46

Comparison of analytical and numerical predictions of stator

vane pressure distribution
produced by mean rotor wake impingement
Hélène Posson1*, Frédéric Sicot2, Stéphane Moreau1, Nicolas Gourdain3

1
Groupe d’Acoustique de l’Université de Sherbrooke (GAUS), Département de Génie Mécanique,
Université de Sherbrooke
2500 Boulevard de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H4X2, CANADA

Phone: +1-819-821-8000 ext:62085, FAX: +1-819-821-7163, E-mail: helene.posson@usherbrooke.ca
2
ONERA DADS/MS, Châtillon, FRANCE
3
CERFACS, Computational Fluid Dynamics Team, Toulouse, FRANCE
A BST R A C T methods: an Unsteady Reynolds Average Navier Stokes Simulation
A recently developed analytical model for the predictions of the (URANS) and a Harmonic Balance Method (HB). The two simu-
fan tonal and broadband noises has been tested by comparing the lations are used to outline the ability of the HB to accurately predict
unsteady blade loading with results provided by numerical un- the detailed unsteady aerodynamics as it has already been shown to
steady simulations on a realistic compressor rotor-stator configu- predict mean aerodynamic performances quite well while reducing
ration (CME2). Both a blade slice and the actual full blade span the computational time.
have been investigated with the URANS and Harmonic Balance The analytical model and the numerical simulations are first
methods. In the simpler case of the blade slice, both numerical presented. Then a comparison is performed in a narrow annulus
methods compare very well up to the sixth harmonics, but show configuration both with the real shape of the vanes and with flat plat
large fluctuations and variations close to the leading edge caused by vanes. Finally, the comparison is performed in the fully annular
a small local flow separation, which cannot be predicted by the configuration to outline the three-dimensional effects and the abil-
analytical model and yield larger levels on the first and second ity of the model to capture these phenomena.
harmonics. In the full 3D case, the better flow field behaviour on
the blade triggers a better agreement between the URANS and the A N A LY T I C A L M O D E L A N D N U M E R I C A L SI M U L AT I O NS
analytical model. A further comparison with a flat plate cascade
improves the comparison for the first harmonics. A nalytical model
The noise prediction model is a strip-theory approach (Posson
INTRODUC T ION and Roger, 2008) based on a previously published formulation for
Modern turbofan engines have a larger high bypass ratio in the unsteady blade loading in rectilinear cascade (Posson and Roger,
order to improve the aircraft performance while diminishing the fan 2007). The latter follows Glegg's analytical work (1999) for the
rotational speed. Then the jet noise has been reduced and the fan response of a swept blade row to a three-dimensional gust. This
noise becomes another important contribution to the total noise compressible linear unsteady model provides a continuously valid
particularly at approach condition. In the latter conditions, the fan analytical formulation for the velocity potential produced by a
rotational speed is lower, and the blades and vanes operate under three-dimensional gust impinging on a swept blade row of infinite
subsonic speeds for which the unsteady loading on the blades and span. That is obtained resorting to the Wiener-Hopf technique and
vanes constitute the main noise sources. As pointed out by Prasad extensively using the residue theorem.
& Verdon (2002), the unsteady aerodynamic phenomena on blades
and inside the cascade also have a critical role in the outbreak of Rectilinear cascade model. The blade row modelled in Fig. 1
sustained force vibrations, flutter and consequent fatigue of fan, is taken as an equivalent rectilinear cascade of infinite span made of
compressor or gas turbine. Besides, the turbofans have a rather high infinitely thin flat plates of finite chord c. The blades can be stag-
solidity, compared to ventilators, which will affect both their gered at an angle  and swept at an angle .
aerodynamic and acoustic performances. Therefore accurate pre-
diction schemes, involving notably cascade and three-dimensional
geometry effects, become essential for the design of quieter fans. In
preliminary industrial designs, analytical models can still provide
faster results than numerical simulations of the real unsteady
compressible three-dimensional flow around the actual fan and
OGV geometries. These time-marching unsteady simulations, even
inviscid, are still computationally memory and time-consuming.
The present paper is the first part of a twofold study aimed at as-
sessing a recently developed analytical model for the prediction of
unsteady vane loading (Posson and Roger, 2007). It focuses on the
impingement of mean rotor wakes in the context of tonal noise Fig. 1 Geometry of the rectilinear cascade: (a) side view; (b)
predictions. This unsteady vane loading is then used as an equiva- three-dimensional view.
lent dipole source distribution in the framework of an acoustic
analogy. The study addresses a comparison with two numerical The mean flow U0 (vectorial sum of the chordwise Uc and
spanwise direction Wc component) is assumed at a zero an-
Copyright © 2010 by ISROMAC-13
-1-
gle-of-attack, i.e. parallel to the blade surface. The amplitude of the
incident gust, representing a fluctuation around the mean flow is
supposed to be small enough to justify the linearization of the flow
field equations, a Fourier decomposition of the incident gust and a
recombination of the cascade response by a superposition principle.
This three-dimensional gust (of radial wave number kzc) can be
either an acoustic wave propagating downstream or upstream with
an angle  or a vortical wave convected downstream by the mean
flow. Solely, the latter is investigated here to deal with the rotor
wakes/stator interaction.
The unsteady blade loading formulation is obtained by
re-addressing the expression for the velocity potential  for the
scattered field of the incident gust in the reference strip 0 yc h
given by Eq. (1) (Glegg, 1999)
1 

