Chapter 2:

Impedance Matching
RF Circuit Design & Microwave Engineering (BENT 4373)
Sem 2 2010/2011

PART 1

Lecturer: Noor Azwan Bin Shairi

Faculty: Fakulti Kej. Elektronik dan Kej. Komputer

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia, Melaka (UTeM)

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Sem2 2010/2011
Chapter 2- Part1: Contents

2.1 Smith Chart
- What is Smith Chart?
- Impedance Coordinates
- Admittance Coordinates
- Reflection Coefficient Coordinates

2.2 Impedance Matching Network

2.2.1 Matching Using Lumped Elements
- Types of Matching Network (using Lumped Elements)]
- Analytic Solutions
- Smith Chart Solutions

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2.1 Smith Chart – What is Smith Chart?

Phillip H. Smith's Biography:

Phillip H. Smith (1905-1987) http://home.roadrunner.com/~w4fal/FrankLynch/phsmith.html

The Smith chart, invented by Phillip H. Smith is a graphical aid

radio frequency (RF) engineering.
 Use of the Smith chart utility has grown steadily over the years
and it is still widely used today
The Smith chart can be used to represent many parameters
including impedances, admittances, reflection coefficients,
scattering parameters, noise figure circles, constant gain
contours and regions for unconditional stability.
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Source: Wikipedia Sem2 2010/2011
 2.1 Smith Chart – What is Smith Chart?

where
Γi

Γr

SMITH CHART
Refer Pozar, page 65-66 for the
derivation of the equation

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2.1 Smith Chart
Smith Chart: Impedance Coordinates

Short Open
Circuit Circuit

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2.1 Smith Chart
Smith Chart: Admittance Coordinates

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 2.1 Smith Chart
Smith Chart: Reflection Coefficient Coordinates
V0− Z L − Z 0
Γ= + = [2.35]
V0 ZL + Z0

RL = −20 log Γ [2.38]

Vmax 1 + Γ
SWR = = [2.41]
Vmin 1 − Γ

Without calculation ,you can get Γ, RL and SWR

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from the Smith Chart
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Example 1
A load impedance of 40 +j70 Ω terminates at characteristic
impedance of 100 Ω. Using Smith Chart, find
1. reflection coefficient
2. SWR, and
3. return loss (RL).

Answer:
1. Γ = 0.59 ∠104°
2. SWR = 3.85
3. RL = 4.6 dB

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Sem2 2010/2011
Example 1: Solution 1st : Get the normalize impedance

2nd : Use Smith Chart

You can verify it using calculation:

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Tutorial 2: Question 1
A power amplifier circuit with load impedance of 20 –j100 Ω
terminates at microstrip line with characteristic impedance of
50 Ω. Using Smith Chart, find
1. reflection coefficient
2. SWR
3. return loss (RL)
and prove it using equations

Answer:
1. Γ = 0.86 ∠-51.7°
2. SWR =
3. RL = Noor Azwan Shairi. FKEKK. UTeM.
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Tutorial 2: Question 2
A reflection coefficient of load, 0.71 ∠45° is terminated at
microstrip line with characteristic impedance of 50 Ω. Using
Smith Chart, find impedance of the load (ZL).

Answer:
ZL = 50 + j100 Ω

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2.2 Impedance Matching Network
Problem Statement:
Z0 ≠ ZL

You want to connect a coaxial cable (with Z0 = 50Ω)

to a RF/microwave device where the load (ZL) is not
matched to the coaxial cable (Z0 ≠ ZL). This will
create a reflected signal, thus the incident power is
not fully transferred to the load.

How to solve this problem?

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Sem2 2010/2011
2.2 Impedance Matching Network
Matching Network is the solution:

The matching network is ideally lossless, to avoid unnecessary loss of

power, and is designed so that the impedance seen looking into the
matching network is Z0.

Impedance matching is important for the following reasons:

1) Maximum power is delivered when the load is matched to the line
(assuming the is matched), and power loss in the feed line is
minimized.
2) Impedance matching sensitive receiver components (antenna, low-
noise amplifier, improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the system.
3) Impedance matching in a power distribution network (such as an
antenna array network) will reduce amplitude and phase errors.
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Refer Pozar for details, Page 222-223 Sem2 2010/2011
2.2 Impedance Matching Network

Complexity

Factors of
Adjustability
selecting Bandwidth
Matching
Network

Implementation

Refer Pozar for details, Page 222-223

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Sem2 2010/2011
2.2 Impedance Matching Network
An example matching network on RF/microwave circuit board.

RF
Circuit

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2.2 Impedance Matching Network
2.2.1 Matching Using Lumped Elements
Types of Matching Network using Lumped Elements
1.Two Elements Network (L Matching Network)

2. Three Elements Network (T and Pi Matching Network)

π Network T Network
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2.2 Impedance Matching Network
2.2.1 Matching Using Lumped Elements
L Matching Network

Refer Pozar for details, Page 223 Noor Azwan Shairi. FKEKK. UTeM.
Sem2 2010/2011
2.2 Impedance Matching Network
2.2.1 Matching Using Lumped Elements

Inside 1 + jX circle

Ouside1 + jX circle

What does it
means?
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2.2 Impedance Matching Network
2.2.1 Matching Using Lumped Elements
Analytic Solutions for L-Networks
Consider

If

Refer Pozar for details derivation, Page 224

where

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2.2 Impedance Matching Network
2.2.1 Matching Using Lumped Elements
Analytic Solutions for L-Networks
Consider

If

Refer Pozar for details derivation, Page 224-225

where

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2.2 Impedance Matching Network
2.2.1 Matching Using Lumped Elements
Smith Chart Solutions for L-Networks

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Sem2 2010/2011
2.2 Impedance Matching Network
2.2.1 Matching Using Lumped Elements
Smith Chart Solutions for L-Networks

Steps:

1. Get the normalize impedance

2. Is it Inside or Outside the 1 + jX circle?
3. Use Smith Chart to determine x and b
4. Start determine x and b by looking at Load (ZL) towards Generator (Z0)

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Sem2 2010/2011
2.2 Impedance Matching Network
2.2.1 Matching Using Lumped Elements
Smith Chart Solutions for L-Networks
Continue
5. Calculate C and L by using these equation:

Ignore j in the
calculation, because
you just want to get
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C and L
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Example 2

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Example 2 Refer Pozar for details solution, Example 5.1, Page 224-225

Solution:

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Tutorial 2: Question 3

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Tutorial 2: Question 4

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