Simple Batch Distillation

CENG
CENG221
221 Used only for small scale processes,
especially in pharmaceuticals and
Lecture specialty products.
Lecture2.2.Simple
SimpleDistillation
DistillationProcesses
Processes(4.5
(4.5h)
h)
Learning Objectives:
Learning Objectives:
(1)
(1)Simple
Simplebatch
batchdistillation
distillation
(2)
(2)Binary
Binaryflash
flashdistillation
distillation
(3)
(3)Sizing
Sizingofofflash
flashdistillation
distillationdrum
drum
Learning
LearningGuides:
Guides:
(1)
(1)Lecture
Lecturehandouts
handouts
(2)
(2)Chapters
Chapters11.1-11.2,
11.1-11.2,3.1-3.6
3.1-3.6and
and22ofofTextbook:
Textbook:
Equilibrium-Staged
Equilibrium-StagedSeparations
Separations
(3)
(3)Please
Pleasereview
reviewthe
thenotes
noteson
onVLE,
VLE,bubble
bubbleand
anddew
dewpoint
point
calculations
calculations
Simple Batch Distillation Simple Batch Distillation

Water out
Yd
dW
Equilibrium

Xw

W - dW
Water in

Material Balance:
(W-dW) Xw + Yd dW = W (Xw + dXw)
FF==W dW/W = dXw/(Yd-Xw)…………….Rayleigh Equation
W++DD
FFXXf f==W
WXXww++DDXXdd

Rayleigh
RayleighEquation
Equation
d(W
d(WXXww) )==YYdddW
dW==XXwwdWdW++W
WdX
dXww
dW/W = dX w /(Y d
dW/W = dXw /(Yd - Xw)- Xw)
Simple Batch Distillation
(1) Plot the T-x-y data for ethanol-water solution
Example 9: An alcohol soln. contains 20 mole % ethanol was distilled
in a batch distillation unit. The distillation was stopped when the
temperature of the still reaches 90 C. Please determine the following:
(1) What is the bubble point temperature of the starting and end
mixtures? 105
(2) What is the concentration of first bubble of vapor formed from
the solution and the last bubble before the distillation was stopped? 100
(3) Determine the amount of liquid remaining in the still if the
starting solution is 1 Kmole. 95
(4) How much distillate was obtain and its average concentration?
(5) What is the expected bubble point temperature of the distillate?

T(C)
90

X(ethanol) X(water) Y(ethanol) Y(water) T(C)

0 1 0 1 100 85
0.019 0.981 0.17 0.83 95.5
0.0721 0.9279 0.3891 0.6109 89
0.0966 0.9034 0.4375 0.5625 86.7 80
0.1238 0.8762 0.4704 0.5296 85.3
0.1661 0.8339 0.5089 0.4911 84.1
0.2377 0.7623 0.5445 0.4555 82.7
0.2608 0.7392 0.558 0.442 82.3 75
0.3273 0.6727 0.5826 0.4174 81.5
0.3965 0.6035 0.6122 0.3878 80.7 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0.5079 0.4921 0.6564 0.3436 79.8
0.5198 0.4802 0.6599 0.3401 79.7 X,Y (ethanol)
0.5732 0.4268 0.6841 0.3159 79.3
0.6763 0.3237 0.7385 0.2615 78.74
0.7472 0.2528 0.7815 0.2185 78.41
0.8943 0.1057 0.8943 0.1057 78.15
1 0 1 0 78.3
(2) Calculate the parameters in the Rayleigh Equation:

F(x) = 1/(Y-X) vs X

T(C) X Y Y-X 1/(Y-X)

