THE PREPOSITION ΣYN IN ANCIENT GREEK COMPOUNDS

George Papanastassiou
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
papana@phil.auth.gr

Abstract
This paper examines the meanings of the preposition σύν in Ancient Greek compounds. This
preposition typically appears in two different forms, σύν and ξύν, the latter being the older
one, already attested in the Mycenaean texts.
The basic meanings of the preverb συν- are: 1. in compound verbs, a. ‘with, along with,
together, at the same time’, b. ‘completely’, c. no meaning, 2. in compound nouns, analysed
as συν- + noun: a. ‘together’, b. ‘fellow-’, c. ‘also’, d. ‘completely’, e. ‘the same’; analysed as
συν- + noun + suffix, a. ‘with, together with’, b. ‘that join, joining’, c. bahuvrihi, d. ‘the
same’, e. ‘like’. In compound nouns the preverb is antonymous with the privative prefix ἀ-
and synonymous with the prefix ἐν- (< copulative prefix *sem-), the copulative prefix ἁ-/ἀ-
and ὁµο-. The oldest meanings are ‘together’ and ‘completely’, while the more recently at-
tested ones ‘that join, joining’ (< ‘together’), ‘fellow-’, ‘the same’ and ‘like’ must be secon-
dary.

1. Introduction
This paper examines the meanings of the preposition σύν in Ancient Greek compounds, in
combination with the prevailing views concerning its etymology and its relations with words
in other IE languages. After a brief discussion of the forms of the preverb συν-, the words that
contain it are classified according to structure and meaning. The preverb is compared with
other AGk. prefixes, e.g. the privative ἀ-, the preverb ἐν- and the copulative ἁ-/ἀ-, and with
ὁµο-.

2. Forms and etymology

The AGk. preposition σύν has two forms, σύν and ξύν, the latter being the older one. Their
appearance in Ancient Greek dialects and their use in literature is discussed by Schwyzer
(1968, II 487 n. 2; cf. Kretschmer 1892, 415). In the Mycenaean dialect the preverb has the
form ξυν-, while there is no certain or probable example of the form συν-.1 Ξυν- appears in

1
The only extremely doubtful cases concerning the form συν- are the proper names (see DMic s.vv.):
su-ke-re = (;;) Συγχέρης < *Ξυγχέρης with regressive assimilation; su-ki-ri-ta = (;;) Συγκρίτα <
*Ξυγκρίτα, also with regressive assimilation, but DMic s.v. prefers the interpretation Συγρίτα, cf. also
su-ki-ri-to; even more improbable are the interpretations of su-mi as Συµµις, of su-pu-wo as σύµφυον
three Mycenaean words: ku-su-a-ta-o < ξύν + a-ta-o, probably = *Ἄνταhος, ku-su-pa =
ξύµπαν, ku-su-to-ro-qa “término recapitulativo o totalizador de una suma” < ξύν + a form of
the word στροφή, cf. συστροφή ‘collection, gathering’ (Hdt.), see also LSJ (Suppl.), or a form
of the words τροπή, τροφή.2
A third form ὑν- is attested in Pamphylian and Cypriot glosses of Hesychius, e.g. ὕλογος·
στρατός. Περγαῖοι; ὕγγεµος· συλλαβή. Σαλαµίνιοι; ὑντετράστιαν· κατεαγέν. Σαλαµίνιοι (<
συν- + τετραίνω, see Hoffmann 1891-1898, 1, 201 ff., 232, 283); ὑστάδα· ἡ δασεῖα ἄµπελος
and ὑστάς· πλαστὰς (leg. παστὰς) ἀµπέλων (perh. Cypr. for συστάς, LSJ, cf. ξυστάδες· αἱ
πυκναὶ ἄµπελοι, see also Kretschmer 1892, 416). Kretschmer believes that the form ὑν-
proves the existence of IE *sun (> ὑν-), but these dialectic forms are the outcome of a secon-
dary evolution already known for the dialects in question (see Hoffmann 1891-1898, 1, 201
ff.; cf. Schwyzer 1968, II 487 n. 3).
The final [n] of συν-/ξυν- is preserved when followed by a vowel or a dental consonant,
and assimilated to a following labial or velar. It is also assimilated to a following [l], [r] or [s],
and lost when followed by a cluster beginning with [s], e.g. συστέλλειν, συζεῖν.3
The etymology of the preposition is presented by Schwyzer (1968, II 487-488 n. 7). He ar-
gues that the older form is ξύν (> σύν with loss of the velar, justified for a clitic; see DELG,
s.v. ξύν; Ruipérez 1937, 62) and accepts the existence of a second parallel form *ξυ, cf.
µεταξύ, while he compares -ν, which can go back to a final *-m, with the final consonant of
*κοµ (> *κοµ-y-ος > κοινός) or with those of νυν νῦν, Skt. nānám, Lat. num nunc. Schwyzer
(1968, II 487) refers to the possible connection of ξύν with Lith. sù ‘together’ (see Kret-
schmer (1892, 416-417), which is also found as a preverb, has the same meaning as AGk.
συν- and can go back to IE *ksu or *su, and with OCS sъ (and in compounds before vowel
sъn-), which is much more common and can go back to IE *(k)su, *(k)sun (-m). His reserva-
tions are due to the fact that Lith. sù can also go back to IE *sō, and OCS sъ(n) also to IE
*som (Skt. sám).4 Schwyzer’s analysis is accepted by Chantraine (DELG, s.v. ξύν) and
Beekes (GED, s.v. ξύν).
In favour of the etymological connection between OCS sъ(n), Lith. sù (< Balto-Slavic

