Malakand PC-1 Pilot2

Rapid Response; High Impact; Culturally Acceptable; Eco Friendly
Promotion of Food Security and Grass Roots Economy Generation

in Terrorist Affected Areas of Malakand Division:
“Swat is the most interesting valley in Pakistan. It is also one of the most beautiful - certainly
much greener and more fertile than the valleys further north because it lies within the monsoon belt.
In Lower Swat, the valley is wide, the fields on either side of the river are full of Wheat and Lucerne,
and the villages are prosperous and surrounded by fruit trees. In Upper Swat, the river tumbles
through pine forests hemmed in by snow-capped mountains. “
PC-1 FORM
[Rehabilitation & Renewal] | Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan
Page 80
Figure 1: Environment/ Predator Protected Geodesic Dome; Line Drawing
Figure 3: Environment/ Predator Protected Geodesic Dome; Frame

Figure 2: Environment/ Predator Protected Geodesic Dome; Shade
House
Figure 4: Bioaugmented rapid composting; Line Drawing.

PC – 1
INTEGRATION, DEVELOPMENT & EMPOWERMENT
For
LIVELIHOOD SUPPORT
(SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP)
June 2009

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TABLE OF CONTENTS:
# ITEM Page
1 Name of the Project: 4
2 Location: 4
3 Authority responsible for: 4
4 Plan Provision: 4
5 Project objectives and its relationship with Sectoral objectives: 4
6 Description, Justification and Technical Parameters: 7
7 Introduction: 8
8 Recommendations: 8
9 Conservation Planning: 9
10 Crop Rotation: 10
11 Contour Farming: 10
12 Strip-Cropping: 11
13 Farm Conservation & Sustainable Development Program: 13
14 Herbs (Medicinal & Culinary), Spices, Condiments & Aromatic/ Essential Oil Plants: 18
15 Introduction: 18
16 Sustainability Development Planning: 20
17 Land Inventory: 21
18 Bill: 27
19 Plant Protection 30
20 Sustainable Development 30
21 Permaculture 30
22 Polyculture 32
23 Rational Farming: 32
24 Animals & Fowl: 38
25 Rain Water Harvesting 39
26 Permanent Structures: 42
27 Micro Irrigation: 44
28 Livestock Nutrition: 44
29 Upland Agriculture: 44
30 The Ten Basic Steps of SALT: 45
31 Community Economics: 46
32 No Till: 46
33 Community based Integrated Development of Trout Fisheries and Irrigation Channels: 49
34 Description, justification, technical parameters and technology transfer aspects: 50
35 Scope: 55
36 Justification: 56
37 Location: 56
38 District Swat: 56
39 Beyond Kalam: 57
40 District Dir: 57
41 Buner District: 57
42 Shangla District: 58
43 Environment and Land Characteristics: 60
44 Land & Tenure: 60
45 Affected Area: 60
45 Issues: 60
46 Interventions: 61
47 Plan of Work: 62
48 Methodology Proposed: 63
49 Structural Deep Democracy 63
50 Ecological Nutrient Management (ENM). 66
51 Statistical Analysis: 66
52 Design: 66
53 Testing With Pilot Farms. 67
54 Appropriate, Integrated and Sustainable Approach 67
55 Needs-Based Community Development: Traditional Model: 67
56 Assets-Based Community Development: Alternate Model: 67
57 Economic Gardening: 68
58 Containerized Factory & Hand Line Canning: 69
59 Pilot Community Based Production Project: 69
60 Year Wise Schedule: 70
61 Logical Framework Matrix (LFM): 71
62 Mountain Biodiversity: An Assessment 72
63 Project Components: 72

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64 Lessons Learnt: 73
65 Establishment: 73
List of Figures:
# ITEM Page
Figure 1: Environment/ Predator Protected Geodesic Dome; Line Drawing 1
Figure 2: Environment/ Predator Protected Geodesic Dome; Shade House 1
Figure 3: Environment/ Predator Protected Geodesic Dome; Frame 1
Figure 4: Bioaugmented Rapid Composting; Line Drawing 1
Figure 5: Millennium Development Goals. 4
Figure 6: Three Tiers for Development. 5
Figure 7: Interventions. 6
Figure 8: Generalized Soils. 7
Figure 9: Contour Tillage. 11
Figure 10: Secondary and Micronutrient Analysis. 14
Figure 11: Physico-Chemical Analysis. 15
Figure 12: Bacteriological Analysis. 16
Figure 13: Pakistani Permanent Beds. 18
Figure 14: Illustrations from How to Grow Herbs 20
Figure 15: Stratification. 31
Figure 16: Farmyard Rapid Composting with Bioaugmentation. 34
Figure 17: Root Life. 37
Figure 18: Bio Tractor. 38
Figure 19: Angora Breeds. 38
Figures 20: Roof-Top Water Harvesting. 41
Figure 21: Surface Water Harvesting. 41
Figure 22: Cast in Place EQ Proof Water Harvesting Tank 42
Figure 23: Permanent Structure Earth Fill Dam. 43
Figure 24; 25: Animal-drawn no-till planter with seed and fertilizer tanks (Paraná, Brazil). 48
Figure 26: Agroecological effects of conventional tillage and no tillage. 49
Figure 27: Structure of a Human Activity System 63
Figure 28: Social Network Analysis 64
Figure 29: Asset Based Community Development 68
Figure 30: Economic Gardening 69
List of Tables:
Table 1: 42 Kanals. 14
Table 2: 8 Kanals. 15
Table 3: Plantings and Expected Returns, Rs. 14,000.00 per month. 17
Table 4: Effective Soil Depths. 22
Table 5: Topsoil Texture. 22
Table 6: Topsoil Texture Modifiers. 22
Table 7: Soil Permeability. 23
Table 8: Underlying Material. 23
Table 9: Slope of Land. 24
Table 10: Degree of Erosion. 24
Table 11: Degree of Wetness. 24
Table 12: Frequency of Overflow. 25
Table 13: Composting Benefits. 36
Table 14: Nutrient/ Yields. 37
Table 15: Spillway Size. 44
Table 16: SALT Varieties. 46
Table 17: 53

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GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN
PLANNING COMMISSION
PC-1 FORM
1. Name of the Project: Rapid Response; High Impact; Culturally Acceptable; Eco
Friendly Promotion of Food Security and Grass Roots Economy Generation in Terrorist
Affected Areas of Malakand Division:
2. Location: Malakand Division, NWFP.
3. Authority responsible for:
i. Sponsoring: USAID
ii. Execution: Special Support Group in collaboration with Local Communities.
iii. Operation and maintenance: Local Communities.
iv. Concerned Department: P&DD, Go NWFP.
4. Plan Provision:
This project is of emergency nature.
5. Project objectives and its relationship with Sectoral objectives:
This project is highly critical in nature especially in the light of the present socio-
economic situation and is within the purview of the MDGs pertaining to the provision of
food security and Vision 2030 in the following sectors:
a. Poverty alleviation.
b. Nutrition enhancement.
c. Capacity building and human resource development of communities.
d. Female capacity development and empowerment.
e. Environment Protection.
Figure 5: Millennium Development Goals.

The proposed project is in line with the Pakistan Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper,
Medium Term Development Framework (MTDF) 2005-10 of the Planning Commission of
Pakistan.
The proposed project will help in achieving the MTDF (2005-10) goals, targets and
objectives besides supporting the implementation of its sectoral strategies. It will help
Pakistan to fulfill international obligations of the Millennium Development Goal (MDGs)
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targets; Goal-1 (Halving extreme poverty and hunger; reduce by the proportion of people who
live on less than one dollar a day. Reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from
hunger) and Goal-7; (Ensure Environmental Sustainability). In addition the proposed project
supports the National Agricultural and Environment Policy, National Conservation Strategy
(NCS) and National Environment Action Plan (NEAP).
The proposed Project’s primary Objective is to reduce poverty and promote
sustainable livelihoods by adopting a three tiered approach:
1. Social Mobilization and Gender Development.
2. Ensuring Food Security.
3. Promoting Sustainable Micro-Enterprise.
Figure 6: Three Tiers for Development.

These objectives will be achieved through the following interventions.

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Figure 7: Interventions.
The proposed project is justified by the dire and pressing need to emplace a Support Web for a
disillusioned and bewildered populace. Social harmony and positive growth can only be ensured with
sustainability if the parameters of a just and elegatarian society ensures that the minimum in
requirements of every citizen are provided in a participatory manner. This will discourage extremism
and foster stability. The principles of Bioenvironmental Management and transparent records that are
easily accessible and verifiable will be adhered to.
A careful phasing with concurrent activities to cut down upon lead times will ensure
sustainability and success of the interventions. GIS will provide a powerful tool for management and
ensure effective monitoring and evaluation. Sustainable Development Action Plans at State and
District level will ensure harmony, while Social Mobilization and development of Village Councils
along with Village Development Plans will ensure participation and ownership. All activities will be
carried out, after capacity building, of the beneficiaries through local communities who will
themselves be encouraged to become service providers.
Broad Goals
• Post Disaster Recovery.
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• Food Security.
• Nutrition enhancement.
• Female Empowerment.
• Local Self-Reliance.
• Environment Protection.
Specific Objectives
Household Food Security and Economy Generation for Small Farmers & Landless through:
• Complete Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility.
• Appropriate Cultural Practices.
• Increasing Agricultural/ Horticultural Production.
• Improved designs and structures of tunnels and production management for off-season
vegetables.
• Introducing technologies for profitable organic farming.
• Protected Mushroom Production & Hand Line Canning.
• Food security in the face of spiraling prices and uncertain socio-economic status as a
high priority objective.
• Introduction of Angora Rabbits for High Quality Weaving for Export.
• Community Mobilization and Training.
• Female Empowerment through participation in economic activities.
• Increasing employment through introduction of innovative Micro Enterprise.
• Developing Institutions in Rural Areas.
• Raising income of Rural Poor.
• Enhancing Health and Nutrition standards.
• Ensuring self-sustained Rural Development.
• Environment Protection/ Ecological repair.
Quantitative Targets
• Establishment of PMU in Mingora to implement the project.
• Train 500 Master Trainers in constructing low-cost greenhouse structures/ operation
and demonstrate replicable models.
• Directly impact population of 5.00million.
• Launch advocacy and awareness campaigns, and take all legal initiatives to
develop local self-reliance, ensuring pure food items covering schools and colleges.
• Erect 10,000 Environment/ Predator Protected Kitchen Gardens.
• Emplace 10,000 Rapid Composting (Bioaugmented) Pits.
• Construct 10,000 Environment Regulated Mushroom Growing Structures.
• Train locals and import 10,000 pairs of Angora Rabbits.
• Increase Wool Processing/ Weaving Units by 50 Community Based Units.
• Emplace 10 Hand Line Canning Units.
• Train and Establish 100 Food Processing Units.
6. Description, Justification and Technical Parameters:
Nature of Problem and Proposed Solution:

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Figure 8: Generalized Soils.
1. Loamy & Clayey, mainly non-calcareous, or alluvial or loess plains/ terraces.

2. Mainly steep, loamy, shallow soils or some rock outcrops of humid mountain regions.
3. Loamy and Clayey, part non-calcareous soils of alluvial or loess plains/ terraces.
4. Mainly steep, Loamy, shallow soils and rock outcrops of sub-humid mountainous ranges.
INTRODUCTION:
It is essential to understand that there is a need for conserving the soil in order to ensure
continuous productivity. It is only by efficient use and management of soil that its productiveness can
be maintained over an extended period of time.
The use and management of soil includes:
Planning, in order to determine proper use.
Preparation of soil for planting.
Treatment of soil for the production of plants.
Complete plant nutrition and care.
Proper harvest and post-harvest practices.
Water is a precious, natural, renewable resource and the basis for all life. It must be treated
with care and long term planning in order to ensure, as much as humanly possible, that it is,
and remains, available to nurture all living things.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
Thorough inventory and survey of land. Showing land capability in order to prepare
recommended land use maps.
Mulching and inculcation of compost into the soil.
Encouragement to no till permanent beds.
Crop cover in monsoon season.
Crop rotation.
Strip-Cropping.
Planting of windbreaks.
Proper terracing including platform, retention and bench terracing as well as land
leveling.
Rodent/ Predator Control.
Conservation Irrigation {Sprinkler, bubbler, drip, reticulation (sub soil)}.
Bunds to control surface runoff.
Water Harvesting and storage.
Reforestation and stratification.
Growing trees; herbs; forbs and shrubs for forage.
Grass waterways.
Land protection by erosion control structures.
Small Dams.
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Proper land use according to capability.
Controlled grazing.
Horticulture crops from fruit trees and bushes with proper nutrition to avoid disease and
pests.
Proper road construction with drainage and maintenance.
Storm drainage.
Aquifer Recharging.
The Malakand Division is very much in need of Soil & Water Conservation Measures for the
farm, such as:
Conservation Planning.
Land Resources Inventory.
Crop Rotation.
Contour Farming.
Strip-Cropping.
Terracing.
Farm Drainage.
Gully Control.
Aquifer Recharging.
Water Harvesting.
Grass Waterways.
Watershed Management.
Conservation Irrigation.
If a realistic and pragmatic view is taken of our present circumstances we are bound to come
to rather disappointing conclusions. The good news is that there is tremendous scope of improvement
and enhanced productivity. Our negligent and harmful practices are under-utilizing what could be
bountiful and abundant productivity. The severity of the present problems has been reduced largely
due to the Government’s Green Revolution of the 1960s. The time has now come to initiate a Grass
Roots, Green Revolution. This can only be done through realistic planning and concentrated
implementation. The use of locally produced modern, Hi-Tech, yet low cost materials can
substantially reduce the negative impact of many of our problems. There is absolutely no point in
being Technology Shy! Plant Nutrition through the use of 21st Century Nutrition products is one such
step. Another step, that should be introduced, is the use of Anionic Polymers or Polyacrylamides, for
reducing soil loss through erosion and slope stabilization. Soil losses have been reduced to as little as
2.3 mega grams per hectare, as compared to 101 mega grams per hectare on treated and control plots
respectively [1]. The effects of Polymer Concentrations on Furrow Irrigation have shown that over a
range of application rates, of at least 0.7 Kgs/ hectare and mean of 1.3 Kgs/ hectare, there was a
furrow sediment loss reduction by 94 % and increase in net infiltration by 15 % [2]. Yet another step,
that has achieved amazing results in the United States in the 1930s, was the formation of
Conservation Districts. We can easily duplicate this success by undertaking similar efforts. Some
important steps that can be undertaken follow.
Conservation Planning:
The basic wealth of any Country is its Natural Resources. These are divided into renewable
and non-renewable. A just and equitable use of these resources is a rational use that provides benefits
to all and ensures that this use is sustainable. This means using without using up and ensuring that
Nature’s bounties are not abused and only used in such a manner that it continues to provide its living
abundance to all coming generations. We are presently concerned with two of the three major
renewable resources. These are the soil and water. Our present and past usage of these resources
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leaves much to be desired. The Ecological Systems that sustain us are inter-linked and fragile.
Thoughtless over exploitation renders them subject to degradation and eventual failure. Some of the
immediate threats facing the Malakand Division, due to our negligence are:
Soil erosion.
Decline in soil fertility.
Increased soil borne pests.
Denuded Watersheds.
Ravaging flash floods.
Increasing aridity.
Receding Water Tables.
Climate change.
This results in reduced agricultural capacity, while population pressures continue to mount.
To overcome these grave problems it is all the more necessary to make detailed and realistic plans for
proper soil and water use and their consequent rejuvenation. Subsequently it is imperative that these
plans be carried out in letter and spirit. The first conclusion that is drawn from any preliminary
survey of the Division’s Land and Water usage is that it is inappropriate to say the least. In order to
come up with a realistic Conservation or Sustainable Development Action Plan the first step is to
make a Land and Water Resources Inventory. This is subdivided into Land and Water.
[1] Laboratory of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles,
1986. Wallace and Wallace.
[2] Lentz and Sojka. US Dept. of Agriculture, Idaho, 1994.
Crop Rotation:
The growing of different crops in succession on the same land is called crop rotation.
Benefits:
The benefits of crop rotation are:
Reducing soil erosion: Row crops which are placed 24 to 48 inches apart require frequent
cultivation and leave little or no crop residue. The exposed soil between rows is subject to
erosion. Less distance between rows and more crop residue left behind, decreases soil erosion.
When different types of crops are grown on a piece of land in succession the overall result is
lesser erosion.
Improving yields: Different types of crops make different demands upon the soil or
fertilizers required. They also leave behind different types of residue. For example a
leguminous crop will leave behind a surplus of fixed Nitrogen. The soil will benefit from
these demands and supplies made by various plants. When this factor is used intelligently, i.e.
fertilization and rotation by carefully selected or recommended crops, the soil will benefit and
productivity will be enhanced.
Disease, insect and weed control: Different types of crops are host to various kinds of pests
and are subject to different types of diseases. Where monoculture is practiced these pests and
diseases get the opportunity of finding a constant host. Where rotation is practiced this is
obviated and pest’s life cycles are interrupted. Different types of cultivation and weeding
requirements also interrupt the seeding of weeds.
Factors:
There are many factors involved in the choice of a cropping system for a particular piece of
land. Cropping systems should be flexible and permit change of acreage of crops from year to year.
Obviously, financial considerations are additional to physical limitations.

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Planning:
The planning of a cropping system requires three questions to be borne in mind:
What properties of the soil, in a field, require particular attention, in order to ensure efficient
production, while maintaining or enhancing soil productivity in the long term?
What different methods can be used to control crucial soil factors?
What crops will fetch the highest returns and yet allow attention to the above questions?
Contour Farming:
The practice of plowing and planting across, rather than up and down, the slope is termed as
Contour Farming. The objective of such an exercise is to conserve soil and water. In arid areas this
practice results in slowing down runoff and allowing it to soak into the soil. In humid zones this
results in preventing soil loss. This practice results in better yields. This is due to the fact that
increased moisture content in the soil, even in humid zones, provides moisture to the plants during
lean or drought periods.
Key Contours:
In order to be able to plow along the contour the farmer needs one, or more, key contour lines
on each field. The purpose of a key contour is to guide the farmer in the plowing operation. In the
case of short slopes, one key contour line halfway down the slope is sufficient. In the case of long or
irregular slopes, several key contour lines may be needed. The laying out of key contour lines is a
relatively simple operation. All that is required is a hand level and a few stakes. The first step is to
determine which portion of the helper’s body (shoulder, chin or hairline) is the sighter’s eye level,
when both are standing on level ground. When sighting through the level, if the hairline is against this
portion of the helper's body, both are standing at the same elevation. The next step is to choose a key
contour. A stake is driven into the ground and the level is set up. The helper moves along this contour
in as much a level course as possible. When he has traveled the predetermined distance, the sighter
looks through the level. He signals any adjustment in the helper’s position that may be required.
When the sighter is satisfied he signals the helper and the next stake is driven into the ground. The
sighter then moves to the position of the new stake and the process is repeated until the line is
completely established. In case the contour line crosses a waterway, it should stop and not disturb any
vegetation. Once all stakes are driven the line can be established by plowing.
Contour Tillage:
This is one of the simplest practices to conserve water and soil. It is most effective on slopes
from 2 to 8 % and reduces soil and water loss from 20 to 40 %. This practice is also effective in
improving Rangelands. Where grasses have deteriorated to short, soddy growth it has been found that
contour tillage with furrows 4 to 6 inches across and not more than 5 feet apart, improve the
vegetative growth. If higher grasslands undergo contour tillage the effect on neighboring low land is
reduction of silting from 85 to 95 %.

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Figure 9: Contour Tillage.
Strip-Cropping:
If sloping land is left bare during the rainy season, it is subject to erosion. Such land is best
protected by strip cropping. A farmer can plant his crops in large blocks or complete strips. On the
other hand it is advisable to divide the fields into narrow strips. This is done in order to protect clean-
tilled strips of corn with non-cultivated strips of small grain or hay. Large sloping fields that are
plowed and cultivated at the same time are subject to the maximum amount of erosion during the
period when no crop has yet grown. A viable alternate is to plow and cultivate alternate strips. This
ensures that erosion-resistant crops are growing between clean-tilled areas. It is then possible to
practice crop rotation and use all standard soil conservation practices in order to ensure minimum
erosion.
Strip-Cropping Vs Contour Tillage.

Strip-cropping is a vegetative form of soil erosion control as opposed to the mechanical
method of Contour plowing. The two methods are roughly similar in water conservation but strip-
cropping is by far better in soil conservation. The effectiveness of strip-cropping depends upon the
plants that are grown in the strip. Sodded grasses are the best soil conservation plants. However, there
is no financial return offered. The legumes and hay crops are the best financial alternate. Legumes
hold the added advantage of fixing Nitrogen and hay crops provide fodder for Cattle.
Types of Strip-Cropping:
Contour Strip-Cropping: This type is a combination of Strip-Cropping and Contour
Plowing. Crops are planted in strips, placed crosswise to the slope and following the contour.
Dense erosion-control crops alternate with clean-tilled erosion permitting crops.
Field Strip-Cropping: In undulating slopes, with no true contour, the method of field strip-
cropping is used. Here the crops are planted in strips, in roughly uniform parallel rows, laid
crosswise to the general slope.
Wind Strip-Cropping: Here crops are planted in strips, crosswise to the prevailing wind,
without regard to the contour of the land. This method is recommended on level to nearly
level land, where soil erosion and water conservation are not a problem but wind erosion is
the factor that needs attention.
Buffer Strip-Cropping: A sod crop, made up of grass or legumes, or a mixture of both, when
planted between strips, in regular rotation, is called buffer strip-cropping. These buffer strips
are usually laid on those portions of a slope that are badly eroded and not suitable to regular
cultivation.
Managing Strip-Cropped Fields:
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Careful planning and installation of strip-cropping will enable permanently maintained fields.
It is necessary to alternate the method of plowing in order to avoid build up of high ridges over the
years. Turning the land up the slope is also desirable, in order to allow seeping of water under the
furrow slice. This is done by using a two way turning plow to turn all the furrows in one direction. In
case strips are irregular in width and both sides are approximately on the contour, planting should be
done from both edges inwards to the center of the strip. This enables the placing of the greatest
number of long rows on the contour and the short rows in the center. Regular rotation, except on
strips most prone to erosion, should be carried out. It should be kept in mind that the denser the
vegetation and the longer the crop stays on ground the less the danger of erosion. Plants with
extensive root systems, like small grains, are better placed to protect the soil. Perennial legumes have
dense vegetation and a fibrous root system that results in a dense sod. This provides the most
protection. In humid areas where row crops are alternated with small grains, the former are planted
up slope of the latter. This is done because the row crops require deeper furrows and higher ridges.
This provides some protection against erosion. The small grains do not have this advantage and the
soil is subject to erosion until they emerge.
Advantages of Strip-Cropping:
This practice has been demonstrated to be a very economical system and a practical means of
preventing, or reducing, erosion and water loss on cultivated land. There are many advantages in
Strip-cropping and this practice is highly recommended for Malakand Division. Some of these
advantages are:
Reduced length of slope down which water runs retards the momentum of water.
Slower momentum increases infiltration and shedding of soil particles.
Dense vegetation growing in alternating strips further retards water momentum.
Soil is opened by root systems and earth worms. Dense vegetation on the sod strips
prevent silting of these pores.
Strip-Cropping results in a large number of small fields, which in turn encourage crop
rotations.
Installation of strips is not expensive.
Maintenance of strips is low.
Degree of accuracy, as required for terraces, is not as high. Mistakes can be rectified on
the next plowing.
Time and energy are conserved as long strips are easily plowed, with fewer turns
involved.
Less power is used when plowing across a slope rather than up and down.
Reduced runoff results in reduced loss of plant nutrients, resulting in turn, in higher
yields.
FARM CONSERVATION & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM:
An illustration of a supposed Conservation & Sustainable Development Program is detailed to
bring home various features:
Present Situation:
A fifty kanals farm, owned by Gohar Rehman, two sons assist him on the farm. Total
persons in household, 4 adults and 5 children. They own 2 buffaloes and five goats, some milk is sold
to augment income (Rs. 7,000.00 per annum). The farm is presently used as follows:
Cropping Pattern:
Rainfed Wheat (reported yield 80 Kgs. per kanal/ 640 Kgs. per acre, market value Rs.
25,000.00 per crop) followed by Rainfed Maize (reported yield 100 Kgs. per kanal/ 800 Kgs. per

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acre, market value Rs. 28,000.00) on 40 kanals gently sloping land 2 % (5 acres). Estimated income
equivalent Rs. 5,000.00 per month.
Pasture:
8 Kanals of sloping land with 5 % slope, some gullying.
Homestead:
2 Kanals with 2-room adobe home without latrine facility, ½ kanal kitchen garden and cattle
sheds. A ½ kanal pond exists for watering domestic cattle. Some poultry are raised.
Water Source:
A one inch 80 foot bore with ¾ inch delivery, hand pump.
Weakness:
No farm Drainage.
Pond not productive.
Soil fertility and consequent crop productivity very low.
Insufficient pasture for cattle.
No summer or winter covers.
No terracing.
No trees.
No irrigation.
Soil erosion beginning to be serious.
Income low, children spending all their time helping on the farm.
Collect Data for Conservation Program:

Carry out Macro, Secondary and Micronutrient analysis of soil and leaf tissue of any crop in
production.
Figure 10: Secondary and Micronutrient Analysis.

Where:
A1 Soil sample from Kitchen Garden Plot growing Lettuce.

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A2 Leaf tissue sample of Lettuce from Kitchen Garden Plot.
B1 Soil sample from a Maize field.
B2 Leaf tissue sample of Maize.
Carry out Land Inventory.
Sr.
Ch Descriptive Term Symbol
ara
cte
rist
ic
–
Ra
ng
e.
1 Effective Soil Depth 30 inches (Moderately deep) 3
2 Topsoil texture Clay loam, Fine (Heavy) H
3 Soil permeability 0.7 inches/ hr. Fine soil,3
moderately slow
4 Slope 2 % Gently sloping B
5 Erosion 50 % Moderate erosion 2
Table 1: 42 Kanals.
3H3/ 2B-2
Land Class: 42 kanals Class III
Sr
Ch Descriptive Term Symbol
ara
cte
ris
tic
–
Ra
ng
e.
1 Effective Soil Depth 8 inches Very shallow 5
2 Topsoil texture Lighter Clay loam, Medium M
3 Topsoil texture modifier Fragments > 10 inches dia.s
Stony
4 Soil permeability 0.4 Medium, Moderate 4
5 Slope 5 % Moderately sloping C
6 Erosion 80 % Severe erosion 3
Table 2: 8 Kanals.
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5sM4/ 5C-3
Land Class 8 kanals Class V.
Carry out Physico-Chemical Analysis of sub-surface water.
Figure 11: Physico-Chemical Analysis.
Carry out Bacteriological Analysis of sub-surface water.

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Figure 12: Bacteriological Analysis.
Analysis:
The farm lies on Piedmont Alluvial Plains. Soil consists of Heavy and Lighter Clay Loam.
Temperature ranges from –2 degrees C in January to 26 degrees C in June. Average yearly humidity
is 60 %. Average yearly wind speed is 1.4 kts and total precipitation is 2700 mm per year (30 years
average). Soil is subject to erosion on the slopes. Drinking water is above the borderline for Nitrate
levels (10.53 against upper level of 10.00 mg/ L). This is probably due to excessive use of Nitrate
Nitrogen Fertilizer and subsequent leaching into the ground water. There is intermediate risk in
drinking water rendering it unsatisfactory to drink. This is due to high viable counts and coliforms
contamination. Soil Fertility levels are low, iron is tied down chemically and unavailable to the
plants. There is excess of Lead, Chromium and Nickel probably due to vehicular emission from
vehicles passing on the nearby road. Zinc and Calcium levels are unsatisfactory while Cobalt is
absent. Organic content of soil is poor and method of storing farmyard manure leads to leaching of
nutrients. Crop productivity is miserable. This is probably due to poor and wrong fertilization with
unbalanced and unstabalized chemical fertilizers (100 Kgs. Urea and 50 Kgs. Diammonium
Phosphate per acre, twice a year).
Sustainable Development Suggestions:
Sink 4 inch Bore with 2.5 inch Delivery (Rs. 25,000.00).
Procure two Static Rain Guns (2 inch) with accompanying plastic piping and pressure pump
(Rs. 30,000.00).
Procure one Moving Rain Gun Trolley (1.25 inches) with accompanying plastic piping (Rs.
20,000.00).
Procure Drip Irrigation System for 4 kanals (Rs. 32,000.00).
Procure second hand piping (1 inch) for 2 kanals Permanent, Pakistani, No-Till beds with
Reticulation (Rs. 3,000.00)
Establish one Environment Protected Wah Garden 10 square meters (Rs. 1,500.00).
Establish Permanent Composting beds, 8 square meters.
Establish small adobe hen house and procure 50 layers (Rs. 10,000.00).
Procure small hand operated, K2 oil heated incubator (Rs. 3,000.00).
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Carry out Strip-cropping and establish Crop Rotation on 4 acres (Rs. 10,000.00 revolving
working Capital).
Plant ½ acre drip irrigated Fruit orchard (Rs. 3,000.00).
Establish and plant ¼ acres Permanent, Pakistani, No-Till beds for High value vegetables
(Rs. 16,000.00 revolving working Capital).
Level and prepare ½ acre for moving rain gun trolley irrigated market vegetables (Rs.
5,000.00 revolving Capital and Rs. 1,000.00 labor and machinery).
Re-seed 1-acre sloping land with suited grasses, forbs and shrubs (Rs. 1,000.00).
Sell goats and buy 4 sheep.
Sell buffaloes and buy 2 Mixed Breed Cows (Rs.18,500.00).
Improve pond, line with plastic, cover with branches and divert runoff towards inlet. Provide
for over flow (Rs. 1,000.00).
Improve natural waterways and repair gullies (Rs. 1,000.00).
Miscellaneous Charges, electricity, stores, fertilizers, selling costs, machinery hire etc. (Rs.
19,000.00 revolving working Capital).
Total Investment:
Rs. 1,50,000.00 Fixed.
Rs. 50,000.00 Revolving Working Capital.
TOTAL Rs. 2,00,000.00
A loan of Rs. 2,00,000.00 at 14 % interest, repayable in monthly installments over 7 years

after a 6 month initial period, at the rate of Rs. 15,000.00 per quarter.
Planting Program:
Sr.
Plan Acreage Expected Return
t
1 Wheat 2 acres Rs. 25,000.00
2 Maize 2 acres (subsequent) Rs. 22,000.00
3 Small Grains 1 acre Rs. 8,000.00
4 Lucerne 1 acre (subsequent) Rs. 10,000.00
5 Peas 1 acre Rs. 16,000.00
6 Cumin seed 1 acre (subsequent) Rs. 20,000.00
7 Cauliflower ½ acre Rs. 8,000.00
8 Radish ½ acre (subsequent) Rs. 4,000.00
9 Spinach ½ acre (subsequent) Rs. 2,000.00
10 Onions ½ acre (subsequent) Rs. 4,000.00
11 Green Chilies ¼ acre Rs. 8,000.00
12 Tomatoes ¼ acre (subsequent) Rs. 5,000.00
13 Broccoli ¼ acre (subsequent) Rs. 8,000.00
14 Iceberg lettuce ¼ acre (subsequent) Rs. 10,000.00
15 Milk per annum Rs. 8,000.00
16 Poultry per annum Rs. 10,000.00
Total per annum Rs.1,68,000.00
Table 3: Plantings and Expected Returns, Rs. 14,000.00 per month.

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Payment of Rs. 15,000.00 per quarter towards interest and loan amount will still leave an
equivalent of Rs. 9,000.00 per month income for the farmer. This represents a Rs. 4,000.00 per month
increase (80 %) over his previous income. With increasing skills, eventual fruit production and
gradual expansion of horticulture he should be able to increase his standard of living to quite a large
extent. The savings made to the soil are not quantifiable in financial terms. The development is
sustainable and he will be able to leave a substantial patrimony to his children along with a decent
education and other employment prospects.
It is definitely possible to make a sustainable difference. Concentrated action at the Grass
Roots level with Organization and Capacity enhancement is all that is required. In a District like
---------, where quite of few of Nature’s Bounties remain, the time to act is now! Some of the Western
Districts of the NWFP are facing much greater degradation and unfavorable weather. There the task
is so much the more difficult. Never the less, when Terraforming on Alien landscapes is possible;
rehabilitation of the Rural Landscape is definitely possible. All that is required is Vision,
Determination, Dedication and a lot of Hard Work!
Pakistani, Permanent, No Till beds with mulch and compost, for growing vegetables (safe
environment for earthworms). This bed can easily support sub-soil and drip irrigation as well as low-
cost, small-scale, micro sprinkler trolleys for ½ acre coverage.
Figure 13: Pakistani Permanent Beds.

All of the fore going have been tried on pilot scale in various locations around the Country
and have been adapted to our local conditions and climate. This is as opposed to recommended
Chinese and Australian methods. These Countries are indeed progressive. However there is a need to
adapt from their wisdom, as they do not share the same longitudes and latitudes as ours.
HERBS (Medicinal & Culinary), SPICES, CONDIMENTS & AROMATIC/ ESSENTIAL OIL
PLANTS:
Introduction:
The above caption already brings out the wide variety of plants that lie within this bracket
as well as the range of possibilities inherent within them. Agricultural commodities are as varied as
the living abundance of Nature. Throughout history this particular group of agricultural commodities
has played an important role in the commercial life of mankind. We all know the common saying, to
add spice to one’s life. These commodities have added spice to the economies of many civilizations
and made them sustainable. The Indo-Pak Sub Continent has been known, throughout the World, as a
Page 80
major producer of herbs and spices. Herbs have been used to soothe pain and heal wounds. They are
forms of food that contain vitamins and minerals. Herbs are natural drugs that work well and cause
the least amount of discomfort. Hundreds of years ago the Arabs discovered that when horses and
camels, that were ailing, had a chance to graze upon a particular grass, they were soon better. They
called this variety Alfalfa or The Father of all Foods.[3] One look at the statistics of Alfalfa is enough
to convince even the most skeptical of critics. Two tablespoons full of Alfalfa extract contain:
Twice as much Calcium as an ordinary glass of milk.

Almost as much protein as one fried beef-burger.
Nearly the same amount of iron as two ounces of liver.
Enough B complex for the most jangled nerves.
Plenty of enzymes for good metabolism of ingested fats.
Sufficient fiber to lower the highest cholesterol.
In Malakand Division, with mild summers and cold winters, it is possible to grow a large
variety of the more expensive and rare plants that fall within this group. Indeed, the list of naturally
growing, indigenous plants is quite long and further research is bound to reveal many a hidden and
even threatened treasure waiting to be discovered. Secondly, many of the valuable and export-
oriented herbs and Essential/ Perfume Oil plants can be grown to furnish a prosperous Cottage
Industry. Farmers who are engaged in the commercial growing of these minor cash crops are called
enlightened. Their returns are greater and lives more rewarding. Perhaps the oldest distillation plant
for the extraction of essential oil has been discovered in Harrapa. Unfortunately this art is practically
lost in Pakistan. Rising market demand of herbs and essential oils, in developed Countries, has
prompted them to grow herbs under expensive cover to catch the early spring and late fall markets. It
is in these market niches where a comparative advantage can be obtained by appropriate
manipulation of the growing process[4] (Inexpensive, Environment Controlled, Kitchen Garden
Structures with Community growing for export). Joint Ventures with Foreign Importers should be
examined. European consumption lies in the use of fresh culinary herbs, herbs used in pharmacy,
perfumery or as insecticides and fungicides. An estimate from the Agri Business cell, way back in
1994, revealed that 75 % of Imports into Europe consisted of six herbs: Sage, Oregano, Marjoram,
Mint, Thyme and Rosemary. Parsley is the most used herb but demand is met by local production.
Other herbs are Basil, Bay leaves, Savory, Tarragon and Dill. Tariffs are not a problem. However,
stringent quality requirements, phytosanitary control regulations and the closed distribution network
for retail packs are the difficulties that have to be surmounted.

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Figure 14: Illustrations from How to Grow Herbs, A Sunset Book, 1975 and Natural Home
Remedies, Karen Sullivan, Time-Life Books, 1997.
The word herb is derived from the Latin herba, which means grass. There are three generally
accepted[4] definitions of an herb. Botanically, herbs are non-woody annual, biennial (plant that
completes its life cycle in two years, without flowering in the first year) and perennial plants that die
back each year after blossoming. Another definition describes them as any of the herbaceous plants
valued for their flavor, fragrance, or medicinal properties .In cooking; distinction is made between
spices and herbs. Spices are usually considered to be derived from the root, bark, fruit or berries of
perennial plants. Herbs are the leaves only of low growing shrubs and herbaceous plants. The
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) states that there is no clear-cut distinction
between spices and condiments. As such they are grouped together. These terms are applied to
natural plants or vegetable products or a mixture thereof, in whole or ground form, as are used for
imparting flavor, aroma and piquancy to and for the seasoning of food. Plant parts, flowers, leaves,
fruit and seed contain and emit sweet and pleasant aromas. They are used extensively in the perfume
and food industry all over the World. There is a growing trend in trade in these plants and their
extracts.[5]
[3]
Healing Power of Herbs, Dr. John Heinerman, 1975.
[4]
Herb Farming for Potential European Market, ABC, MINFAL, 1994.
[5]
How to Grow Herbs. A Sunset Book, 1975.
Sustainability Development Planning:
The basic wealth of any Country is its Natural Resources. These are divided into renewable and
non-renewable. A just and equitable use of these resources is a rational use that provides benefits to all
and ensures that this use is sustainable. This means using without using up ensuring that Natures
abundance is not abused and only used in such a manner that it continues to provide its living abundance
to all coming generations. We are presently concerned with two of the three major renewable resources.
These are the soil and water. Our present and past usage of these resources leaves much to be desired.
The Ecological Systems that sustain us are inter-linked and fragile. Thoughtless over exploitation
renders them subject to degradation and eventual failure. Some of the immediate threats we are facing,
due to our negligence are:

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Soil erosion.
Decline in soil fertility.
Increased soil borne pests.
Denuded Watersheds.
Ravaging flash floods.
Increasing aridity.
Receding Water Tables.
Climate change.
This results in reduced agricultural capacity, while population pressures continue to mount.
To overcome these grave problems it is all the more necessary to make detailed and realistic plans for
proper soil and water use and their consequent rejuvenation. Subsequently it is imperative that these
plans be carried out in letter and spirit. The first conclusion that is drawn from any preliminary
survey of the Districts Land and Water usage is that it is inappropriate to say the least. Primary data,
that has been collected, supports this statement. In order to come up with a realistic Conservation or
Sustainable Development Action Plan the first step is to make a Land and Water Resources
Inventory. This is subdivided into Land and Water.
Land Inventory:
It is important to keep in mind the reason of making a Land Inventory. This is to provide the
requisite Primary data that will enable maximum and rational use of every acre of land within the
District Maximum in terms of economic returns that keeps in mind limited resources. Rational in
terms of harmony with Nature and sustainability for coming generations. A Land Inventory is the
first step towards ascertaining Land capability. This amounts to mapping the land to show:
Kind of soil with respect to:
Soil Characteristics:
1. Effective soil depth.