~ e i y c e  i y c
 ( xc , y c , z c , t )   
2 1  e ih  ik xc d  i

1 e  ih  ik xc d  i 
D ( k xc )e ik xc xc ii t  ik zc z x dk xc
where the inter-blade phase angle , the incident angular velocity
i and kzc characterize the incident gust excitation,
kxc=(i-kzcWc)/Uc is the chordwise wavenumber and D is the Fou-
rier transform of the discontinuity of the velocity potential  across
the n=0 blade and its wake. D can be decomposed as the sum of the
four terms D(i) corresponding respectively to (1) the direct scatter-
ing of the incident gust, (2) the trailing-edge back-scattering, and (3
and 4) the last two coupled scattering corrections by the leading and
trailing edges leading to the exact solution. Each D(i) is expressed
analytically according to the Wiener-Hopf technique.
Glegg provides the analytical formulation for the acoustic field
outside the blades by calculating (1) with the residue theorem, the
acoustic field inside the blades being computed numerically by
Boquilion et al. (2003). Posson & Roger (2007) have recently
extended it to the velocity potential field inside the cascade and
then to the pressure distribution on the blades (by finding the left
and right limits) thanks to an extensive use of the residue theorem
and a splitting of the inter-blade area in three areas in a staggered
cascade case (Fig.2).
(a) 0dc/2
(b) c/2dc
Fig. 2 Splitting of the inter-blades space into patches (a,b,c) and
segments (I,II, III) or (I, II’, III) to express analytically the pressure
jump on the reference blade.
The unsteady blade loading formulation takes into account a
three-dimensional incident gust impinging on a three-dimensional
rectilinear cascade and has been validated by comparisons with
alternative models (Smith, 1973; Whitehead, 1987; Atassi and
Hamad, 1981).
This unsteady blade loading distribution is then meant to be
used in a full 3D annulus configuration by a strip theory approach.
The three-dimensional cascade configuration is then simulated by
dividing the blade row in annular strips along the span. Each strip is
unwrapped and assimilated to an equivalent rectilinear cascade of
infinite spanwise extent with perfectly thin and rigid flat plates,
having the local geometrical parameters of the blade row. The mean
flow and the incident wake excitation parameters are deduced in the
reference frame of the rectilinear cascade from those of the three
dimensional case at the studied radius. Then the unsteady blade
loading, produced by a three dimensional gust is predicted by the
analytical model. This technique enables to take into account radial
variations of the blade-row geometry. The unsteady blade loading
distribution on the blades is finally considered as the equivalent
source of sound in the usual sense of the acoustic analogy. The
wave equation for the sound field is solved using the Green's
function of the annular rigid duct with a uniform mean flow. The


... (1) three-dimensional cascade configuration is then simulated with a
reasonable accuracy, expecting faster computations than with fully
three-dimensional numerical simulations. The model has been first
applied to the fourth category of the second Computational
AeroAcoustics (CAA) benchmark (Namba and Schulten, 2000).
The unsteady blade loading and the tonal noise produced by a
harmonic gust on an annular cascade are in a very good agreement
with those of fully three-dimensional annular models in a narrow
annulus configuration (Posson and Roger, 2007, Posson et al, 2009).
Yet, large discrepancies observed in a low hub-to-tip ratio case have
led to the introduction of a correction of the blade loading analytical
formulation (Posson and Roger, 2007) to account for the actual
wave equation in an annular duct.
After comparing the numerical results for a harmonic gust, the
next step is to compare the results of the analytical model in an
actual stage configuration. The incident excitation is no longer a
harmonic gust but an actual rotor wake. The latter is either meas-
ured (Envia, 2002) or computed from URANS (Gourdain and
Leboeuf, 2009) or HB simulations (Sicot, 2009).
Unsteady Reynolds Average Navier Stokes Simulation
In the URANS simulations, the Reynolds averaging is an en-
semble averaging of flow realizations. Yet to capture the low fre-
quency unsteady flow phenomena, the averaged quantities remain
time dependent yielding the Unsteady RANS model. The averaging
process removes the random turbulent phenomena of the flow,
which are modeled by moments of different order. Various turbu-
lence models coexist and provide closure to the RANS equations.
H ar monic Balance M ethod
While the URANS model could simulate virtually any kind of
unsteady flows, the Harmonic Balance (HB, Gopinath et al., 2007)
method only addresses time-periodic flows for which the funda-
mental frequency is a priori known. It is a numerical method de-
rived from the semi-discrete equations of the URANS equations,
which are cast into a set of coupled steady problems. These steady
problems correspond to a uniform sampling of the flow within the
time-period and are simultaneously solved. They are coupled by a
specific spectral high-order time-derivative operator only valid for
time-periodic flows. The steady problems are solved using classical
RANS techniques such as a pseudo-unsteady time marching to
reach the steady state. They benefit from convergence acceleration
techniques such as local time stepping, multigrid or implicit algo-
rithms. They all converge to a "snapshot" of the flow at their given
time instant, and, as they are converged simultaneously, the HB
method can be considered parallel in time.
Simulations parameters
In the present study, all CFD computations are performed with
the ONERA solver elsA (Cambier and Veuillot, 2008) which is a
cell-centered multi-block structured solver. The spatial discretiza-
tion is carried out by the 2nd order Jameson-Schmidt-Turkel scheme
(Jameson et al., 1981). A dual time-stepping method is used and a
convergence study leads to employ 160 time steps per time-period
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and 20 sub-iterations. The latter use a backward Euler scheme
where the implicit problem is solved by an LU-SSOR scheme
(Yoon and Jameson, 1987). The single equation turbulent model of
Spalart and Allamaras (1992) is applied in conjunction with wall
laws.
A uniform flow is injected at inlet and a throttle condition with
radial equilibrium is prescribed at outlet. A no-slip wall condition is
applied on blades and on the casing and the hub in the 3D case. In
the radial slice case, the radial boundaries are modeled by a slip
wall condition. For the azimuthal boundaries, the phase lag periodic
conditions (Erdos et al., 1977) allow to solve for only one blade
passage per row.
The HB computations use the same numerical parameters as
URANS except that the implicit problem is solved by a BJ-SSOR
method (Sicot et al., 2008) to take the HB time-derivative operator
into account. The phase periodic condition is performed by a
spectral interpolation. As each row captures the blade passing
frequency of the opposite row, rotor/stator interactions requires the
coupling of two HB computations, one per row with its own fun-
damental frequency. Different time samplings are tried and they are
much coarser than that of URANS, ranging from 5 to 13 instants
per period.
The multi-block structured mesh is composed of 51 points in
the azimuthal direction. There are 183 points around the rotor blade
and 171 around the stator blade. The blade slice has 5 points in the
radial direction while there are 57 points for the full 3D case. The
tip gap is discretized by 10 points. A blade-to-blade cut in the 3D
mesh is shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3 Two-dimensional snapshot of the mesh around a rotor blade
and a stator vane.
B E N C H M A R K C O N F I G U R AT I O N
The benchmark configuration is the subsonic compressor
CME2 (Michon et al., 2005) with a rotor of 30 blades and a stator of
40 vanes with a hub-to-tip ratio H =0.716. In each studied confi-
guration, the actual rotor wake, computed numerically by the HB or
the URANS solver is used as the incident excitation of the stator. It
is then Fourier decomposed into a series of harmonic gusts which
impinge on the stator vanes. The latter are used as incident gusts in
the analytical model. The resulting unsteady vane loading is then
calculated at the blade passing frequency and its first harmonics.
N A R R O W A N N U L US R ESU LTS
Real stator vanes: effect of vanes camber, thickness, and load-
ing
First, a computation is performed on a slice of the real com-
pressor geometry described above. This preliminary stage is first
studied as this computation on a slice can be assimilated to a narrow
annulus configuration where the analytical model was shown to
yield good results. Moreover, Sicot (2009) used it as his main
turbomachinery-validation test-case of the HB method integrated in
the Onera’s solver ElsA. Slip boundary conditions selected at the
top and bottom of the slice were also limiting the wall-effects near
-3-
the tip and hub ignored in the analytical model. Excellent agree-
ment was also found between the above two numerical approaches
for both the mean and instantaneous flow field and the overall blade
performances. For instance, Figs. 4 and 5 show the instantaneous
pressure and axial velocity fields in the blade passage at 75% of the
slice span (or 55% of the full blade span) for the HB simulation.
The pressure field stresses that the stagnation point is close to the
stator leading edge (incidence close to 0°) as the rotor wakes im-
pacts on the stator blade. Yet, some strong non-homogeneity of the
flow can already be seen in the axial velocity contours. Similar
contours are obtained with the URANS simulation.
Fig. 4 HB static pressure contours at 75% slice span (55% blade
span).
Fig. 5 HB axial velocity contours at 75% slice span (55% blade
span).
A more quantitative assessment of the unsteady loading on the
stator blade is obtained by performing a Fourier transform of the
instantaneous wall pressure field. Fig. 6 compares the corre-
sponding amplitudes of the first three harmonics for the two
simulations on the full slice. The amplitudes of the fluctuations are
decreasing and more variations are observed, with increasing fre-
quency as expected. Moreover for all frequencies, larger ampli-
tudes are observed at the stator leading edge where the wake is
impacting. For all three cases, very good agreement is achieved
between the two numerical simulations. Yet, some significant radial
variations are observed for all frequencies. It was then found that,
unexpectedly, some flow separation (stressed by the larger ampli-
tudes with two peaks on the blade pressure side of the fluctuations
harmonics in Fig. 6) was obtained at the hub despite the narrow
annulus and the negligible variation of stagger angle in the slice.
Such a small radial non-equilibrium then triggers the radial varia-
tions and the larger amplitude variations seen at the slice bottom.
Such a flow phenomenon is not expected to be captured by the flat
plate analytical model.

(a) BPF (top: URANS; bottom: HB)
(b) 2BPF (top: URANS; bottom: HB)
(c) 3BPF (top: URANS; bottom: HB)
Fig. 6 Wall pressure contours on the slice.
The comparisons with the analytical model are achieved on the
normalized pressure jumps at various radii for several harmonics.
Fig. 9 shows the real (figures (a) to (d)) and imaginary (figures (e)
to (h)) parts of the first four harmonics of the normalized pressure
jump as a function of the position along the axial chord length. The
main contribution is found at the leading edge for all cases and the
overall levels are similar and would yield overall similar acoustic
levels. This is all the more the case for the higher harmonics (third
and fourth here) for which the mean loading might have a slighter
impact. Both the levels and the overall shapes are rather well cap-
tured by the analytical model. For the BPF however, both the real
and imaginary parts of the unsteady simulations show much higher
-4-
levels and variations from 20 to 80% of the chord length. Similarly,
for the second harmonics (2 BPF), additional large fluctuating
humps are found around mid-chord. These large fluctuations could
be traced to the larger fluctuations close to the hub, moving radially
as shown in Fig 6. The more oscillating behaviour of the simula-
tions close to the leading edge in all harmonics is also a hint at the
effect of the flow separation at the bottom of the slice. The larger
oscillations at mid-chord might also be traced to the effect of
camber and thickness of the CME2 blade profile and the resulting
higher loading compared to a flat plate.
F lat plate vanes
To partially explain the discrepancies seen in the slice case, and
provide a better validation case for the analytical model, a slice of
flat plates without any variation of flow angle is also considered.
The resulting cascade has 30 vanes and the stagger angle is as-
sumed to be 16°. A fictitious wake is imposed as a time-evolving
boundary condition for the URANS simulation in order to impose a
mean flow that impinges the cascade at almost a zero an-
gle-of-attack (assumption of the analytical model). The outer-wake
mean flow has actually no incidence with respect to the flat plate
cascade. Whereas the angle-of-attack of the inner-wake mean flow
slightly departs from zero. Fig. 7 shows the shape of this wake
colored by the contours of axial Mach number. The resulting mul-
ti-block structured mesh of the flat plate cascade is plotted in Fig. 9.
It is composed of 51 points in the azimuthal direction. There are
191 points around the stator blade. The blade slice has 31 points in
the radial direction.
Fig. 7 Fictitious wake model in the flat plate cascade. Contour
levels are the axial Mach number.
Fig. 8 Mesh of the flat plate cascade.
Again the normalized pressure jumps at various radii of the BPF
and the first two harmonics are compared between the URANS
simulation and the analytical model in Fig. 10. Figures (a) to (c)
correspond to the real parts, and figures (d) to (f) to the imaginary
parts.
 (a) BPF: real part (e) BPF: imaginary part

(b) 2 BPF: real part (f) 2 BPF: imaginary part

(c) 3 BPF: real part (g) 3 BPF: imaginary part

(d) 4 BPF: real part (h) 4 BPF: imaginary part

Fig. 9 Pressure jumps at 75% slice span (55% blade span).
Solid lines: URANS; triangles: HB; circles: Analytical model

-5-
 At the BPF both results compare favourably for both real and
imaginary parts, even though oscillations are observed in the
simulation. The comparison gets worse with increasing frequencies
with higher and larger and larger oscillations appear at the trailing
edge, where a large peak is exhibited.
However the flat blades are still too thick and a significant
vortex shedding appears in the wake of the URANS simulations.
This in turn induces an additional source of pressure fluctuations
mainly concentrated at the trailing. The vortex shedding frequency,
based on a Strouhal number St = f e/U xd =0.2, where e is the plate
thickness, is equal to f =9750 Hz, which is near to the 3 BPF fre-
quency: 9495 Hz. Yet the vortex shedding modifies also smaller
frequencies, and above all the higher harmonics.

(d) BPF: imaginary part

(a) BPF: real part

(e) 2 BPF: imaginary part

(b) 2 BPF: real part

(f) 3 BPF: imaginary part

Fig. 10 Pressure jumps at 50% flat plate cascade.
Solid lines: URANS; circles: Analytical model

F U L LY 3D A N N U L US C O N F I G U R AT I O NS
The final comparison is achieved on the full stage configura-
tion of the CME2 set-up.
Fig. 10 again shows the real (figures (a) to (d)) and imaginary
(c) 3 BPF: real part (figures (e) to (h)) parts of the first four harmonics of the normal-
ized pressure jump as a function of the position along the axial
chord length. The URANS results are compared with the analytical
model. The model predicts the same overall levels as the simulation
for all four harmonics. Beyond the fourth frequency, the numerical
simulations do not have enough resolution and the levels drop
drastically. The differences are attributed, firstly, to the definition
of the incident gusts from the mean rotor wakes, and secondly, to

-6-
three dimensional effects. In order to conclude on the limitations of
the model concerning this last point, the authors first need to im-
prove the modelling of the wakes to feed correctly the model.

(e) BPF: imaginary part

(a) BPF: real part

(f) 2 BPF: imaginary part

(b) 2 BPF: real part

(g) 3 BPF: imaginary part

(c) 3 BPF: real part

(h) 4 BPF: imaginary part

Fig. 11 Pressure jumps at 55% blade span.
(d) 4 BPF: real part Solid lines: URANS; circles: Analytical model

-7-

C O N C L USI O NS
Both numerical unsteady simulations and analytical predictions
have been achieved on a realistic rotor-stator configuration. Three
configurations have been considered: a blade slice, a flat plate and
the actual full blade span. On the case of the blade slice, the
URANS and HB methods compare very well for all harmonics
studied (up to the sixth harmonics), but show large fluctuations and
variations close to the leading edge, especially at the bottom of the
slice. These fluctuations and oscillations can be traced to a small
local flow separation, which cannot be predicted by the analytical
model. Consequently, the levels are larger in the simulations than in
the analytical model with larger oscillations mainly on the first and
second harmonics. Yet, the overall differences in levels might not
have a significant impact on the overall noise level of the stator
noise due to turbulent wake impact. On the case of the flat plate
configuration, the analytical model provides a consistent result for
the BPF and its first harmonics, yet a vortex shedding is observed
by the URANS simulation leading to a large peak at the trailing
edge and large oscillations for high harmonics. Finally, on the
actual full blade configuration the overall behaviour is captured by
the analytical model. Yet further investigations are needed in par-
ticular on a proper definition of the rotor wakes seen as a superpo-
sition of incident harmonic gusts in the analytical model.
AC KNOWLEDGEM ENT
We wish to acknowledge the support of SAFRAN-SNECMA
for providing us the CME2 rotor-stator geometry, and the RQCHP
(Réseau Québécois de Calcul Haute Performance) Canada for
providing the necessary computational resources.
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