and of su-we-ro-wi-jo as συνϝερόϝιος. The connection of su-ra-se either with *συλλάω ‘rassembler’ <
λάω ‘saisir’ or with *συλλάω ‘surveiller ensemble’ < λάω ‘voir’ is hardly acceptable.
2
See DMic s.vv.
3
Total assimilation in cases like σύββολον instead of σύµβολον, see Schwyzer (1968, II 487 n. 4). The
[n] is usually preserved in inscriptions and papyri, e.g. συνκλείς (IG 9[2].517.10· Larissa, 3rd B.C.),
συνλέκτης (PKöln 122.2· 3rd A.D.), συνροά (Mnemos. 42, 332· Argos, 5th B.C.), σύνροια (IG
5[1].1431.20; Messene). For [s] + consonant: σύνσκανοι (IG 12[2].640; Tenedos) = σύσκηνοι;
συνστρατιώτης (PTeb 793 iv 22; 2nd B.C.) also συσστρατιώτης (OGI 218.45; Ilium, 3rd B.C.)· cf. also
συρρίφη· σὺνσκέπη (Hsch.) etc.
4
Schwyzer also postulates that this IE *ksu (AGk. ξυ) could be a noun connected with ξύω ‘schaben,
kratzen’ but also ‘berühren’. He finally rejects the interpretation proposed by Charpentier, who con-
nects ξύν meaning ‘in Gesamtheit’ with Skt. kṣōṇi ‘Schar, Welt’.
*sun) and IE *som (Skt. sám, AGk. ἁ- etc.) is Skok (1973 s.v. s; cf. Vaillant 1964, 73, 202,
340). We must therefore agree with Schwyzer that «Sichere Beziehungen innerhalb oder
außerhalb des Griechischen fehlen».5

3. The meanings of the AGk. preverb συν-

The main meaning of the preposition σύν is ‘with, along with, together’, and this meaning is
also preserved in compounds (see LSJ, s.v. σύν D.I; DELG, s.v. ξύν; Schwyzer 1968, II 487).6
The LSJ describes the meanings of the preverb as follows: 1. ‘with, along with, together, at
the same time [hence of any kind of union, connexion, or participation in a thing, and metaph.
of agreement or unity], 2. [of the completion of an action], altogether, completely, as in
συνάγνυµι […]; sts., therefore, it seems only to strengthen the force of the simple word, 3.
joined with numerals, σύνδυο two together, which sense often becomes distributive, by twos,
two and two; so σύντρεις, σύµπεντε etc.’.
In the examination of the words with the preverb συν- below, a distinction should be
drawn between primary and secondary formations.

3.1 Primary verbs

Primary verbs with the preverb συν- are mostly deverbatives, and συν- has the following
meanings:
1. ‘with, along with, together, at the same time’,7 e.g. συγγαµέω ‘marry together or at the
same time’ (S.E.), συγγελάω ‘laugh with, join in laughter’ (E.), συγγηράσκω ‘grow old to-
gether with’ (Hdt.), συγγνωρίζω ‘share in knowledge’ (Arist.), συγκαθέζοµαι ‘sit down to-
gether’ (Pl.), συγκάµνω ‘labour or suffer with, sympathize with’ (A.), συγκαταθάπτω ‘bury
along with’ (Hdt.), σύγκειµαι ‘lie together’ (S.), συγκολλάω 1. ‘glue, cement, solder etc. to-
gether’ (IG 4th B.C.), 2. ‘join together, unite’ (Pl.), συγκοµίζω ‘carry or bring together’
(Hdt.), συγκρούω ‘strike together’ (Ar.), συγχέω ‘pour together, commingle, confound’ (Il.),
συζεύγνυµι ‘yoke together, couple’ (Hdt.), συλλέγω I. ‘bring together, collect, gather’ (Il.),
συµβάλλω ‘throw together, dash together’ (Il.), συµβλέπω ‘observe at the same time’ (Phld.),
συµµείγνυµι ‘mix together, commingle’ (H. Herm.; pass. Il.), συµπήγνυµι ‘put together, con-
struct, frame’ (E.), συµπλέκω I. ‘twine or plait together’ (Pl.), II. -οµαι ‘to be intertwined,
locked together’ (Hdt.), συµπορεύοµαι ‘come, go or proceed together’ (Th.), συµπράσσω
‘join or help in doing’ (A.), συµφράζοµαι ‘join in considering’ (Il.), συµφύω ‘make to grow
together, unite’ (Arist.), ‘grow together’ (Eµπ.), συναγείρω ‘gather together, assemble’ (Il.),

