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Chapter 4
Load and Stress Analysis
A. Bazoune
•There will always be planes on which the shear stress components are zero.
•The normal stresses acting on these planes are called the principal stresses.
•Planes on which the principal planes act are called the principal planes.
•Directions of surface normals to the planes are called the principal axes,
and the normal stresses acting in those directions are the principal normal
stresses.
•There will also be another set of mutually perpendicular axes along which
the shear stresses will be maximal.
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σx +σy σx −σ y
σ= + cos 2φ + τ xy sin 2φ (4.8)
2 2
σ x −σ y
τ =− sin 2φ + τ xy cos 2φ (4.9)
2
The maximum and minimum stresses are called Principal Stresses.
The principal stresses occur in planes that satisfy
dσ 2τ xy
= 0 ⇒ tan 2φ p = (4.10)
dφ σx −σ y
Principal Stresses
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Principal Stresses
Eq. (4-11), defines two values of 2φs at which the shear stress τ
reaches an extreme value. The angle between the surfaces containing
the maximum shear stresses is 90o.
σx −σ y
cos 2φ s + τ xy sin 2φ s = 0 (b)
2
Principal Stresses
Hence 2φ s = 2φ p ± 90 or φs = φ p ± 45
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Principal Stresses
Define σx +σy
σ avg =
Recall Eqns. (4-8) and (4-9) 2
σx −σ y
σ = σ a vg + c o s 2 φ + τ xy s in 2 φ
2
σx −σ y
τ = − s in 2 φ + τ xy co s 2 φ
2
Squaring both sides of each of the above equations, and adding the
resulting squares, we get 2
where
(σ − σ ) avg + τ 2 = R2 (*)
2
σ −σ y
R = x
2 2
+τ x y
2
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http://www.efunda.com/formulae/solid_mechanics/mat_mechanics/mohr_circle_examples.cfm
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General 3-
3-D Stress
General state of stresses (σx, σy, σz, τxy, τyz, σzx, σx)
with 6 faces and 3 principal stresses
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General 3-
3-D Stress
(4.15)
General 3-
3-D Stress
σ1 − σ 2 σ2 −σ3 σ1 − σ 3
τ 1/2 = , τ 2/3 = , τ 1/3 =
2 2 2
• Notice that τ max = τ 1/3 for σ1 ≥ σ 2 ≥ σ 3
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Example 4-
4-4 Textbook
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