MAR2006 MARINE STRUCTURES

IA

LOADING OF A BULK CARRIER

TOM HARRIS (07

DAVID LINES (072139578)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I (0-0)

PART II (0-0)

PART III (0-0)

*insert page with abriviations and symbols

PART I
SUMMARY
The aim of this report is to gain knowledge and experience of the underlying
principles and techniques of longitudinal strength calculations. To achieve this,
the loading and response of a bulk carrier* are investigated.

*Due to the shape of such a vessel leading to complex and excessive

calculations the bulk carrier is of an idealised shape (shown in Appendix Fig. 1).

OBJECTIVES
• To derive an arbitrary loading condition with a total cargo weight of
68000 tonnes.
– Use LabView to find cargo distribution and resultant moment
– Deduce hydrostatic particulars required for further calculations
• Calculation of the still water draught and trim.

CONSTRAINTS
• The maximum cargo in each hold is based on a limiting stowage
rate of no less than 0.70 m3 /tonne

• Trim by head or stern is not to exceed 1.94m (1% of ship length)

The decision on a particular loading condition will affect the calculations from
start. As this accounts for a large portion of the stress on the ship it is important
to consider how it will react under hogging and sagging conditions. Using a Lab-
view program specifically designed for this problem, it is possible to see the
affect loading each cargo hold has on the total bending stress. The print-screen
of this program (Appendix Fig.3) shows the final loading condition chosen.

Water Plane Area Calculation by Direct Integration

The formula given for the curved sections of the hull is integrated to give the
area at one end,

y = -0.632 + 0.638S – 0.00651S2 for S = 49 to 97 m => 4997-

0.632+0.638S-0.00651S2ds

= -0.632S+120.638S2-130.00651S39749

= (-61.304 + 3001.47 – 1980.50041) – (-30.968 + 765.919 – 255.29833)

= 959.66559 – 479.65267

= 480.013

Since the hull is symmetrical at each end, the total curved section WPA is
480.013 x 2 = 960.026 m2
The midships of the vessel is wall sided giving the area equation, 15 x 98 = 1470
m2, adding this to the previous area gives, 960.026 + 1470 = 2430.026 m2.
These calculations are only for half the ship section and so the final area must be
doubled in order to give a total WPA of 4860.052 m2.

Water Plane Area Calculation by Simpson’s Rule

A tabular form of Simpsons rule is provided in Fig.2 of the appendix.

WPA= h3FA x 2 , where h is 19.4, WPA=19.43375.741x2=4859.579 m2

Comparing the two areas shows a very small difference (4860.052 – 4859.579
= 0.473) which means the two are accurate and valid. The area used is the one
calculated using Simpsons rule as it is from this table that other values are used.

From the same table the following can also be found;

LCF=FMF(A)xS=0375.741×19.4=0 e.g. it can be found at station 5 (amidships).

This is required for an even keel.

Longitudinal moment of inertia about station 5;

IS5=FIL×S3×S2=5615545.544 where FIL=2307.321, this is doubled
to account for both sides to give 11231091.09m4.

Longitudinal moment of inertia about LCF; IS5-Awp×LCF2=IL

Showing that for fore and aft symmetry LCF = 0 and IL=IS5=F(IL)

Distribution of cargo

In order for the vessel to be at level trim, the LCG must be of a negligible
distance from LCB and therefore amidships. Using a pre-written program on
LabView to balance the cargo it is possible to minimise the resultant moment
(with a limit of 10tm), as shown below the chosen load distribution causes a
resultant moment well within the limit therefore a minimal trim.

LCG=(Added Mass×Lever)Added Mass=583000=6x10-4m

The print-screen shown in Fig.3 of the appendix gives the moment for each hold
about amidships, below which (Fig.4) are the manual calculations for the same
moments in tabular form with corresponding hold numbers and masses. These
are done as a check against the program.

Moment of Cargo = Mass x Lever (it is assumed that the load in each hold is
uniform and so the leaver is taken from the centre)

Sign Convention: Positive Levers fore of amidships. Positive Moments are in the
clockwise direction.

Total Deadweight Moment = ∑(moments:H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6,H7,H8,H9) =

170255 tm
This is the total moment for the deadweight, to find the ship in equilibrium it is
added to the Lightship moment calculated in Fig.5 of the appendix. