PROBLEM 11.

60
KNOWN: Dimensions, configuration and material of a single-pass, cross-flow heat exchanger. Inlet
conditions of inner and outer flow. Fouling factor of inner surface.
FIND: (a) Percent fuel savings for prescribed conditions, (b) Effect of UA on air outlet temperature and
fuel savings.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible heat loss to surroundings and potential and kinetic energy changes, (2)
Air properties are those of atmospheric air at 300 K, (3) Gas properties are those of atmospheric air at
1400 K, (4) Tube wall temperature may be approximated as 800 K for treating variable property effects.
PROPERTIES: Table A.4, Air (1 atm, T = 300 K): ν = 15.89 × 10-6 m2/s, cp = 1007 J/kg⋅K, k = 0.0263
W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.707; (T = 1400 K): µ = 530 × 10-7 kg/s⋅m, cp = 1207 J/kg⋅K, k = 0.091 W/m⋅K, Pr =
0.703; (T = 800 K): µ = 370 × 10-7 kg/s⋅m, Pr = 0.709.
 c cp,c = 1 kg/s × 1007 J/kg⋅K = 1007 W/K = Cmin and Ch
ANALYSIS: (a) With capacity rates of Cc = m
 h c p,h = 1.05 kg/s × 1207 J/kg⋅K = 1267 W/K = Cmax, Cmin/Cmax = 0.795. The overall coefficient is
= m

1 1 R ′′f ,i ln ( Do Di ) 1
= + + + .
UA h i Ai Ai ( 2π kL ) N h o Ao
For flow through a single tube,
4m h 4 × 1.05 kg s
Re D = = = 5733 .
Nπ Di µ 80π ( 0.055 m ) 530 × 10 −7 kg s ⋅ m

Assuming fully developed turbulent flow throughout and using the Sieder-Tate correlation,
Pr ( µ µs ) = 0.027 (5733 ) (0.703)1/ 3 (530 370 )0.14 = 25.6
4 / 5 1/ 3 0.14 4/5
Nu D = 0.027 ReD
h i = Nu D k Di = 25.6 ( 0.091W m⋅ K ) 0.055 m = 42.4 W m 2⋅ K .

For flow over the tube bank,

Vmax = [ST (ST − Do )] V = [0.12 m (0.12 − 0.08 ) m ]1m s = 3m s
V D 3 m s ( 0.08 m )
Re D,max = max o = = 15,100
ν 15.89 × 10−6 m 2 s

From the Zhukauskas correlation for a tube bank,

Nu D = 0.27 (15,100 ) (0.707 )0.36 (0.707 0.709 )1/ 4 = 102.3
0.63

ho = Nu D ( k Do ) = 102.3 ( 0.0263 W m⋅ K ) 0.08 m = 33.6 W m 2⋅ K .

Hence, based on the inner surface, the overall coefficient is
Continued...
 PROBLEM 11.60 (Cont.)
1 1 Di ln ( Do Di ) Di
= + R ′′f ,i + +
Ui hi 2k Do h o
1  0.055 ln ( 0.08 0.055 ) 0.055  2
=  0.0236 + 0.0002 + + m ⋅K W
Ui  40 0.08 × 33.6 
−1
Ui = ( 0.0236 + 0.0002 + 0.0005 + 0.0246 ) m 2 ⋅ K W  = 22.3 W m 2⋅ K .
 
Hence, ( UA )i = Ui Nπ Di L = 22.3 W m 2⋅ K × 80π ( 0.055 m )1.4 m = 432 W K . The number of transfer
units is then NTU = UA/Cmin = 432 W/K/1007 W/K = 0.429, and with Cmixed/Cunmixed = Cc/Ch = Cmin/Cmax =
0.795, Fig. 11.19 yields ε ≈ 0.3 or, from Eq. 11.35 a,

(
ε = 1 − exp −C−r 1 {1 − exp [−Cr ⋅ NTU ]} = 0.305 . )
Hence, with
( )
q max = Cmin Th,i − Tc,i = 1007 W K (1100 K ) = 1.11 × 106 W

q = ε q max = 0.305 × 1.11 × 106 W = 337,800 W

Tc,o = Tc,i + q C min = 300 K + (337, 800 W 1007 W K ) = 635 K .
Hence,
% fuel savings ≡ FS = ( ∆Tc 10 K ) × 1% = (335 K 10 K ) × 1% = 33.5% <
(b) Using the Heat Exchangers Toolpad of IHT to perform the parametric calculations, the following
results are obtained.

750 45

700 40
Air outlet temperature, Tco(K)

Fuel Savings (%)

650 35

600 30

550 25
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

Convection parameter, UA(W/K) Convection parameter, UA(W/K)

Significant benefits are derived by increasing UA, with values of Tc,o = 716 K and FS = 41.6% obtained
for UA = 600 W/K. The major contributions to the total resistance are made by the inner and outer
convection resistances. These contributions could be reduced by using extended surfaces on both the
inner and outer surfaces.
COMMENTS: For part (a), properties of the flue gas should be evaluated at (Th,i + Th,o)/2 and the
calculations repeated. The Colburn equation yields
4 / 5 1/ 3
Nu D = 0.023 ReD Pr = 20.8
which is 19% less than the result of the Sieder-Tate correlation.