100 0 0
95.5 0.019 0.17 0.151 6.622517
89 0.0721 0.3891 0.317 3.154574
86.7 0.0966 0.4375 0.3409 2.933412
85.3 0.1238 0.4704 0.3466 2.88517
84.1 0.1661 0.5089 0.3428 2.917153
82.7 0.2377 0.5445 0.3068 3.259452
82.3 0.2608 0.558 0.2972 3.364738
81.5 0.3273 0.5826 0.2553 3.91696
80.7 0.3965 0.6122 0.2157 4.636069
79.8 0.5079 0.6564 0.1485 6.734007
79.7 0.5198 0.6599 0.1401 7.137759
79.3 0.5732 0.6841 0.1109 9.017133
78.74 0.6763 0.7385 0.0622 16.07717
78.41 0.7472 0.7815 0.0343 29.15452
78.15 0.8943 0.8943
78.3 1 1
 (3) Plot F(x) vs X (3) Graphical Integration

30 10

8
20
6
F(x)

F(x)
4
10

0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
X X
 (3) Graphical Integration Numerical Integration
Simpson Rules:

Area = (Xf - Xi) 1/6 [F(Xi) + 4F(Xm) + F(Xf)]

where Xf is the final point
10 Xi is the initial point
Xm is the midpoint given by 0.5Xf + 0.5Xi

6
F(x)

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
X
Simple Batch Distillation
(1) Plot y vs x
Example 10: A 100 g solution of isoamyl alcohol (65 wt.%) and ethanol
(35 wt.%) was to be separated using a laboratory still (see figure). The Isoamyl alcohol-ethanol solution
binary solution has a relative volatility of 2.25. At the end of the
distillation, 30 g of solution was left in the still.
1
(1) What is the concentration of the first drop of distillate collected
from the distillation unit?

y (mass fraction of EtOH)

(2) What is the concentration of isoamyl alcohol in the remaining
0.8
solution in the still?
(3) What is the concentration of ethanol in the last drop of distillate
0.6
collected?
(4) How much distillate is produced and what is its ethanol content?
(5) If an isoamyl concentration of 95 % is needed, what is maximum
0.4
yield one can obtain?

0.2
Water out
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x (mass fraction of EtOH)

Water in
 (2) Calculate and plot 1/y-x vs x (Rayleigh equation)
x y y-x 1/(y-x)
0 0 Isoamyl alcohol-ethanol solution
0.04 0.085714 0.045714 21.875
0.08 0.163636 0.083636 11.95652 25
0.12 0.234783 0.114783 8.712121
0.16 0.3 0.14 7.142857
0.2 0.36 0.16 6.25
0.24 0.415385 0.175385 5.701754
20
0.28 0.466667 0.186667 5.357143
0.32 0.514286 0.194286 5.147059

F(x) = 1/y-x
0.36 0.558621 0.198621 5.034722 15
0.4 0.6 0.2 5
0.44 0.63871 0.19871 5.032468
0.48
25 0.675 0.195 5.128205
0.52 0.709091 0.189091 5.288462 10
0.56 0.741176 0.181176 5.519481

20
5
F(x) = 1/y-x

15
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
10 x (mass fraction of EtOH)

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
x (mass fraction of EtOH)
Flash Distillation Flash Distillation
Single stage distillation process for continuous separation. Used mainly for simple separation. Separate component with large
difference in volatility. Vapor product
Example: distilled water V, y, Hv

TF, PF, hF
Continuous
Continuous FEED DISTILLATE
Ethanol + Water
Ta ~ Tb < Tc ≥ Td
Feed
VAPOR
F, z, heater Tdrum
T1, P1 Pdrum
Pa > Pb > Pc << Pd
Ethanol
pump throttle
Q valve

Water
Liquid product
L, x, hL
LIQUID
Degree of Freedom (F) Degree of Freedom (F)

FF=={total
Flash Distillation: F = C + 4
{total##ofofindependent
independentvariables}
variables}- -{total
{total##ofofequations}
equations}

Variables
Variables No
No Relation
Relation No
No Binary
Binaryflash
flashdistillation
distillation
FEED
FEED ##components:
components:CC==22
F,F,feed
feedrate
rate 11 Enthalpy
Enthalpy(H)
(H) 33 F:F:22++44==66==number
numberofofparameters
parametersthat
thatneeded
neededtotobe
be
zi,
zi,feedfeedcomposition C-1 VLE
VLEdata
data(y(y==Kx) CC specified
composition
TT1, ,temperature
C-1
11 Mass
Kx) specified in order to solve aflash
in order to solve a flash
temperature MassBalance
Balance CC distillation
distillationproblem.
problem.
PP11, ,pressure
pressure 11 Energy
EnergyBalance
Balance 11
1 ==number
number of designparameters
of design parametersininorder
ordertoto
build flash distillation unit.
build flash distillation unit.
LIQUID
LIQUID Parameters
Parametersusually
usuallyspecified:
specified:
L,L,liquid
liquidflow
flowrate
rate 11
xi, (1)
(1)Feed
Feedconditions:
conditions:
xi, liquid composition C-1
liquid composition C-1 FF(feed
hhL, ,liquid enthalpy
L liquid enthalpy
11 Variables
Variables==3C3C++88 (feedrate),
rate),zz(feed,
(feed,composition)
composition)
Equations TT1, ,PP1
Equations = 2C++44
= 2C
(2)
1 1
VAPOR
VAPOR degree
degreeofoffreedom
freedom (2)Still
Stillcondition:
condition: PPdrumdrum
V,
V,liquid
liquidflow
flowrate
rate 11
FF ==CC++44
yi,
yi, liquid composition C-1
liquid composition The
HHL, ,liquid enthalpy
C-1
11
Thelast
lastparameters
parameterswill
willdictate
dictatethe
thesolution
solutionprocedure:
procedure:
L liquid enthalpy

STILL
STILL
TTdrum, ,temperature 11
drum temperature
PPdrum , pressure 11
drum, pressure
Q,
Q, heatingrate
heating rate 11
Flash Distillation
(Sequential Solution -1)
Parameters
Parametersusually
usuallyspecified:
specified:
(1) Feed conditions:
(1) Feed conditions:
FF(feed
(feedrate),
rate),zz(feed,
(feed,composition)
composition)
TT1, ,PP1
1 1
(2)
(2)Still
Stillcondition:
condition: PPdrum
drum

The
Thelast
lastparameters
parameterswill
willdictate
dictatethe
thesolution
solutionprocedure:
procedure:
condition of the drum-1: T , y
condition of the drum-1: T , y or x
drum or x
drum

Example 11: 1000 mole/h of 0.4 mole fraction ethanol-water solution

(T = 24 C, P = 101.3 kPa) enters a flash drum operated at 101.3 kPa.
If the concentration of ethanol in the vapor leaving the flash drum is
0.6 mole fraction, what is the Tdrum, x, L, V and Qheater?
Flash Distillation
(Sequential Solution -1)

105

100

95
T(C)

90

85

80

75
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
X,Y (ethanol)
Flash Distillation Flash Distillation
(Sequential Solution -2) (Sequential Solution -2)
Parameters
Parametersusually
usuallyspecified:
specified: (1) Plot VLE data in form of McCabe-Thiele diagram:
(1) Feed conditions:
(1) Feed conditions: 1
FF(feed
(feedrate),
rate),zz(feed,
(feed,composition)
composition)
TT1, ,PP1
1 1
(2)
(2)Still
Stillcondition:
condition: PPdrum 0.8
drum

The
Thelast
lastparameters
parameterswill
willdictate
dictatethe
thesolution
solutionprocedure:
procedure:

Y (ethanol)
condition 0.6
condition of the drum-2: V, L, f = V/F, q = L/FororL/V
of the drum-2: V, L, f = V/F, q = L/F L/V

0.4

Example 10: 1000 mole/h of 0.4 mole fraction ethanol-water solution

(T = 24 C, P = 101.3 kPa) enters a flash drum operated at 101.3 kPa. 0.2
Determine the flowrate and composition of the products leaving
the flash drum and the Tdrum given:
(a) amount of vapor produced is 500 mole/h, 0
(b) the fraction of liquid remaining is 0.7, 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
(c) for (b) also calculate the heat needed to achieve the distillation.
X (ethanol)

