170 K UNIT 3

Egyptian Gods and Goddesses

Prof. Stephen Hagin K Symbolic Connections in WL K 12th edition K Kennesaw State University

Ammut (also Am-mit or Amemait) — his name means “Dead-Swallower” or “The

Devourer”; he sits at the sides of the scales of judgment, Ammut devours the wicked
souls, causing them to cease to exist as punishment; depicted as a creature with a
crocodile head, feline claws, and a hippopotamus body

Anat — goddess of war, often depicted with a shield, lance, and axe; served as a
protectoress of the king in battle, and interchangeable with Astarte; called
“mother of all the gods” and “mistress of the sky”; introduced from Syria or
Palestine; consort with the Syrian gods Reshef and Baal, who fathered a wild
bull with her

Anubis (Anpu) — canine god of the dead and the “opener of roads” for the dead
souls, associated with mummification and embalming; often assumes the
form of a jackal, perhaps to ward off these animals from humans who had
died in the desert; also depicted as a black dog, symbolic of rotting corpses
and the fertile black soil of the Nile; he is the bastard son of Osiris and
Nephthys, who abandoned her son, but was raised by Isis in her stead

Apophis (Apep) — snake-god of the underworld,

living in the cosmic waters of Nun,
symbolizing the forces of chaos and evil; he
attacks Ra’s solar barque on its journey
through the dark hours of the day, but
defeated nightly by Set, who is positioned at
the bow of the boat; defeat of this serpent
signifies the final real challenge to the
pharaoh’s soul on its journey to the Duat; one
myth recalls that Apophis was an earlier form of Ra that was discarded, accounting
for his power

Aso — a beautiful sorceress and queen of Ethiopia, whose power was supposedly as strong
as Isis. In the Osiris myth, Aso assists Set by entering the shadow of Isis and
Nephthys in order to discover the secret measurements of Osiris

Astarte — war goddess of Syrian origin; depicted as a naked woman on

horseback, crowned with a headdress of bull horns; she was adopted into
the Egyptian pantheon as the daughter of Ra or Ptah, and also as a
consort of Set; she was the protector of the pharaoh’s chariot in battle
 Egyptian Gods and Goddesses K 171
Aten (Aton) — deity represented as the great red orb (or disk) of the sun,
depicted with long rays resembling outstretched arms, complete
with hands, toward the faithful; the cobra amulet, the uraeus, often
surmounted the disk; he was lauded as the creator of man and the
nurturing spirit of the world; originally a manifestation of the sun
god, Aten became the only true sun god worshipped during the
reign of the pharaoh Amenhotep IV (1367-1359 BCE), who later
changed his name to Akhenaten and established a modified form of
monotheism around Aten

Atum — creator god and solar deity; Atum came into being before the
heavens and earth were separated, rising out of Nun, the waters
of chaos, to form the primeval mound; his name means “the all” or
“completed one”; Atum began creation by copulating with his hand
(or spitting out) Shu and Tefnut, therefore earning Atum the
moniker “the Great He-She”; a protector deity, associated closely
with the rituals of kingship (Atum lifts the souls of the dead
pharaohs from the pyramid to the heavens); linked with various
animals, such as the lion, bull, lizard, serpent, and scarab beetle;
associated with Ra, often as a combined form Atum-Ra; received
the setting sun in the boat of Ra as it descends on the horizon

Banebdjede (Banebdjedet) — a primeaval ram-headed deity of Djedet

(Mendes), whose name means “the Spirit (or the Lord) of Djedet”;
he incorporated the essence of the world in four forms (ba spirits)
that referred to the first four rulers of the earth (Ra, Shu, Geb,
and Osiris); consort of the fish goddess Hatmehyt and father of
Harpokrates; according to one tradition, he interceded in the
contest between Horus and Set for the Egyptian throne;
Banebdejedet advised the gods to consult the goddess Neith, who
advised them to award the throne to Horus; in this account, he
was said to reside on the island of Seheil near the first cataract of
the Nile at Aswan

