1.

ABSTRACT

Satellite systems are well suited to cover large geographical areas and provide long
distance wireless communication. Communication satellites represent one of the
most significant applications of space technolgy. Communication satellites can
allow radio, television, and telephone transmissions to be sent live anywhere in the
world. Satellite systems are playing an increasing role in mobile communications by
providing coverage in zones where land-based infrastructures are unable or
ineffective to supply mobile services. Mobile satellite communication systems are
used for transmitting point-to-point voice and data communications using a
constellation of satellites. Such systems may include a number of user terminals,
several terrestrial ground stations or gateways, and a number of satellites for bi-
directionally coupling the user terminals to terrestrial telecommunication networks
and the Internet via the gateways. In addition to a baseline telephony service, these
systems also support data and facsimile services to mobile users. Satellite systems
can provide coverage in large, sparsely-populated areas where it is not cost effective
to implement network infrastructures. Satellite systems can also make services
available to airborne and sea-based users. In a mobile satellite system, data services
can be provided in a conventional circuit mode in which an end to end full duplex
circuit is established between the mobile user and the fixed user. The point-to-point
communications are generally those conducted between a single one of the user
terminals and another user terminal, or a terrestrial wired or wireless telephone, or a
data processor modem.
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) System

This Figure shows a LEO satellite system. In this diagram, a portable

satellite telephone is communicating with a landline telephone. The satellite
telephone communicates with the closest LEO satellite. Because LEO
satellites fly very close to the surface of the earth, they go across the visible
horizon in approximately 10 minutes in reference to a mobile satellite
customer's location. When the first satellite moves out to the horizon,
another LEO satellite becomes available to continue the call. However,
robust network communications need to be in place to maintain calls
(especially data transmission) within this period. Some systems will use
satellite diversity to allow talking through more than one satellite at a time,
avoiding call "dropouts" from signal blockage.

Global Positioning System Operation

This figure shows a global positioning satellite (GPS) system. This diagram
shows how a GPS receive receives and compares the signals from orbiting
GPS satellites to determine its geographic position. Using the precise
timing signal based on a very accurate clock, the GPS receiver compares
these signals from 3 or 4 satellites. Each satellite transmits its exact
location along with a timed reference signal. The GPS receiver can use
these signals to determine its distance from each of the satellites. Once the
position and distance of each satellite is known, the GPS receiver can
calculate the position where all these distances cross at the same point.
This is the location. This information can be displayed in latitude and
longitude form or a computer device can use this information to display the
position on a map on a computer display.
Multibeam Satellite Operation

This figure shows a satellite system that uses spatial division multiple
access (SDMA) technology. In this example, a single satellite contains
several directional antennas. Some of these antennas use the same
frequency. This allows a single satellite to simultaneously communicate to
two different satellite receivers that operate on the same frequency. Usually
beams that are separated by more than two or three half-power
beamwidths can use the same frequencies, as shown in the figure.
A satellite telephone, satellite phone, or satphone is a type of mobile
phone that connects to orbiting satellites instead of terrestrial cell
sites. Depending on the architecture of a particular system, coverage
may include the entire Earth, or only specific regions. More recent

satellite phones are similar in size to a regular mobile phone

while some prototype satellite phones have no distinguishable

difference from an ordinary smartphone. Satphones are popular

on expeditions into remote areas where terrestrial cellular service

is unavailable. 

All of our products are designed for high performance telephony

in the harshest environments and territories.

Iridium Satellite Phones

Iridium Satellite LLC is a company, based in Bethesda, Maryland, United States

which operates the Iridium satellite constellation, a system of 66 active satellites
used for worldwide voice and data communication from hand-held satellite
phones and other transceiver units. The Iridium network is unique in that it
covers the whole Earth, including poles, oceans and airways. The company
derives of 77 electrons orbiting the nucleus.
its name from the chemical element iridium. The number of satellites projected
in the early stages of planning was 77, the atomic number of iridium, evoking

the metaphor Iridium 9555

Inmarsat Satellite Phones

Inmarsat plc is a satellite telecommunications company,

offering global, mobile services. Based in England, it
provides telephony and data services to users worldwide,
via portable or mobile terminals which communicate to
ground stations through twelve geosynchronous
telecommunications satellites. Inmarsat's network
provides reliable communications services to a range of
governments, aid agencies, media outlets and businesses
with a need to communicate in remote regions or where
there is no reliable terrestrial network.

IsatPhone

Thuraya Satellite Phones

Thuraya, the Arabic name of the Pleiades, is a

regional satellite phone provider. Its coverage area is most of Europe, the Middle East,
North, Central and East Africa, Asia and Australia.
The company is based in the United Arab Emirates and distributes its products and service
through authorized service providers. Its shareholders are a mixture of Middle Eastern and
North African telcos (in which Etisalat is a major one) and investment companies.

iSatPhone

  ISatPhone is the latest Inmarsat's mobile

satellite phone service, providing a simple, highly affordable way of staying in touch. It is

dedicated to individual clients, businessmen, travelers and tourists to whom security,

unlimited global connectivity, access to current data as much as international flexibility are

essential in their everyday activities. 

ISatPhone can be used as a satellite phone or a cellphone. Due to dual-mode operating

system ISatPhone device works in both – satellite and GSM network what makes him one of

the most popular dual-mode mobile phones in Asia and Africa. 

IsatPhone- very easy to use, pocket-size handset- gives the possibility to optimize the

usage of the service in satellite and GSM networks, depending on the availability and

conditions in the location you operate. 

IsatPhone is indispensable when changing location is frequent or in areas where GSM

network access is limited or none, such as deserts, sea, countries with poor

telecommunication infrastructure or in high mountain.

ISatPhone Coverage 

IsatPhone can be used within Asia, Africa and the

Middle East using Inmarsat’s latest generation l-4 satellite, which are most advanced

commercial communications satellites ever launched supporting IP data services at

broadband speeds and simultaneous voice. Currently the repositioning process of the

satellites is under completion and in February 2009 IsatPhone coverage will be extended to

East Asia and Pacific area, Central Asia and Europe.

Iridium Satellite Phones

Iridium is the world's only truly global mobile satellite telephone and paging
service.Featuring handheld phones weighing less than one pound, global coverage is
provided by 66 low-earth-orbiting satellites, which allows users to make and receive calls
virtually anywhere in the world, all you need is a clear line of site to the
sky.

Based in Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A., Iridium Satellite LLC, a privately

held company, is the only provider of truly global satellite voice and
data communications solutions with complete coverage of the entire
Earth including oceans, airways and even Polar Regions. Iridium delivers reliable, secure,
real-time, mission-critical communications services to and from areas where landlines and
terrestrial-based wireless services are either unavailable or unreliable.

The Iridium service is ideally suited for industries such as

maritime, aviation, government/military,
emergency/humanitarian services, mining, forestry, oil and
gas, heavy equipment, transportation and utilities. For
example, tens of thousands of aircraft are currently equipped
with Iridium-based systems and nearly half of the traffic on
the Iridium network comes from international waters. Iridium
provides service to subscribers from the U.S. Department of
Defense (DoD), as well as other civil and government agencies
around the world. The company also designs, builds and sells
its products, solutions and services through a worldwide
network of more than 150 partners.

Iridium manages several operations centers including those in

Price list of Iridium 9505a Tempe, Arizona and Leesburg, Virginia, U.S.A. In addition,
accessories and airtime through its own gateway in Hawaii, the U.S. DoD relies on
Iridium for global communications capabilities.

The company supplies both voice and data connections. Voice services are provided via
dedicated handsets, or through a variety of installed communications systems onboard
ships, aircraft and land-based vehicles. Increasingly incorporated into hundreds of
applications, Iridium's 9601 short burst data (SBD) transceiver provides packet data
connections to every corner of the Earth, transferring location information, weather reports,
email, or any other data requiring a reliable, global, two-way connection. At a current
annual growth rate of 137 percent, Iridium's most rapidly expanding business segment is
the machine-to-machine sector, in which the Iridium constellation provides mobile data
links for asset tracking and other monitoring applications.

Iridium is a profitable company and has been since 2004. Business is growing at an
impressive rate with the constant acquisition of new customers and partners both
domestically and abroad in some of the furthest reaches of the planet. These individuals
recognize the value of a system that is global, secure and guaranteed to work.

Iridium is also planning for the future sustainability of its constellation, making major
investments in network enhancements and launching the Iridium NEXT initiative, its next
generation satellite constellation, which will be fully operational by 2016. 

Iridium expects to incorporate secondary payloads, such as weather and oceanographic

sensors, onto its new satellites. In March, Iridium announced that it had narrowed its search
for major technology partners for Iridium NEXT to three companies – Lockheed Martin,
Space Systems Loral and Thales Alenia Space. The company will make its final selection by
early 2009.

Thuraya (Arabic: ‫ الثريا‬which is the Arabic name for the Pleiades) is a regional satellite phone
provider. Its coverage area is most of Europe, the Middle East, North, Central and East
Africa, Asia and Australia.

The company is based in the United Arab Emirates and distributes its products and service
through authorized service providers. Its shareholders are a mixture of Middle Eastern and
North African telcos (in which Etisalat is a major one) and investment companies.

Designed to complement existing GSM networks and expand usage beyond conventional
network coverage areas, Thuraya's mobile satellite services offer a broad range of services
that include voice, data, fax, short messaging, GPS through its dual mode handsets.

The offer will satisfy especially these companies and private persons whose business
activities range extends beyond European borders.