2. Texture of topsoil.
3. Soil permeability.
4. Type of parent material.
Land Characteristics:
1. Slope.
2. Degree of erosion.
3. Wetness of soil.
Effective Soil Depth.

Depth of a soil, down to a restrictive layer such as bedrock or hardpan, is known as Effective
Soil depth. This is the depth to which plants roots can penetrate and moisture can be stored:

Page 80
Table 4: Effective Soil Depths.
Sr Range Descriptive Term Symbol
.
1 > 60 inches. Very deep 1
2 36 - 60 inches.Deep 2
3 20 - 36 inches.Moderately deep 3
4 10 - 20 inches. Shallow 4
5 0 - 10 inches. Very shallow 5
Soil depth is determined with the help of a soil auger.
Texture of Topsoil: The surface 6 to 8 inches of soil is called the topsoil. This is the depth
that is normally worked in soil tillage operations. Soil texture is a good indicator of soil erodability
and rate of infiltration of water into the soil. The relative proportions of the various size groups of
individual soil grains in a mass of soil are the benchmark of soil texture. Silt, clay and sand with less
than 2-mm diameter are considered. The amount of these three materials in a representative soil
sample determines its texture class. The higher the percentage of sand the lighter the soil and as silt
and clay content increases, the soil becomes progressively heavier.
Table 5: Topsoil Texture.

Sr. Textural Class Descriptive Term Symbol
1 Heavy clay. Very fine (very heavy) V
2 Clay, silty clay, sandy clay, silty dryFine (heavy) H
loam, clay loam.
3 Clay-loam, silt-loam, loam, very fineMedium M
sandy loam.
4 Fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamyCoarse (very light) L
fine sand.
5 Loamy sand, sand, coarse sand. Very coarse (very light) C
6 Well-decomposed organic soil. Muck O
7 Undecomposed organic soil. Peat P
8 Texture classes not separated. Undifferentiated X
The occurrence of coarse fragments in a soil, in sufficient quantities to influence land use,
sometimes necessitates further modification of textural classes. These are represented by lower- case
letters, which precede the above upper-case symbols.
Table 6: Topsoil Texture Modifiers.

Sr. Size Range Descriptive Symbol
Term
1 Fragments up to 3 inches in diameter. Gravelly G
2 Fragments 3 to 10 inches in diameter. Cobbly C
3 Fragments more than 10 inches in diameter. Stony S
4 Rock outcrops of the bedrock. Rocky R

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Soil Permeability: This is defined as the ability of air and water to move through a soil.
Infiltration rate is the rate at which water enters a soil from the surface. As opposed to this soil
permeability is measured as the amount of water that will pass through a column of saturated soil, of
a given cross-section, under a specific hydraulic gradient, in a unit of time. The number that
represents soil permeability is related to the rate of water movement through that soil under the top 10
inches. This number gives the soil permeability up to a point where a different zone of permeability
exists. This zone is not to be confused with the zone that restricts root penetration and is restricted to
the effective soil depth. Therefore in case such a zone exists in the soil under examination, two
numbers are given representing the two permeability zones. In cases of deep surveys, for example
those required for drainage systems, a third number is given. In such cases the first number
will represent permeability at a depth of 10 to 36 inches, the second at a depth of 3 to 5 feet and the
third will represent permeability from 5 to 9 feet.
Table 7: Soil Permeability.
Sr. Rate inches/ hour Probable texture Class Symbol
1 < than 0.05 Very fine or fine Very slow 1
2 0.05 to 0.2 Very fine or fine Slow 2
3 0.2 to 0.8 Fine or medium Moderately slow 3
4 0.8 to 2.5 Medium Moderate 4
5 2.5 to 5.0 Coarse Moderately rapid 5
6 5.0 to 10.0 Very coarse Rapid 6
7 > than 10.0 Very coarse and gravelly Very rapid 7
Parent Material: Primary soils are those that have been formed by soil forming processes
from the underlying material. In the case of primary soils, the underlying parent material is always
shown, regardless of depth. Secondary soil is that soil that has been formed from soil material that
has been transported from some other location by wind or water.
Table 8: Underlying Material.
Sr. Material Symbol
1 Acid crystalline rock A
2 Basic crystalline rock B
3 Serpentine C
4 Loess D
5 Shale, fine-grained sedimentary rock E
6 Sandstone, coarse-grained sedimentary rock F
7 Glacial material G
8 Limestone L
9 Muck M
10 Peat P
11 Sand Q
12 Cemented hardpan – including hard caliche R
13 Semi-consolidated alluvium S
14 Lacustrine material V
15 Clay pan Y
16 Gravel Z
Slope: Soil and Water Conservation is influenced to a large extent by the degree of slope of
the land. Slope is represented in percentage and this has been grouped according to influence on
erosion and water. A one- percent slope means one-foot vertical drop for 100 feet horizontal distance.

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Table 9: Slope of Land.
Sr. Slope Range inDescriptive Term Symbol
Percent
1 0 to 2 Nearly level A
2 2 to 5 Gently sloping B
3 5 to 9 Moderately sloping C
4 9 to 16 Strongly sloping D
5 16 to 31 Moderately steep E
6 31 to 51 Steep F
7 51 to 76 Very steep G
8 76 plus H
Slope of land is usually measured with a hand level. Slopes are not always uniform and as
such do not always fall into the ranges given. In such case it is possible to combine two or more
symbols, e.g. CD or a slope that ranges from 5 to 16 percent. In cases where slopes are uniform the
symbol can be preceded by the exact %, e.g. 8C.
Soil Erosion: Soil erosion refers to removal of soil by natural forces such as water or wind.
The degree of erosion is classified by studying the soil profile and by degree of gullying that has
occurred.
Table 10: Degree of Erosion.

Sr. Range Descriptive Term Symbol
1 < 25 % of original topsoil or originalNo apparent, or slight, erosion 1
plowed layer removed.
2 25 to 75 % of original topsoil or originalModerate erosion 2
plowed layer removed; occasional gullies
may be present.
3 From 75 % of original topsoil to 25 % ofSevere erosion 3
subsoil removed; occasional deep gully or
frequent shallow gullies may be present.
4 All original topsoil and 25 to 75 % ofVery severe erosion 4
subsoil removed.
5 Intricate network of very frequent gullies. Very severe gullies 5
Degree of Wetness: Degree of wetness is the amount of free water within the normal root zone.
Where it interferes with normal plant growth, it is taken into consideration. Water in the root zone
may be the result of slow drainage or due to a fluctuating water table. This should not be confused
with soil permeability, as a soil with good permeability may be wet due to poor underlying drainage.
Table 11: Degree of Wetness.
1 Choice of crops slightly limited, or planting datesSlightly wet land W1
slightly delayed
2 Crops are moderately affected or planting datesModerately wet land W2
delayed
3 Crops seriously affected or delayed Very wet land W3
4 Swamp or marsh; too wet for cultivated crops Extremely wet land W4
Some land is subject to overflow at varied intervals and for varied periods of duration.
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Frequency of this action and length of duration may affect farming operations. In such cases it is
included in the Land Inventory.
Table 12: Frequency of Overflow.

1 Crops occasionally damaged orOccasional overflow or of f1
planting delayed short duration
2 Crops frequently damaged or rangeFrequent overflow or of f2
of crops limited long duration
3 Growing of cultivated crops notVery frequent overflow or f3
feasible of very long duration
Standard Mapping Symbols: The symbols shown above are standard, in order to overcome
any possibility of confusion. Further they are represented on the map, in a standard manner, as a
fraction symbol. Soil characteristics are shown as the numerator and land characteristics as the
denominator.
Soil:
Slope - Erosion
From a Land Inventory it is possible to determine the ability of the land to produce and the
type of action that must be taken to protect it or enhance its productivity.
Land Classes:
Land classes are divided into two main categories:
Suitable for Cultivation.

Not Suitable for Cultivation.
These are further divided into sub-categories:
Class I: Deep, nearly level land that is not easily erodable. Suitable for all types of crops as
determined by limiting factors like climate and light intensity.
Class II: Good land with moderate limitations. Any one of the factors that are determined by
the Land Inventory and less than ideal, cause this distinction.
Class III: Moderately good land that can be cultivated with regular crop rotation.
Class IV: This is land where long rotation between pasture and grain crops should be
maintained on a 3 – 4 year basis.
Class V: These may be level and not subject to erosion but may be unsuited to cultivation due
to limiting factors as determined by the Land Inventory.
Class VI: These may be somewhat limited to pasture or forest because of shallow soils or
steep slopes.
Class VII: These have severe limitations for pasture or forestry.

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Class VIII: These lands are not suited for cultivation, pasture or forestry.
Zoning:
The method of regulating Land use in accordance to the best use that suits the overall
community and the area itself by restricting usage and arranging components of the area in relation to
a specified plan. Zoning is important for Sustainability as well as the equitable public regulation of
private and government property. A zoning exercise is rigid only in so far as topological details are
concerned. Principles should be adhered to without going into too many details. This leaves room for
rational adjustments in accordance to future requirements. Use density in any sense is specified and
sustainability or using without using up or causing irretrievable damage is ensured. Most of this
data can be depicted graphically on various layers of a map.
Urban.
Civic.
Business.
Industrial.
Residential.
Recreational.
Institutional.
Cultural Heritage.
Rural.
Built-up area.
Residential.
Commercial.
Institutional.
Agricultural.
Rangeland
Wilderness.
Forest.
Recreational.
Pristine.
Reserves.
Parks.
Protected Areas.
Heritage.
Zoning is important for Sustainability as well as the equitable public regulation of private and
government property. A zoning exercise is rigid only in so far as topological details are concerned.
Principles should be adhered to without going into too many details. This leaves room for rational
adjustments in accordance to future requirements. Use density in any sense is specified and
sustainability or using without using up or causing irretrievable damage is ensured.
Procedure:
The procedure and manner of carrying out the exercise can be as follows (with necessary
alterations depending upon specific sites).
Declaration of Intent.
Submission of Plan and Budgetary estimates (1 month).
Government Sanction.
Invitation of Public objections (1 month).
Government consideration of objections, holding of inquiries if required and subsequent
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sanction for preparation (1-2 months).
Preparation and publication in consultation with stakeholders (12 – 18 months).
Invitation of Public objections to draft scheme (1 month).
Consideration of objections, modification of draft scheme if required and submission for
Government sanction (4 months).
Sanction of draft scheme and appointment of arbitrator.
Arbitrator proceedings for each area, publication of award and submission of detailed
proposal (6 - 12 months).
Scrutiny of proposals by Tribunal of Arbitration, public proceedings and decisions (4
months).
Final scheme forwarded to Government.
Final sanction after scrutiny and financial implications determination (5 months).
Enforcement (1 month after sanction). 36 to 48 months.
Objectives:
The objectives of the exercise are:
Provides overall framework for Sustainable development.
Enables orderly expenditure of Public funds in prioritized manner on projects of permanent,
constructive and sustainable value.
Stimulates wider interest in and understanding of development and environmental issues.
Minimizes mutual conflict and brings about harmony and understanding between different
groups and members of society.
Ensures stimulation of and ensures basic economy generation.
Protection, preservation and enhancement of the economic, social, cultural, environmental
and aesthetic character of the District.
Bill: [6]
The urban sprawl and haphazard, unplanned construction in the District especially in the
thickly populated areas has created problems not only directly related to growth but has begun to
endanger the environment and our very way of life. It has therefore become necessary to empower
and give guidelines to the local bodies to immediately arrest such growth hence the Bill to enable
local councils to specify areas for Land Use.
Whereas it is expedient to enable local councils in the Province to specify and designate areas
in their local limits for land use for the management of growth, encouraging comprehensive planning,
governing the development and use of land, regulating non-conforming use and to preserve the
environment and our way of life and matters ancillary thereto in a manner that is economically
feasible, socially just and environmentally sound in order to achieve Sustainable Development.
It is Hereby Enacted as Follows:

1. This act may be called the Malakand Division Local Council Land Use & Sustainable
Development Enabling Act, 2001.
A simple enabling provision could of course be inserted in an already existing Act;
however, this Act envisages the outline of the sort of zoning required by a Local Council.[7]
1.1 It shall extend to the whole of the District.
1.2 It shall come into force at once.
* Although the Federal Government has declared certain Nature Reserves, there is no law
either Provincial or Federal that would enable any Department or Organization to do so.
2. In this Act unless the subject context otherwise requires:

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“Construction” means any man made structure whether temporary or permanent, built upon the land
requiring displacement of earth or change in nature of the land. “Designated” means designated by a
Notification issued by the Local Council. “Government” means Government of ------------ District.
“Local Areas” means an area under the jurisdiction of the Local Council.
“Local Council” means Local Council constituted under the N.W.F.P. Local Council Ordinance,
1979 but does not include the Union Council.
* Union Councils have been excluded from Local Councils, as it would create
insurmountable problems at that tier of Government.
“Record of Rights” means and includes the document detailed in section 39 of the N.W.F.P. Land
Revenue Act, 1967.
“Shamilat” means and includes any area so shown in record of rights.
“Zone” means an area specified or designated under this Act.
* The District should be enabled to plan and specify areas for particular use in order to
realize its own needs and secondly to involve the community itself in the exercise. The list of zones
has been shaped not to be overly specific but only to provide a framework towards planning. It shall
ensure that haphazard overlapping of each zone does not take place. At the same time it would make
it incumbent upon each Local Council to carry out zoning exercises as the following section puts a
moratorium upon all construction until this exercise is completed. This list is not exhaustive and may
need further vetting of town planning etc.
3. The Local Council shall designate the Local Areas within the Local Limits into one or more
of the following Zones:
Zone A.
Low density residential areas consisting of single or double story residential detached homes of not
less than 1 kanal plot size along with allied facilities and laid down setbacks.
Zone B.
Medium density residential areas consisting of double story houses of less than 1 Kanal plot size with
allied facilities and laid down setbacks.
Zone C.
High-density residential areas of no limit on plot sizes and erected structures and allied facilities there
upon.
Zone D.
Commercial area consisting of retail shops, bazaars and markets.
Zone E.
Commercial areas consisting of no limits, high rise shopping malls and other retail outlets and
commercial bazaars.
Zone F.
Commercial area consisting of service areas such as motor mechanics and other service providers
requiring large plot sizes.
Zone G.
Warehouses, godowns and mundies.
Zone H.
Industrial areas consisting of small and medium size industries and cottage industries.
Zone I.
Industrial areas of no limits large industries.
* The proviso will ensure that the courts could go into the question of malafide changes
thereby keeping a check upon such misuse.
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Zone J.
Agricultural area where no construction of more than 2000 sq. ft. is allowed for a minimum plot of 3
acres or more.
* Urban area planning is already envisaged in the local body’s ordinance; however this has
not been implemented. This section will not only solve that problem but shall also include the
unplanned urbanization taking place in the rural areas.
Zone K.
Forest areas with regulated felling/ re-planting.
Zone L.
Rangelands for grazing/ pastures.
Zone M.
Natural reserves where no construction, agriculture, hunting or any human activity is allowed.
Zone N.
Shamilat land, community service areas such as parks, schools, mosques, grazing land, graveyards,
etc.
* The concept of Shamilat exists traditionally in our society. This concept is incorporated in
the record of rights; the absence of any law regulating the use of such land has defeated its
envisaged purpose of common village land to be used by its owners for collective benefit.
This section aims to remedy that problem and give to the local council large tracts of land which
could be used by them for community development and at the same time ensure and arrest
misappropriation by individual Deh owners and preserve village communities as we know them
today. It would also ensure resumption of all such land that has been encroached upon over the
years.
Zone O.
Any other zone with the prior permission of the Government.
* As the above section takes away the rights of the individual to make any construction after
the designation of the zones and it is envisaged that all areas of the District (except the cantonments)
shall be so zoned, it would be necessary to safeguard the existing construction. However, it is
also envisaged that at a point later in time these areas must also fall in line with the designated zones
as we have already allowed cancerous growth to overtake our cities and villages.
4. The local council may redesignate any zone or change its boundaries with the prior permission
of the Government, provided that such a change or redesignation is not made maliciously.
5. A complete moratorium is hereby placed upon all construction and land use in the District
until:
5.1 Master plan has been drawn under section 76 of the N.W.F.P. Local Government Ordinance,
1979 and approved by the District Government.
5.2 The local council for the areas falling within their local limits specifies zones.
6. Ownership and possession of Shamilat lands shall be deemed to vest exclusively in the local
council within whose local area the Shamilat is situated.
7. The existing construction legally made before the commencement of this Act shall remain
outside the ambit of this law until a procedure is laid down by the local council in the rules framed
under this Act whereby a time frame shall be set out to put the existing construction in conformity
with the zones specified under this Act.
8. The local council may:
8.1 Make rules to carry out the purpose of this Act.
8.2 Make byelaws to further manage, control and govern the zones designated by the local
council.
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[6]
Anjum Saeed, Rotary Club Abbottabad.
[7]
Paras in Italics by the Author, Sirdar Timur Hyat-Khan.
The conditions for food security in the rural areas are not sustainable as existing Cultural
Practices as well as Fertilizer/ Pesticide Regimes are harmful to the environment. Environment and
Predator Protection are very much needed as nutrient leaching and absence of organic material and
biota are severely restricting yields and aggravating pest and disease susceptibility. The problem is
further compounded by the fact that we are practicing out dated and harmful methods of agriculture
and horticulture. Unstabalized and inappropriate fertilizers that have been proved to be detrimental to
the environment and cause conditions that lead to extensive use of Pesticides that are further
damaging, are the rule of the day. This has led to Chemical Fertilizer and Pesticide Companies
having a heyday at the expense of the poor farmer; the environment; biodiversity and human health.
Environmental Pollution and degradation in the shape of liquid and biodegradable solid waste are
spreading disease and contaminating the aquifers that are a source of drinking water for our coming
generations. Wastewater Gardens are small-scale sewage treatment systems similar to Reedbeds,
which use Phytoremediation (using plants for remediation of liquid waste) and Bioaugmentation
(addition of specific non-toxic bacteria) and are efficient biological remediation measures that
produce biomass as a byproduct while providing water fit for agriculture or aquaculture.
Biodegradable Solid Waste is spreading disease and encouraging the prolific infestation of disease
vectors such as rats; flies; mosquitoes etc. Rapid bioaugmented composting by addition of non-toxic
bacteria suited to the task of breaking down degradable solid waste along with favorable conditions
produce valuable soil amendment within weeks. In order to ensure Kitchen Garden Food Self-
Sufficiency at the very minimum and provide a basis for safe, more quantity and quality produce the
problem needs to be addressed immediately.
6.1 Plant Protection through complete plant nutrition is very much achievable and desirable as
introduction of toxic materials in the name of plant protection is extremely detrimental to the food
chain. Introduction of Permaculture; Polyculture and Direct Seed; No-Till Farming to mimic the
Forest Biome Eco Friendly Regime is the need of the times! Landless rural poor and females are
marginalized with restricted economy generating capacity. They need to be focused upon by
providing Food Security as well as Micro Industry/ Enterprise at their door steps.
6.2 Sustainable Development is not possible without sustainable agriculture. Environmental
pollution of soil, water and air; resource depletion and nature degradation as well as socio-
economic problems, are seriously impacting the carrying capacity of the land. As such there is an
urgent requirement for upland farming systems to be redesigned and transformed into more
sustainable ones. Agriculture is a multifunctional and multiple objective activity which has to
supply food in sufficient quantity and quality and the supply itself must be stable, sustainable and
accessible. Agriculture must provide employment and generate basic income and profit at farm,
regional and national levels and strictly avoid and minimize land degradation and destabilization;
pollution of natural resources, protect the great cycles of nature; as well as ensure the overall
health and well-being of humans, animals, birds, insects and microbes.
6.3 Permaculture is an approach to designing human settlements and perennial agricultural
systems that mimic the relationships found in natural ecologies. Permanent agriculture is understood
as agriculture that can be sustained indefinitely by creating stable agricultural systems. This has
arisen from observation of rapidly growing use of destructive industrial-agricultural methods. These
methods are poisoning the land and water, reducing biodiversity, and removing billions of tons of soil
from previously fertile landscapes. The term permaculture initially meant "permanent agriculture"
but was quickly expanded to also stand for "permanent culture" as it was seen that social aspects were
an integral part of a truly sustainable system. By the early 1980s, the concept had moved on from
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being predominantly about the design of agricultural systems towards being a more fully holistic
design process for creating sustainable human habitats. Permaculture's fundamental contribution to
the field of ecological design is the development of a concise set of broadly applicable organizing
principles that can be transferred through a brief intensive training.
Modern permaculture is a system design tool. It is a way of:
1. Looking at a whole system or problem;
2. Observing how the parts relate;
3. Planning to mend damaged systems by applying ideas learnt from long-term sustainable
working systems;
4. Seeing connections between key parts.
"Radical design of information-rich, multi-storey polyculture systems" (Mollison & Slay 1991).
Permaculture is a broad-based and holistic approach that has many applications to all aspects
of life. At the heart of permaculture design and practice is a fundamental set of ‘core values’ or ethics
which remain constant whatever a person's situation, whether they are creating systems for town
planning or trade; whether the land they care for is only a window box or an entire forest. These
'ethics' are often summarized as;
• Earthcare – recognizing that Earth is the source of all life, that Earth is our valuable home,
and that we are a part of Earth, not apart from it.
• Peoplecare – supporting and helping each other to change to ways of living that do not harm
ourselves or the planet, and to develop healthy societies.
• Fairshare (or placing limits on consumption) - ensuring that Earth's limited resources are
used in ways that are equitable and wise.
Modern thought about permaculture began with the issue of sustainable food production. It
started with the belief that for people to feed themselves sustainably, they need to move away from
reliance on industrialized agriculture. Where industrial farms use technology powered by fossil fuels
(such as gasoline, diesel and natural gas), and each farm specializes in producing high yields of a
single crop, permaculture stresses the value of low inputs and diverse crops. The model for this was
an abundance of small-scale market and home gardens for food production, and a main issue was
food miles.
Such a web of intricate connections allows a diverse population of plant life and animals to
survive by giving them food and shelter. One of the innovations of permaculture design was to
appreciate the efficiency and productivity of natural ecosystems, to use natural energies (wind,
gravity, solar, fire, wave and more) and seek to apply this to the way human needs for food and
shelter are met.