Bast (Bastet) — an ancient cat goddess who protected women during pregnancy;
was a patroness of music, singing, and dancing, and she was the protector
of joy, love, and pleasure; often depicted with a cat’s head (or a lioness’
head), or as a seated cat; affiliated with the rays of the sun, representing
light and warmth; some consider her to be the mother of the savage lion-
god Mahes (Miysis in Greek), whose name means “Lord of Slaughter”

Bata (Bat) — an ancient bull god (or cow goddess, depicted with two faces), representing
fertility, ultimately assimilated with Hathor by the New Kingdom; also represented
unity over Upper and Lower Egypt, depicted in one 12th Dynasty tomb flanked by
Horus and Set in poses of reconciliation; some scholars assert that Bata’s identity
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became incorporated into two other gods: Set and Baal, a Canaanite bull god identified
with Set; the Phoenecian and Hebrew "beth" ("house") may be transliteration of
“Bata,” here used as a magical name of Set, and possibly created by a phonetic shift
from “Seth” to “Beth”

Befen — one of seven scorpions sent by Thoth and Serkhet to protect Isis and to help her
escape Set’s captivity

Ennead (Pesedjet) — term (meaning “nine”) used to define the nine major gods of the
Egyptian pantheon: Atum (the Bull of the Ennead), his children Shu and Tefnut, his
grandchildren Geb and Nut, and his four great grandchildren Osiris, Set, Isis, and
Nephthys; sometimes Thoth, Horus, Ra, and Ptah are included as well

Geb (Seb) — Father Earth; the goose (the form

the Creator took in The First Time;
created by cackling — his delight
turned into manifestation); his bones
created mountains; he lies beneath Nut
(sky), usually depicted reclining on one
side with one arm bent, often depicted
with an erect phallus pointing skyward
toward his wife; he represents the
mountains and valleys of the earth;
responsible for vegetation, and often
depicted green or with green leaves protruding from him; symbolic of the capacity of
consciousness to awaken itself from the dark substance of the soul

Hapi —the god of inundation, and the fertility of the Nile River; symbol of life and
fertility, depicted as a pot-bellied bearded man with pendulous breasts and
a headdress filled with aquatic plants, symbolizing the nurturing aspects of
the river; his name means “runner”

Hathor — bovine goddess with diverse qualities, often worshipped in three forms: as a cow,
as a woman with the ears of a cow, and as a woman wearing a headdress consisting of
a wig, horns, and a sun disk; her name means “House of Horus,” and her hieroglyph
shows a falcon confined inside a rectangle; she was regarded as the divine mother of
all reigning pharaohs, associated with royal
pleasures, such as sex, love, joy, and music;
sometimes depicted as a lion form of the goddess
Sekhmet, and in this guise she assumes the form of
one of Ra’s eyes smiting blasphemers; also known
as the “lady of the west,” where she was said to
receive the setting sun, which she protected until
morning; also known as the “lady of the sycamore,”
and is associated with healing powers
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Heka — “magical speech”; represented magic, supernatural powers, and miracles;
patron god of wizards and physicians; the concept that the spoken word has
the power to create or destroy; to repeat a person’s name was to render him
immortal; stands in Ra’s Boat of a Million Years, along with Hu
(authoritative utterance or command) and Sia (perception)

Horus — “face” (the face of heaven), “high,” “above”; root of the word
“hero”; he became the intermediary between the living and the
dead, receiving human prayers for Osiris; known as the “twice-
born” due to his human reincarnation of Horus the Elder, his
original spirit form; symbolized as a hawk; represents
leadership, as well as the intelligence, alertness, and longevity
of a just ruler; nothing escaped his watchful eye (his eyes were
first depicted as the sun and the moon); became king of Upper
and Lower Egypt

Horus the Elder — an original, abstract version of the hawk (divinity

of the sky, specifically a placid blue sky); a celestial and solar
divinity; symbolized kingship and was placed symbolically
above the kings’ hieroglyphic names; is reborn as the son of
Isis in human form

Isis — “the throne,” the power to make kings, the seat and
throne of the soul; the binding force of the divine soul;
depicted early as a mistress of magic, she learns Ra’s
true name, and hence the secrets of the universe; also
called Weret-Hekau (“Great of Magic”) and Mut-Netjer
(“Mother of the Gods”); helped to civilize Egypt with
her husband Osiris, teaching agriculture and medicine
and instituting marriage; she also attained Ra’s
powers, which she dedicated to the service of mankind

Khepri — a creator deity of resurrection depicted in the form of a scarab

beetle (dung beetle) who pushes the sun above the horizon and
across the sky; he is swallowed by his mother Nut each evening,
and is passed through her womb to be reborn each morning; his
name means “he who is coming into being”; because he was self-
created, he is often identified with Atum; because he is associated
with the sun, he is also identified with Ra; his name comes from
hprr, which means “scarab” or “he who is coming into being”; by the
New Kingdom (1539-1070 BCE), he is portrayed as the symbol of
life’s victory over death;
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Khnum (Khenmu) — an ancient potter god of fertility who created

children and their ka souls at their conceptions from the clay of
the earth using his potter’s wheel; his name means “unite,” “join,”
or “build”; his island residence at Abu is thought to be “the seat of
the First Time”; he was also a god of water representing the
inundation silt and creation; was believed to be the old guardian of
the Nile’s source (pouring it from a clay jar), but later became a
helper to Hapi, assuring that the proper amount of silt was
deposited during the floods; he was also considered to be the ba of Ra (this is an
Egyptian pun, since ba also means “ram”); he assisted Ra in his travels in the Solar
Barque, which Khnum had built

Khons (Khonsu) — the moon god and the god of healing, typically represented
as a baboon or a mummified hawk-headed human; his name means
“wanderer” or “navigator,” and he was associated with the nature of
dreams; he is often honored during childbirth, and was credited with the
ability to drive out evil spirits; linked with Thoth, god of writing and
wisdom, who is another lunar deity; depicted as a young man with a
hawk’s head, mummy wrappings, and the scepter of the god Ptah

Ma’at — “Truth” or “Judge,” goddess of justice, harmony, and

equilibrium; depicted as a woman with wings or a woman
with a white ostrich feather tied to her head; this feather is
weighed against the heart of the deceased pharaoh in the
Hall of Judgment; patroness of judges, magistrates, and
court officials

Metwi (Ouroboros) — The great serpent that

encircles the world, allowing the miracle
of rejuvenation to take place; its name
means “double cord” or “lifespan,” and
therefore Metwi represents time; the
icon of the serpent ingesting its tail is
universal in mythology, dating back to
1600 BCE in Egypt

Min — fertility god and symbol of male potency; depicted as a mummified

human figure holding an erect phallus in his left hand (his name means
“the firm one”), and his right arm raised in a smiting gesture; associated
with long lettuce (lactuca sativa), due to the perceived link between the
milky sap of lettuce and human semen; also a god of desert travel and the
guardian of fertility and harvests; protected the mining areas of the
eastern deserts; parallel to the Greek god Pan
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Nefertem (Un-Nefer) — god of the primeval lotus blossom, represented by a
blue lotus; linked with Ra because the sun was said to have arisen
from a lotus; associated with Hathor due to his fertility powers; was
considered to be the son of Ptah and Sekhmet, and therefore was
sometimes depicted with a lion’s head (known as the son of Bast, the
cat goddess); perfumes were sacred to this god, who is supposed to
have brought a fragrant flower to Ra to soothe him during a time of
suffering; his name means “Tem [Atum] is beautiful”; patron of the
healing arts and beautification

Neith (Nit) —creation goddess whose symbol was a shield with crossed
arrows; representing Lower Egypt, she wore the red crown; mythical
inventor of weaving, she was linked with mummy bandages; said to be a
consort to Set and mother of Sobek; sometimes she was depicted as a
sexless being, associated with the lake of Nun, the primordial waters of
chaos before creation; her name means “primeval waters,” “one who is,”
or “she who saw Atum’s birth”; was the patroness of hunting, warfare,
and the Libyans

Nekhbet — a vulture goddess paired with Wadjet (cobra goddess of the north),
representing dominion over Upper and Lower Egypt, respectively; she is
depicted as a vulture with outspread wings and talons holding shen signs
(symbols of eternity); she resided in the primeval waters of chaos before
creation; was a patroness of childbirth and nature, often depicted wirh a
water lily and a serpent entwined in its stems; her name means “she of
Nekheb”