5
We cannot agree with the etymology proposed by Ruipérez (1937).
6
See also Humbert (1957, 328-329). Additional bibliography in Schwyzer (1968, II 487).
7
In many verbs the meaning is clearly ‘together with’, in others it is obviously ‘at the same time’, but
there are cases when both meanings can be acceptable.
συναγελάζοµαι ‘herd together’ (D.), συνάγω ‘bring together, gather together’ (Il.), συνδέω
‘bind or tie together’ (Od.), ‘bind hand and foot’ (Il.), σύνειµι ‘to be with, be joined with’
(Od.), συνεµέω ‘vomit up together’ (Hp.), συνέρχοµαι I. ‘go together’ (Il.), II. ‘come together,
assemble, meet’ (Hdt.), συνέχω ‘hold or keep together, confine, secure’ (Il.), συνίηµι ‘bring or
set together’ (Il.), συνίστηµι I. ‘set together, combine’ (Pl.), II. ‘combine, associate, unite’
(Hdt.), -αµαι ‘to be joined’ (Il.), συνοργίζοµαι ‘to be angry together’ (Isoc., D.), συντήκω
‘fuse into one mass’ (Antipho Soph.), συρράπτω ‘sew or stitch together’ (Hes.), συρρέω ‘flow
together or into one stream’ (Pl.), συσβέννυµι ‘help to extinguish’ (Sch. Ar., Opp.) etc. The
meaning ‘with, along with, together’ “may refer to the Object as well as the Subject” (LSJ s.v.
σύν D.I), e.g. συσκευάζω ‘help in preparing’ (Ar.) but also ‘make ready by putting together,
pack up’ (X.). This meaning is an old one, since συγχέω, συµβάλλω, συµφράζοµαι, συνάγω,
συνδέοµαι, συνέρχοµαι, συνέχω, συνίηµι, συνίσταµαι etc. are already attested in the Iliad. In
many verbs the meaning is gradually lost, e.g. συγγυµνάζοµαι ‘exercise oneself with or to-
gether’ (Pl.) but later -ω ‘train’ (Plb.), συγκαταβαίνω ‘go or come down with’ (E.) but later
‘agree or submit to’ (Plb.), συγχαίρω ‘rejoice with’ (A.) but later ‘wish one joy, congratulate’
(D.), συλλαµβάνω I. ‘collect, gather together’ (Hdt.) but also ‘lay hands on, seize’ (Hdt.),
συµφέρω ‘bring together, gather, collect’ (Hdt.) but also ‘confer a benefit, be useful or profit-
able’ (Hdt.), συντάσσω ‘put in order together’ (Hdt.) but later ‘arrange, organize’ (Pl.), etc.
Sometimes the preverb has the meaning ‘also’, e.g. συµβλάπτω ‘hurt also’ (Arist.).
2. ‘completely’, e.g. συγκαλύπτω ‘cover or veil completely’ (Od.), συγκόπτω ‘chop up’
(Hdt.), συντινάσσω ‘shake to the foundations’ (Arist.), συσκεπάζω ‘cover entirely’ (Apol-
lod.), συσκιάζω ‘shade quite over’ (Hes.), συστεγάζω ‘cover entirely with’ (Pl.), etc. The
meaning ‘completely’ is also an old one, e.g. συγκαλύπτω in Odyssey. It evolved in an inten-
sive function which was also gradually lost, so finally the preverb does not seem to contribute
to the meaning of the verb, e.g. συγκλείω ‘shut or coop up, hem in, enclose’ (Hdt.) but also
‘shut close, close’ (E.). Some verbs attest these semantic evolutions from their first appear-
ance, e.g. συγγράφω I. ‘write or note down’ (X., Hdt.), II. ‘compose a writing or a work in
writing’ (X., Pl.), συγκαλέω ‘call together, convoke, convene’ (Il.), συγκάµπτω ‘bend’ (Hp.),
συµµύω ‘shut up, close’ (Il.), συµπείθω ‘win by persuasion, persuade’ (Pl.), συµπρέπω ‘befit,
beseem’ (Pi.), συνθολόω ‘make muddy’ (Philostr.), συνθραύω ‘break in pieces, shiver’ (E.),
συνοράω I. ‘to be able to see, have within the range of one’s vision’ (X.), II. ‘see, compre-
hend’ (Pl.), συνταράσσω ‘throw into confusion or disorder’ (Il.), συντελέω ‘bring to an end,
complete’ (D.), etc. Such cases are also very old, already attested in the Iliad, e.g. συγκαλέω,
συµµύω, συνταράσσω.
Sometimes the same verb has both meanings, e.g. συγκρύπτω I. ‘cover up or completely’
(E.), II. ‘join or help in concealing’ (And.), συµπληρόω I. ‘help to fill’ (Hdt.), II. ‘fill up or
completely’ (Th.), συναλείφω I. ‘clog up’ (Arist.), ‘anoint thoroughly’ (Sor.), II. ‘assist in
anointing’ (Plut.), σύνοιδα I. ‘know something about’ (Sol.), II. ‘share the knowledge of
something with’ (E.), III. ‘know well’ (S.), συντρίβω I. ‘rub together’ (Luc.), II. ‘shatter,
shiver to atoms’ (Cratin.), συσσῴζω I. ‘help to save or preserve’ (E.), II. ‘observe completely’
(Plb.), etc.
All the primary verbs are very productive. They form:
a) secondary nouns, usually nomina actionis, e.g. σύζευξις ‘a being yoked together’ (Pl.),
συλλογή ‘gathering, collecting’ (Th.), συµβολή I. ‘coming together, meeting, joining’ (A.),
σύµµιξις ‘commingling, commixture’ (Anaxag.), σύµµυσις ‘closing up’ (Hp.), σύµπραξις ‘as-
sistance’ (J.), συναγελασµός ‘herding together’ (Plut.), συναγερµός ‘gathering together, as-
sembling’ (Poll.), συναγυρµός ‘bringing together, collecting’ (Pl.), σύναξις ‘gathering’
(Procl.), σύνδεσις I. ‘binding together’ (Plut.), II. ‘constriction’ (Hp.), σύνεσις ‘uniting, un-
ion’ (Od.), συνουσία ‘being with or together’ (Hdt.), συνοχή II. ‘a being held together’ (Il.),
σύνταξις ‘putting together in order, arranging’ (Th.), etc., or nomina agentis, e.g. συλλογεύς
‘collector’ (Polyaen.), συµπράκτωρ ‘helper, assistant’ (Hdt.), συµφράδµων ‘one who joins in
considering, councellor’ (Il.), etc.; or other, e.g. συνακτήριον ‘assembly’ (Hsch., Cod. Just.),
σύνταγµα ‘that which is put in order together’ (X.), etc.;
b) secondary adjectives, e.g. συλληπτικός II. ‘apt or able to conceive’ (Arist.), σύµµεικτος
‘commingled, promiscuous’ (Hes.), συµµιγής ‘mixed up together, commingled, promiscuous’
(S.), σύµµιξ ‘mixed up together, commingled, promiscuous’ (Hdn. Gr.), συµπαγής ‘joined
together, compacted’ (Pl.), σύµπηκτος ‘put together, constructed, framed’ (Hdt.), συµφερτός
‘united, in conjunction’ (Il.), σύµφυτος ‘born with one, congenital, innate’ (Pl.), ‘natural’
(A.), συναγελαστικός ‘gregarious’ (Arist.), συναγυρτός ‘collected’ (Pl.), συνακτικός ‘able to
bring together’ (Luc.), συνακτός ‘collected’ (Porph.), συνδετικός ‘united with’ (Pl.), σύνδετος
‘bound hand and foot’ (S.), συνετός ‘intelligent, sagacious, wise’ (Democr.), σύνοχος ‘joined
together’ (E.), etc.;
c) secondary adverbs, e.g. συλλήβδην ‘collectively, in sum, in short’ (Thgn.), συµµίγδην
(Nic.) and σύµµιγα (Hdt.) ‘promiscuously with’, συµπλέγδην ‘by plaiting together’ (Nonn.),
συστάδην (Plb.) and συσταδόν (Th.) ‘standing close together’, etc.
Only a few of the secondary derivatives are found in Homer, e.g. σύνεσις, συνοχή,
συµφράδµων, συµφερτός.