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Figure 15: Stratification.
Permaculture Guilds are groups of plants, animals and micro bacteria which work particularly
well together. The Three Sisters of maize, squash and beans is a well known guild.
The seven layers of the forest garden.
In permaculture and forest gardening, seven layers are identified:
1. The canopy
2. Low tree layer (dwarf fruit trees)
3. Shrubs
4. Herbaceous
5. Rhizosphere (root crops)
6. Soil Surface (cover crops)
7. Vertical Layer (climbers, vines)
An eighth layer, Mycosphere (fungi), is often included.
Permaculture has also been used successfully as a development tool to help meet the needs of
indigenous communities facing degraded standards of living from development of land and the
introduction of industrialized food, “Demonstrating new ways of low impact, sustainable living".
6.4 Polyculture is agriculture using multiple crops in the same space, in imitation of the diversity of
natural ecosystems, and avoiding large stands of single crops, or monoculture. It includes crop
rotation, multi-cropping, and inter-cropping. Alley cropping is a simplification of the layered
system which typically uses just two layers, with alternate rows of trees and smaller plants.
6.5 Rational Farming: The Natural World is subject to certain Laws and patterns that serve to
maintain a balance. This balance has led to evolutionary adaptation and development of life forms that are
at the same time dependent upon Nature or the Eco System that they inhabit in the overall Environment as
well as interdependent upon each other for survival. However, there exist numerous and often deleterious
affect causing, human and pest interventions that must be rationally and sustainably managed on a
sustained or self sustaining basis in order to perpetuate the Bioenvironment and avoid breakdown. Homo
Technicalis has the ability to either nurture or destroy this delicate balance. Only complete understanding
and careful monitoring can ensure correct and proper Bioenvironmental Management.
The existing Food Chains and Webs need to be reinforced and replenished in order to ensure health
and continued functioning.
The vital human requirements for food, water, and air cannot be left to the mercy of ruthless, short
sighted and short-term exploitation that leaves death, destruction, and permanent loss in its wake!
A factor common to all of the before mentioned agricultural developments and indeed part of them
is Plant Nutrition. In fact, the basis of the controversy is the deleterious effects of Plant Nutrition as
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introduced by the Green Revolution. Rather than only highlight the positive results accrued by this
revolution, it would serve humanity to take lessons from past mistakes or oversights and move to correct
them. This does not take from venerable reputations but rather reinforces them by provision of continuity
rather than termination. A greater and deeper understanding of organics and their inorganic building blocks
is badly required.
Organics are high-energy-level compounds that have arisen due to energy input (usually from the
sun) to low-energy-level inorganic elements and or compounds. Thus, low-energy-level inorganic
materials arise to constitute the parts of high-energy-level organic compounds and entities of progressively
higher life forms that, in turn are subject to reversion to low-energy-level inorganic materials on
decomposition and/ or death1. With this as a fact, there is absolutely no basis for an organic versus
inorganic debate what so ever. The debate should revolve around the safety of the introduction by humans
of fabricated materials into the environment. In case they are not safe then safer materials need to be
developed and unsafe materials need to be banned, immediately or whenever such safe materials are
available.
It is an inescapable fact that all life forms require nutrition to maintain life. Modern research has
shown that a life form must change its physical constituents quite rapidly in order to meet its growth and
existence requirements. Indeed, we require a constant supply of all kinds of atoms, molecules, and
compounds in order to replace what is being lost. The environment provides us with air and water to fulfill
our need and indeed that of all life forms with Oxygen, Carbon and Hydrogen which make up over 90% of
the life form’s body, be it human, animal or plants. Apart from this there are a number of essential raw
materials required; this ranges from eighteen to forty for human beings. Of these eighteen are most
commonly required, i.e. fifteen apart from the three already mentioned. These elements are the same for
humans, animals, and plants. As yet however, only plants are able to synthesize these raw materials into
assimilable forms and make them available to humans and animals on an economic scale. There are six
classes of nutrients for humans; of these four supply indispensable building materials. These are water;
protein; minerals and vitamins. The other two are classed as energy foods (carbohydrates and fats, oils) and
are interchangeable whereas the previous four are not.
Just as living organisms shed their components and replace them on a continuous basis thereby
consuming energy so too does Nature constantly consume energy through breakdown of organic matter,
weathering process in the soil, the hydrothermal cycle, and mobility of substances in soil, water, and air.
Many dynamic and interdependent chains and cycles exist within the Biosphere as elements are cycled and
recycled, are consumed and/ or replenished, subjected to output losses due to lack of input: output balance.
Stable Eco Systems are those wherein minerals (essential elements) and particulate material are retained by
recycling them within its constituent sub-systems. It is important to note that rebuilding of this dynamic
recycling, in case of disruption, can take from 60 to 80 years and longer depending upon the severity of the
disruption. Secondly, it has taken millions of years for these Eco Systems to evolve. For instance, soil that
has been either deposited or built up in millions of years can be lost within a few years if mismanaged.
Thus, large quantities of minerals are removed. If Compost or well-rotted Farm Yard Manure is
inculcated in the soil, quantities of these minerals are returned to the soil and fertility is replenished to the
extent of addition. Since Farm Yard Manure does not contain sufficient minerals to replace those removed,
unless prohibitively large quantities of rarely available manure are added. Even when composted with
biodegradable organic material, the output: input ratio is not balanced. Thus, agricultural soils face
continuous depletion (Nutrient Mining). This is compounded by runoff and leaching losses due to poor
cultural practices. Thirdly, over use of deadly pesticides and herbicides tend to kill or eliminate useful biota
in the form of microbes and fungi. These biota are of vital importance as they mineralize organic material
and provide them to plants and other energy pathways within the Eco System.
Therefore, if uptake is value 5, retention is 1 and return is 2, then Nutrient Mining output: input ratio
will be 5:3 representing a net loss of 2 per crop leading to declining fertility. When organic material and
1
Environment Systems Engineering, Linvil G. Rich. Mcgraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-052250-2
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biota are absent or deficient then the even 2 return is not or partially mineralized and will not be available
to the plants. Thus, our Nutrient Reserves are soon exhausted.
If cultivated land is managed correctly, nutrient reserves can be replenished and fertility levels can be
increased. For example, nutrient loss from the Eco System is minimized by presence of plants that hold
soil through their roots and thus prevent erosion; convert water run-off to evapo-transpiration and restrict
leaching losses; provide shade and reduce rates of decomposition of organic matter so that the supply of
soluble ions available for loss via run-off is lessened.
If sufficient nutrients and compounds are provided to the plant, uptake from the reserve is curtailed
and soil fertility is maintained. These nutrients etc. must be in a chemical form that makes it available to
the plant and must be stable and safe for the environment.
Thus, we see that provision of Plant Nutrition and Correct Cultural Practices are of prime
importance. These are common to all seed; often critical for hybrid or Genetically Modified Organisms. If
either of these two is not rational, the result is poor quality and quantity produce as well as more
susceptibility of the plant to Negative Growth Factors and pest attacks.
Thus, we see that humans require minerals either directly from plants or from animals dependent
upon plants (meat, milk, eggs etc.). It is the human, animal or plant that makes organic compounds out of
basic essential building materials. Some of these organic compounds are known as hormones, which are
described as chemical messengers that excite one response or the other in the body’s organs or tissues.
Plants normally obtain their mineral requirements from the soil and the ability of a soil to provide the
proper elements and compounds, in proper amounts and in proper balance for growth of specified plants
when temperature and other factors are favorable is what determines soil fertility (proper means in the
ionic forms commonly absorbed by the plant).
Figure 16: Farmyard Rapid Composting with Bioaugmentation.

It is highly recommended to use compost or manure for its primary beneficial roles such as:

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Table 13: Composting Benefits.
Nutrient provision either by seed coating (not sufficient due to limited amount of nutrients that
can be coated) or foliar application, ensures that the target plant is the sole beneficiary and weeds or
other undesirable plant species do not receive the nutrient. Secondly, loss by leaching or run-off is
reduced to almost zero. This is more so if the nutrients are chelated {derived from the Greek ‘Chelae’
or Claw and used to denote covering an element with organic material to provide ionic bonding affect
of cation: anion (positive & negative ion attraction)}. The chelated nutrient ions bond to the leaf and
stem surface and resist being washed off till they have a reasonable chance of being absorbed by the
plant’s tissue.
If we ensure that the nutrient element that we are providing to our crops are not dangerous to the
environment and other life forms. If we provide the crops with these safe nutrients in a responsible manner
and if these nutrients are sufficiently stable and do not decompose to toxic material through either
hydrolysis or volatilization. Then there is no point what so ever in deriding their use.
Von Liebeg’s Law states that the yield of a crop is limited by the nutrient in least supply. This means
that supply of whichever of the essential building materials is restricted in terms of quantities required by
the plant, it will restrict the yield. This is compared to a bucket with holes for various nutrients placed in
accordance to amounts required. As these amounts are met, the hole is plugged and nutrient intake
increases to the next critical nutrient element required by the plant. Maximum genetic potential yields are
achieved only when all holes are plugged. Of course soil, management systems; cultural practices; climate,
environment, mutual antagonism, or stimulation between various minerals and Negative Growth Factors
play their own critical role in determining yields.
If there are enough nutrients available for the following yields, total yield will be determined by the
least available nutrient in terms of the plant’s requirements,

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Nutrient Yield (Kgs)
Nitrogen 1000
Phosphorus 800
Potassium 600
Sulfur 1000
Magnesium 800
Calcium 300
------------- ----
------------- ----
Molybdenum 150
Table 14: Nutrient/ Yields.
The yield will be restricted to 150 Kgs.
It is important to note that this is true for crops of all kinds, under all management systems and
independent of source or manner of derivation of the plant. In other words, this inescapable fact holds true
for Organic; Super Organic; Smartly Bred or Genetically Modified Organisms.
Therefore, our Management requirement is to provide enough environmentally safe and available
forms of nutrients to fulfill the needs of the plant. This ensures achievement of genetic potential apart from
other factors. These other factors such as water; climate; cultural practices and control of Negative Growth
Factors (NGF), are also managed in order to achieve maximum genetic potential (MPG).
The presence of nutrients in compost or manure is negligible as compared to an intensive crop’s
requirements. Intensive cropping means intensive mining of finite supplies of nutrients available in any
given soil. As we all know, soils vary greatly in nutrient availability, and inculcation of compost or manure
is one way of replenishing these nutrient supplies. However, we have seen that there are inefficient and do
not contain enough nutrients to fulfill the plant’s requirements. Added to this is the fact that particular
nutrient deficient soils will not have sufficient amounts of that nutrient to cycle into the food chain and will
eventually not only restrict the crop’s yield but will also not be available to the humans and animals that
feed upon plants grown on such soils. If this element is lacking it will not find its way either into manure or
compost and the cycle of deficiency will be reinforced. To overcome this, the element has to be obtained
externally. Secondly, and more importantly, it is prohibitively expensive to analyze and update soil
analysis for all elements required by a plant. On the other hand, how much of each nutrient is required by a
particular species of plant for a given yield is known to science.
There are some critical periods for plant development wherein growth and yield increase with
increased availability of nutrients that can be used by the plant. Foliar feeding with correct combinations of
nutrients as required by the plant in different growth periods will provide increased growth and vigor
resulting in increased yields, weather proofing and disease resistance.
Another factor that increases yields is the prolonging of root life after flowering in order to provide
longer time for grain/ fruit to fill. In order to do this we need to keep the root growing vegetatively during
the early period and after flowering, we need to elongate the period of root life.
Plateau corresponds to flowering
% Root Growth
Death
Drought Good Weather
Days
Figure 17: Root Life.

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This is done by hormones. The hormone balance of a plant is responsible for dictating its response to
environmental factors. Changes in climate affect hormone balance. This is more in some varieties and less
in others. This is dictated by the genetics of a plant. Down through the centuries humans have
domesticated and then bred plants for desirable genetic traits. These genetic traits need to be tapped by the
plant and this is only possible through the support of complete plant nutrition. However, genetic expression
of potential can be modified to weatherproof a plant and ensure that climate change has less impact upon
yields.
6.6 Animals & Fowl:
Traditional pre-industrial agriculture was labor intensive, industrial agriculture is fossil fuel
intensive and permaculture is design and information intensive and petrofree. Partially permaculture
is an attempt to work smarter, not harder; and when possible the energy used should come from
renewable sources such as wind power, passive solar designs or biofuels.
A good example of this kind of efficient design is the chicken greenhouse. By attaching the
chicken coop to a greenhouse you can reduce the need to heat the greenhouse by fossil fuels, as the
chicken's bodies heat the area. The chickens scratching and pecking can be put to good use to clear
new land for crops. Their manure can be used in composting to fertilize the soil. Feathers could be
used in compost or as mulch. In a conventional factory situation all these chicken outputs are seen as
a waste problem. Thus it is a further principle of permaculture that "pollution is energy in the wrong
place".
Figure 18: Bio Tractor.
Chickens in a chicken tractor prepare a section of land before it's dug up for a new vegetable
bed. Chickens can be used as a method of weed control and also as a producer of eggs, meat and
fertilizer. Some types of agroforestry systems combine trees with grazing animals. Angora breed of
rabbits can be reared in a similar manner to provide high value fiber without attendant rearing costs
as in sheep etc.
Figure 19: Angora Breeds.
Angora rabbits survive and remain highly productive at altitudes ranging from 1,100 to 2,000
metres above sea level. They can also be reared on locally available resources, e.g., food, grass, and
building materials (i.e., geodesic dome rabbit hutches can be made out of twigs and winter pruning).
A few years after they were introduced into the hills of Nepal and India, they began to gain popularity
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rapidly, mainly because of the high-value wool production from this breed of rabbits. A pair of
Angora rabbits can produce wool worth thousands of rupees per year. As the wool is extremely light
and of high value, rabbit keeping is particularly suitable and profitable for farmers in remote and
inaccessible areas. Angora skin is also sold at high prices. The skin is used to make bags, hats, and
gloves. The fiber is used to make sweaters; shawls and scarves. In addition, rabbit manure is valuable
for crop production. Rabbit meat has yet to gain popularity, but it is a rich source of protein.
Well established local Shawl Weaving and demand as well as substantial export potential
exists by simply making a high value source of income available at the doorsteps of the deprived and
marginalized sections of society. The Islampur model (Swat) can be replicated for maximizing
impact and efficient use of added raw material availability depending upon the extent of Angora
Rabbits breeding.
6.7 Promotion of Rain Water Harvesting:
Broad Goals
• Reduction of drudgery for females.
• Check Soil Erosion.
Specific Objectives
• Environmental conservation and enhancement through check on soil erosion and
recharge of aquifers.
• Community mobilization and training.
Quantitative Targets
• Establishment of PMU in Muzaffarabad to implement the project.
• Train 500 Master Trainers in constructing water harvesting structures and
demonstrate replicable models.
• Impact population of 5.00 million.
• Launch advocacy and awareness campaigns, and take all legal initiatives to
develop water conservation and ensuring purity.
Water harvesting refers to the collection and storage of rainwater and also other activities
aimed at harvesting surface and groundwater, prevention of losses through evaporation and seepage
and all other hydrological studies and engineering interventions, aimed at conservation and efficient
utilization of the limited water endowment of a physiographic unit such as a watershed. In general,
water harvesting is the activity of direct collection of rainwater. The rainwater collected can be stored
for direct use or can be recharged into the groundwater. Rivers, lakes and groundwater are all
secondary sources of water. At present, we depend entirely on such secondary sources of water. In
the process, we forget that rain is the ultimate source that feeds all these secondary sources and
remain ignorant of its value. Water harvesting means to understand the value of rain, and to make
optimum use of rainwater at the place where it falls.
We get a lot of rain, yet we do not have water. The annual rainfall over Malakand Division is
computed to be ------- mm. This is -------- compared to the global average of 800 mm. However, this
rainfall occurs during short spells of high intensity. Because of such intensities and short duration of
heavy rain, most of the rain falling on the surface tends to flow away rapidly, leaving very little for
the recharge of groundwater. This is also due to deforestation. This makes parts of the State
experience lack of water even for domestic uses. This is because the rainwater is not conserved and
allowed to drain away. Thus it does not matter how much rain we get, if we don't capture or harvest
it. This highlights the need to implement measures to ensure that the rain falling over a region is
tapped as fully as possible through water harvesting, either by recharging it into the groundwater
aquifers or storing it for direct use.
Training in Rainwater Harvesting Operations: The SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP will develop a
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cadre of Master Trainers in construction and maintenance of water harvesting structures (500 men and
women) each master trainer will then consequently train some 10 village activists with the support of
the project team. The Master Trainers and other trainees will be selected in consultation with the local
VOs organized by SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP in the area. The training will focus on low cost,
alternate means of construction with emphasis on maintenance and sustainability of the interventions.
The project team will train the Master Trainers on fast-track basis. It will be followed by regular
backstopping and monitoring to create an impact. The selection of the Master Trainers will be on-merit,
based on the following criteria:
• Willingness to impart knowledge after receiving training.
• Willingness to transfer the technology.
Mobilization of local people and following up on the establishment of Rainwater harvesting will be
jointly conducted by the local communities and the project staff. The cost of social mobilization and
follow up will be reimbursed to the SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP.
Water Harvesting:
Rooftop harvesting has been practiced since ages, and even today it is practiced in many
places throughout the world. A simple storage device attached to roof run off is the simplest way to
harvest water. Many different types of containers are in use for storage purposes from used oil drums
to polyethylene tanks. However, according to an ILO publication “Your Health and Safety at Work.
Male and Female Reproductive Health Hazards in the Workplace”, polyethylene is “suspected” to
cause cancer in human beings. The word suspected is further elaborated to mean where a substance
shows inconclusive evidence of causing cancer in human beings but is confirmed in animals. Thus it
is safer to avoid the use of polyethylene tanks. Secondly, transportation of large size containers is
restricted. Therefore, a simple tried and tested alternate is proposed. This consists of Pre-Cast RCC
Rings that are normally used in lining wells. The rings of 3 - 4 – or 5 feet diameter are stacked on
each other to a specified height. An alternate reinforced monolithic water tank can be cast in place to
achieve Earthquake Proof status. The intervention has been displayed in the Akhter Hameed Khan
National Center for Rural Development (NCRD) at Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan. Here a series
of plastered and un-plastered tanks demonstrate an affordable and quickly set up tank that is more
permanent and carries the added advantage of maintaining water temperature. This is not so in the
case of polyethylene or fiber glass tanks where summer temperatures cause stored water to heat up to
uncomfortable levels thus restricting use. Thirdly, use of concrete is very common in the EQAA in
the shape of hollow and solid blocks. Gravel is available in plenty and sand is readily procured.
Communities can be persuaded to prepare the rings themselves after training and construct them at
conveniently located sites, thereby stimulating local economies. Transportation costs will be reduced
and storage till erection will not be a problem. To prevent leaves and debris from entering the system,
mesh filters will be provided at the mouth of the drainpipe leading to the tank. Further, a first-flush
device will be provided in the conduit before it connects to the storage container. If the stored water
is to be used for drinking purposes, a sand filter will also be provided. The tank can be installed
above the ground and outside the building. Each tank must have an overflow system for situations
when excess water enters the tank. The overflow can be connected to the drainage system.
The quantity of water stored in a water harvesting system depends on the size of the
catchment area and the size of the storage tank. The storage tank has to be designed according to
water requirements, rainfall and catchment availability.
First-Flush Device:
A first-flush device is a valve or a simple device, which is used to ensure that runoff from the
first spell of rain, is flushed out and does not enter the system. This needs to be done since the first
spell of rain carries with it a relatively larger amount of pollutants from the air and catchment surface.
A diversion valve that can be used in water harvesting systems.