Nemty — a war god having the form of a falcon, identified with Horus; often
depicted as a falcon-headed man in a boat; his name means “he who
travels,” and appears as a ferryman who sails the Ennead to the Island
in the Middle; had his toes cut off for disobeying orders from the Ennead

Nephthys (Nebt-hut) — “Mistress of the House”; “Friend of the Dead”; the lady
of the house (represents Isis as a married woman); wife of Set, but
mistress of Ra and Osiris; rides the night boat of the underworld, meeting
the deceased king’s spirit and riding him to “Lightland”; she gives
guidance to the deceased and comforts the living relatives; is the wife of
Set and the mother of Anubis, the jackal-headed god fathered by Osiris

Nun (Nu) — “the Father of Fathers and the Mother of Mothers”; “the
void”; “the waters of potentiality”; “the primeval waters,” or a
state of being before The First Time; she lies inert until Atum
rises and throws off the waters to begin creation (which is
ongoing), creating Shu (air) and Tefnut (moisture); all things
will return to Nun, a perpetual state of nonbeing
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Nut — her name means “the sky,” especially the starry

sky of nighttime; the starry vault; sleep and
comfort of the night; depicted as a tall woman
bending over Geb and supported by Shu; colored
blue and decorated with five-pointed golden stars;
the sun is born of Nut’s womb each morning, and
returns to her body via her mouth in the evening;
“the mother of the gods”; she is sometimes
represented as a cow who eats the stars each
morning and then gives birth to them at twilight

Ogdoad (Khmun) — the name for the group of primeval creation

deities, four pairs of frog gods and snake goddesses,
symbolizing the different aspects of chaos before the creation
— Nun and Nunet (the lack of solidity), Heh and Hehet
(infinite; the lack of time), Kek and Keket (the lack of light),
and Tenem and Tenemet (lack of direction); they raised the
primeval mound upon which the egg of the sun god was placed;
they were believed to have constituted the soul of Thoth

Onuris (Anhur, Inhert) — the god associated with war and hunting, whose
name means “he who brings back the distant one” or “the bringer of
fear”; he is portrayed as a bearded man holding a spear or a rope,
symbolic of the battles between Horus and Set (Horus used these
weapons to defeat Set in his hippopotamus form); also known as an
avenger defending Egypt on behalf of Ra, assuming Ra’s warrior
aspects, thus given the epithet “son of Ra”; he was worshipped in
conjunction with the god Shu, another solar deity; associated with
Mars; also represented the creative power of humans

Orion (Sah) — “the Buried One”; the personification of the southern

constellation that was later called Orion by the Greeks; also called
“the Fleet-Footed” and Long Strider”; this god was described as “the
glorious soul of Osiris,” and formed a triad with Sopdet (Sirius, the
“dog star”) and his son Soped, the god of the eastern border; this
constellation is the location of the Egyptian Underworld, the Duat

Osiris (Asar, Wesir, Greek Orion) — “He sees the Throne”; “the seat and
throne of the eye”; the heavenly source of the soul’s substance and the
heavenly body to which all souls return; the judge of the dead and
overseer of the blessed spirits; embodies the “Black Land of the Two
Lands” as the fertile soil from the Nile’s flood; he is annually
“murdered” by the Red Land (Set), but is resurrected at the rising of
Sopdet (the star Sirius) in late July; originally the lord of the earth,
Osiris became the king of the gods and the Other World after his death
 Egyptian Gods and Goddesses K 177
by Set and his resurrection by Isis; usually represented in mummified form,
symbolizing his authority over the dead; called Un-Nefer (“Good Being”) to indicate
his ability to judge the dead souls of the Underworld

Ptah — a creator god, called “Lord of Truth” in historical records, often depicted
as a mummy with his hands protruding from the wrappings, holding a staff
that combines the djed pillar (stability), ankh sign (life), and the was
scepter (prosperity); the patron of craftsmen, he was thought to have
paralleled Atum, creating the world by thoughts emanating from his heart
and words emerging from his tongue; the source of ethical and moral
order; he devised the “Opening of the Mouth” ceremony that allowed the
human soul to ascend to the heavens

Ra (Re) — “the sun” (that is, the sun that is in your mind, as opposed to
the disk in the sky, Aten); Ra was the most popular solar deity,
and he “lives” inside the physical disk of the sun, which is also
called the “Boat of a Million Years,” riding on the belly of Nut
(sky) and traveling in the darkness of the underworld half of the
time; symbol of light, life, and warmth; a creator and destroyer,
Ra represented the sun at its height in the noonday sky (Khepri
was the sunrise and Atum the sunset); symbolized also as a heron
(or a phoenix) who rises from the primordial waters (Nun) and
sings the song of creation; was often combined with Horus to
form Ra-Harakhti, a dweller in (and master of) the horizon; rose
out of an egg created by Ptah (or out of a lotus flower); the
monthly waxing and waning of the moon restored the eye of Ra;
depicted with a solar disk and cobra atop his head

Renenutet (Renenet) — a cobra goddess who protected the pharaoh and

represented fertility and good fortune, often associated with Isis;
her name means “the nourishing snake,” and she is often depicted as
a woman with a snake’s head, holding a suckling baby; her name
also means “nurse,” and this term was used to identify the New Year
(the beginning of the Nile’s inundation); she is also known as “lady of
the fields” and “lady of the granaries,” and she was responsible for
protecting the harvest; she united with Wadjet to form a fire-breathing cobra that
protects the king through the underworld journey on the solar barque; she represents
the cyclical nature of time, that which is preordained (fate), and good fortune

Sekhmet — a lioness goddess whose name means “she who is powerful”; she
personified the aggressive aspects of female deities, often appearing with
the head of a lioness; she is linked with Wadjet when she assumes the
aspects of the fire-breathing Eye of Ra, often called the “Red Lady” in
this form; as a healer, her powers of destruction would be turned against
plague and disease; was wife to Ptah; paired with Hathor to kill the
blasphemers of Ra
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Serket (Serqet, Selket) — a scorpion goddess depicted with a scorpion atop her
head, poised to strike; her name is an abbreviation of the phrase serket
hetyt, meaning “one who causes the throat to breathe” or “she who
breathes”; one of her duties is to guard the royal coffin and canopic chest
in the pharaoh’s pyramid, along with Isis, Nephthys, and Neith; her name
appears in many spells for curing venomous bites; is the protector of little
children, especially from scorpion bites; assisted women in childbirth by
warding off the demons; also known as the goddess of detoxification

Seshet (Seshat) — “the seven-horned”; goddess of writing and measurement, the

recorder of deeds and mistress of the books (census, accounting, and
measurements); she is often depicted holding a palm rib (the hieroglyph for
“many years”), representing the passing of time; similar to her counterpart
Thoth, she was sometimes shown writing the pharaohs’ names on the
leaves of the persea tree; patroness of architecture

Set (Seth, Sutekh, Seti, Seba) — the god of the storm, lightning, and
thunder, he was a force of strength, violence, destruction, and chaos;
his name means “instigator of confusion,” “dazzle,” “stabilizing staff or
pillar,” or “He before whom the sky shakes”; the divine force of
habits; the ability of the body to control the awareness of flesh; the
guardian of the Boat of a Million Years; the shadow of Horus (Horus
and Set combine to form a complete individual); later became known
as the desert “Red Land,” a murderer, and even evil itself (Hebrew
“Satan” and the Greek “Typhon”); also known as a trickster god;
symbolized as an ass, hippopotamus, pig, jackal, and hyena

Shu — “dry”; “void”; represents the cool air and atmosphere

between the earth (Geb) and sky (Nut), which he
separated to allow creation to occur, according to Ra’s
command; Shu provides the good wind to the boats, and
assists the soul in its ascent to the afterlife (“Lightland”),
climbing up the ladder held up by Horus and Set;
symbolized as a man with a single ostrich feather (or as a
lion); is the twin to Tefnut (warm, moist air)