3.2 Primary nouns

The meanings of the preverb συν- in primary nouns are briefly presented by Schwyzer (1968,
II 488), who distinguishes between: 1. adverbial σύν in «Zusammenrückungen», e.g.
σύµπαντες (Il. and Od.; cf. σύνολος Pl.), σύντρεις (Od.), συνεείκοσι (Od.), συνέριθος ‘Mitar-
beiterin’ (Od.); 2. compounds with nouns, e.g. σύγγαµβρος ‘brother in law’ (3rd B.C.),
συµπροστάτης ‘joint-προστάτης’ (2nd B.C.); 3. «nichthypostasierte bahuvrihi», none of
which is attested in Homer; the oldest are σύµφωνος (H. Herm.), συνήθης (Hes.), σύσσιτος
(Thgn.); their number increases from the 5th century B.C. and they have the meaning ‘etwas
mit besitzend, mit jmd. teilend, an etw. beteiligt’; also ‘zusammen (geschlossen)’, e.g.
σύµπους (Ar.), συνόδους (Arist.); 4. denominative nomina agentis, later connected with the
corresponding verb, e.g. σύµµαχος (Sapph.) ‘an der µάχη teilnehmend’ was connected with
συµµάχοµαι, σύνδικος (Pi.) ‘an der δίκη beteiligt’ evolved to ‘mitrichtend, Advokat, Staat-
sanwalt’; 5. unique case σύνδειπνον ‘gemeinsames Mahl’ (Ar.); 6. non-verbal adjectives with
an intensive meaning, e.g. σύµπυκνος (X.). These meanings are presented below, taking into
account the structure of the compounds, which differs from one group to the other. The struc-
ture, combined with the different meanings, points to the distinction between:
I. Words analysed in συν- + noun; most notably:
1. συν- meaning ‘together’ + numeral, e.g. σύµπεντε ‘five together, by fives’ (v.l. in Hyp.),
σύνδυο ‘two together, two and two, in pairs’ (H. Ven.), συνδώδεκα ‘twelve in all’ (E.),
συνεκκαίδεκα ‘sixteen together, by sixteens’ (D.), συνόκτω ‘eight together, by eights’ (dub. l.
in Sop.), σύντρεις ‘three together, by threes’ (Od.); + a word denoting quantity, e.g. σύµπας
‘all together, all at once’ (Il.; and Myc. ku-su-pa, see 1), συµπλέονες ‘several together’ (SIG
5th B.C.), σύµπολλοι ‘many together’ (Pl.), συναµφότεροι ‘both together’ (Thgn.), συνάµφω
‘both together’ (Pl.), συνάπας ‘all together’ (Hdt.), σύνολος ‘all together’ (Pl.), cf. also
Συµπανέλληνες, οἱ ‘all the Hellenes together’ (CIG). This meaning is attested already in the
Mycenaean texts and in Homer, e.g. Myc. ku-su-pa, σύµπας, σύντρεις. In the compounds with
numerals, the distributive meaning is also found in Homer.
2. συν- meaning ‘fellow-’ + substantive denoting someone with a specific quality, profes-
sion, etc., e.g. συγγέωργος, ὁ ‘fellow-cultivator’ (Ar.), συγγυµναστής, ὁ ‘companion in bodily
exercises’ (Pl.), συγκατήγορος, ὁ ‘joint accuser, counsel for the prosecution’ (Yπερ.),
συγκλέπτης, ὁ ‘fellow-thief’ (Poll.), συγκυνηγός, ὁ ‘fellow-hunter’ (E.), συγχορευτής, ὁ
‘companion in the dance’ (Pl.), συµµαθητής, ὁ ‘fellow-disciple, schoolfellow’ (Pl.),
σύµµαρτυς, ὁ ‘fellow-witness, joint-witness’ (S.), συµµνήµων, ὁ ‘fellow-magistrate’ (SIG 2nd
B.C.), συµπατριώτης, ὁ ‘fellow-countryman’ (Archipp.), συµπολίτης, ὁ ‘fellow-citizen’ (E.),
συµπότης, ὁ ‘fellow-drinker, boon-companion’ (Pi.), συµπρεσβευτής, ὁ ‘fellow-ambassador’
(Lys.), σύµπρεσβυς, ὁ ‘fellow-ambassador’ (Th.), συµπροστάτης, ὁ ‘fellow-προστάτης’
(PTeb. 2nd B.C.), συµπρύτανις, ὁ ‘joint-prytanis’ (IG 5th B.C.), συµφυγάς, ὁ, ἡ, ‘fellow-
exile’ (E.), συµφύλαξ, ὁ ‘fellow-watchman or guard’ (Th.), συνάγγελος, ὁ ‘fellow-messenger’
(Hdt.), συνδιάκονος, ὁ ‘fellow-servant’ (Posidipp.), συνδιάκτορος, ὁ ‘fellow-διάκτορος’
(Luc.), συνδικαστής, ὁ ‘fellow-juryman’ (Ar.), σύνδουλος, ὁ, ἡ, ‘fellow-slave’ (E.),
συνέφηβος, ὁ ‘fellow-ἔφηβος’ (Aeschin.), συνηπειρώτης, ὁ ‘fellow-Epirote’ (Varro),
συνθέωρος, ὁ ‘colleage in a mission’ (OGI 3rd B.C.), συνθιασώτης, ὁ ‘partner in the θίασος’
(Ath.), ‘partner, comrade’ (Ar.), συνθύτης, ὁ ‘fellow-sacrificer’ (E.), συνιεροποιός, ὁ ‘joint-
sacrificer’ (Din.), συνναυβάτης, ὁ ‘shipmate’ (S.), συνναύτης, ὁ ‘shipmate’ (S.),
συνορφανιστής, ὁ ‘fellow guardian of orphans’ (prob. SIG 2nd B.C.), συντριήραρχος, ὁ ‘part-
ner in the equipment of a trireme’ (D.), συντύραννος, ὁ ‘fellow-tyrant’ (Plut.), συνωµότης, ὁ
‘one who is leagued by oath, fellow-conspirator, confederate’ (S.), συστράτηγος, ὁ ‘fellow-
general’ (E.), συστρατιώτης, ὁ ‘fellow-soldier’ (X.), etc. Words with this meaning are first
attested in the Attic dialect. This meaning is lost in συγγείτων, ὁ, ἡ, ‘bordering, neighbouring’
(E.), συναρωγός ‘helper’ (H. Mart.), συνδηµότης, ὁ ‘δηµότης’ (Sch. Ar.), which are synony-
mous with the simple nouns.
3. συν- meaning ‘also’ + adjective, e.g. συµπειθήνιος ‘obedient also’ (Pall.).
4. συν- meaning ‘completely’ + adjective, e.g. σύµπλεος ‘quite full’ (Hp.), συµπλήρης
‘quite full’ (Pl.), σύµπρωτος ‘the very first’ (Pi. s.v.l.), σύµπυκνος ‘pressed together, com-
pressed’ (X.),8 συνάρθµιος ‘stronger form of ὄρθµιος’ (Opp.), σύνδηλος ‘quite clear or mani-
fest’ (Arist.); also *σύλλευκος, *σύγχριστος, attested only in Modern Greek dialects, see Pa-
panastassiou (2006, 444). This meaning is first attested in the Attic dialect. Cf. the meaning ‘a
modified degree’ in *σύγχλιος etc., see Papanastassiou (2006, 444-445). From the meaning
‘completely’ comes an intensive function, which is also gradually lost, whence in some words
the preverb has no special meaning, e.g. σύγκοινος ‘κοινός’ (Schwyzer 3rd B.C.), συνόµοιος
‘like, similar’ (T. Abr.B [Lampe]), σύνοξυς ‘pointed’ (Thphr.).
5. In some words συν- is added in compounds with ὁµο-, reinforcing its meaning, which
can be ‘the same’ or ‘together, also’, e.g. συνόµαιµος (Pae. Delph.), συνοµαίµων (Ps.-Phoc.)
‘of the same blood, kindred’, subst. ‘brother or sister’ (A.) – cf. ὅµαιµος (Hdt.), ὁµαίµων (A.)
‘of the same blood, related by blood’, subst. ‘brother or sister’ (A.), συνοµέστιος ‘sharing the
hearth’ (Lyr. Alex. Adesp.) – ὁµέστιος ‘sharing the same hearth or dwelling together with’
(Emp.), συνόµευνος ‘consort’ (Orph.) – ὅµευνος ‘sleeping together, partner of the bed’
(Maiist.), συνοµόπλοος ‘fellow-voyager’ (IG) – ὁµόπλοος ‘sailing together or in company
with’ (Tryph.), συνοµόψηφος ‘entitled to vote as well’ (BCH) – ὁµόψηφος ‘voting with’
(And.), ‘having an equal right to vote with’ (Hdt.), συνοµώνυµος ‘having the same name
with’ (Achae.) – ὁµώνυµος ‘having the same name’ (Il.). The most characteristic word is
συνοµῆλιξ: the simple ἧλιξ, first attested in Odyssey, has the meaning ‘of the same age’. The
compound ὁµῆλιξ ‘of the same age’ is also first attested in Odyssey, reinforced with ὁµο-,
because the meaning of ἧλιξ was not quite clear.9 Similarly, Aeschylus has the compound

