HEAT AND HEAT AND MASS

MASS
TRANSFER
TRANSFER
COVER TBC SHYAM K AGRAWAL
Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Bhagalpur College of
Engineering

KEY SELLING POINTS BOOK INFORMATION

♦ Cross disciplinary textbook Price: £ 27.99

ISBN: 1 904798 470
♦ Contains practical applications Pub Date: August 2005
Format: Paperback
♦ Author has 40 years teaching and Extent: 436 pages

Heat and Mass Transfer is a compulsory subject for mechanical, chemical,

production, aeronautical and metallurgical engineering students. Therefore the
contents have been designed to meet the requirements of all these disciplines and
the book will prove to be an excellent university level textbook. The salient
features are:-

_ The physical concepts have been presented as answers to frequently asked

review questions in a simple, systematic and lucid manner
_ 292 worked out examples illustrate the physical concepts and their
applications
_ 220 multiple choice questions with answers
_ More than 150 questions with answers for practice
_ Aerodynamic heating, frost bites, heat pipes and mass transfer problems
discussed in detail

Contents:
1. Basic Concepts
Heat Energy and Heat Transfer; Importance of Heat Transfer; Modes of Heat
Transfer; Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer – Basic Difference; Dimension and
Unit; Mechanism of Heat Transfer by Conduction; Thermal Conductivity of
Materials; Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient-Newton’s Law of Cooling; The
Nature of Thermal Radiation; The Overall Hat Transfer Coefficient; Evaporation is
a Cooling Process; Insulating Materials –Types and characteristics;
Semiconductors and Superconductors

2. Steady State Conduction – One Dimension

The General Heat Conduction Equation for an Isotropic Solid with Constant
Thermal Conductivity; One-dimensional Heat Flow; Thermal Diffusivity and its
Significance; Temperature Distribution in 1-D Systems, A Plane Wall, A Cylindrical
Shell - Expression for Temperature Distribution, Spherical and Parallelepiped
Surfaces; heat Transfer Rate through a Composite Wall; The Equivalent Thermal
Conductivity; The Significance of Biot Number; The Concept of Thermal Contact
Resistance; An Expression for the Heat Transfer Rate through a Composite
Cylindrical System; Concept of Critical Thickness of Insulation for a Spherical Shell;
Systems with Internal Heat Generation; An Expression for the Temperature
Distribution in a Slab with Heat Generation under Steady State Condition;
Expression for Temperature Distribution in a Cylinder with Heat Generation when
the Cylinder is (i) Hollow and (ii) Solid; An Expression for Temperature Distribution
in a Sphere with Internal Heat Generation when the Sphere is (i) Solid and (ii)
Hollow; The Utility or Extended Surfaces; An Expression for the Temperature
Distribution in a Fin of Uniform Cross-section; Significance of Fins having
Insulated Tips; Fin Efficiency and Fin Effectiveness; Extended Surfaces do not
always Increase the Heat Transfer Rate; An Expression for Temperature
Distribution for an Annular Fin of Uniform Thickness; An Expression for
Temperature Distribution for a Straight Fin of Triangular Profile

3. Unsteady State Conduction Heat Transfer

Transient State Systems – Defined; Biot and Fourier Modulus – Definition and
Significance; Lumped Capacity System – Necessary Physical Assumptions; An
Expression for Evaluating the Temperature Variation in a Solid Using Lumped
Capacity Analysis; Response Time of a Temperature Measuring Instrument; A
Semi-infinite Solid – Definition; Error Function – Definition; An infinite Solid during
a Given Time Period ‘t’; An Expression for the Temperature-Time History for
Transient Heat Flow in a Large Plane Wall of Thickness ‘2L’; Heisler Charts – Their
Significance in Solving Transient heat Conduction problems; One-dimensional
Transient Solution Extended for Solving Two and Three-dimensional Problems; the
Phenomenon of Temperature Distribution within a Semi-infinite Solid Subject to
Periodic Variation in Temperature.

