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CHAPTER 2:
2
GEOMETRY

AE-1022: AIRCRAFT DRAWING

Outline

 Engineering geometry
 Coordinate spaces
 Geometric elements
 Points, lines, surfaces & arcs
 Conic curves

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Engineering Geometry

 Geometric construction: Act of constructing a geometry,

especially using hand tools
e.g., dividing a line

 Engineering geometry: Basic geometric elements and forms

used in engineering design
Points, Lines, Surfaces, and Solids

Coordinate Spaces

 2-D Cartesian coordinate system

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Coordinate Spaces (con’t)

 3-D coordinate system

Coordinate Spaces (con’t)

 Display of coordinate axis in a multiview drawing

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Coordinate Spaces (con’t)

 Right-hand rule:
Used to determine the
positive direction of the
axes
 Note: counter clockwise is
positive – default positive
rotation of CAD

Coordinate Spaces (con’t)

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Coordinate Spaces (con’t)
 Polar coordinates
(distance in X-Y plane and angle
from X axis)
Coordinate Spaces (con’t)
 Spherical coordinates
(angle in two planes and one
distance parameter)
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 Cylindrical coordinates
(distance and angle in X-Y plane
and distance in Z)
 Absolute coordinates
((referenced to fixed origin)
g )
 Relative coordinates
(referenced to previous point)
 World coordinates
(referenced back to origin)
 Local coordinates
(moving system positioned
anywhere in space)
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Coordinate Spaces (con’t)

World
Coordinates

User Coordiates

Geometric Elements
Manual drafting AutoCAD

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Points, Lines, Surfaces, and Arcs

 Point: Theoretical location that has neither width, height, nor

depth and describes an exact location in space

Points, Lines, Surfaces, and Arcs (con’t)

 Line: Geometric primitive

that has length and
direction but not thickness
 May be straight, curved, or a
combination

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Points, Lines, Surfaces, and Arcs (con’t)

 Tangencies: Exists when a straight line is in contact with a

curve at a single point; that is,
is a line is tangent to a circle if it
touches the circle at one and only one point

Points, Lines, Surfaces, and Arcs (con’t)

 Circles: Single
curved surface
primitive, all
points of which
are equidistant
from one point,
the center

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Points, Lines, Surfaces, and Arcs (con’t)

• The elements of a circle are as follows

((outlined in previous
p slide):)
 Center  Minor arc
 Circumference  Major arc
 Radius  Central angle
 Chord  Sector
 Diameter  Quadrant
 Secant  S
Segment t
 Arc  Tangent
 Semicircle
• The slides that follow provide examples of manual
drafting points, lines, surfaces, and mostly, arcs

Points, Lines, Surfaces, and Arcs (con’t)

Constructing arcs
tangent to two
lines

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Points, Lines, Surfaces, and Arcs (con’t)

Constructing an arc tangent to a line and another arc

Points, Lines, Circles, and Arcs (con’t)

Constructing an arc tangent to two given arcs or circles

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Points, Lines, Circles, and Arcs (con’t)

Constructing
an arc tangent
to two given
arcs

Points, Lines, Circles, and Arcs (con’t)

Constructing an arc tangent to a given arc

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Points, Lines, Circles, and Arcs (con’t)

Constructing
lines tangent to
two circles or
arcs using a
arcs,
straightedge (a
trial and error
method)

Conic Curves

 Parabola: Curve created when a plane intersects a right

circular cone parallel to the side (elements) of the cone

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Conic Curves (con’t)

Parallelogram
Method of
Drawing Parabolas

Engineering Applications of
Parabolas

Conic Curves (con’t)

 Hyperbola: Curve of the intersection created when a plane

intersects a right circular cone and makes a smaller angle
with the axis
than do the
elements

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Conic Curves (con’t)

 Ellipse: Single-curved-
surface primitive – created
when a plan passes through
a right circular cone at an
angle to the axis that is
greater than the angle
between the axis and the
sides (a circle when viewed
at an angle appears as an
ellipse)

Conic Curves (con’t)

Constructing a Foci
Ellipse

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