8
The adjective survives in MGk. dial. σύµπυκνος, see Papanastassiou (2006, 444).
9
Same meaning in ἰσῆλιξ, see 4 under c.
συνῆλιξ ‘of like or equal age, playmate, comrade’, now reinforced with συν-. Finally,
συνοµῆλιξ, in which συν- is added to reinforce ὁµο-, is attested in Theocritus.
II. Compounds analysed as συν- + noun + suffix, where the preverb means:
1. ‘with, together with’, e.g. σύγκολλος ‘glued together’ (Nic.; adv. in A.),10 σύζυγος
‘yoked together, paired, united’ (A.), σύµµαχος ‘fighting along with, leagued or allied with’
(A.), σύµφθογγος ‘sounding together’ (A.), συναλδής ‘growing together’ (Nic.), σύναυλος B
‘dwelling with, living in the folds with’ (S.), συνεργός ‘working together, joining or helping
in work’ (E.), συνήθης ‘dwelling or living together, accustomed or used to each other’ (Hes.),
συνήκοος ‘hearing together’ (Pl.), σύνθροος ‘sounding together’ (Nόνν.), σύνιππος ‘together
with a horse’ (Tz.), σύνορθρος ‘dawning along with’ (A.), σύνορκος ‘bound together by oath’
(X.), συνῳδός ‘singing or sounding in unison with’ (E.), σύσπορος ‘sown together’ (Ep. Alex.
Adesp. συσσπ-), etc. The oldest word is συνήθης, attested in Hesiod.
2. ‘that join, joining’, e.g. σύγκληρος ‘having lots or portions that join, bordering,
neighbouring’ (E.),11 συγκόρυφος ‘with the vertices joined’ (Arist.), σύγχορτος ‘with the
grass joining’ (A.), σύστυλος ‘with columns standing close’ (Vitr.), often with words denot-
ing parts of the body, e.g. σύγκωλος ‘with limbs set close together’ (X.), σύµπους, ὁ, ἡ, ‘with
the feet together or closed’ (Ar.), συνόδους ‘with teeth opposing, rather than notching into,
one another’ (Arist.), σύνοφρυς ‘with meeting eyebrows’ (Arist.), συντράχηλος ‘with head
sunk between shoulders’ (Philostr.), σύστοµος 1. ‘with a narrow mouth’ (Arist.), 2. ‘mouth to
mouth’ (Telecl.), etc. This meaning first appears in the Attic dialect.
3. bahuvrihi, e.g. σύγχυµος ‘easily converted into nutriment’ (Et. Gud.), σύλλιθος ‘paved’
(Hippiatr.), *σύλλυπος (cf. συλλυπῶ ‘hurt or mortify together’ Arist., -oῦµαι Hdt.),12
σύµβροχος ‘irrigated’ (PSI 5th A.D.), σύµµιλτος ‘coated with vermilion’ (IG), σύµπαχος
‘thick’ (Poliorc.), σύµποκος ‘complete with fleece, unshorn’ (PThead. 4th A.D.), σύµπειρος
‘acquainted with’ (Pi.), συνάδελφος ‘one that has a brother or sister’ (X.), σύναλµος ‘salted’
(Men.), σύναρθρος ‘accompanied by the article’ (D.T.), συναφής ‘united, connected’ (Arist.),
‘cohering’ (Hp.), σύνδενδρος ‘thickly-wooded’ (Dicaearch.),13 σύνδικος I. ὁ, ἡ, ‘one who
helps in a court of justice, advocate’ (A.), II. ‘belonging jointly to’ (Pi.), συνήνεµος ‘exposed
to the wind’ (Poll.), συννεφής ‘clouded over, cloudy’ (Thphr.), σύννεφος ‘clouded over,
cloudy’ (J.), σύννοµος B ‘lawful, regular’ (IG 1st B.C.), σύννοος ‘in deep thought, thought-
ful’ (Isoc.), σύννυµφος ‘husband’s brother’s wife’ (LXX), σύνοµβρος ‘joined or mixed with
rain’ (EM), σύντοµος ‘cut short, abridged’ (Ar.), σύντονος I. ‘strained tight’ (X.), II. ‘intense’
(Hp.), σύντριχος ‘covered with hair’ (Sch. Philostr.), etc.; also *σύγκερος, *σύµβαθος,