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Design parameters for storage tanks:
1. Average annual rainfall
2. Size of the catchment
3. Drinking water requirement
The system is to be designed for meeting potable water requirement of a 7-member family
living in a building with a rooftop area of 100 sq. m. Average annual rainfall in the region is
------mm. Minimum daily potable water requirement per person is 10 liters.
Area of the catchment (A) = 100 sq. m.
Average annual rainfall (R) = 1,300 mm (1.3 m) Runoff coefficient (C) = 0.7
Annual water harvesting potential from 100 sq. m. roof = A x R x C
= 100 x 1.3 x 0.7 = 91 cu. m. (91,000 liters) say 20,000 gallons.
The tank capacity has to be designed for the dry period, i.e., the period between the two consecutive
rainy seasons. With a monsoon extending over four months and winter rains, the average dry season
is of 46 days.
Drinking water requirement for the family (dry season) = 46 x 7 x 10 = 3,220 liters
As a safety factor, the tank should be built 20-30 per cent larger than required, i.e., say 1,000
gallons. This tank can meet the basic drinking water requirement of a 7-member family for the dry
period. Alternately, kitchen garden requirements can be met by 20 cycles of full tank per annum.
When attached with simple shift- able drip irrigation lines the area under intensive cultivation can be
increased to cater for small-scale commercial production of vegetables and nursery stock. This can
also be a further income strengthening project after initial successful completion of the 1st phase.
Demand and Supply Analysis:
There is great need of supplementing water availability at the door steps of the populace. With
breakdown in supplies and dwindling fresh water sources the need is even more pressing. Supply is
not able to cope with demand and alternate measures need to be adopted. Water is a primary
necessity for the people, agricultural production and for the industries. Water is the only valuable
source that is required for everyday life but is fast depleting. Rain water harvesting is an activity of
direct collection of rain water which can be stored for direct use or can be recharged into ground
water. RWH shall meet as substantial portion of the domestic needs. RWH can act a long term
solution to improve ground water availability. This low cost, simple technology can be adopted by
everyone from villager to the resident of urban areas and from a common man to a corporation.
Most of the water supply schemes in Malakand have been badly affected along with
disruption of water resources. The scheme will meet/ supplement the drinking water demand in the
terrorism affected areas from rain water.
Figure 20: Roof-Top Water Harvesting; Figure 21: Surface Water Harvesting.

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Monolithic; Cast In Place; Earthquake Resistant; Reinforced Concrete, Roof-Top, Rain Water
Harvesting Tank (500 Gallons capacity): Permanent, Inner: Outer Modular Shuttering (for ease of
transportation). Fiber Glass Shuttering strips 12 inches x 9 (9 ft).
This concept of Community development involves organized Village Councils to implement
Development Schemes entirely themselves with active training and supervision on the part of the
SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP. Beneficiary ownership will be ensured through active involvement in
all logistic and construction efforts. Communities will acquire skills in reinforced concrete casting
enabling them to take up block/ hollow block, pipes and rings casting for infra structure improvement
activities. No large external consultants and contractors will be employed even to the extent of
awarding local carriage to community members. Trainers of trainers will be engaged and are
available with the SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP. Dynamic Community Mobilization requires such
interventions to firm up local communities and organize them for self-reliance.
Inner Shuttering
Outer Shuttering
Figure 22: Cast in Place Water Harvesting Tank.

Permanent Structures:
These are built where permanent waterways are intended. Also large gullies with large
drainage areas can support the construction of such structures. If water is to be stored on a permanent
basis, this is the type of structure that is required. There also exists the possibility of generating Hydel
Power from these Mini dams. Fish can be readily stocked and the water can also be used for irrigation
and drinking supply purposes. In all cases it is more advisable and economically feasible to build
multi-purpose mini dams where ever possible.
Inner Shuttering
Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan Outer Shuttering

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Figure 23: Permanent Structure Earth Fill Dam.
The preceding illustrations are that of one kind of a Farm Pond that will suit many uses. By
far the most important aspect, in this type of pond, is the spillway. If the spillway is too small there is
every likelihood of failure of the pond. A combination of Pipe and Side spillway is the best. The Pipe
spillway is for normal flow while the side spillway is for emergencies. Only extra run-off goes into
the side spillway. Therefore it is possible to keep it in good sod cover, as it is dry most of the time.
The bottom of the side spillway must be higher than the top of the pipe spillway. The distance, in
height, between the two is shown, as “S” in illustration B. This distance will vary in accordance to the
size of the watershed and that of the pond. It is possible to arrive at the right value of “S” by dividing
the size of the watershed, in acres, with the size of the surface of the pond, also in acres. The result is
then divided by 6. For example a watershed of 4.5 acres divided by a pond surface of 0.25 acres will
yield 18 to be divided by 6. Thus a figure of 3 feet as the value of “S” or distance, in height, between
the bottom of the side spillway and the top of the pipe spillway is established. This value of 3 feet is
also the limit in height differential. In case this value is higher than 3 feet a different type of spillway
will have to be designed by an experienced engineer. Long experience has determined the size of a
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spillway. By allowing the proper distance “S” between the pipe and side spillway the following sizes
for spillways will suffice.
Watershed Area
In acres. Diameter of Pipe Bottom width of Side
Spillway Spillway in feet
in inches.
5 acres 4 inches 5 to 8 feet
10 acres 6 inches 8 to 10 feet
10 to 20 acres 8 inches 10 to 15 feet
20 to 30 acres 10 inches 15 to 20 feet
Table 15: Spillway Size.
The bottom width of the side spillway is increased by 1 foot for each 2-acre increase in
watershed area greater than 10 acres.
6.8 Micro Irrigation is the most efficient way to provide water to plants, and is particularly
desirable in water scarce mountain areas where water is valuable and efficient use is essential. The
concept and technology was developed in Israel 20 years ago and has the potential to save up to 70
per cent of the water used in flood irrigation and increase yields by up to 50-60 per cent. Micro
irrigation currently irrigates a little less than two million hectares worldwide, or less than one percent
of the total global irrigated acreage and this may largely be due to its high investment cost. This
technology is accessible to small, landless and marginal farmers through developed and extensively
field tested several affordable and reliable micro-irrigation systems.
Water availability is the primary determinant to land productivity. For farmers with a reliable
source of water, however small, the following systems are available
Drum Kit drip irrigation system: The drum kit is a pre-packaged design for 100 sqm garden plots.
The package includes 5 lateral lines, fitted with a total of 180 micro-tubes (which replace high-cost
drippers), filters, and valves. This system can irrigate 300 plants in 20 rows and needs a 200 liter
drum of water twice a day. The system is highly suitable for row-planted vegetable crops like tomato,
brinjal, chilli and capsicum.
The Micro-sprinkler System: While drip irrigation is most suited for row crops, sprinkler is
extremely useful in closely spaced, leafy vegetables such as onion, coriander and spinach grown over
a small area. The system consists of a set of 15 micro-sprinklers with pipes and irrigates an area of
250 sq.m. Farmers in countries as diverse as India, Israel, Jordan, Spain and the United States have
cut their water use by 30 to 70 percent and raised crop yields by 20 to 90 percent by using drip
irrigation systems that deliver water directly to crop roots.
6.9 Livestock Nutrition: Semi-liquid molasses, a by-product of sugar factories, is extensively
used as animal feed in many parts of the sugarcane growing areas of the world. In Bhutan, with
assistance from the FAO/UNDP, efforts have been made to manufacture a nutrient block for
Inner Shuttering
ruminants by molding cane molasses, urea (fertilizer grade), cereal bran, oilseed cake, and minerals
into a solid brick size block known as a Urea Molasses Block (UMB). This block provides essential
nutrients such as protein and minerals to rumen microbes (microbes in the part of the ruminant’s
stomach known as the rumen which act on the food consumed by the animal and make it digestible)
to improve the digestion of fiber. This technology is a cost-effective approach to maximizing the use
of locally available feed resources for better animal productivity.
6.10 Upland Agriculture: Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT) is soil conservation
oriented farming system developed in the Philippines in the late 1970s. It is basically an agroforestry
S a r d a r T a i m u r H y a t - K h a n Outer Shuttering
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technology developed for sustaining agricultural production on sloping lands. It is a relatively simple,
practical, low-cost, and appropriate method of diversified farming on sloping land that aims at
sustaining maximum benefit and minimizing soil erosion at different altitudes. It can turn a sloping
parcel of land, containing both agricultural and support land types, into a highly productive upland
farm. It is a simple, applicable, low-cost but effective way of farming hilly lands without losing the
topsoils through erosion. It also conserves soil moisture. Hedgerows are planted along contours of
sloping land at intervals of four to six metres and various cereal crops and perennial cash plants are
cultivated in the alleys. Hedgerows also act as effective barriers to soil erosion. Hedgerows can also
be pruned several times a year, and the pruned leaves can be used as green manure or for composting.
The inclusion of large amounts of fresh biomass provides a substantial increase to the organic matter
content of soils. The nitrogen-fixing activities of hedgerows also enrich the soil.
The Ten Basic Steps of SALT

1. Make an A-frame.
2. Locate the contour lines using the A-frame.
3. Prepare the contour lines.
4. Plant leguminous trees and shrubs on contours, boundaries, and on the top of the hill.
5. Cultivate the strips alternately until the hedgerows develop.
6. Plant permanent crops on every third strip.
7. Plant crops that can be harvested early.
8. Trim hedgerows regularly and pile the leguminous leaves and twigs at the base of your crop.
9. Practice crop rotation.
10. Maintain your green terraces.
One target area is the rehabilitation of degraded lands, both agricultural and non-agricultural.
This is because one of the principal problems facing mountain/hill agriculture today is that of soil
erosion from sloping lands amongst other factors already mentioned, and the consequent decline in
productivity. This is leading to a critical situation in which, on the one hand, mountain populations
are increasing and, on the other, the carrying capacity of mountain lands is decreasing.
A sustainable agricultural system is necessary for long-term improvements in the quality of
life. The technology is tailored to small family farms for growing both annual food crops and
perennial crops. In addition, based on the condition of more land being available, SALT also provides
the opportunity to develop a viable agrosilvipastoral system on the family farm.
At present, the technology is being tested in different ecozones in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas
with the aim of developing suitable models, with various species, crop combinations, and technology
packages to meet the needs of both man and the environment.
The results of the use of SALT are very promising.
• A healthy growth of crops can be seen in the alleys between the hedgerows.
• Soil erosion starts decreasing from the very first year of the use of the technology.
• With the use of nitrogen-fixing hedgerows, more crop yield has been obtained with the same
or even less fertilizer input.
Hedgerow systems act as barriers to soil erosion and sources of in situ green manure or composting.
There are four different models of SALT:
SALT I SALT II
This model focuses mainly on food crop This model focuses on agro-livestock technology. It
production. It is simple in application, low in is a simple modification of SALT I in the sense that
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cost, but is an extremely effective it integrates livestock rearing with crop cultivation.
agroforestry technology with agricultural crops The livestock species that can be raised under the
and forestry in a ratio of 3:1. Compared to system are cattle, sheep, and goats. The manure is a
present and traditional upland farming good source of fertilizer. Goats (the poor man’s
management practices, this technology cow) are a potential source of milk, meat, hair and
substantially decreases erosion. In addition, it skin.
increases crop yield.
SALT III SALT IV
This focuses on the conversion of non- This focuses on developing a horticulture and
productive marginal land into economically plantation crop-based system known as the “agro-
productive land to supplement production from fruit livelihood technology”. To improve hill
other SALT models. This model has three agriculture and economics, commercialization of
components: SALT I, SALT II, and a separate hill agriculture is required. Thus, horticulture is a
plot of land to produce valuable timber. promising option with comparative advantages. The
Farmers owning landholdings of about two objectives of this model are to produce food,
hectares can use this model. increase cash income, and conserve soil on
farmlands.
Table 16: SALT Varieties.
6.12 Community Economics requires a balance between the three aspects that comprise a
community: justice, environment and economics, also called the "triple bottom line", or "ecological-
economics-ethics" (EEE) or "triple E". A cooperative farmer's market could be an example of this
structure. The farmers are the workers and owners. Additionally, all economics are limited by their
ecology. No economic system stands apart independently from its eco-system; therefore, all external
costs must be considered when discussing economics.
6.13 In an No Till system, crops are planted in previously unprepared soil by opening a narrow
slot, trench, or band of sufficient width and depth to achieve proper seed coverage and fertilizer
placement. No-till farming integrates ecology into the farming system design and considers the
complex biological web that is at work in a system of healthy and efficient soils, plants, and animals.
It recognizes that management decisions affect the habitats and food sources of organisms important
to regulating biological processes, and therefore agricultural productivity. There are four intertwined
soil and crop management techniques involved in NT farming practices — no soil turning,
maintenance of permanent vegetative cover, direct seeding, and rotation of both cash and cover crops.
Although it focuses on micro-watersheds and rural landscapes, NT farming addresses the entire rural
space and overcomes the shortcomings of earlier top-down, non-inclusive approaches. And finally,
by recognizing the leadership role played by farmer-led organizations, NT farming facilitates the
increasingly broad-based stakeholder participation in design and implementation, moving away from
working mainly with central governments in project and program design. In combination with water
and solar energy, land and soils form the foundation for agriculture and forests.
Their successful management provides food, clothing, and shelter. Land and soils also provide
key environmental services such as partitioning of water and gases, a home for a multitude of life
forms, pollution control, and mineral recycling. Nearly 1 billion rural households rely directly on the
services of natural capital stocks and intricately interdependent ecosystems — water, land and soils,
forest and fisheries — for their daily livelihood (World Bank, 2001). As the availability of these
resources declines and their quality deteriorates, our livelihood is threatened. The degradation of soils
is a major threat to rural households. Soil erosion, salinization, compaction, and other forms of
degradation affect 30 percent of the world’s irrigated land, 40 percent of rainfed agricultural lands,
and 70 percent of rangeland (World Bank, 2001). No-till farming encompasses four broad,
intertwined management practices:

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• Minimal soil disturbance (no plowing and harrowing).
• Maintenance of a permanent vegetative soil cover.
• Direct sowing.
• Sound crop rotation.
No-till farming is a component of the Sustainable Land Management (SLM) and Better Land
Husbandry (BLH) approaches, No-till systems have been adopted by a wide range of farmers for the
last two decades on some 60 million ha worldwide on all farm sizes and under varied cropping
systems (Derpsch, 2001), ranging from the Pampas of Argentina and the sub-tropics and tropics of
Brazil and Paraguay to the prairies of Canada, the rice-wheat zone of India and Pakistan, and
Australia, Central Asia, Central America, USA, and Mexico. The goal and challenge of sustainable
land management (SLM) is to make optimum use of available biophysical, biological, biochemical,
and human resources to produce feed and fiber in a given area. Implicit in SLM is that governments
and other major stakeholders give priority to appropriate policies and coordinated interventions that
will help to achieve the following five objectives:
• More rational land use,
• Fair access to land resources,
• Improved land management practices,
• Avoidance of land degradation, and
• Development of an updated knowledge and information base.
Better Land Husbandry (BLH) components:

An integrated and synergistic resource management approach embraces locally appropriate
combinations of the following technical options:
• Build-up of soil organic matter and related biological activity to optimum sustainable levels
(to improve moisture and nutrient supply and soil structure) through cover crops, and/or better
management of crop residue, farmyard manure, green manures, surface mulch, enriched
fallows, agroforestry, and the use of compost.
• Integrated plant nutrition management with locally appropriate, cost-effective combinations
of organic/ inorganic and on/ off-farm sources of plant nutrients (e.g., organic manures, crop
residues, rhizobial N-fixation, transfer of nutrients released by weathering in the deeper soil
layers to the surface via tree roots and leaf litter, rock phosphate, lime, and stable chemical
fertilizer).
• Better crop management, improved seeds of appropriate varieties, improved crop
establishment at the beginning of the rains (to increase protective ground cover, thereby
reducing water loss and soil erosion), weed management, and integrated pest management;
• Better rainwater management to increase infiltration and reduce runoff to improve soil
moisture conditions within the rooting zone, thereby lessening the risk of drought stress
during dry spells, while reducing erosion.
• Improved soil rooting depth and permeability by breaking the cultivation-induced compacted
soil layer through conservation tillage practices by means of tractor-drawn subsoilers, ox-
drawn chisel plows, through no-till and hand-hoe planting pits/double-dug beds; and/ or
interplanting of deep-rooted perennial crops, trees and shrubs, and annual cover crops.
• Reclamation where appropriate (if technically feasible and cost effective) of arable land that
has been severely degraded by such processes as gullying, loss of topsoil from sheet erosion,
soil compaction, acidification, and/or salinization.
• Adoption of people-centered learning approaches through which farmers are able to learn
about and investigate the costs and benefits of alternative land husbandry practices.
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• Community-based participatory approaches to planning and technology development that
build on the inherent skills and capability of rural people to formulate and implement their
own development plans, and to develop and disseminate their own improved land husbandry
technology.
• Better land husbandry for business through the promotion of field level interventions that
offer farmers tangible economic, social, and environmental benefits.
(Adapted from FAO and United Republic of Tanzania, 2000.)
Figures 24,25: Animal-drawn no-till planter with seed and fertilizer tanks (Paraná, Brazil) .

