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CONTENTS

EVAPORATION
I. Definition
II. Comparison with other type of vaporization
III. Theory and Process
IV. Why Evaporation occurs?
V. Factors influencing the rate of evaporation
VI. Evaporation in concern to the water cycle
VII. Conclusion
I. Definition
-Type of vaporization of a liquid that occurs only on the surface of a liquid. Whereas
vaporization differs from evaporation.
-Vaporization is a phase transition from the liquid or solid phase to gas phase and it
under evaporation.
-is a type of phase transition. It is the process by which molecules in
a liquid state (ex. water) spontaneously become gaseous (ex., water vapor). In general,
evaporation can be seen by the gradual disappearance of a liquid from a substance
when exposed to a significant volume of gas. Vaporization and evaporation however,
are not entirely the same processes.

II. Comparison with other types of vaporization

-The other types of vaporization other than evaporation are boiling and sublimation
-Sublimation differs from evaporation whereas sublimation is the phase of transition
in which a solid phase turns onto gaseous phase.
-Boiling differs from evaporation as well. Boiling is the rapid vaporization of a liquid,
which occurs when liquid is heated to its boiling point and the entire mass is involved in
the vaporization process while the evaporation the only surface of the liquid is involved
in the phase transition.

III. Theory and Process

-For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near the surface, be
moving in the proper direction, and have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome liquid-
phase intermolecular forces. Only a small proportion of the molecules meet these
criteria, so the rate of evaporation is limited. Since the kinetic energy of a molecule is
proportional to its temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at higher
temperatures. As the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules have
lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid, thus, decreases. This
phenomenon is also called evaporative cooling. This is why evaporating sweat cools the
human body. Evaporation also tends to proceed more quickly with higher flow rates
between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with higher vapor pressure. For
example, laundry on a clothes line will dry (by evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day
than on a still day. Three key parts to evaporation are heat, humidity, and air movement.
On a molecular level, there is no strict boundary between the liquid state and the vapor
state. Instead, there is a Knudsen layer, where the phase is undetermined. Because this
layer is only a few molecules thick, at a macroscopic scale a clear phase transition
interface can be seen.

IV. Why evaporation occurs?

-Heat (energy) is necessary for evaporation to occur. Energy is used to break the
bonds that hold water molecules together, which is why water easily evaporates at the
boiling point (212° F, 100° C) but evaporates much more slowly at the freezing point.
Net evaporation occurs when the rate of evaporation exceeds the rate of condensation.
A state of saturation exists when these two process rates are equal, at which point the
relative humidity of the air is 100 percent.
-Condensation, the opposite of evaporation, occurs when saturated air is cooled
below the dew point (the temperature to which air must be cooled at a constant
pressure for it to become fully saturated with water), such as on the outside of a glass of
ice water. In fact, the process of evaporation removes heat from the environment, which
is why water evaporating from your skin cools you.

V. Factors influencing the rate of evaporation

-Wind speed:
The higher the wind speed, the more evaporation
-Temperature of the liquid substance:
The higher the temperature, the more evaporation
-Humidity
The lower the humidity, the more evaporation
-Density
The higher the density the slower a liquid evaporates.
-Pressure:
Evaporation happens faster if there is less exertion on the surface keeping
the molecules from launching themselves.
-Surface Area:
A substance that has a larger surface area will evaporate faster, as there
are more surface molecules that are able to escape.

VI. Evaporation in connection to water cycle

-Evaporation from the oceans is the primary mechanism supporting the
surface-to-atmosphere portion of the water cycle. After all, the large surface area of the
oceans (over 70 percent of the Earth's surface is covered by the oceans) provides the
opportunity for large-scale evaporation to occur. On a global scale, the amount of water
evaporating is about the same as the amount of water delivered to the Earth as
precipitation. This does vary
geographically, though. Evaporation is
more prevalent over the oceans than
precipitation, while over the land,
precipitation routinely exceeds
evaporation. Most of the water that
evaporates from the oceans falls back
into the oceans as precipitation. Only
about 10 percent of the water
evaporated from the oceans is
transported over land and falls as
precipitation. Once evaporated, a water molecule spends about 10 days in the air. The
process of evaporation is so great that without precipitation runoff, and groundwater
discharge from aquifers, oceans would become nearly empty.
 -Notice the fog layer above the lake in this picture. Really, this is a cloud
that has formed²evaporated water from the pond has condensed right above the
water surface. Because the wind conditions
are calm, the fog layer is just hanging
around. If it was a windy day, especially if
the air mass was dry, then you might not see
the fog layer. But, even though you would
not see the fog, in fact, more water could be
evaporating from the pond, although
invisibly. On a calm day, the fog layer
hanging above the pond surface holds
highly-humid air, and so less water from the
pond is evaporating into it. If a dry wind was
present, then the wind would be blowing the
pond evaporation away and replacing it with
less-humid air, into which the pond would find it easier to evaporate itself into.

VII. Conclusion
- Evaporation is a very important component of our life, especially with regards to
the water cycle. As a sum up, the evaporation turns the water into gas gradually unlike
the boiling which is extensive vaporization. The evaporation process completes the
water cycle because when it precipitates the water that runs-off the mountains goes to
oceans and seas and when it reaches the oceans and seas. It will evaporates, turns to
a water vapor then form a cloud of rains then precipitates again and finally water will
reaches us again.

References
-http://www.en.wikipedia.org
-http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleevaporation.html
-http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module01/EvaporationandTranspiration.htm
-ENCARTA
-High School Physics book