CHP 6.

STRUCTURAL
INSTABILITY
 BUCKLING ????

P Primary buckling
• involves the complete element
• no change in cross-sectional area
• wavelength of the buckle is of the same
order as the length of the element.
• Generally, solid and thick-walled columns
experience this type of failure.

Secondary Buckling
• changes in cross-sectional area
• wavelength of the buckle is of the order of
the cross-sectional dimensions of the
element.
P • Thin-walled columns and stiffened plates
may fail in this manner.
σ CR < σ YIELD
 Euler Buckling of Column ( Euler 1744)

Pin-ended
support

Boundary Conditions : at z = 0 and z = L, v = 0 A = 0 and B sin (µz ) = 0

Non trivial sol

n = 1 ( smallest buckling load / 1st mode of buckling)

n = 2,3 ( 2nd and 3rd mode of buckling )

v = B sin (µz) = B sin (nπz/L)

(Pin-ended support)

„ A column will buckle about the principal axis of

the cross-section having the least moment of
inertia (weakest axis).
„ For example, the meter stick shown will
buckle about the a-a axis and not
the b-b axis.
„ Thus, circular tubes made excellent
columns, and square tube or those
shapes having Ix ≈ Iy are selected
for columns.
„ If the problem is 2D (only one plane) Î EI of the
plane
Fix and Free ended support
„ From free-body diagram, M = P(δ − ν).
„ Differential eqn for the deflection curve is
d 2υ P P
2
+ υ = δ
dx EI EI

„ Solving by using boundary conditions

and integration, we get

  P 
υ = δ 1 − cos  x  
  EI  

π EI  π 2 EI 
2 Le : effective length

Pcr =  2
 =
 (2 L) 2 
4L  
 π 2 EI π 2 EI Le : effective length
Pcr = =
( Le ) 2
(KL )2 K = Le/L : coefficient of effective
length
 Take I = Ar2

σCR = PCR /A

r : radius of gyration
L/r : slenderness ratio
Pin-ended support
of column

Le : effective length
 Definitions (example for pin
- ended support)

Eigenvalue problem

Eigenvalues or
bifurcation points

v = B sin (µz) = B sin (nπz/L) Eigenvalues function

 Inelastic Buckling

Material : Steel

( slenderness)
No Buckling area
(With E constant or in Elastic linear behavior of Material)

Within Inelastic behavior

Î tangent Modulus Et

Et = dσ/dε

Î Critical buckling ???

 Direst stress due to
P σ = P/A P (axial load)
Direst stress due to
bending moment P.v
σ > σyield

σ = P/A σ = Mz/I

P
Cross-section

Stress is decreased
Î elastic (E)

unchanged

Stress is increased
Îremains inelastic (Et)
 The X-section remains plane

P is applied on the centroid

Direct stress varies linearly

The angle between two close, initially parallel,

sections of the column is equal to the change
in slope d2v/dz2 of the column between the two
sections.
Therefore In which

The second moment about

neutral axis
(Reduced modulus)
 Reduced Modulus Theory
( A1 in elastic and A2 in inelastic )
EΓ : reduced modulus
Le : effective Length which depend on Type of support
r : radius of gyroscopic
Le/r : slenderness of column

Tangent Modulus Theory

(A1 and A2 are in inelastic behavior )
Stability of Beams under Transverse and Axial Loads
(Beam Column or Transversely loaded column)

(Pin – ended support)

Subjected to P and w

( with λ2 = P/EI )
BC Î at z = 0 and z = L, v = 0

or

Using the term of Pcr= πE2I/L2

P Î PCR , M max Îinfinite

 ( with λ2 = P/EI )

Boundary conditions :
At z = 0 and z = L , v = 0
At point application of load W, v and dv/dz (slope) should be the same calculated
from the left or the right side.
 M can be calculated for every cross section (depends on z).
MMax as well.

If W applied in the
middle of beam
 Beam subjected to P and bending
moment at A and B

= W
Moves
toward B

+ Moves
toward A W

a
 Moves
W toward B
From previously

Substituting sin(λa) = λa
And W.a = MB
a

Moves
toward A W
Similarly

By Superposition

eccentricity of P (w/o
external MA and MB
MA = P.eB and MB = P.eA
 Buckling of Thin Plate
Simply supported
Simply supported
edges
edges

Propose deflection
due to bending
moment only

m : number of half sinus in x direction

n : number of half sinus in Y direction
 (Stationary value
at buckling load)

Minimum value for n = 1

whatever the values of m,a,b
Î Will buckle into half sinus
in Y direction
With k : buckling coefficient

(general equation for

different type of
loading)
Buckling coefficients k for flat plates in
compression

(b : the smallest length of edge)

buckling coefficients k for flat shear buckling coefficients
plates in bending k for flat plates.
 Local Instability

(Thin wall
cross section
beam)

2 Types of buckling :
-Primary buckling ( column buckling)
Î for Le/r > 80
- Secondary Buckling ( crippling)
Î for Le/r < 20
- Combination primary and secondary
buckling
(Crippling stress is not detailed)
Î for 80 <Le/r < 20
 Instability of Stiffened Plates (wrinkling)

Supported
flange Free
flange

Panel as column

All simply
supported
edges

3 simply
supported
edges and
(Critical stress on plate NOT on stiffener / wrinkling)
one free
edge
t : skin thickness
b : distance of stringer
 Tension-field beam
Complete tension field beam

Direct stress due to

internal bending moment
( on Flange or spar cap)
Shear stress due to
internal transverse stress
(on web)

H. Wagner theory

At any section of web

( S : internal shear force)

Element of FCD
(in vertical direction)
 Since S = W at any
section of the web

FCD element in horizontal direction

σz and σt are constants along depth of z

At any section of mm
σz and τ on the web
Force FT and FB due to direct
stress ( from internal bending
moment and σz)
 Taking moment at the bottom flange :

Substitute σz

Equilibrium of horizontal force

Similarly for element CDH

 Substituting σt

Substituting τ

σy produces compression
load P on the stiffener

P P is high enough, stiffener will bulk

 ω

σy produces bending
moment on flange / spar cap
with contribution of load σyt
Fixed

b
Maximum internal bending
happens on stiffener (fixed
support)

Mmax = ωL2/12

With the value of α obtained from

( AF : area of flange AS : area of stiffener )
 Example
The beam shown in Fig below is assumed to have a complete tension field web. If
the cross-sectional areas of the flanges and stiffeners are, respectively, 350mm2
and 300mm2 and the elastic section modulus of each flange is 750mm3, determine
the maximum stress in a flange and also whether or not the stiffeners will
buckle. The thickness of the web is 2mm and the second moment of area of a
stiffener about an axis in the plane of the web is 2000 mm4; E = 70 000 N/mm2.
 At Flange

Maximum at z =1200

= 17.7 kN

Direct stress produce by FT on flange = FT/AF = 17.7 kN/350

= 50.7 N/mm2

In addition, maximum local

bending on flange due to
distributed load ω

Stress = My/I = 8.6 x 104/750 = 114.9 N/mm2

Maximum direct stress = 50.7 + 114.9 = 165.6 N/mm2

 At Stiffener

Since b < 1.5 d

Equation of Euler for column buckling

P < PCR Stiffener will not buckle

The end ...........