4. Two Dimensional Steady State Conduction

Governing Equation for Steady State Conduction; analytical Solution – Separation
of Variable Technique; Graphical Analysis – Shape Factor; The Utility of Analogical
Method; Numerical Methods; Conducting Rod Analogy; Conducting Rod Analogy
 for Different Boundary Conditions; Transient Numerical Methods – Usefulness.

5. Heat Transfer by Natural Convection

Convection Heat Transfer – Requirements; Convection Heat Transfer Mechanism;
Free and Forced Convection; Basic Difference between Laminar and turbulent
Flow; Formation of a Boundary Layer; Thermal Boundary Layer; Dimensionless
Parameters and their Significance; Evaluation of Convective Heat Transfer
coefficient; Modified Grashof Number; Free Convection from Horizontal Cylinders –
Empirical Relations; Film Convection – Defined; Mechanism of Free Convection fro
Horizontal Plates; Horizontal and Inclined Flat Plates with Uniform Heat Flux –
Empirical Relations; Simplified Free Convection Relations for Air; Heat Transfer by
Free Convection in a Limited Volume; Heat Transfer from Inclined Surfaces; Heat
Transfer by Natural Convection from Rotating Cylinders and Disks.

6. Laminar Flow Forced Convection Heat Transfer

Forced Convection Heat Transfer Principles; Methods for Determining Heat
Transfer Coefficient; Method of Dimensional Analysis; Principles of Reynolds
Analogy’ Analytical Evaluation of ‘h’ for Laminar Flow over a Flat Plate –
Assumptions; Derivation of the Equation of Continuity – Conservation of Mass;
Derivation of Equation of Motion – Two-Dimensional Laminar Flow over a Flat
Plate; Derivation of the Energy Equation – Two-Dimensional Laminar Flow over a
Flat Plate; Significance of Prandtl Number; solution of the Momentum and Energy
Equation; Derivation of the Integral Momentum Equation-Its Use and Solution;
Derivation of Integral boundary-layer Energy Equation – Assumptions and
Solution; Empirical relation for Flat Plates having (a) Unheated Initial Length and
(b) Constant Heat Flux; Laminar flow through tubes – Entry Length and Fully
Developed Flow; An Expression for Pressure Loss in Hagen-Poiseuille Flow; The
Bulk Temperature-Definition; Fully Developed temperature Profile-Effect of
Temperature Difference; Energy Analysis for Flow through a Tube-Evaluation of
‘h’; Methods to Improve ‘h’ in Laminar Flow through Tubes; laminar flow through
Concentric Tube Annulus-Evaluation of ‘h’

7. Turbulent Flow Forced Convection Heat Transfer

Laminar and Turbulent Flow-Basic Difference; Turbulent Flow-Basic Definitions;
Shear Stress and Eddy Viscosity-Defined; Turbulent boundary Layer formation
over a Plane Surface; Estimating Turbulent Boundary Layer Thickness-one-
seventh Power Law; Turbulent Prandtl Number-Defined; Fluid Friction-Heat
Transfer analogy in Turbulent flow; Turbulent Flow Heat Transfer with Constant
Heat Flux; Turbulent Flow in Tubes-Velocity Profile; Turbulent Flow through
Tubes-Reynolds Analogy, Evaluation of ‘h’; Effect of Surface Irregularities; Heat
Transfer with Liquid Metals-Merits and Demerits; Liquid Metals Flowing over Flat
Plate-Peclet Number; Liquid Metals flowing inside tubes0Empirical Relations;
Combined Free and Forced Convection Heat Transfer-Mechanism

8. Forced convection over Exterior Surfaces

Flow Considerations in Cross-flow over a Single Cylinder; Effect of Reynolds
Number on Local Nusselt Number Variation; Empirical Correlations for ‘h’ in Cross-
 flow over Circular and Non-Circular Cylinders; Empirical Correlation for the
evaluation of ‘h’ in Flow over a Sphere; Heat Transfer from tube Bundles in Cross-
flow- Its significance; Heat Transfer in High Speed Flow-Aerodynamic Heating;
Adiabatic Wall Temperature and Recovery Factor – Defined; Evaluation of ‘h’ in
High Speed Flow – Reynolds Analogy

9. Thermal Radiation
Essentials of Heat Transfer by Radiation; Physical mechanism of Thermal
Radiation; Basic Terminology – Definitions; Monochromatic Emissive Power of a
Black Body-Planck’s Distribution Law; Wien’s Displacement Law; Derivation of
Stefan Boltzmann Law from Planck’s Law of Radiation; The Concept of a black
Body; Intensity of Radiation; An Expression for Obtaining I, the Intensity of
Radiation; Wavelength Dependent Characteristics-Solar Radiation; Greenhouse
Effect; Characteristics of Real Surfaces; Radiation Energy Exchange between Two
Black Bodies Placed in a Non-absorbing Medium – The Shape Factor; the
Reciprocity Theorem; Shape Factor Characteristics; Heat Exchange between Gray
bodies-Radiation Network; Electrical Network for Two Gray Bodies; Electrical
Network for Three Gray Bodies; Electrical Network for a System Consisting of
Four Gray Surfaces; Radiation-Convection System; Heat Transfer Coefficient for
Radiation; Gas Radiation; Absorbtivity of Gases; Radiant Heat Exchange between
Two Infinite Parallel Planes separated by a Gray Gas; Mean Beam Length; Heat
Exchange between Gas Volume and Black Enclosure

10. Heat Exchangers

Heat Exchangers; Regenerators and Recuperators; Classification of Heat
Exchangers; Expression for Log Mean Temperature Difference-Its Characteristics;
Special Operating Conditions for Heat Exchangers; LMTD for Cross-Flow Heat
Exchangers; Fouling Factors in Heat Exchangers; The overall Heat Transfer
Coefficient; Heat Exchangers Effectiveness-Useful Parameters; Effectiveness-NTU
Relations; Heat Exchanger Design-Important Factors; Increasing the Heat Transfer
Coefficient

11. Heat Transfer with Change of Phase

Condensation and Boiling; Condensation-Filmwise and Dropwise; Filmwise
Condensation Mechanism on a Vertical Plane Surface-Assumption; An Expression
for the Liquid Film Thickness and the Heat Transfer Coefficient in Laminar
Filmwise Condensation on a Vertical Plate; An Expression for ‘h’ in Turbulent
Liquid Film; Condensation of Superheated Vapour; The Effect of Non-condensable
Gases and the Vapour Velocity; Improvement of ‘h’ in Filmwise Condensation;
Filmwise Condensation on Horizontal Cylinders-Empirical Relations; Condensation
Inside Tubes-Empirical Relations; Dropwise Condensation- Merits and Demerits;
Principles of Boiling Heat Transfer; Regimes of boiling; Boiling curve-Operating
Constraints; Factors affecting Nucleate Boiling; Empirical Correlations: Forced
convection Boiling Mechanism; conduction with Phase change; The Working of a
Heat Pipe
12. Mass Transfer
Mass Transfer and its Applications; Different Modes of Mass Transfer; Dalton’s
Law of Partial Pressure; Molar Density, Mass Density, Mass Fraction and Mole
Fraction; Mass Average and Molar Average Velocities and Different Types of
Fluxes; Fick’s Law of Diffusion; Diffusion in gases, Liquids and Solids; The
Equivalence of Diffusion Coefficient; Main Points of Pick’s Law of Diffusion; An
Expression for Isothermal Evaporation of Water Vapour into Stagnant Air from a
Surface; An Expression for Steady State Diffusion through a Plane Membrane;
Expression for transient Diffusion in a Semi-infinite Medium; The Phenomenon of
Drying of Solids; Convective Mass Transfer Coefficient; Dimensionless Numbers
used in Mass Transfer; An Expression for the Convective Mass Transfer
Coefficient for Laminar Flow over a Flat Plate; Expressions for Convective Mass
Transfer Coefficient for Flow through Tubes, Flow over Spheres and Cylinders;
Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer Process