Q1]Define contact ratio ,effect on gears ,how can it be improved.

def as the length of the arc of contact to the circular pitch..

length of arc of contact is the ration of length of path of contact to cos alpha where alpha is the pressure angle and
length of path of contact is the sum of length of approach and length of path of recess .
contact ratio =length of arc of contact / Pc
larger the contact ratio ,larger will be the overlap and smother will be the teeth action therefore larger contact ratio is
desired. by increasing the length of path of contact ,reducing module and increasing the pressure angle one can
increase contact ratio.

Q2]advantages of belt drive, v-belt

-power and motion can be transmitted over considerable shaft distances .
-cheaper for installation maintenance
-smother and silent operations
-moderate shocks can be absorbed also vibrations are damped up to a certain limit
-in case of accidental overloads belt slips protecting further transmissions system
-variable speed drive is possible using stepped or cone pulleys
-reliable drive

Disadvantages of belt drive

-it is not a positive drive
-slip and creep are main problems of drive
-dirt ,dust ,humidity affects performance of drive
-moderate power capacity
-higher overall dimensions

Q3]why are brakes generally shoe type whereas clutches disk type?
For cluthches area available for heat dissipation is small as compared to brakes because brakes are generally at outer
side of vehicle near the wheels therefore brakes can be of shoe type .it is wear to replace worn shoe brake. where as
it is difficult to replace worn friction member of clutch hence clutch is generally of disk type to have ample area of
friction member. for uniform wear the pressure should be uniform with shoe practically it is difficult to have
uniform operating pressure hence for clutch instead of shoe disk is preferred .but for brake if the pressure and wear
is not uniform still that does not matter a lot therefore brakes can have suitably a shoe an compared to a clutch.

Q4]short note on gear teeth failure

Tooth is considered as failed when it stops functioning properly it happens by two modes.
Tooth breakage ,surface destruction .
Corrosion –chemical attack of lubricating oil causes corrosion of surface .
Abrasion dirt ,rust ,abrasion particles in the lubricating oil produce scratches on tooth surface causing abrasion of
surface.
Initial pitting –it is effect of shearing of high spot in intial stages of operations of anew gear .while shear high spot a
pit is produced on tooth surface
Pitting-during service if the load cause the stress to cross surface endurance strength then fatigue cracks are
developed. On surface causing destructive pitting of the surface
Scoring-development of excessive heat causes stick slip phenomenon which is nothing but scoring.

Q] state assumptions in lewis eqn

- gear tooth is assumed to be quivalent to cantilever beam loaded at its free end.
-the number of teeth in contact is assumed as one where as in reality contact ration is generaaly graeter than actual
applied load .
-effect of radial load Pr is neglected assuming higher factor of safety –tangential load is assumed to be uniform
distributed over entire face width of gear tooth which is possible only when the tooth is perfectly machined and its
highly rigid.

Q] short note on materials used for sliding contact bearing.

-less coefficient of friction

DESIGN DATA---PSG TECH 7.115

-higher compressive endurance strength
-higher thermal conductivity
-compatibility with journal material
-high corrosion resistance to withstand chemical attacks of lubricating oil
-low cost

Q] advantages of rolling contact bearing over sliding contact bearing;

-less friction
-less maintenance and running cost
-no need of oil for operations
-reliable
-easy to mount
-clean in operations
-result in perfect shaft alignment
Disadvantages are
-less capacity
-noisy in operations
-higher intial cost
-bearing housing design is complicated
-can not take monetary shock loads

Q] types of cam follower

>based on shape - radial ,cylindrical ,spherical ,globoidal
>based on constraints- spring loaded ,self weightes ,no spring no load type.
>basd on follower motion –spring loaded ,dwell rise dwell ,dwell rise return dwell
Types of follower
*based on motion –reciprocating ,oscillatory
*based on line of action – in-line ,offset
*based on contacting surface - knife edge ,mushroom ,roller etc.

Q] explain static & dynamic seals, give the examples.

A static seals many a times called as gasket is a piece is usually soft material which sandwitched
between two saperable members applied with compressive load.
The seal fills up the gaps between the surface which are effect of imperfection of surface
thus static seal is used to produce leakproof joint between mating surfaces.
Eg. Gasket are used to produce leakproof joints between cylinder flanges and head of cylinders.
Dynamic seal is basically a seal but it is used for matting surfaces having relative motion
Between them.
dynamic seals are used to prevent loss of lubricating oil or working fluid from a pair of
surfaces having sliding or rotating motion.
Eg.lip seal is used in bearing cap hole & the shaft.

Q] what is significance of max. pressure angle & cam factor ?

Pressure angle denoted by Ø is defined as the angle betn direction of follower motion and line of action of
force applied by the cam on follower .
Pressure angle by Ø signifies the force component along radial and side thrust direction assuming p as total
interactive force applied by cam on follower as shown in fig. then pr. = p cos Ø will be radial force component and
side thrust Ps will be given by ps =p sin Ø. As Ø goes on increasing it increases the side thrust.An excessive side
thrust causes excessive bearing load & friction & in extreme motion. Therefore there always exsist a limiting value
of of press angle may causes unsatisfactory performance .
This limiting value is denoted by Øm and it depends upon configuration of system usually Øm is assumed
As 30⁰ and actual Ø should be < 30⁰ for satisfactory performance .
Value of pitch circle for any type of cam proportional to ratio of maxm rise of follower to cam angle of rotation
i.e. Rp α h/β
Rp =pitch cir. Radius h = maxm. rise & β = cam angle rotation for rise.
Now . Rp = h/β = constant

DESIGN DATA---PSG TECH 7.115

This constant preportinality is called as cam factor (f). . Rp = f* h/β

DESIGN DATA---PSG TECH 7.115