10
The adjective survives in MGk. dial. σύγκολλος, see Papanastassiou (2006, 444).
11
The adjective survives in MGk. dial. σύγκλαρος, see Papanastassiou (2006, 444).
12
The adjective survives in MGk. dial. σύλλυπος, see Papanastassiou (2006, 444).
13
The adjective survives in MGk. σύδεντρο, see Papanastassiou (2006, 444).
*σύµπετρος attested only in MGr. dialects, see Papanastassiou (2006, 444). This meaning is
combined with an intensive function in σύσκιος ‘closely shaded, thickly shaded’ (X.).14
4. ‘the same’, e.g. συγγένειος ‘akin, kindred’ (E.), συγγενής I. ‘congenital, inborn’ (Pi.), II.
‘of the same kin, descent,’ or ‘family, akin to’ (Hdt.), ‘akin, cognate’ (A.), subst. ‘kinsman,
relative’ (Ar.), σύγγονος I. ‘congenital, inborn, natural’ (Pi.), II. ‘connected by blood, akin’
(Pi.), III. ‘native, of one’s country’ (S.),15 σύγκαιρος ‘of the season’ (Alciphr.),16 σύγκοιτος
‘bedfellow’ (Pi.), σύγχορος ‘partner in the chorus’ (Orph.), σύγχρονος ‘contemporaneous’
(Max. Tyr.), σύλλεκτρος ‘partner of the bed, husband or wife’ (E.), σύµβιος ‘living together’
(Arist.),17 σύµβωµος ‘sharing the altar, worshipped on a common altar’ (Sammelb. 3rd-2nd
B.C.), σύµµορος ‘united in the same µόρα’ (Th.), σύµµορφος ‘of the same shape as’ (Nic.),
σύµπλευρος ‘side by side’ (Milet.), σύµπνοος ‘concordant’ (Plut.), σύµφρων ‘of one mind,
brotherly’ (A.), σύµφυλος ‘of the same stock or race with’ (Arist.), σύµφωνος ‘agreeing in
sound, harmonious’ (H. Herm.), σύµψυχος ‘of one mind, at unity’ (Ep. Phil.),18 σύναιµος ‘of
common blood, kindred’ (S.), συναίµων ‘of common blood, kindred’ (Ps.-Phoc.),
συνανάτροφος ‘partner in office, colleague’ (Arist.),19 σύναρχος ‘partner in office, colleague’
(Arist.), σύνδειπνος ‘companion at table’ (E.), σύνδορπος ‘companion at table’ (Lyc.),
συνενεργής ‘active at the same time’ (Ascl.), συνέστιος 1. ‘sharing one’s hearth or house’
(S.), 2.b. θεοὶ ξυνέστιοι ‘gods who share an altar’ (A.), σύνευνος ‘bed-fellow, consort’ (Pi.),
σύνθρονος ‘enthroned with’ (Orac. ap. Luc.), σύνναος ‘having the same temple’ (CIG, SIG
2nd B.C.), σύνοικος ‘dwelling in the same house with’ (A.), σύνταφος ‘buried in the same
grave’ (Pl.), σύντεκνος ‘foster-brother or -sister’ (BMus.Inscr.),20 σύντοπος, ὁ ‘fellow-
resident’ (Ps.-Call.),21 συντράπεζος ‘messmate’ (X., E.),22 συνώνυµος ‘having the same name
as’ (Antipho),23 σύρροος ‘flowing together, confluent’ (Ti. Locr.), σύσκηνος ‘one who lives
in the same tent, messmate, comrade’ (Th.), σύσσωµος ‘united in one body’ (Ep. Eph.),
σύσταθµος ‘of equal weight’ (Hp. ap. Gal.), σύστοιχος ‘belonging to the same column or se-
ries, co-ordinate, correspondent’ (Arist.), etc.; also *σύγγαλος, in MGk. dialects, see Papanas-
tassiou (2006, 444).
5. ‘like’, e.g. σύγχροος (see below), συµπαθής ‘affected of like feelings, sympathetic’ (Pl.
Com.); same meaning in MGk. σύξυλος, see Papanastassiou (2006, 445).
Αdjectives like σύγχροος I.1. ‘of like colour or look’ (Plb.), 2. ‘perh. of blended colours’,