Operating
OperatingEquation:
Equation:
OMB:
OMB: FF==VV++LL
CMB:
CMB: Fz Fz==Vy
Vy++Lx
Lx solve
solvethe
the22eqns
eqnsand
andset
setininform
formofofyy==f(x)
f(x)
yy==-(L/V)x
-(L/V)x++(F/V)z
(F/V)z==mxmx++bb(equation
(equationfor
foraaline)
line)
yy==-(1-f/f)x
-(1-f/f)x++z/f
z/f
yy==-(q/1-q)x
-(q/1-q)x++z/(1-q)
z/(1-q)
slope,
slope,mm ==-L/V
-L/V==-(1-f/f)
-(1-f/f)==-(q/1-q)
-(q/1-q)
y-intercept,
y-intercept, b = (F/V)z =z/f
b = (F/V)z = z/f==z/(1-q)
z/(1-q)
Flash Distillation
(Sequential Solution -2)

105

100

95
T(C)

90

85

80

75
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
X,Y (ethanol)
Flash Distillation
(Simultaneous Solution) Different Representation of VLE Data
Parameters
Parametersusually
usuallyspecified:
specified: (6) Ponchon-Savarit Diagram:
(1) Feed conditions:
(1) Feed conditions:
FF(feed H-x-y diagram
(feedrate),
rate),zz(feed,
(feed,composition)
composition)
TT1, ,PP1
1 1
(2)
(2)Still
Stillcondition:
condition: PPdrum
drum

The
Thelast
lastparameters
parameterswill
willdictate
dictatethe
thesolution
solutionprocedure:
procedure:
condition of the feed entering the drum: T
condition of the feed entering the drum: T orhhF
F or
F F

Example 11: 1000 mole/h of 0.4 mole fraction ethanol-water solution

(T = 24 C, P = 101.3 kPa) enters a flash drum operated at 101.3 kPa.
Determine the flowrate, composition and enthalpy of the products
leaving the flash drum and the Tdrum given:
(a) TF is 83 C
(b) enthalpy of the feed entering the drum, hF is 150 kcal/kg
Sizing of Flash Drum

D = (4Ac/π)0.5

Ac (ft2) = W(lbmol/h)MWvapor(lbm/lbmol)
uperm(ft/s)(3600)ρv(lbm/ft3)

uperm = Kdrum(ρL - ρv/ρv)0.5

Kdrum = exp(A + BlnFlv + C(lnFlv)2

+ D (lnFlv)3 + E (lnFlv)4)
where: A = -1.87748
B = -0.81458
C = -0.18707
D = -0.01452
E = -0.00101
Flv = WL/Wv (ρv/ρL)0.5
Sizing of Flash Drum Sizing of Flash Drum

Example 12: Determine the size (i.e., diameter and height) of the
D flash drum needed to separate 1000 mole/h of 0.4 mole fraction
ethanol-water solution (T = 24 C, P = 101.3 kPa) enters a flash
drum operated at 101.3 kPa. If the the fraction of liquid remaining
is 0.7.
hv = 0.5D + 36” > 48”

0.8
hf = 0.5D + 12”

Y (ethanol)
0.6
hL = 4Vs/πD2

0.4

Note: 0.2
L = hv + hf + hL
3 < L/D < 5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
X (ethanol)
Sizing of Flash Drum Flash Drum in Series (Cascade)

105 V1 V3
V2 =(F3)

100

95 F1 1 2 3
T(C)

90
L1 (=F2)
L2 L3
85

Example 13: Determine the composition and flowrate of each product

80 streams leaving the flash drums 1, 2 and 3. A 0.3 mass fraction
ethanol-water solution was feed to the first drum in the cascade.
75 The temperature of the first drum was 89°C. The feed to the second
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 drum was preheated so that its enthalpy (hf2) is 200kcal/kg. The vapor
fraction in the last drum is 0.2.
X,Y (ethanol)
Please use the Ponchon-Savarit Diagram for your solution.
 Flash Drum in Series (Cascade)

V1

F1 1

L1 (=F2)
Flash Drum in Series (Cascade)

V2 =(F3)

L1 (=F2)
L2
Flash Drum in Series (Cascade)

V3
V2 =(F3)

L3