent (đơn vị) + singular verb
Percentage (con số)
 Kind – type
Kind + count noun
Type + noncount noun
 Not only… but also – not … but
Not only… but also – cả hai
not N1 … but N2  không N1 mà N2.
But = except
I am but a fool  only - chỉ là người khờ dại
 No – not – none
No (a) + noun
Not (adv) + verb / adj
None (pronoun)
 Besides – beside
Besides (prep, adv) = in addition to, moreover – hơn nữa, ngoài ra.
Beside (prep) = near, next to – bên cạnh.
 Instead of – instead
Instead of + N/ adj/ adv
Instead (adv.).  at the end of a sentence.
 Most (a) – Almost (adv)
Almost all (of the) = most (of the)
 After (prep) – Afterward (adv)
After (prep) + phrase – sau.
Afterward (adv) + clause – sau đó.
 Around (prep) – Round (a)
Around (prep) - vòng quanh .
Round (a) – tròn.
 Somewhere (adv) = slightly
 Direct – directly
 High – highly
 Fast – fastly
 Hard
Hard (a) = difficult – khó khăn;
Hardy (a) = rigid - cứng, chắc.
Hard (adv) = with great effort – khó mà. = heavily (rain), strongly (wind), deligently, induostriously (work)
Hardly (adv) = barely, scarely, almost never – khắc nghiệt, khó mà, hầu như không.
Hardly = never  negative meaning  khong dùng “not”
49
 Considerate
Considerate = throughtful, polite (a) – chu đáo.
Considerable (a), rather lager amount or degree – đáng kể.
 Real
Real (slang) = very great (từ lóng)
 Whole – Wholly
Wholly = completely – hoàn toàn .
As a whole = generally – tổng quát, nói chung.
 Effect (n) – to affect (v)
 Alive (a) – to live (v)
 As high as – as soon as
As high as = (cost)
As soon as (adv) – (time) + clause  đứng dầu câu
 No longer = not any more (when) – không … nữa .
Can nolonger see…
 Sometime – sometimes
Sometime – at some time in the indefinite future (when) – một lúc nào đó.
Sometimes = occationally (how often) – thỉnh thoảng.
 Earliest (a) – Soonest (adv):
 Once – one time in the past Earliest (adj) Sooniest (adv)
 Like – as
As (conj) + clause  sameness
As (prep) + phrase  sameness (job, robe, fuction, task…)  với chức năng là.
Like / unlike (prep) + phrase similarity  giống như.
Like (a)
Alike (a)  at the end of clause;
Unlike (a) + N, clause
Like (v) + V-ing  like + to-inf  Dislike (v)
Do you like… ?  question.
Would you like + to-inf  invitation - mời.
Likely (a) – có khả năng.
Ex. Like A, S + V
As a policeman, I want you to…  I am a policeman
Like a policeman, I…  I am not a policeman
A is like B. A and B are alike.
It’s likely that + clause
 Late
Late (a,adv) – no longer living, not punctual,
Later (adv) – để sau.
Latter  former (a) – last of 2 things mentioned.
Lately (adv) = recently
Last = final (a)
Lastest = renewest, most recent
50
 Near – nearly
Near (prep, adv) = gần (distance)
Nearly (adv) = almost – hầu như.
 May be - perhap
It may be + phrase
Perhap (adv) + clause
 Raise – rise
Raise – raised – raised (tv) + (obj)
Rise – rose – risen (iv)
 Lend - Borrow
Lend – lent – lent  lend (sb)(sth) = lend (sth) to (sb) – cho mượn.
Borrow – borrowed – borrowed  borrow (sb)(sth) = borrow (sth) from (sb) – đi mượn.
 Let – Leave
Let – let – let (tv)  let (sb) + bare – inf – để yên, hãy.
Leave – left – left (iv)  leave (sb/sth) + place – bỏ lại ở…
 Tell – say
Tell – told – told (tv)  tell (sb) (sth) – nói.
Say – said – said (iv)  say (sth) …
Ex. To tell joke
To tell the truth.
 Set – sit
Set – set – set  set (sb/sth) + place – đặt, để tại.
Sit – sat – sat  sit + place – ngồi xuống …
 Lay – lie
Lay – laid – laid (tv)  lay (sb/sth) – đặt, để xuống .
Lie – lay – lain (iv)  lie + place – nằm xuống …
 To used to
Used to + inf  discontinue habit – thói quen trong quá khứ.
Be used to + inf  passive
Be used to + V-ing  quen với.
Get used to + V-ing = be accustomed to + V-ing  trở nên quen với .
 Mind  object to – phản đối.
A. do you mind + V-ing? Would you mind + V-ing? – có phiền không?
B. No, I don’t mind at all
B. Not at all
 Please
Would you please / Please + bare-inf.
The mecican government
51
9. NUMBERS
9.1 Ordinal numbers – số thứ tự
A third of all students = 1/3 of … + are +…
One of the first educations
The second gate = gate two
The forth volume of = Volume four of N
Cotton used to rank first among alabama’s crops
The First Act of
 TIME
The second year of production…
For the first time  lần đầu tiên.
I first came here  lần đầu đến đây  past
The first / the last + to-inf.  lần đầu tiên
The first person to get…  người đầu tiên
It was the first time + have + pp (present perfect)  lần đầu tiên
Is + to be + pp + by 2010  future invention
Was + to be + pp + by 1995  past invention
9.2 Cardinal number – số đếm