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Figure 26: Agroecological effects of conventional tillage and no tillage.
Introduction of no-till farming practices is badly needed in order to avoid serious climate,
soil quality and food production problems in the next 20 to 50 years.
No-till farming helps soil retain carbon. Healthy topsoil contains carbon-enriched humus —
decaying organic matter that provides nutrients to plants. Soils low in humus cannot maintain the
carbon-dependent nutrients essential to healthy crop production, resulting in the need to use more
fertilizers.
A lack of carbon in soil promotes erosion, as topsoil and fertilizers are often washed or
blown away from farm fields and into waterways.
In no-till agriculture, farmers plant seeds without using a plow to turn the soil. Soil loses
most of its carbon content during plowing, which releases carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere.
Increased levels of CO2 in the atmosphere have been associated with global climate change.
6.14 Community based Integrated Development of Trout Fisheries and Irrigation Channels:
Specific objectives of the proposed project are:

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i. To develop water resources of the Swat River and its tributaries for raising trout fish and
irrigation purposes
ii. Establish partnership with the communities in raising and marketing trout fish
iii. Combat rural poverty by increasing income generation opportunities of the communities
iv. Identify potential market for live trout marketing in Pakistan and abroad for earning
increased income per unit sale of the trout fish
v. Increase protein production and improvement of health of the communities
vi. Establish partnership with the potential investors and local communities for sustainable
marketing of products.
7. Description, justification, technical parameters and technology transfer aspects.
Description:
The proposed project is based on the concept that the rural communities living in the remote
parts of Malakand Division are mostly poor and they do not enjoy adequate income generation
opportunities at local level. They do follow agricultural, pastoral and other subsistence level income
generation activities and mostly depend on the forestry resources for meeting their daily livelihoods
and wood-fuel needs. Consequently, forestry and range land resources in the fragile mountains are
exploited beyond sustainable levels. With a view to enhance their income generation capacity and
utilize the available natural resources by supporting the communities in developing trout fish
enterprise, the proposed project has been designed to exploit the potential of the available natural
resources using innovative techniques in trout fish farming and marketing. As trout fish is known for
its taste and quality, it can earn substantial income for the communities without any additional annual
cost.
The project design comprises of developing community fish ponds and supporting and
training the communities in its rearing and marketing in Pakistan and abroad. Community
organizations would be established in the proposed project area. The project will organize and
involve communities in supporting development of fish ponds including all technical inputs on their
common or individual lands. The community components will include labor, fish rearing, watch and
ward, whereas the implementing agency (SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP) will cover cost of design,
construction including construction material and establishing marketing chains.
SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP will initially work with the communities and organize,
educate, train, finance the construction of water channels and fish ponds besides establishing
marketing chains including financing of mobile freezers. SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP will work to
create self sustainable marketing by communities over a period of five years. The NWFP Fisheries
Department has got hatcheries in Swat Valley and will provide the required egg/fingerlings every
year. Initially the project will be initiated in 18 villages possessing suitable land and gravity water.
The project is proposed as an integrated project, where along with Fish farming on a cooperative
basis, the project will also energies the villagers either through hydel generation or solar panels
depending on the economies and water availability.
The proposed project comprises of the following components:
I Trout Fisheries Development
A. Sites selection;

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Potential sites will be selected in consultation with the NWFP Wildlife and Fisheries
Department and local communities in the trout zone on Swat River and its tributaries. The owners of
the land both individual and communities will be approached and pursued for development of
community trout fish ponds on a cooperative basis. After consultations and agreements formal Terms
of Partnership will be signed with the private and community owners. The cooperatives will be
expected to provide unskilled labor for the work involved. A total of eighteen suitable sites will be
selected for developing fish ponds during the five year project period.
B. Community Mobilization;
The local communities in the potential areas will be contacted and informed about the
objectives, importance and benefits of the proposed project. SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP will
identify motivated members of the communities as catalysts for facilitation and implementation of the
proposed project and conflict resolution. This shall be followed by educating and training the
community in trout fish rearing.
C. Water Resources Development;

Fresh water is an abundantly available resource in Swat Valley mostly flowing down by
gravity in various tributaries of river Swat. Water resources will be developed by surveying and
preparing a design for channelizing water into the ponds through developing gravity flow water
channels and diverting them to the fish ponds. If feasible and required in difficult terrain hydraulic
rams which operate using hydraulic energy without using any power will be used for lifting water. On
an average 2000 rft. water channel will be constructed for supplying water to the fish ponds on
regular basis.
D. Development of Fish Ponds;

Designs for developing appropriate fish ponds on scientific basis will be prepared using the
services of an expert architect followed by construction of the ponds and water channels as per
design. The construction of ponds will include a small diversion wier, channel, silt settling tank and
fish pond including hydraulic rams where necessary. The ponds will be built as per design and based
on the availability of leveled fields in areas where gravity water flow is available. Where available,
channelizing of spring water will be given priority.
E. Fish seed/egg procurement;

Healthy and vigorous fish seed egg of excellent quality/breed will be procured from an
appropriate local or outside hatchery for seeding the ponds at appropriate season after ensuring that
the ponds are complete and regular water flow is ensured on sustainable basis. The NWFP Fisheries
Department has established hatcheries in Swat Valley, which can supply the required fish seed on
payment of the cost.
F. Fish feeding and rearing;

Fish feed would be procured in adequate quantity from a good source and stored near the
pond for feeding of the fish on regular basis. The male/female members of the cooperative will be
trained in feeding and rearing of fish on scientific lines including health and hygiene. Sorting of fish
of various sizes and age will be done at appropriate time for production of marketable fish. Gradually
the female members will be trained in preparing fish feed from local products, which is also organic.
Initially fish feed will be procured from market, however, in the long term it will be manufactured
locally using organic feed components.

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G. Fish Harvesting and Marketing;
Trout fish of desirable age and size will be harvested at appropriate time of the year for
marketing. The pond technicians will be trained in fish harvest and post harvest treatments including
packing and freezing. For freezing and storage marketing special freezers will be mounted on the
vehicle for transportation of fish. Market survey will be conducted and potential markets identified in
Pakistan and abroad for selling trout fish depending on the demand. Hotels and departmental stores in
Punjab and NWFP are the likely potential markets. Marketing will include publicity, packing and
actual trading of trout fish in the market.
H. Registration of the Intellectual property right and trade mark

Trout fish of Swat Valley is highly organic and superior in quality because of the unique
environment and pure water of the mountains free of all sorts of pollution. Therefore, the intellectual
property right of trout fish would be registered under the trade name of Swat or any other biophysical
feature of the valley. This will greatly help in protecting the rights and discouraging piracy allowing
the communities to get the benefit in the longer run.
III. Irrigation Channel Development

In addition to developing water for fish pond and feeding the hydel power station, the out
flow water can also be used for developing irrigation channels for irrigating the community lands.
These channels will be developed with support from the project resources and the beneficiaries will
play their part in kind. This activity will help in increasing productivity of community land and thus
their sources of income will greatly be increased. The irrigated field will be used to produce organic
cash crops like seasonal and off season vegetables, orchards and other such valuable crops for the
benefit of the local communities. The water so developed will also be used for human and livestock
drinking and will therefore help in meeting the drinking water needs of the communities. On an
average 500 rft irrigation channel will be developed for feeding a single fish pond.
Justification of the project

Malakand Agency mostly comprises of the Himalayan moist temperate forests, which serve as
a source of fresh water giving life to the Swat river that not only recharges the ground water but also
downstream. Besides, serving as a source of water for drinking, irrigation and energy generation
these rivers supports a variety of fresh water flora and fauna and are therefore playing an important
role in balancing the fresh water ecosystem. Fresh water ecosystem in Malakand Agency is rich in
exotic trout (rainbow and brown trout). These areas have got tremendous potential for trout fish
production on sustainable basis.
Community based trout fisheries development in the remote areas of Swat Valley, which
mostly comprises of poor of the poorest segment in NWFP will prove helpful in eradicating poverty.
Because of hostile weather conditions especially in winter coupled with highly rugged terrain, the
sources of income of communities living in these remote parts of NWFP are very limited.
Consequently, the local communities mostly exploit the forestry and rangeland resources of the
fragile mountains to earn their livelihoods. Thus the fragile mountain ecosystem is exposed to erosion
and the beautiful landscape is degraded.
Trout being a famous fish and table delicacy may serve as a viable source of income for the
communities not only by its live marketing outside Swat Valleys but may also attract tourists and
generate market at the door step in the otherwise very rich Valley in terms spectacular landscape.
Therefore, development of community based trout fisheries could generate a chain of activities
leading to enhancing the income generation capacity of the rural poor and alleviating poverty. In

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addition increased production of trout fish would help in increased production of white meat and rich
source of protein in the area.
In view of the above exposition, it is therefore assumed that the project is highly justifiable in
terms of its social acceptability, economic viability, environmental safety and technical excellence.
The positive value of benefit cost analysis of the project is an indicator that the proposed project is
justified provided all necessary financial, technical and administrative inputs are provided in time as
per the provision of the PC-1.
As regards the governance aspects of the project, SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP will establish
special unit consisting of locals to take care of the trout fish culture and business on regular basis.
Technical parameters
The proposed project is technically feasible as trout rearing has already been tested and found
appropriate in terms of growth, development and marketing. Required professional expertise in fresh
water fisheries is also available at local level, which could be utilized for project implementation. In
addition the required fish seed could be procured from the exiting hatcheries at local level or arranged
from Kaghan valley in NWFP. Other technical inputs like equipments, tools and required feed will be
made available well before the project is actually implemented.
The local communities will be informed about the importance of the proposed project for
increasing their income level and sustainable management of the resources aiming at the well being
of the communities. For this purpose adequate arrangements will be made for running a
comprehensive awareness campaign in the project area. In additional, capacity of the local
communities will further be developed for shouldering the responsibilities of running the enterprise
on sustainable basis. Two men and women from each village shall be trained in rearing, feeds,
packing and marketing of fish for sustainability.
Demand and supply analysis
Trout fish has got tremendous demand in the local market and supply is currently meager.
Therefore a great deal of scope exists for increasing the trout fish supply and satisfying demand in the
market. Demand and supply analysis of the trout fish will be done in the first year of the project by
the marketing unit of the SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP and annual marketing plans will be
developed. Earlier the trout fish was raised in one of the private farm at Batdara in Neelum Valley,
AJ&K in 2004, which were sold for Rs. 500-600 per kg. at source.
For marketing trout fish a specialized marketing unit will be established in SPECIAL
SUPPORT GROUP, which will establish market chain and will work on all aspects of marketing of
the produce. In addition a marketing officer along with two assistants will be recruited by the project
to work on marketing of the produce. Moreover, publicity in print and electronic media will also be
done for introducing the product to the consumers.
Major financial benefits of the proposed project are:
• Productive use of the river water,

• Increased income generation opportunities through provision of direct labour
opportunities,
• Enterprise and marketing of highly prized and delicious fish,
• Energy generation,
• Irrigation of agricultural fields by the in and out flow of water developed for
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trout fisheries,
ii) Economic
Economic benefits of the project will include micro economic development of the
local community through increase in their income and at macro level the govt. of AJK will
earn revenue in the form of various taxes. Per capita income of the local population will also
increase leading to economic development. Other economic benefits of the project are:
• Increase in the socio-economic status of local communities.

• Increased production of protein
iii) Social benefits with indicators
As the project is based on the concept of involving communities in developing and

managing the project especially after the life of the project, it is socially acceptable. The local
community will be benefited in terms of supporting them in increased income generation
opportunities, employment, development of irrigation channels, provision of electricity and
enterprise development. The livelihood sources of local community will greatly be increased
and their standard of living will improve. Thus the project will support the local community in
combating poverty in the remote areas. The indicators includes increase in per unit crop
production as a result of irrigation, provision of direct employment opportunities to dozens of
local persons, electrification of five villages in the target area and infrastructure development
using a certain proportion of the net project revenue. Major socio-economic indicators of the
proposed project are given bellow:
• Establishment of sixteen community organization (COs)

• Establishment of cooperatives within sixteen COs
• Development of five small community hydel power plants for generation of
electricity
• Development of sixteen community water channels for irrigating agricultural fields
and supply water for irrigation and drinking
iv) Employment generation (direct and indirect)
The project will generate direct employment opportunities for four professionals, six
support staff, sixteen technicians, over a hundred laborers and sixteen guards. In addition
thousands of people will get opportunities of indirect employment in various enterprise and
marketing over the long term.
v) Environmental impact
As the proposed project aims at conserving the fresh water fish resources and creating
income generation opportunities for the local communities enabling them to earn their
livelihood, their dependence on forestry and rangeland resources will greatly be decreased.
This will greatly help in protecting the natural vegetation in the fragile mountains of Swat
Valley that directly discharge water in the Jehlum reservoir. Therefore, the project is
environmentally safe and sustainable and its impacts on environment will be highly positive.
The proposed project is line with the provision of Agenda-21, Millennium Development
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Goals, National Conservation Strategy and National Environment Action Plan and would
therefore help in achieving the environmental objectives.
The proposed project is in line with the provisions of the Pakistan Environment
Protection Act-1997. Therefore, the proposed project has got positive environmental impacts.
vi) Impact of delays on project cost and viability
Any delay in the implementation of the project will lead to cost escalation and it
would not be possible to achieve the targets set against the estimated cost. Thus delay in
project implementation should as far as possible be avoided.
Management structure and manpower requirements including specialized skills during

construction and operational phases
SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP is a state level organization, mandated to support the terrorism
affected communities in improving their livelihood opportunities. SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP
covers all the ----- Terrorism affected districts of NWFP and will be responsible for actual
implementation of the project. SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP will establish close cooperation with
the NWFP Fisheries and Wildlife Department, which will provide technical support at various stages
of project implementation. In addition, services of professional experts would be hired as and when
required, besides outsourcing some of the activities.
Manpower requirements during execution and operation of the project
The SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP has got professional capacity in community mobilization,
conducting sustainable livelihood assessment through participatory learning and assessment
techniques, involving community in asset based assessment, prioritization and decision making to
implement projects effectively and efficiently. Besides most of the professionals are highly equipped
with knowledge in developing community based livelihood rehabilitation plans and village
development plans. They have got a very wide experience of implementing multidisciplinary
projects.
A specialized trout fish unit will be established in SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP comprising
of trout fish professionals, marketing experts, support staff and technicians for implementation of the
project. In addition the NWFP Fisheries Department will also be kept on board during the
implementation for technical support and advice.
Additional projects/decisions required to maximize socio-economic benefits from the proposed

project
Additional project/decisions will include boosting the agricultural productivity through

provision of irrigation facilities by diverting the outflow water of the fish ponds to the agricultural
fields. This will help in diversification of crops and income especially from off season vegetables. In
addition, hydel power production will be used in electrification of the remote rural villages, which
otherwise could not get electricity from the national grid. These and other such additional project
benefits will further strengthen the process of community organizations and cooperative farming to
the benefit of local communities.

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6.14 Scope: The scope of the proposed project is to formally and scientifically deploy various
interventions that have been researched and tried out in various sites in rural locations of Pakistan and
Azad Kashmir. Since these interventions have been tried and tested in various combinations and
some on standalone basis there is a need to integrate them and prove effectiveness in order to
establish best practices for replication. The project will employ various combinations using different
technologies. Each combination will be examined for optimum returns keeping in mind financial
constraints and ease of replicability. A complete and integrated food security support base will
emerge based on agro ecological conditions and skills of local producers. The entire proposed project
is aimed at poor rural females and marginalized farmers. Due attention will be paid to the landless
and ways and means will be identified to build up food security for them as well.
6.15 Justification: Field trials have proved the efficacy of the various interventions that are
proposed for applied research. There is a great need to study them scientifically and for consensus to
be developed amongst the agricultural institutions and scientists based on on-ground results. Rapid
population increase and concomitant increased pressure upon already depleted natural resources
demands that new and innovative steps be deployed in order to ensure food security for those living
below the poverty line. Nutritional enhancement is crucial amongst females and young children. This
project is primarily aimed at solving the issue of food security amongst poor, vulnerable and
marginalized sections of the populace. Secondly, fields of intervention wherein these population
groups can themselves provide input and effort will be identified.
7. Location: Malakand is a region in the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Named after
Malakand Agency, a part of this region, it covers one third of the total area of the province. The area
of Malakand Region is 29,872 sq. Km and its population is 5.52 million. The region is further divided
into Chitral, Dir upper, Dir Lower, Swat, Buner, Shangla Districts and Malakand Agency.
Swat is known as the Switzerland of Pakistan. The river Swat is a clear water river starting
from the Ushu range of mountains to the spread of the valley of Swat. It is the greenest valleys of
Northern Pakistan and is well connected to the rest of Country. One can also get here either from
Peshawar (160 KMs) or Islamabad. (250 KMs) The valley of Swat is located in the middle of the foot
hills of the Hindukush mountain range. The main town of the valley is Saidu Sharif. Swat is the
garden of Ashoka and was a prosperous land in the Buddhist times (2 BC to 5 AD) There are at least
over 100 archeological sites in the valley less than 10% of them are excavated.
Kalam is the most beautiful part of the Swat valley. The land of waterfalls, lakes, pastures,
and glaciers, surrounded by lush green mountains, covered with forests and vegetation.
7.1 About Malakand Region:
7.1.1 Malakand Agency:
Malakand agency lies at a strategically important position as it acts as a Gateway to Swat, Dir,
Chitral and Bajaur. It is surrounded by a series of mountains that were overgrown with different kinds
of trees. In the past though, they have a barren look today.
The Swat River flows through it down towards Charsadda district where it falls into the Kabul River.
Malakand Agency is bounded on the north by Dir district on the East by Swat district, on the south
east and south west by Mardan and Charsadda districts respectively and on the west by Momand and
Bajaur Agencies. The area of Malakand protected area is 952 sq.km. Malakand agency is divided into
two sub-divisions. Swat Ranizai and Sam Ranizai. Malakand is the headquarters of Malakand
Agency.
7.1.2 District Swat:
Swat lies between 340-13'-55" and 350-53'-40" north latitudes and 700-47'-15" east longitude
in Malakand Division of North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The area of Swat is about 3,798
sq. km with a population of 1.577million in 2004-05.