14
The adjective survives in MGk. dial. σύσκιος, see Papanastassiou (2006, 444).
15
The adjective survives in MGk. dial. σύγγουνου, see Papanastassiou (2006, 444).
16
The adjective survives in MGk. adverb σύγκαιρα, see Papanastassiou (2006, 444).
17
The adjective survives in MGk. dial. σύβιος, ο, συ(µ)βία, η, see Papanastassiou (2006, 444).
18
The adjective survives in MGk. σύψυχος, see Papanastassiou (2006, 444).
19
The adjective survives in MGk. dial. συνανάθροφος, see Papanastassiou (2006, 444).
20
The adjective survives in MGk. σύντεκνος, see Papanastassiou (2006, 444).
21
Cf. MGk. συντοπίτης, see Papanastassiou (2006, 444).
22
The adjective survives in MGk. dial. συντράπιζα, τα, see Papanastassiou (2006, 444).
II. ‘skin to skin, touching’ (Posidipp. ap. Ath.), σύνδροµος I. ‘running together, meeting’,
σύνδροµοι πέτραι (Pi.), II. ‘running along with, following close’ (Call.), -ως (A.), σύρριζος 1.
‘joined to the root, root and all’ (Sch. S.), 2. ‘well supplied with roots’ (Hippiatr.)24 combine
more than one of the previous meanings. Also σύµφρουρος I. ‘watching with’ (S.), II. ὁ
‘joint-φρουρός’ (Aρχ. Eφ., SEG 1st B.C.).
Secondary derivatives of these words are verbs and nouns, e.g. συγγεωργέω ‘to be a fel-
low-labourer’ (Isoc.) < συγγέωργος, συγχρονέω ‘to be contemporary with’ (Erot.) <
σύγχρονος, συζυγέω ‘draw together in a yoke’ (A.) and συζυγία ‘union’ (E.) < σύζυγος,
συµβιόω ‘live with’ (Pl.) < σύµβιος, συµµαχέω ‘to be an ally, to be in alliance’ (A.) <
σύµµαχος, συµφωνέω ‘sound together, be in harmony or unison’ (Pl.) and συµφωνία ‘concord
or unison of sound’ (Pl.) < σύµφωνος, συνδικάζω ‘have a share in judging’ (Pl.) < σύνδικος,
συνήθεια II. ‘habit, custom’ (H. Herm.) < συνήθης, συνοικία ‘cohabitation’ (A.) < σύνοικος,
συνωνυµέω ‘to be synonymous with’ (Ph.) και συνωνυµία ‘synonym’ (Arist.) < συνώνυµος,
συστοιχέω ‘stand in the same rank or line’ (Plb.) and συστοιχία ‘column or series’ (Arist.) <
σύστοιχος, etc.
III. Substantives analysed as συν- + substantive (+ suffix), e.g. συµµορία ‘taxation-group,
division’ (D.), συµπολιτεία ‘federal union, confederacy’ (Plb.), συµπόσιον ‘drinking-party,
symposium’ (Thgn.), συνάγκεια (Thphr.) and σύναγκος, τό (Themist.) ‘meeting of glens,
meeting of the waters’, συνέπεια ‘connexion of words or verses’ (A.D.), σύνοδος, ἡ ‘assem-
bly, meeting’ (Alc., Orac. ap. Hdt.), σύνοψις ‘a seeing all together, general view’ (Pl.), etc.
Substantives of this kind also give secondary derivatives, verbal and nominal, e.g.
συµµοριάω ‘to be in the same συµµορία’ (Hsch.) and συµµορίτης ‘member of a συµµορία’
(Hyp.) < συµµορία, συµποσιακός ‘of or fit for a drinking-party, convival’ (Eust.) <
συµπόσιον, συνοδεύω ‘travel in company’ (Plut.) and συνοδικός ‘of or from a conjunction’
(Ptol.) < σύνοδος, etc.

3.3 Primary adverbs

Primary adverbs are rare, e.g. συνάµα ‘together’ (Damag., dub. l. in S.), συνάπαξ ‘all at one
time’ (Gal.), σύνεγγυς ‘near’ (Hp.), συνόσα· ὁµοῦ (Hsch.).

3.4 Other cases

Ancient Greek συν- is also used in calques, to translate lat. con-, e.g. συγκαττυστής = concin-
nator (Gloss.), συγκελλάριος = contubernalis (IGRom.), συµβετέρανος (Modest.),
συνβετρανός (Rev. Arch.), συνουετρανός (BGU 2nd A.D.) = conveteranus ‘fellow veteran’,

23
Cf. MGk. συνονόµατος, see Papanastassiou (2006, 444).
24
The adjective survives in MGk. adverb σύρριζα, see Papanastassiou (2006, 444).
συµπαιγνία = collusio (Cod. Just.), συµπραγµατευτής = collaborator (PMasp. 6th A.D.),
συναπελεύθερος = collibertus (Gloss., IGLS), συνατενίζω = contueor (Dosith.). Also συνάγω
‘compel, oblige’ = cogo (Cod. Just.). An interesting and unique case is συγκολλήγας ‘col-
league’ (POxy. 2nd A.D.) vs. κολλήγας = collega (IG, Sammelb.). The Gk. κολλήγας is a
loanword from Lat. collega, but the necessity to express con- gave birth to συγκολλήγας hav-
ing the same meaning. Another calque is σύνδιφρα = Lat. bisellia ‘a seat for two persons’
(IGRom.), where συν- ‘together’ translates bi- ‘two’. Finally, there are at least two cases of
folk etymology: 1. συµψέλλια, τά (IGRom.), συνψέλιον, τό (TAM) etc. = Lat. subsellia (-ium
‘a low seat, bench’), 2. συψειρικός, συµψ-, συνψ- (Diocl. Ed.) = Lat. subsericus ‘partly silk’,
where Lat. sub-, semantically identical with AGk. ὑπο-, is denoted with συµ-/συν-.