Half an hour
About half the total output
Culmulative grade point average – GPA = 3.0 on a 4.0 scale = 3.0 out of 4.0.
My 2 children
You two
2 bedroom appartment  compound noun
17 in 100 business calls
Hundreds of thousands of toursits
A few of us girls = a few girls  vài đứa trong số bọn con gái chúng tơi.
Large in propotion
 PRICE
It was priced at $ 850.
Millions of dollars worth of property = sth (which is) worth a sum of money người.
To rise by 100 USD
 CLASS
Subject : Boiology 457, Chemistry 101
Book: Biology book (SGK); book of biology
The second lesson = lesson 2
The forth chapter = chapter four
The forth volume of = Volume four of N
9.3 Time,
 Date
30 Dec = Dec 30 = 30th Dec = Dec 30th = Dec the 30th = the 30th of Dec (formal)
On the 12th day of each month
For the 12th of June
52
In: century, decade, year, season, month, part of Ex.
day In the early / mid / late 1980s/nineteenth century.
On: days of a week (date ) In the next few years. (a – number - N)
At: time of day In the morning, in the evening
On time – kịp giờ, (before, sớm hơn) On the second of Sep. = on Sep second
In time : punctual, in a nick of time - vừa kịp lúc. On Wednesday,
At some + future time On Newyear’s morning
It takes (sb) + (time) + to-inf. At 6 pm, at noon…; at night
It was in 1761 that she came to Bostom. At the time of the revolutionary war
As early as 1937
+ Clause (V-ed = simple past)
Only 10 years ago
Over the past few years (time not definite)
For 3 years + + Clause (perfect)
For 3 years + now – được 3 năm nay

For the last 3 years – trong 3 năm cuối.
For the past 3 years – trong 3 năm vừa qua. + Clause (have been V-ing = present perfect cont.)
Since 2000
Since 3 years ago – cách đây 3 năm.
3 years ago today – ngày này cách đây 3 năm.
Ex. Train is a hour late
It was a waste time writing that letter.
It was during the Industrial Revolution that the US was able to increase productivity through
mechanization.
In the last 10 years, the Mexican govement has reduced the number of its state-owned Companies to
about half.
9.4 Age
Reach the forties  những năm 40.
Reach forties  tuổi 40.
At the age of 20 = 20 years of age = 20 years old
To change with age – thay đổi theo tuổi tác.
9.5 Measurement – units

A large pecentage of employees…
At 43 percent interst
At 43 percent of all murders
Has a membership of some 10,000
To be measured by light-years
To be measrued in units = express in unit
To increas in size over time
3 inches in length  1 kilo of weigth = 12 inches in diameter
30 feet high = 30 feet in heigh
a heigh of over 30 feet
At the speed of 90 miles an hour
At about 17,000 feet per second / a second
An earthquake of magnitude eight on the Richter scale
To cover area of 120 square miles.
53
Half a degree Celsiuse, One degree centigrade, 90 degrees Celsuse, 55 degrees Farenhei
the lowest temperature possible is -273.16 degrees centigrade
9.6 Comparative
5 times/ twice as far as comparable
More/less than 200 nation states = over 200 nation states
Cost me 3 times as much as the last pair
Although there was appoximately 120 intensive languas institutes in the US in 1970s, ther are more than
times as many now.
9.7 Maths
A third = 1/3; 2 fifth = 2/5.
To rise on half a degree Celcuise
To be reduced by 400 meters
To expend the bed by 10 to 50 percent.
To reduce (sth) to about a half  giảm xuống ½.
10. EXPRESSIONS - PHRASES

 Nouns
Once a busy city
Skin(s) Improvement(s)
uncount noun: sunshine
on foot, by canoe, on houseback
by car, in cars, in a car
from one to another
Of all the lawsuits, 95% of them are filed…
To be second only to
One’s ability to – inf
Nassau hall is the oldest building now standing on the campus of Princeton University.
Wage rates depend in part on the general properity of the economy.
On pins and nedles
The sales figures – con số doanh thu
Each and every word
 Adverbs
Already ≠ not yet
Near = next to = close to + place
Trickly speaking,  thẳng thắn mà nói.
Many a time = many times - nhiều lần
Just as much as we do
By no meas = not at all
On the contrary - ngược lại
 Verb
54

Toefl Book Grammar

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Grammar – Vocabulary

1.1 Sentence patterns

1.2 Subordinate clause

After + had + pp  finish before another action (V-ed)

2.1.2.4 Present perfect progression:S + has/have + been + V-ing

2.2.2 Linking verbs: S + Linking V + C (noun / adj / adv)

Demand, insistance, preference, proposal, recommendation, request,

To ask, demand, insist, prefer, propose, order, recommend, require,

2.2.5.2 Passive: S + Vt + IO (sth) + pp. / Adj 

2.2.6 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + V-ing (present participle)  V2 đang tiếp tiễn

Consider * (sb) (as) N = regard * (sb) + as + N – xem như

2.2.10.2 Prep. + V–ing

2.8 Verbal phrases

One, a, an, one of the + N Two, three…

500 dollars a year Most of the + N = most + N

Infinitive pronouns + singular verb

3.4.2 Noun phrases

 Reduced adjective clause

Little Less Least Ít

5.2 Adverbial phrases = MPT = Manner + Place + Time

5.3 Building words

5.4.3 Quality/manner – tính chất, cách thức

6.1.2.5 Reason, Cause – nguyên nhân

6.1.2.8 Concession – nhượng bộ

The mecican government

9.2 Cardinal number – số đếm

For 3 years + now – được 3 năm nay

9.5 Measurement – units

10. EXPRESSIONS - PHRASES

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