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• 5 See also
With the increasing popularity of downloading music and online video and the general
demand for faster page loads, higher bandwidth connections are becoming more popular.
In reality, the situation is often more complicated. For example, ISPs with more than one
Point of Presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple
PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and have connections to each
one at one or more of their PoPs. ISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs
interconnect with one another at a "peering point" or "Internet exchange" (IX), allowing
the routing of data between their networks, without charging one another for that data -
data that would otherwise have passed through their upstream ISPs, incurring charges
from the upstream ISP. ISPs who require no upstream, and have only customers and/or
peers, are called Tier 1 ISPs, indicating their status as ISPs at the top of the Internet
hierarchy. Routers, switches, Internet routing protocols, and the expertise of network
administrators all have a role to play in ensuring that data follows the best available route
and that ISPs can "see" one another on the Internet.
A Virtual ISP (vISP) purchases services from another ISP (sometimes called a wholesale
ISP or similar within this context) that allow the vISP's customers to access the Internet
via one or more Points of Prescence (PoPs) that are owned and operated by the wholesale
ISP. There are various models for the delivery of this type of service, for example, the
wholesale ISP could provide network access to end users via its dial-up modem PoPs or
DSLAMs(Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) is a network device,
usually located at a telephone company central office, or within a neighborhood Serving
Area Interface (SAI) as part of a digital loop carrier, that receives signals from multiple
customer Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) installed in telephone exchanges, and route,
switch, and/or tunnel the end user traffic) to the vISP's network, whereupon they may
route the traffic toward its destination. In another model, the wholesale ISP does not route
any end user traffic, and needs only provide AAA (Authentication, Authorization and
Accounting) functions, as well as any "value-add" services like email or web hosting.
Any given ISP may use their own PoPs to deliver one service, and use a vISP model to
deliver another service, or, use a combination to deliver a service in different areas. The
service provided by a wholesale ISP in a vISP model is distinct from that of an upstream
ISP, even though in some cases, they may both be one and the same company. The
former provides connectivity from the end user's premises to the Internet or to the end
user's ISP, the latter provides connectivity from the end user's ISP to all or parts of the
rest of the Internet.
A vISP can also refer to a completely automated white label service offered to anyone at
no cost or for a minimal set-up fee. The actual ISP providing the service generates
revenue from the calls and may also share a percentage of that revenue with the owner of
the vISP. All technical aspects are dealt with leaving the owner of vISP with the task of
promoting the service. This sort of service is however declining due to the popularity of
unmetered internet access.
DIAL_UP
Refers to connecting a device to a network via a modem and a public telephone network.
Dial-up access is really just like a phone connection, except that the parties at the two ends
are computer devices rather than people. Because dial-up access uses normal telephone
lines, the quality of the connection is not always good and data rates are limited. In the past,
the maximum data rate with dial-up access was 56 Kbps (56,000 bits per second), but new
An alternative way to connect two computers is through a leased line, which is a permanent
connection between two devices. Leased lines provide faster throughput and better
quality connections, but they are also more expensive.
Dial-up access is a form of data access (mainly used for Internet access) in which the
client uses a modem to connect a computer to a telephone line and dials into an Internet
service provider's (ISP) node to establish a modem-to-modem link, which is then routed
to the Internet.
WIRELESS BROADBAND
DSL
Here are some advantages of DSL:
• You can leave your Internet connection open and still use the phone line for voice calls.
• The speed is much higher than a regular modem
• DSL doesn't necessarily require new wiring; it can use the phone line you already have.
• The company that offers DSL will usually provide the modem as part of the installation.
• Very high bit-rate DSL (VDSL) - This is a fast connection, but works only over a short distance.
• Symmetric DSL (SDSL) - This connection, used mainly by small businesses, doesn't allow you to use the
phone at the same time, but the speed of receiving and sending data is the same.
• Rate-adaptive DSL (RADSL) - This is a variation of ADSL, but the modem can adjust the speed of the
connection depending on the length and quality of the line.
If you have read How Telephones Work, then you know that a standard telephone installation in the United States
consists of a pair of copper wires that the phone company installs in your home. The copper wires have lots of room for
carrying more than your phone conversations -- they are capable of handling a much greater bandwidth, or range of
frequencies, than that demanded for voice. DSL exploits this "extra capacity" to carry information on the wire without
disturbing the line's ability to carry conversations. The entire plan is based on matching particular frequencies to specific
tasks.
To understand DSL, you first need to know a couple of things about a normal telephone line -- the kind that telephone
professionals call POTS, for Plain Old Telephone Service. One of the ways that POTS makes the most of the telephone
company's wires and equipment is by limiting the frequencies that the switches, telephones and other equipment will
carry. Human voices, speaking in normal conversational tones, can be carried in a frequency range of 0 to 3,400 Hertz
(cycles per second -- see How Telephones Work for a great demonstration of this). This range of frequencies is tiny. For
example, compare this to the range of most stereo speakers, which cover from roughly 20 Hertz to 20,000 Hertz. And the
wires themselves have the potential to handle frequencies up to several million Hertz in most cases.
ISDN
An ISDN subscriber can establish two simultaneous independent calls (except when the terminal equipm
such that it occupies two 'B' channels for one call itself like in video conferencing etc.) on existing pair o
the telephone line (Basic rate ISDN) where as only one call is possible at present on the analog line /tele
connection. The two simultaneous calls in ISDN can be of any type like speech, data, image etc. The cal
time for a call between two ISDN subscribers is very short, of the order of 1 to 2 seconds. ISDN also sup
whole new set of additional facilities, called Supplementary Services.
DIIFERENCE BETWEEN ISDN AND DSL
ISDN- ISDN generally comes in two flavors, 64 Kbps and 128 Kbps.
DSL- DSL is a scalable technology, with speeds ranging from 128Kbps to 1.5 Mbps
DSL utilizes the standard copper wiring already installed into businesses and homes,
requiring no special line installation for service
ISDN utilizes copper wiring as well, but a special ISDN line must be installed at the
customer’s location.
Then ISDN connection charges vary, depending upon whether or not the customer
requires a dedicated, “always on” connection. Dedicated connections can get pricey
as many ISDN packages are billed at a per-minute cost.
Special “dial-up ISDN” packages are available in most areas at a much lower cost and
can be a reasonable alternative in areas where DSL is not yet available