Sobek (Sebek) — “watching over you”; a crocodile god, often depicted as a

man with the head of a crocodile and a sun-disk headdress with
feathers; son of Neith, he represented eternal time, emerging from the
watery chaos during the world’s creation; he was associated with Ra
and later with the Greek sun god Helios; he was a god of protection and
healing, seeking vengeance against wrongdoers; known for his physical
strength, he often protected his fellow gods; crocodiles were feared, as
they are the only large animals that attack humans
 Egyptian Gods and Goddesses K 179
Sokar (Seker) — “he who is upon his sand”; “adorned one”; a fertility god and the
patron of craftsmen, and therefore linked with Ptah; originally lord over
darkness and death, and later over judgment and burial; was a spirit
guardian over the tombs; depicted as a mummified human figure with the
head of a hawk; also pictured as a low mound of earth surmounted by a
boat that contains the hawk’s head; consort of Sekhmet; was later fused
with Ptah and Osiris to form the combined deity Ptah-Seker-Asar

Sopdet (also Sothis or Sirius) — “the skilled female”; the

personification of Sirius, the Dog Star, and manifestation of the
goddess Isis; represented as a woman with a star above her head,
but sometimes as a seated cow with a plant between her horns;
the Egyptians correlated the rising of the Dog Star with the
beginning of the solar year; formed a triad with her husband Sah
(Orion) and her son Soped, a parallel to the Osiris, Isis, Horus
triad (the Pyramid Texts unite Sopdet with Osiris to give birth to
the morning star); was considered the true symbol of the coming
inundation (akhet) of the Nile River in July or August, the
beginning of the new year in Egypt; the Pyramid Texts say that
the Osiris (Orion) united with his sister Isis (Sopdet) who gave
birth to the morning star and guided him to the celestial Field of
Rushes (the life beyond); she also was linked to the three stars in
the belt of Orion

Tefen — one of seven scorpions sent by Thoth and Serkhet to protect Isis and to help her
escape Set’s captivity

Tefnut — “sky-spittle,” “rain”; airborne moisture, clouds, dew, and rain; the
wetness of life; the biological process; her sweet vaginal waters
nourish the earth; depicted as a female sphinx (woman with a lion’s
head), surmounted by the sun and seated on the throne, trampling the
enemies of the Two Lands; twin to Shu; with her twin sister Nut, the
earth-god and twin Geb, and god of the air Shu, they made a quartet
of air, sky, earth, and water; she was linked to the creative powers of
Ptah, serving as a means of bringing life into existence

Thoth (Djehuty) — “leader”; Lord of Time, writing, speaking, wit, inventions,

and wisdom; is credited with inventing hieroglyphic script and
negotiating five extra days from the moon (Khons) to establish the 365-
day calendar; he represented intellect, divine thought, and the power of
the mind and soul; he was the patron of writers, teachers, and
accountants, or anyone associated with knowledge or calculation;
depicted as an ibis or a baboon (these animals were often viewed singing
to the morning sun, with hands raised); he stands at the side of the scales
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in the Hall of Two Truths to record the verdict of the deceased person’s soul (that is
read by Anubis); associated with the moon, he was called “Lord of Heavens,”
“Beautiful Night,” and “Silent Being”; he was the protector of priest-physicians, and
was associated with the inundation of the Nile; skilled in magic incantations,
especially of healing

Udjat — the personification of the udjat, the Divine Eye

of Atum, Ra, and Horus; Horus lost his left eye
(representing the moon) due to his contendings
with Set, but Hathor was able to restore it; thus,
the udjat eye (the “Eye of Horus”) came to signify
the healing process of making things whole; the
symbol also represented the waxing and waning
of the moon, and served as a metaphor for
protection, strength, and perfection; her name
literally means “prosperous,” “whole,” or “sound”

Wadjet — a cobra goddess whose name means “the green one” or

“she of the papyrus”; because she was portrayed as a rearing
cobra, she is associated with the uraeus, the archetypal
serpent-image of kingship; every new pharaoh had to claim the
throne from her at his coronation; originally a serpent-mother
who protected lower Egypt; Wadjet was paired with the
vulture goddess Nekhbet, the pair described as nebty (“two
ladies”), symbolizing the dualities of the Egyptian world; the
mothers of cobras and vultures were considered to be the
fiercest protectors of their young

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