R. Senthilkumar et. al.

/ International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology

Vol. 2(11), 2010, 6500-6506

DESIGN OF SINGLE PHASE INVERTER

USING dsPIC30F4013
Mr. R.Senthilkumar,
Associate Professor/EEE, Saveetha Engneering College,

Thandalam, Chennai- 602105, India.

Prof. M.Singaaravelu,
Professor/EEE, Saveetha Engneering College,

Thandalam, Chennai- 602105, India.

ABSTRACT

This paper gives the design and implementation of a single-phase inverter that produces a symmetric ac output
voltage of desired magnitude and frequency. A diode bridge rectifier is used to rectify the ac line voltage. Unipolar
PWM technique is employed to control the output voltage magnitude and frequency. The digital signal Peripheral
Interface Controller (dsPIC) dsPIC30F4013 of Microchip Technology is used for the implementation of the inverter.
A DC to Ac voltage converter consists of four bidirectional switches that is used to convert the voltage. Sinusoidal
unipolor Pulse Width Modulation is used for triggering the gates of IGBTs. The control circuit consists of the dsPIC
controller and it is used to produce required SPWM for triggering the IGBTs.Tthe driver circuit isolates the control
circuit from power circuit. The outputs for variable AC voltages are observed in the CRO.
Key Words: Unipolar, PWM, dSPIC
1. Introduction
Power Electronics is the technology associated with efficient conversion, control and conditioning of electric power
by static means from its available input form into the desired electrical output form. Power electronic converters can
be found wherever there is a need to modify the electrical energy form (i.e., modify its voltage, current or
frequency). Therefore, their power ranges from some mill watts (as in a mobile phone) to hundreds of mega watts
(e.g.in a HVDC transmission system).With “classical” electronics, electrical currents and voltage are used to carry
information, whereas with power electronics, they carry power. Therefore the main metric of power electronics
becomes the efficiency.
An inverter is a circuit which converts a DC power into an AC power at desired output voltage and frequency. The
AC output voltage could be fixed or variable voltage and frequency. This conversion can be achieved either by
controlled turn on and turnoff devices (e.g. BJT, MOSFET, IGBT, and MCT etc.) or by forced commutated
thyristors, depending on application. The output voltage waveform of an ideal inverter should be sinusoidal.
The voltage waveforms of practical inverter are however, non-sinusoidal and contain certain harmonics. Square
wave or quasi-square wave voltage maybe acceptable for low and medium power application and for high power
application low distorted, sinusoidal waveform are required. The output frequency of an inverter is determined by
the rate at which the semiconductor devices are switched on and off by the inverter control circuitry and
consequently, an adjustable frequency AC output is readily provided. The harmonics content of output voltage can
be minimized or reduced significantly by switching technique of variable high speed power semiconductor devices.
The DC power input to the inverter maybe battery, fuel cell, solar cell or other DC source. But in most industrial
applications, it is fed by a rectifier. This configuration of AC to DC converter and DC to AC inverter is called a DC
link at network frequency is rectified and then filtered in the DC link before being inverter to AC at adjustable
frequency. Rectification is achieved by standard diode or thyristors converter circuits and inversion is achieved by
the circuit techniques.
The objective is to produce a variable frequency and variable AC voltage. The various stages involved in achieving
the aim are listed below.
 Simulation of the power circuit using Matlab Simulink and the wave forms and outputs values are known.

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Vol. 2(11), 2010, 6500-6506

 Designing IGBT power circuit to produce variable AC voltage frequency.

 Designing the control circuit to produce the sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) for
triggering the gates of the IGBT in power circuit.
 Designing the single phase rectifiers circuit to convert AC to DC voltage
 Designing the driver circuit to provide the isolation between the control circuit and power circuit.
 Fabrication of the designed circuit in sequential manner.
 Finally the fabricated circuit is tested and evaluated against the known standard values.
2. Related Works
D.S.L.Simonethi et al (1994) studied theoretical aspects governing the equipment fed from a single phase line,
control strategies and power topologies. The simplest diode rectifier used in the first stage of the AC to DC
CONVERTER suffers from the power factor problem. So to overcome this problem DC to DC converter is used as a
resistor, emulator and the power factor improvement. J.Drobnik (1994) studied the exciting possibility of the
connector less power transfer. Since both the inverters and the converters contain transformers. Those transformers
serve as a media for the magnetic coupling between the back plane and removable cards.
To achieve this transformer primary will located in the primary and the secondary on the system card with the Ac to
Dc converter. The energy can then be coupled through the magnetic field only without metallic connection. Drobnik
et al (1999) studied the advantage using the high frequency power distribution architecture (HFAC).For personal
computer power requirement. Their study deals with issues such as cost, efficiency, form factor and reliability. It has
been determined that single phase voltage power architecture meets the requirement for the processors.
P.K.Jain et al (1999) studied the advantage of using HFPDA for the telecommunication system. It advantage of the
connector less power transfer improves the overall system efficiency, increased system reliability due to inherent
short circuit protection at the power interface and limited power transfer to the load and compatibility with
electrical connector less interface using the fiber optical connector for the signals. M.Qiu et al(2002) studied an Ac
VRM topology for high frequency Ac power distribution system, which has the power factor very close to unity,
low total harmonic distortion in the input current, zero voltage, switching under all load conditions and low voltage
stress across of the active switch.
This topology is very attractive for the point of use HFAC to DC converter in HFAC distribution system to power
the future desktop personnel computers. The steady state performance of the proposed converter in terms of
displacement, power factor, total harmonic distortion and power factor of the input resonant current and voltage
stress of the ac switch are studied. James M.Simonelli et al (1992) studied and analyzed that, the complete Ac to Dc
conversion requires an external EMI input filter to get rid of the high frequency noise generated by the converter.

3. Architecture of Single Phase Inverter

Fig 3.1 Block Diagram of Single Phase Inverter

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Vol. 2(11), 2010, 6500-6506

The block diagram of the whole circuit is shown in figure 3.1. The operation starts by taking the 230v 50Hz AC
from the main supply. The 230v AC is given directly given to the Power circuit. The 230v AC voltage is stepped
down to 12v using 230/12v step down transformer to provide the supply to the driver circuit and the control circuit.
The block diagram has three modules.
 Power Circuit Module
 Control Circuit Module
 Driver Circuit Module

 Power Circuit Module

The power circuit module consists of a rectifier unit along with the filter and the IGBT bridge circuit. The
Circuit contains 2MBI 200L-060 as a power IGBT. IGBT is used as a switch due to high power
applications. IGBTs are arranged as a bridge circuit. The input to the power circuit is obtained from the
230v supply main. Depending on the voltage of the output required at the output the gates of the IGBTs are
triggered with proper pulse sequence. The gate pulses are obtained from the control circuit.
 Control Circuit Module
The control circuit module of the work consists of the dsPIC30F4013 controller circuit. The control circuit
is used to produce the PWM pulses and the pulses that obtained from the controller is given to the driver
circuit such that the inverter IGBTs gates can be triggered on and off
 Driver Circuit Module
o The driver circuit module consists of the buffer IC LM358, SG3524, 4151, 4518, 4081 IC and the
Optocoupler.
o The input control signal from the microcontroller (0-5V) is buffered using an LM 358 Operational
amplifier IC With unity gain. The input voltage to the motor is varying using PWM Pulses. Here
we have used SG3524 as a PWM Generator. It also varies the ontime of the PWM Pulses
according to the control signal from the controller.
o The input control signal is fed to a 4151 to convert the corresponding voltage to a frequency. The
frequency will be 2KHZ for 5V input signal.
o The generated frequency is then divided by a 4518 by 20 times to get a 100HZ frequency. It is
then fed to 4013 (D type Flip Flop) to convert it into a 50HZ signal for the Positive and Negative
Half cycles.
o The generated PWM and the frequency is mixed using an 4081 AND Gate. Finally the output of
the amplifier is given to the collector and emitter of the IGBTs

 Power Circuit
The power circuit of Single Phase Unipolor inverter consists of four bidirectional IGBT arrangedin bridge
form. The circuit diagram of the power circuit is shown in figure 3.2

Figure 3.2 Power circuit

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Vol. 2(11), 2010, 6500-6506

 The circuit diagram consists of four distinct IGBTs such that they are connected as the bridge circuit. The
input to the circuit is the 220v DC supply from the rectifier unit. The IGBTs are triggered accordingly such
that the AC output voltage is obtained at the output. The operation of the circuit is as follows.
 First the IGBT S1 and S4 are turned on by triggering the gate of the IGBT. During this time the input
supply is 220v DC and at the output the 220v is applied across the load. The current starts from the supply
positive, S1, S2, load and to the negative of the supply. The conduction path for the first cycle of operation
is shown in figure 3.3.

Figure 3.3 Current conduction when S1 and S4 is ON

 During the next phase or the cycle the IGBT S2 and S3 are turned on by giving trigger pulse to the gate of
the IGBTs. During this period the input voltage is applied at the output but in the negative direction. The
current conduction starts from the supply, S2, S3, load and to the negative of the supply. The current
conduction is showed in the figure 3.4.

Figure 3.4 Current conduction during when S2 and S3 is ON

 As the two cycles continue the positive and the negative voltage is applied at the load and the current
direction changes in the two cycles. As the current direction changes the alternative voltage is obtained at
the load thus converting Dc voltage to AC voltage.

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 R. Senthilkumar et. al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology
Vol. 2(11), 2010, 6500-6506

4. Experimental Setup
4.1 Simulation Diagram
The Simulation diagram drawn using Matlab Simulink is shown in Figure 4.1
The simulation diagram consists of the following blocks
 Rectifier Circuit
 IGBT bridge Section
 PWM Pulse Generator
 Filter and Load Circuit
4.1.2 Rectifier Circuit
The rectifier circuit consists of the four identical diodes which are connected in such a way to from the bridge
network. The input to this block is given from the voltage source block of value 220v and 50Hz.
4.2.2 IGBT Bridge Section 
The next block is the IGBT block. We use four IGBTs which are connected to form a bridge circuit. The input to the
bridge is the output of the filtered rectified DC voltage. The gates of the IGBTs are triggered using the PWM pulses.
4.2.3 PWM Pulse Generator
The PWM pulse generator block generator block generator block generates the four PWM pulses and these pulses
are given to the gates of the IGBTs for turning on and turn off.

Fig 4.1 MATLAB Simulink of the circuit

4.2.4 Filter and Load circuit

The last block is filter and load circuit. The outputs from the IGBTs have some harmonics. The harmonics can be
filtered using filter circuit. The load is connected to the filtered output.
4.3 Components in Driver circuit
The components used in the driver circuit are

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Vol. 2(11), 2010, 6500-6506

 Power Supply
 Buffer
 PWM Regulator
 Voltage to Frequency Converters
 Frequency Divider
 Frequency and PWM Mixer
 Isolators
 Rectifier unit
4.3.1 Power supply:
It consists of a step down transformer and Bridge rectifier with filters and regulators to provide supply to
the rest of the Ics used in the circuit.
4.3.2 Buffer:
The input control signal from the microcontroller (0-5V) is buffered using an LM 358 Operational
amplifier IC With unity gain.
4.3.3 PWM Regulator:
The input voltage to the motor is varying using PWM Pulses. Here we have used SG3524 as a PWM
Generator. It also varies the ontime of the PWM Pulses according to the control signal from the controller.
4.3.4 Voltage to Frequency Convertor:
The input control signal is fed to a 4151 to convert the corresponding voltage to a frequency. The
frequency will be 2KHZ for 5V input signal.
4.3.5 Frequency Divider:
The generated frequency is then divided by an 4518 by 20 times to get a 100HZ frequency. It is then fed to
4013 (D type Flip Flop) to convert it into a 50HZ signal for the Positive and Negative Half cycles.
4.3.6 Frequency and PWM Mixer:
The generated PWM and the frequency is mixed using an 4081 AND Gate.
4.3.7 Isolation:
The mixed output is then given to an opto coupler for isolation and is finally applied to the gates of the
IGBT through a current amplifier section.
4.3.8 Rectifier unit:
The input AC Signal is rectified and fed to the IGBT through a Time delay circuit. This time delay is
required to prevent the motor from high voltage due to any false triggering of the IGBT.
5. Components Used
Table 4.1 List of components used

NO NAME OF COMPONENT SPECIFICATION

1 BRIDGE RECTIFIER BR1010
2 FILTER CAPACITOR 1000µF,600V
3 Microcontroller dsPIC30F4013
4 IGBT 2MBI-200L-060
5 Output filter inductor 2mH
6 Output filter capacitor 1.5pF,2000V
7 Power resister 500W,100Ω
8 Buffer amplifier LM358
9 Voltage to frequency converter XR4151
10 BCD up counter CD4518
11 PWM regulator LM3524
12 Mixer CD4081
13 Opto coupler MCT2E
14 Supply transformer 4x230/12V
15 Voltage Regulator IC7812

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Vol. 2(11), 2010, 6500-6506

5.1 Simulation Waveforms

The input and output obtained from simulating the circuit is shown in Figure 5.1

Figure 5.1Simulation Waveforms of input and output voltages

6. Conclusion
The design and implementation of a single-phase inverter that produces a symmetric ac output voltage of
desired magnitude and frequency. The digital signal Peripheral Interface Controller (dsPIC) dsPIC30F4013 of
Microchip Technology is used for the implementation of the inverter
The Inverter consists of four bidirectional switches that is used to convert the voltage. Sinusoidal Unipolor
Pulse Width Modulation is used for triggering the gates of IGBTs. The control circuit consists of the dsPIC
controller is used to produce required PWM signal. The voltage and the frequency can be varied by using connecting
the controller to the computer. The simulation of the circuit is done using Simulink of Matlab. The outputs for
variable AC voltages are observed in the CRO. The Simulation waveforms and the output waveforms are compared
against the standard values.
7. References

[1] Bose.K.B (1997) “Power Electronics and Variable Frequency Drives”, IEE Press ISBN 0-7803-1061-6, New York.
[2] B.R.Gupta and V.Singhal(2002),”Power Electronics”, Tata McGraw Hill Publications, Delhi
[3] Cyril W.Lander(1981) “Power Electronics”, McGraw-Hill, MaidenHead.
[4] John D.Ryder “Engineering Electronics with Industrial Applications and Control”, Second Edition
[5] Muhammad H.Rashid “Power Electronics-Circuits, Devices and Applications.”
[6] Paul Horowitz & Winfield Hill (1980) “The Art of Electronics” Cambridge University Press, Second Edition.
[7] P.S.Bimbra,”Power Electronics”, third edition, Khanna Publishers.
[8] S.K. Datta (1985)”Power Electronics and Control”, Reston Publishing Company, New York.

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