4. Relations with other morphemes

In primary compound nouns, συν- can be related to other AGk. morphemes.
a) In bahuvrihi συν- is synonymous with ἐν- (< copulative prefix *sem-),25 and antony-
mous with the privative prefix ἀ-, e.g.:
σύγγαµος ‘united in wedlock, ἄγαµος ‘unmarried, single’
married’ (E.) (Il.)
σύλλιθος ‘paved’ (Hippiatr.) ἔλλιθος ‘containing a pre- ἄλιθος ‘without stones, not
cious stone’ (PLond.ined. 4th stony’ (X.)
A.D.)
σύµβροχος ‘irrigated’ (PSI ἔµβροχος ‘inundated’ (PTeb. ἄβροχος ‘unwetted, unmois-
5th A.D.) 2nd B.C.) tened’ (Arschin.)
σύµπειρος ‘acquainted with’ ἔµπειρος ‘experienced or ἄπειρος ‘without trial or ex-
(Pi.) practiced in, acquainted with’ perience of, unused to, unac-
(Hdt.) quainted with’ (Thgn.)
σύµποκος ‘complete with ἔµποκος ‘unshorn’ (PThead. ἄποκος ‘without nap’
fleece, unshorn’ (PThead. 4th 4th A.D.) (An.Ox)
A.D.)
συνάδελφος ‘one that has a ἀνάδελφος ‘without brother
brother or sister’ (X.) or sister’ (E.)
σύναρθρος ‘accompanied by ἄναρθρος ‘avoiding the use
the article’ (D.T.) of the article’ (D.H.)
σύνδενδρος ‘thickly-wooded’ ἔνδενδρος ‘epith. of Zeus’ ἄδενδρος ‘without trees’
(Dicaearch.) (IG), γῆς ἐνδένδρου (Plb.)
‘wooded’ (SEG 3rd B.C.)

25
See Παπαναστασίου (2003a), Papanastassiou (2006, 439-444).
σύννοµος B ‘lawful, regular’
(IG 1st B.C.)
σύννοος ‘in deep thought,
thoughtful’ (Isoc.)
σύντριχος ‘covered with hair’
(Sch. Philostr.)
ἔννοµος ‘ordained by law,
lawful, legal’ (Pi.)
ἔννοος ‘thoughtful, shrewd,
sensible’ (A.)
ἔντριχος ‘hairy’ (AP)
ἄνοµος ‘lawless, impious’
(Hdt.)
ἄννοος ‘without understand-
ing, silly’ (Il.)
ἄτριχος ‘without hair’ (Call.)

b) In cases like σύλλεκτρος ‘partner of the bed, husband or wife’ (E.) – ἄλοχος ‘partner of
one’s bed, wife’ (Il.) συν- is also synonymous with the copulative prefix ἁ-/ἀ- (zero grade).
c) The most interesting relationship, however, is that of συν- with ὁµο-26 meaning ‘to-
gether’, e.g.: σύζυγος ‘yoked together, paired, united’ (A.) – ὁµόζυγος ‘yoked together’
(Plut.); σύµφοιτος “gloss on ὁµόφοιτος” (Sch. Pi.) – ὁµόφοιτος ‘going by the side of’ (Pi.); or
‘the same’, e.g.: σύµβιος ‘living together’ (Arist.) – ὁµόβιος ‘living together’ (Alciphr.);
συνέστιος ‘sharing one’s hearth or house’ (A.) – ὁµέστιος ‘sharing in the same hearth, dwell-
ing together with’ (Emp.); συνῆλιξ ‘of like or equal age, playate, comrade’ (A.) – ὁµῆλιξ ‘of
the same age’ (Od.), cf. ἰσῆλιξ ‘of the same age with’ (X.); 27 σύνοικος ‘dwelling in the same
house with’ (A.) – ὁµόοικος ‘dwelling together’ (Hsch.); συντράπεζος ‘messmate’ (X., E.) –
ὁµοτράπεζος ‘eating at the same table with’ (Hdt.); συνώνυµος ‘having the same name as’
(Antipho) – ὁµώνυµος ‘having the same name’ (Il.); σύσπονδος (v.l. in Aeschin.) =
ὁµόσπονδος (Hdt.) ‘sharing in the drink-offering’; σύγχροος ‘of like colour or look’ (Plb.) –
ὁµόχροος ‘alike in colour’ (prob. in Plb.), ‘uniform in colour’ (Hp.), cf. ὁµοιόχροος ‘like-
coloured’ (Phld.), ἰσόχροος ‘of uniform colour’ (Dsc.); cf. cases where συν- and ὁµο- have
close meaning, e.g.: σύµπλοκος ‘entwined, interwoven, involved’ (Nonn.) – ὁµόπλοκος ‘in-
terlaced’ (Nonn.).
As far as the semantic relationship of the two morphemes is concerned, Moiris 273P
claims that ὁµόδουλος is the Attic form and σύνδουλος is the Koine one (ὁµόδουλος
Ἀττικῶς, σύνδουλος Ἑλληνικῶς), but Poll. 3.82 distinguishes the two adjectives in a differ-
ent way, interpreting σύνδουλος as ‘slave of the same master’ and ὁµόδουλος as ‘companion
in slavery’. LSJ agrees with Poll.
For the cases where συν- is added before ὁµο-, reinforcing its meaning, see 3.2.

5. Conclusion
The examination of the AGk. compounds with the preverb συν- clearly shows that the oldest
attested meanings ‘together’ and ‘completely’ are found in nominal as well as in verbal com-

26
See Fridrichsen (1938, 47-48).
27
See Fridrichsen (1938, 46).
pounds. Although Lith. sù and OCS sъ(n)- have the same meanings in verbal compounds
(Lith. sù: 1. ‘together’, e.g. surinkti ‘collect, gather (together)’ < rinkti ‘gather, collect’, sudėti
‘put, lay (together)’ < dėti ‘lay, put, place’, and 2. ‘completely’, e.g. suplėšyti ‘tear up’ <
plėšyti ‘tear, rip’; OCS sъ(n)-: ‘together’, e.g. sъn-imati ‘zusammennehmen’, sъn-iti ‘zusam-
menkommen’, sъn-ěsti ‘verzehren’), they should not be connected with AGk. ξύν, since they
are better explained as cognates with the IE copulative prefix *som-.
The more recently attested meanings ‘that join, joining’ (< ‘together’), ‘fellow-’, ‘the
same’ and ‘like’ are only found in nominal compounds and must be secondary.

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