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Swat Valley and complex of adjoining valleys lies within the Hindu Kush Mountains and
covers an area of 8,220 sq Kms. Trans Himalayan climate prevails in the area which is average 600 m
elevation in the south and 6,000 m in the north. The Swat River is the main drainage and runs from
North East to South West. The valley is open towards the south and narrow and restricted towards the
North with a number of small side valleys. The valley floor consists of heavy silt deposit and is rich
and fertile though over used and mismanaged to create heavy infestation of viruses and pests.
Dangerous pesticides have been used extensively. The Swat River flows swiftly for 35 Km from
Kalam to Madyan and is erosive in nature. The rest of 70 Kms in the lower part of the valley from
Madyan to Khawza Khela the river is slow and deposits silt eroded from higher watersheds. North of
Madyan the terrain is rocky and difficult and lies within the Kohistans area. There is less rain in
summers and the altitude of 3,500 to 5,000 m consists of upper pastures.
The rest of the area consists of Dir and Bajaur Districts and onwards through a narrow gorge
to the Momand Tribal Area of FATA before entering the wide and open Peshawar Valley near
Charsadda.
Kalam is 29 kilometers (18 miles) from Bahrain and about 2,000 meters (6,800 feet) above
sea level, the valley opens out, providing rooms for a small but fertile plateau above the river. In
Kalam the Ushu and Utrot rivers join to form the Swat River. Here, the road ends and shingle road
leads to the Ushu and Utrot valleys. From Matiltan one gets a breath-taking view of the snow-capped
Mount Falaksir 5,918 meters (19,415 ft.), and another un-named peak 6,096 meters (20,000 ft.) high.
7.1.3 Beyond Kalam:
The scenery is alpine and heavily forested and the trekking is best of all. 25 km further from
Kalam is the Mahodand valley. It has an unobstructed view of Swat's highest peak, the 5,918 m
Falaksir. Also, situated here is the beautiful Mahodand Lake.
7.1.4 District Dir:
Dir is administratively subdivided into Upper Dir and Lower Dir districts. Dir district is 5,280
square kilometers in area and part of the Malakand division, lying along the Afghanistan border
between Chitral and Peshawar.
Almost all of it lies in the valley of the Panjkora which raises high in the Hindu Kush at
Latitude. 35.45 and joins the Swat River near Chakdara, where the district is usually entered, at
Latitude. 34.40. Apart from the Tehsils of Adenzai round Chakdara and Munda in the south-west, Dir
is rugged and mountainous with peaks rising to 16,000 feet in the north-east and to 10,000 ft. along
the watersheds with Swat to the east and Afghanistan to the west.
The only motor able road to Chitral reaches 10,234 ft at the Lowari Pass. Timergara,
however, the district headquarters, lies at only 2,700 ft. twice the altitude of Peshawar but much
lower than the traditional and eponymous capital of Dir at the foot of the Lowarai. Except for them
and a number of rapidly growing bazaar towns along the main roads the population is rural, scattered
in more than 1200 villages over the plains of Adenzai and Munda and the deep narrow valleys of the
Panjkora and its tributaries. Of these the largest are Barawal, Usherai, Nihag, Karo and Toormang.
Dir district was officially split into Upper Dir and Lower Dir in 1996. Until 2000 as funds
were not available to provide the accommodation needed at Dir town by government departments at a
district headquarters, both districts continued to be administered by a single deputy Commissioner
stationed at Timergara.
The topography of Dir is mainly hilly. The Panjkora River flows through and divides Dir in
almost two equal parts. The climate is extremely cold in winters and moderately warm in summer.
Accessibility:
Dir is well connected by road with the rest of the country by Timergara and Mardan.
Peshawar International airport has air linkage to all over the country as well as with the rest of the
world.
7.1.5 Buner District:

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For revenue administration the District is divided into six (6) Tehsils vis-à-vis Gadezai,
Daggar, Gagra, Chagharzai, Chamla, and Totalai. Buner is one of the less developed Districts of the
North West Frontier Province.
Geology & Physical Features.
Buner lies between 34-9 and 34-43 N latitude and 72-10 and 72-47 E longitude. It is bound on
the North by Swat District, on the West by Malakand Agency, on the South by Mardan District, and
on the East by River Indus and Hazara Division. The region is encircled by hills on all sides and is
separated from Swat by a range of mountains; elevation varies from 1,200 ft in Totalai (Khudukhel)
in the South to 9,550 ft of Dosara peak in the North. The hilly tracks are enriched with minerals,
which have now become a symbol of business in the area.
The area of Buner District is mostly surrounded by big hills which are covered with pine
trees. There are three main rivers namely Barndu, Chamla and Budal and the former flows in the
midst of the District. Most of the population is rural and main source of their livelihood is agriculture.
Main crops of the area are wheat, maize, tobacco, and sugarcane.
Mining:
The Mountains of Buner District are rich in various minerals and very little efforts have been
made in this regard in the past. However, marble industry is well developed in the area. There are
around 150 marble industries in Buner District and about 40-50 marble industries are under
construction.
Forestry:
Total forest area is 32,102 hectares. Buner District falls in the subtropical ecological zone
with warm summers and mild winters. Generally the forests are over exploited with very poor canopy
cover. Main forest types are shrubs (acacia, kaha sanatha etc) at lower elevations and chir pines at
higher elevations. Local people are dependent on this forest to meet their timber, fuel wood and
fodder requirements. About 30 years ago during era of “Wali Swat”, the area was known for its
forests. Those forests comprised of Chir, Samantha, Olea and Phulai etc. at that time, after merger of
the area with Pakistan, road network was developed and administration control become loose that led
to over exploitation of forests. In addition to this, few locals and non-locals started illegal timber
business. Resultantly forest resources were badly damaged in only two decades. Seasonal Ajars
(Nomadic grazers) have also played their role in forest depletion. With ever-increasing population
pressure locals are forced to think over the situation but no joint effort/ decision could be made in this
regard.
Agriculture:
The average annual rainfall is approximately 30 inches per annum in the area. Main crops of
the area are Wheat, Maize, Tobacco, Sugarcane, Barley and Pulses. Vegetable production is very
low. However potatoes, ladyfingers, pumpkins, beans, tomatoes, etc. are grown on a small scale. A
few types of fruits are also grown in the area such as apricots, mulberries, figs, plums, walnuts, wild-
persimmons, and apples etc. 35.08 % of the land is cultivable.
Buner has a total surface of 172,096 hectares out of this 111,733 hectares are uncultivable and
are classified as forest, pasture or unusable leaving 60,363 hectares of potentially cultivable land.
Various projects which previously operated such as B.D.P. (Buner Development Project) etc. had
installed lift irrigation schemes and tube-wells which have increased the production of cereal crops
but still the gap between demand and supply could not be bridged. Economically, majority of the
people are poor and joint family system is common in the area. Most of the houses are made of mud;
however, living standards are gradually improving because many people of Buner are serving abroad.
Buner is a rural area with no known urban center. Pir Baba and Sowari Bazaars, which the people
consider urban settlements, also carry rural features. Tobacco and marble industries are vivid symbols
of business in the area. Yet, agriculture is still the main source of livelihood for most of the people.
Other major sources of income of the local population are daily labor, business and Government

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services. Alongside this many people are also serving in the cities of Pakistan and also in several
countries of the World specifically Saudi Arabia, England, America, India, Japan, Jordan, Malaysia
and UAE.
7.1.6 Shangla District: Shangla is a District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan that
contains two Tehsils Alpuri and Puran. Alpuri Town is the district headquarters. There are two main
Sub divisions Puran and Alpuri and three sub Tehsils: Tehsil Besham, Tehsil Chakesar, and Tehsil
Martung. Tehsil Hq of Puran is situated in Aloch. Shangla has the lowest Human Development Index
in the Province. Shangla, previously a sub division of Swat District, was upgraded to the status of a
district on July 1, 1995 by the then Chief Minister Aftab Khan Sherpao.
Geography:
Shangla hill (Shangla top), separates the district from Swat, and the Shangla Pass is the only
way of communication between the two districts.
The district is bounded on the east by Provincially Administrated Tribal Area of Batagram
and Kala Dhaka (Black Mountain of Hazara) along which the Indus River flows for about 75
kilometers, on the west by District Swat, on the south by District Buner and tribal area of Kala Dhaka
and on the north by District Kohistan.
The total area of the district is 1,586 square kilometers. Shangla District consists of small
valleys and is situated between hillocks and surrounded by high mountains full of forests comprising
Pindrow Fir, Morinda Spruce, Blue Pine (Kail), Chir Pine and Deodar Cedar trees. The general
elevation of the district is 2,000 to 3,000 meters above sea level. The highest point (3,440 m) is near
Kuz Ganrshal in the north of the district. There are beautiful isolated valleys most suitable for seed
production of high demand cross pollinated vegetable crops. Moreover Shangla has a tremendous
potential for hydel power generation, one such project underway is at Khan Khwar.
Population:
According to the 1998 census, the District had a population of 435,563 with an average
annual growth rate of 3.3% and population density of 274 persons per square kilometer. The total
number of households is 64,391 with an average household size of 8.1. Almost the entire population
of Shangla consists of Pathan tribe Yousafzai. The Babozai, a sub tribe of the Yousafzai live in this
area particularly in Puran valley. They are specially known for their hospitality.
Almost the entire population is Muslim (99.8%) with very small numbers of Christians, Hindus, and
Ahmadis
8. Climate: Six seasons pertain in the area consisting of:
1. Spring.
2. Dry Summers.
3. Wet Summers.
4. Early monsoons.
5. End monsoons.
6. Winters.
July is the hottest and January is the coldest month. In the north snow laden peaks in July look
over the entire Malakand Agency area wherein wheat is harvested in end May.
Rain: End December to end April.
End July to mid September.
Dry: End May to mid July.
Start October to end November.
December to February has light rain of long duration whereas there are heavy thunder storms
in spring and rivers come to flood. Annual rainfall is covered in four parts.
1. Kohistan North of Madyan with seldom and sporadic rains in summer.
Semi Arid: 450 – 700 mm.
2. Upper Swat above Khawza Khela, here rainfall consists of steady downpours.

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Wet Mountains: 1,000 – 1,750 mm.
3. Middle Swat, Khawza Khela to Barikot.
Semi Wet/ Semi Hot: 1,000 – 1,250 mm.
4. Malakand Agency, Tehsil Adenzai of lower Dir, Barikot to Malakand, less rain in
summer.
Semi Arid/ Semi Hot: 450 – 700 mm.
(Anon. 1986).
8.1 Environment and Land Characteristics:
The land is managed under a complex system of arability and organization. Alternate dry and
wet spells throughout the year coupled with Global Warming, heavy population pressure and clear
cutting of forests have all served to degrade the environment substantially.
Population consists of Yousafzai; Swati; Kohistani; Gujars; Julaha; Ahangar. Religious
elements consist of Syeds; Akhundzadas; Sahibzadas; Mullan and elements from within the Afghan
refugees.
8.2 Land & Tenure:
1. Arable Land near villages/ homes: “Bari”.
2. Small Holdings: “Gowagai”.
3. Square/ Regular shaped Holdings: “Sahpar”.
4. Rectangular Holdings: “Berarahra”.
5. Narrow and Long Holdings: “Karkha”.
6. Near Streams/ Rivers: “Showlgarah”.
Lands outside or far from villages that are irrigated are called “Kas” and are tilled mostly by
tenants. Near the Mountains where deep soil lands are lying fallow are called “Sadeen” and are now
under “Barani” or Rainfed regime where tractors are heavily used. The jungle covered slopes of the
valley sides are termed “Kareen” and consist of thin soil cover used mostly for grazing. “Mera” or
highly fertile plain land is called “Ghar” near the mountains; “Sum” in the level valley and “Tang” if
it is surrounded by streams or the river. Extensive crops consist of Rice; Wheat; Fodder; Vegetables
and Fruit. Intercrop of fodder within orchards is increasing. “Barani” area is Khawazakhela; Kabal;
Barikot; Chakdarra; In the South Thana Shamozai, Manyar, Galaygai is used mostly for livestock
such as sheep and goats. During dry spells year’s livestock is increased over agriculture whose yields
are steadily decreasing due to lack of nutrient recycling and good management practices. The main
valley has Wheat/ Corn – Rice and two crops are harvested while the mountain areas are restricted to
single corn crop. In summers “Shahtoot” and in winters “Shahbaloot” trees leaves are used for
fodder. In the mountain area Corn or potatoes; Lobia beans and turnips are grown while Kalam is
heavily cropped with potatoes and Cabbage. There is a need of introducing Fodder Trees extensively.
Mid Swat and Dir raise sheep mostly while Buner and Malakand raise goats.
8.4 Affected Area: A total area of ---- Sq Kms was affected by the Terrorist activities impacting
---- Districts of Malakand Division with devastating results. A population of ---- million was directly
affected in ---- villages with over ------- houses damaged. Mortality was to the tune of ------ fatalities
and ------- people were injured. Over Rs. ---- billion losses are estimated in public and private sectors
with extensive infrastructure damages.
9. Issues: The issues that have to be dealt with in the aftermath of Military action are complex
and highly sensitive. It will be counterproductive to deal with the matter as routine. Descent of
INGOs and NGOs to spread development in a manner that is the presently the norm will serve to
exacerbate rather than solve the issues. Sensibilities related to local culture and traditions will have to
be uppermost in any strategy for rehabilitation. Any perceived cultural invasion on top of military
action will create negative results on a long term basis. VIP culture; photo opportunities and overt
western values will create problems that will accrue to be faced once again in the near future.

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Having won the war on terror we need to win the peace as well! This will only be possible
when a culturally acceptable approach is adopted. Development is the best means of ensuring a
balanced approach towards life that believes in “Live and let Live”.
Any intervention that is of routine nature and has long term benefits that are not visible will
also be counterproductive. The requirement is of Short/ Medium and Long-Term and High Impact
interventions that provide positive; immediate and visible results.
10. Interventions: This project will impact the lives of ----- million people, inhabiting --- UCs in
---- terrorist affected districts of Malakand division on Pilot basis.
10.1 It is proposed to implement Food Security; ecologically sound Agricultural/ Horticultural
rehabilitation; intensive Kitchen Gardening and Rapid Composting Project in conjunction with
Livestock Production and Grass Roots Economy Generation.
In order to maximize impact it is proposed that Rapid Composting and Environment/ Predator
Protected Kitchen Garden Facilities be provided. This will ensure a Carbon Sink for Biodegradable
Waste as a rich and organic nutrient source as well as provide food security as a very minimum return.
The effort can be considered as a gateway towards intensive horticulture for export of organically grown
vegetables to other parts of the Division as well as Pakistan and neighboring Countries.
Mushrooms grown in specially designed growing structures and introduction of Angora Rabbits
as a source of high grade and demand wool for traditional shawls is one such intervention that will
provide benefit.
10.2 Grazers from amongst the populace of Nomadic and Semi Nomadic livestock owning tribes such
as “Gujjars” and “Ajars” need to be focused upon as they constitute a major portion of marginalized and
poverty stricken families.
• Develop a uniform policy for the use of old plantations on hillsides. In order to have maximum
return from old (>5-10 years old) plantations silvo-pastoral systems are proposed. Since grass
production will decline with increasing age of the trees, grass cutting will not be economical
anymore. Grazing will improve the recycling of water, nutrients and energy and is less labor
intensive. The areas can be given on lease with prescribed rules and regulations on the use by the
pastoralists. Controlled grazing systems are proposed, in this way, the problem of reduced
(winter) grazing areas can be partly solved, and all parties will enjoy the benefits of plantation
and protection.
• Plantation of Seabuckthorn and other forage trees will extend the options available to the grazers
as well as reduce pressure upon coniferous trees. Burning of grass that kills biota and young trees
will also be avoided. Re-plantation of grazing lands with three dimensional shrubs, forbs and
herbs will also supplement
• The major trekking routes of (semi-) nomadic grazers can be extended to the whole of Malakand
Division, to get a complete overview of the seasonal movements of nomads. The map should
become part of each planning activity related to hillside development planning.
• Enhance dialogue of nomadic grazers with Local Government and facilitate (together with
Livestock Department) towards problem solving actions.
10.2.1 Recommendations:
 Include more users, esp. grazers, in the planning and implementation process of Village
Development Planning (VDPs) if possible from the initial stage. If their needs and ideas are
incorporated in VDPs, it will improve the planning. Implementation and maintenance of certain
activities.
In the planning phase of VDPs one should, in addition, consider the following aspects:
 Trekking routes through the village area
 Major watering points
 Carrying capacity of the range lands, selection of best grazing lands
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 Number and type of livestock (already included)
 Total grazing area needed for grazing of livestock /total area to be planted
 The kind of species to be planted
In this way a village will be enabled for sustainable and sufficiently large plantation, without any
problems for those who keep livestock.
10.3 Plan of Work:
10.3.1 Objectives Wise Activities & Methodology:
Objectives-
1: Establishment of Village Councils using Page Rank for Executive Committee
selection.
2: Improved designs and structures of vegetable growing tunnels, using Geodesic Domes
for Upland areas, production management and complete plant nutrition for off-season
vegetables for small landholders; Introduction of Angora Rabbits; Protected
Mushroom Production; Small, Alternate Energy Incubators for Backyard Poultry/
breeding of exotic birds.
3: Provision of Livestock Nutrition; introduction of silage techniques and planting of
fodder trees; Herbs; Forbs & Shrubs/ improved quality and quantity forage including
conservation irrigation and complete plant nutrition. Breed improvement through
provision of quality breeding animals.
4: Establishment of Trout Fisheries, Irrigation Channels & Small Hydro Power Units.
5: Establishment of additional wool processing/ weaving facilities; Food Processing and
Hand line Canning.
10.3.2 Activities:
a. Rapid Composting through bioaugmentation for biodegradable Solid Waste
Treatment.
b. Phytoremediation and bioaugmentation for Liquid Waste Treatment.
c. Erection of:
i. Geodesic Dome Structures from Australian Concept of Permaculture complete
with micro irrigation {Sub-Soil (Reticulation), Drip and Sprinkler} based on Roof-
Top and Surface Water Harvesting for conservation of water resource.
ii. Low/ Medium and High tunnels.
iii. Preparation of beds for growing.
iv. Provision of Nutrients:
a. Pure and stable mineral elements in foliar compounds.
b. Total Organic (Compost).
v. Dissemination of Perma and Poly Culture.
vi. Establishment of Nurseries for Seabuckthorn; Berry Bushes; Fodder Trees;
Herbs; Forbs and Shrubs.
vii. Introduction of Direct Seed Mulch Based Farming.
viii. Adoption of SALT Technology.
ix. Introduction of Small, Alternate Energy Incubators for backyard Poultry and
breeding of exotic birds.
x. Provision of Angora Rabbits.
xi. Construction of “Khumbi Kulla” Environment/ Predator/ Disease Protected
Mushroom Growing dedicated structure.
xii. Livestock Nutrition.

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xiii. Growing Eco friendly Field Crops.
xiv. Establishment of Trout Fisheries; Irrigation Channels and Small Hydro Power
Plants.
xv. Hand Line Canning.
10.3.3 Methodology Proposed:
Figure 27: Structure of a Human Activity System (Engeström 1987)
a. Structural Deep Democracy: This is an Alternate Community Management System

for Sustainable Development.
TRUST and CONSENT

• Structural Deep Democracy(SD2) is a Social Network Optimization approach
to democratic-republicanism.
• SD2 uses PageRank as a centrality algorithm to analyze votes to determine the
center of TRUST and CONSENT in a human trust network.
• The top three or five lead such an organization with one of them as the
executive.
• This creates a small and efficient locus of trust and accountability to lead the
organization eliminating the popularity game of conventional populistic-
democracy.
SD2's assumptions are:
1. Solving world problems requires collective action
2. Collective action is best organized democratically
3. Democracy is based on voting.
4. Votes are processed with *centrality algorithms*
5. Representative democracy is based on the idea that, if given the opportunity,
people generally vote for those more qualified than themselves.
The *centrality algorithm* that takes step #5 as many steps as mathematically
possible is PageRank. SD2 uses PageRank to select three or five leaders of the group,
then keeps those leaders accountable with frequent rank recalculations
• PageRank: rank = (# of in-votes) X (avg. strength of in-vote), AND strength
of out-vote = rank / (# of out-votes)
• Executive committees usually are composed of the executive director and the
other two highest ranked executives.
• Each individual executive will usually choose one or two advisors, making the
committee usually six or nine members.
• The executives will usually have voting power of one vote each.
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• Disappearing Task Forces are usually formed by the executive committee, and
usually have one or three Task Leaders. Each Task leader usually has two,
three, or four assistants.
• Voting is usually one vote per director.
Votes may be:
• "yes"
• "no"
• "pass/neutral"
• "yes/protest"
• "no/protest"
• "further deliberation"
Instead of the *in-degree* algorithm (vote summation) the voting data is processed
with PageRank.
• SD2 uses PageRank to select small decision making bodies - only three or five
have voting power.
• This is to centralize accountability and to streamline operations.
• In the field of sociology, PageRank is being used as a *centrality* algorithm -
its being used to find the *center* of human networks.
Figure 28: Social Network Analysis.

Created from poll data gathered by Sirdar Timur Hyat-Khan and Contact
Youth in Islamabad Pakistan, June, 2005. Mark Rosst processed the data with
NetDraw. Groups were colored using the Newman/Girvan algorithm. Image is public
domain.
Research carried out over a period of 20 years in various rural locations of
Pakistan and Azad Kashmir has shown that the very first stumbling block in the path
of sustainable development is the mechanism of Community Organizations (COs) or
Village Organizations (VOs) and the manner in which the Management Committee is
elected. Social divisiveness and disharmony is a direct result of the infighting that
accompanies popular voting methods. Elected groups are more often the largest
minority rather than the majority which results in exclusion of the majority from
participating in their own development. Elite capture and Particular Interest Group

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lobbying overcomes idealistic democracy which soon degenerates into an oligarchy or
rule of the rich. Ill feelings generated from elections have long term impacts that
negatively impact collective and participatory development.
Keeping in mind large scale illiteracy especially in the rural areas, computer
hardware and software has been researched to simplify Executive Committee
Selection that closely parallels our indigenous “Panchayat” or “Jirga” System. The
system is the closest to the egalitarian values enshrined in Islam and will be acceptable
to all.
The Devolution Plan envisaged the Village Council of Villages and Sub
Villages of populations not exceeding 500 adults as the basic unit for governance.
These are the real grass roots that would empower the populace to firmly hold the
reins of governance for local self reliance or localization for globalization. All adult
members of the unit are enlisted in a scroll down pictorial display. The voter is
identified either through fingerprint recognition or retinal scan. The voter simply
scrolls down the list and selects 5 names excluding himself (inbuilt in software). The
software will not accept more than 5 selections while less than 5 are compensated for
within the Page Rank algorithm. All results pass through three different software
packages to arrive at a pictorial display of the social network with selecting patterns
clearly indicated. The central 5 selectees are invited to form the Executive Committee
to run the affairs of the Village. Accountability is inbuilt as a simple rerun of the
exercise quickly determines if Centrality has been retained or lost during the interim
period. Special task Forces are created to oversee various activities that are important
to development.
The next step is to prepare Village Development Plans (VDPs). This is only
possible if experts consult with the local populace to establish Regional and District
Sustainable Development Plans that are integrated and address all issues pertinent to
Sustainable Development. These Action Plans will determine the framework for
VDCs.
b. Collective Activity System Used in Developmental Work Research.
"In the model, the subject refers to the individual or sub-group whose agency is
chosen as the point of view in the analysis. The object refers to the 'raw material' or
'problem space' at which the activity is directed and which is molded or transformed
into outcomes with the help of physical and symbolic, external and internal tools
(mediating instruments and signs). The community comprises multiple individuals
and/or sub-groups who share the same general object. The division of labor refers to
both the horizontal division of tasks between the members of the community and to
the vertical division of power and status. Finally, the rules refer to the explicit and
implicit regulations, norms and conventions that constrain actions and interactions
within the activity system. (Engeström, 1990). Activity systems are also in interaction
with other activity systems. In farming activity, this means for instance farmer
colleagues, administrative and marketing systems.
c. The concept of contradiction is an important tool in the methodology of
developmental work research. Internal contradictions of an activity system can be a
driving force for its change and development. They manifest themselves within a
component or between components of the activity system. The activity is studied in its
historical and cultural context and historical analysis is necessary in revealing the
contradictions. The change and development of an activity system proceed in cycles
through many phases.

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The methodology of developmental work research has been used in multiple
studies in work activities in the field of health care, industry and teaching. This study
applies the methodology in agricultural research following pioneering work in the
field.
Being contextual and systemic, the methodology of developmental work
research gives an opportunity to study the relations of phenomena beyond the confines
of traditional, natural and social scientific disciplines. It also gives tools to develop the
activity from the point of view of the farmers and not only describes and analyses
d. Multifunctional Crop Rotation Model (MCR).
To maintain quality production without synthetic pesticides and avoiding use of heavy
machinery. No till permanent beds will be employed.
e. Ecological Nutrient Management (ENM).
To provide crops with pure and stable mineral nutrients in an economically and
ecologically acceptable way without single directly available Fertilizers. As nutrients
have leached from the soils, in order to rebuild fertility levels there is a need for
augmenting compost with secondary and micronutrients in the short term and
rebuilding nutrient cycling based upon minimum external inputs in the long term.
f. Statistical Analysis:
Conducted on data to identify the important farm level variables influencing health,
welfare status and practices. Based on the results of the implementing (Phase 1) and
statistical (Phase 2) analyses, the survey farms will be classified by type and health
and welfare characteristics. Case-studies will be implemented on key farms, for each
of the characterized farm types, in order to explore in more detail specific influential
factors and constraints. It is envisaged that case studies will involve informal (PRA,
etc.) and formal (farm records and closed questions) methods.
g. Design:
This is not a typical research methodology. In fact it is a process very different
from classical research. Classical research investigates a particular problem,
phenomena or a set of problems, in order to understand the mechanisms involved.
Design, however, involves another process entirely. In design one synthesizes the
knowledge into the larger units through which the "whole" functions in reality. In
other words, in research one "discovers something", while in designing one "creates
something" out of its vision and synthesized knowledge. Agro-designing methodology
involves several steps (Vereijken, 1995). It starts with an inventory of the needs and
objectives of the stakeholders concerned. Objectives are then ordered hierarchically
and rated. The most important of these are then transformed into a suitable set of
parameters. In other words, in order to quantify selected objectives, a set of
measurable key parameters should be developed. The next step is to establish
appropriate agricultural methods and techniques serving more than one objective, for
example, intensive fertilization in general serves the objective of high yield and is
detrimental to other objectives such as the environment and capable of bridging gaps
between conflicting objectives. Finally, the set of multi-objective parameters and
methods is linked in a general theoretical prototype based on agronomic, agro-
ecological and economic considerations. Theoretical prototypes are then tested in
practice and their shortcomings are used as the learning points for the next phase,
(re)designing of the same or another farming system.
Sustainability is both site-specific and determined by macro institutional and
economic settings. The overall sustainability of a farming system can best be
expressed by the index (degree) of sustainability reached. This index can be derived

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from farm balances such as nutrients, soil organic matter, energy, labor, economic
return, resource use and biodiversity value and from other relevant farm data (Znaor,
1996).
While classical research focuses on problem solving, design is a problem-
prevention methodology and is suitable for multi- and interdisciplinary research teams
with the vision of how to improve agricultural sustainability.
h. Testing With Pilot Farms.
Prototyping research takes place in interaction with a group of ten pilot farms, to:
• Ensure input of experience and knowledge of leading farmers;
• Test the design at variable soil and management conditions.
Results for quantity and quality of products, environment and nature of the
farms are evaluated annually using a set of parameters with quantified innovative
norms. Shortcomings are analyzed systematically with the pilot farmers in order to
improve farming methods and management:
1. Is it ready for use?
2. Is it manageable for the farmers?
3. Is it acceptable to the farmers?
4. Is it effective?
i. It is proposed to introduce an Appropriate, Integrated and Sustainable Approach to
Rural Development, keeping in view latest trends that are producing “Results”. A
short analysis is given below:
Needs-Based Community Development:
Traditional Model:
• Based on Needs
• Goal Institutional Change
• Conversation Problems and Concerns
• Change Agent Power
• View of Individual Consumer/ Client
Needs are based on Community Problems
Assets-Based Community Development:
Alternate Model:
• Based on Assets
• Goal Building Communities
• Conversation Gifts & Dreams
• Change Agent Relationship
• View of Individual Producer / Owner
Assets are based on Community “Treasures”
“Asset-Based” Development:
• Reorients development from a “needs-based” approach. Needs-based models seek to identify
weaknesses in a local community and then implement strategies to overcome those weaknesses
• This method of mobilizing citizens focuses on negative characteristics of a community and
demoralizes local residents, thus limiting proactive action at the local level.
• Focusing on local assets, instead of needs and deficits, allows residents to identify possibilities for
change that they can control, and energizes residents to take action.

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Figure 29: Asset-Based Community Development:
While the needs-based approach focuses on garnering external resources to solve

problems, the alternative asset based approach looks for residents’ personal skills and
dreams and links them to action through a public articulation of these local assets.
j. Economic Gardening:
Using local resources to grow their own jobs through entrepreneurial activity
— Economic gardening—instead of recruiting them from outside the community, or
Economic Hunting. The idea evolved from work by Dr. David Birch at MIT who
argued that a majority of all new jobs in any local economy were produced by small
local businesses.
Core Elements of Economic Gardening:

1) Providing information, infrastructure and connections for local growth
companies;
2) Providing connections between industry and academia;
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3) Focusing on quality of life and amenities.
Figure 30: Economic Gardening.

k. Containerized Factory & Hand Line Canning:
Configured & Pre-Installed:
• Marmalade; Tomato Paste; Ketchup; Fruit Pulp; Pure Juices; Nectars;
Concentrates & Baby Food.
• Edible Oil Processing Plants.
• Potato/ Onion Processing.
• Milling Plants.
• Milk Products.
• Fodder Pellets.
• Slaughtering/ Rendering Plants.
• Green Beans & Berries Processing/ Freezing/ Packing.
• Ice Blocks/ Flakes Plant.
• Mineral Water & Honey Plants.
l. Pilot Community Based Production Project:

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Projects for Wool Spinning, Shawl and Carpet Weaving, Bed Linen and Quilt
Production, Bridal Dresses, etc. through Provision of Training/ Equipment/ Raw material and
Collective Marketing.
a) Year Wise Schedule:
Years Months
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Year-1
Activities
I Site selection/
mapping/ GIS
Stakeholder dialogue
SD2:
II Division/ District
Sustainable
Development Action
Plans.
III Poverty
Mapping.
IV Composting:
V Dome/ Tunnel
Erection:
VI Mushroom
Kulla Construction:
VII Trout Fisheries.
VIII Irrigation
Channels.
IX Hydro Power
Plants.
X Angora Rabbits.
XI Growing:
XII Processing/
Canning:
XIII Marketing &
Analysis:
Year-2
Activities
I Stakeholder
dialogue:
II Composting:
III Growing:
IV Rearing:
V Processing/
Canning:
VI Analysis:
VII Peer Review:
VIII Replication:
IX Marketing:
Year-3
Activities
1 Stakeholder
dialogue:
11 Composting:
111 Growing:
1V Rearing:
V Processing/
Canning:

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VI Analysis:
V1I Peer Review:
V11I Replication:
IX Marketing.
X Transfer.
14. Logical Framework Matrix (LFM):
Narrative Summary Objectively Verifiable Means/Source of Risks/

Indicators(OVIs) verification(MOV) Assumptions
Goal/ Overall
Objective Food Meeting minimum daily FAO) standards Political/
Security for food intake standards Economic and
marginalized / poor/ Climate Stability
females/ children.
Project Purpose
Enhance Nutrition of Calories and nutrient Replicability/ Technology
target group. Increase analysis of produce. Acceptability Transfer in user
income through sale of friendly manner.
marketable surplus
Outputs/ Results 1. Quantities of various • Village Council • Budget

1. More effective food produce for self supervision of field support.
security in eco-friendly consumption. data collection. • Appropriat
manner for small 2. Appropriate out of • Market analysis. e input by
landholders and season production implementing
landless. against market • Village Council staff.
2. Establish Calendars availability and demand. supervision of field • Political
for various 3. Marketable surplus. data collection. stability.
combinations of • Replicability
vegetable/ herbs/ record.
spices growing. 4. Field Trials.
3. Income
Enhancement.
4. Increase capacity of
SSG Staff for outreach
activities.
Activities/ Inputs
The actual tasks • Verification of records kept by Implementing • Budget
required to produce Staff (M&E SSG/ Village Council. disbursed as
desired outputs. • Six monthly progress reports (Technical & planned.
1.1 Successful rapid Financial) • Staff available
composting. • Annual Progress Report for research
1.2 Numbers and types • Field visit to monitor implementation of
of structures erected. project
2.1 Vegetable/ Herb/
Spice/ Mushroom
Growing.
2.2 Fertigation.
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3.1 Canning.
4.1 Video Films/
documentaries will be
prepared
Mountain Biodiversity: An Assessment

In mountain environments, the general economic standpoint remains valid, but there is also a
much more direct aspect of the value of biodiversity—it provides physical stability on mountain
slopes and therefore also safety from avalanches, landslides and erosion. Thus biodiversity can be
thought of as providing ecological services (Luck et al 2003) rather than simply offering resources
that are available to be “used up.” The importance of the stability and protection services, as well as
other services provided by mountain biodiversity such as water capture, is clearly stressed These
relate observed biodiversity patterns on mountains to topics such as reduced land area and habitat
heterogeneity, species interactions, organism size, and population age structure and genetics. All of
this is capped by the effects of human land uses on mountain biodiversity, including sustainable
development and conservation issues, and potential influences of climatic change.
Project Components:
• Social Mobilization: The project aims to capitalize the experience of SPECIAL
SUPPORT GROUP in social mobilization and its staff would motivate village activists to
construct Environment/ Predator Protected structures for out of season and regular growing of
vegetables and mushrooms for domestic use.
• Training in Green House Operations: SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP will develop a cadre
of Master Trainers in construction; maintenance and operation of Green House structures (500
men and women) each master trainer will then consequently train some 10 village activists
with the support of the project team. The Master Trainers and other trainees will be selected in
consultation with the local VCs organized by SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP in the area. The
training will focus on low cost, alternate means of construction with emphasis on maintenance
and sustainability of the interventions. The project team will train the Master Trainers on fast-
track basis. It will be followed by regular backstopping and monitoring to create an impact. The
selection of the Master Trainers will be on-merit, based on the following criteria:
• Willingness to impart knowledge after receiving training.
• Willingness to transfer the technology.
• Mobilization of local people and following up on the establishment of Food Security interventions
will be jointly conducted by the local communities and the project staff. The cost of social mobilization
and follow up will be reimbursed to SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP.
• Capacity Building. Partnership, Policy and Advocacy: It is important to build capacity of the
public institutions, NGOs, universities and research institutions in green house operations and other
methods of Plasticulture research, teaching and outreach so that the effort remains sustainable
after the completion of the project. The project will lay a great emphasis on development of
partnerships with and between all key stakeholders, including the private sector. Likewise, emphasis
will be given to policy research and advocacy related to environment/ predator protected, green house
operations, including the; allocation of more funds for research institutions; human resource
development in public institutions; revision of curricula in teaching institutions;
Lessons Learnt:
Gender Concerns:

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Women play an important role in agriculture and food production in developing countries.
They are the dominant labor force in agriculture, and make a crucial contribution through engaging
themselves in all agricultural activities from preparation of the soil to post-harvest operations.
Development of rural women and encouraging their full participation as equal partners in the social and
economic mainstream is one of the greatest challenges being faced by most developing countries today.
Labor migration, especially from the mountain areas, is common in many developing countries,
including Pakistan. Whilst the men leave the village to work in towns and cities - or even abroad -the
women are left to do all the work needed at home. This both increases their workload, but also
empowers women to undertake tasks they never have done before.
Environment/ Predator Protected Kitchen Gardening:
Kitchen garden requirements can be met by 20 cycles of a full tank (1,000 gallons capacity)
per annum. When attached with simple shift- able drip irrigation lines the area under intensive
cultivation can be increased to cater for small-scale commercial production of vegetables and nursery
stock. This can also be a further income strengthening project after initial successful completion and
raised skills levels of the community members after the 1st phase.
ESTABLISHMENT: The proposed project shall be implemented under the overall umbrella of
NWFP Government and executing agency for the Project will be the SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP.
Firstly, employees of the SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP suited to the job will be given preference on
deputation basis. In cases where suitable candidates are not available in the executing agency they
will be hired from the open market.
i) Project Management Unit (PMU)

SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP shall be the Executing Agency with a project
management unit (PMU) established under the Head Office. PMU will be headed by a full
time “Project Director (PD)” supported by a Finance Officer, Horticulture Specialist, Data
Processing Expert, along with Office Staff etc.
The Project Director, PMU shall be responsible for execution of the project. The
procurement and contract management shall be managed by the PMU. PD shall be
responsible to provide monthly progress report to the CEO SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP.
PD will also be responsible to get the expenditures of the project audited by a firm of
Chartered Accountants.
ii) Project Implementation Units (PIUs)

Project Implementation Units shall be established in central rural locations of each
District. Each Implementation Unit shall comprise of: one area coordinator, horticulturist,
data entry operator, office staff etc.
The coordinators at Sub-Division level shall liaise with PMU, various contractors,
executing staff at Union Council level, service providers etc. and concerned line departments.
She/ he shall implement the policies/ guidelines prepared, thereafter and shall be responsible
for implementation of work plan prepared by PMU. Besides this She/ he shall be responsible
to monitor progress of work, as per procedure laid down by PMU, and responsible to submit
progress reports on monthly basis to PMU and others as required.
iii) Staff at District Level
For smooth working in the field, for greater coordination between service provider and
beneficiary, a team comprising of a Horticulturalist and a Social mobilizer will be provided
for every District. Community members will be encouraged to participate actively in the

Page 80
installation process and to supervise implementation. Overall responsibility will lie with the
staff of the Project.
PREPARED BY: Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

Bioenvironmental Manager.
0301-5456088

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Annex V

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Rapid Response; High Impact; Culturally Acceptable; Eco Friendly

Promotion of Food Security and Grass Roots Economy Generation

[Rehabilitation & Renewal] | Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

Figure 3: Environment/ Predator Protected Geodesic Dome; Frame

Figure 4: Bioaugmented rapid composting; Line Drawing.

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

Figure 5: Millennium Development Goals.

Figure 6: Three Tiers for Development.

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

1. Loamy & Clayey, mainly non-calcareous, or alluvial or loess plains/ terraces.

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

Strip-Cropping Vs Contour Tillage.

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

Collect Data for Conservation Program:

Figure 10: Secondary and Micronutrient Analysis.

A1 Soil sample from Kitchen Garden Plot growing Lettuce.

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

Carry out Land Inventory.

Carry out Physico-Chemical Analysis of sub-surface water.

Figure 11: Physico-Chemical Analysis.

Carry out Bacteriological Analysis of sub-surface water.

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

A loan of Rs. 2,00,000.00 at 14 % interest, repayable in monthly installments over 7 years

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

Figure 13: Pakistani Permanent Beds.

Twice as much Calcium as an ordinary glass of milk.

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

Sustainability Development Planning:

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

1. Effective soil depth.

Effective Soil Depth.

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

Table 5: Topsoil Texture.

Table 6: Topsoil Texture Modifiers.

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

Table 10: Degree of Erosion.

Table 12: Frequency of Overflow.

Suitable for Cultivation.

These are further divided into sub-categories:

Class VII: These have severe limitations for pasture or forestry.

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

It is Hereby Enacted as Follows:

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

Figure 16: Farmyard Rapid Composting with Bioaugmentation.

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

Figure 18: Bio Tractor.

Figure 19: Angora Breeds.

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

Figure 22: Cast in Place Water Harvesting Tank.

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan Outer Shuttering

The Ten Basic Steps of SALT

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

Better Land Husbandry (BLH) components:

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan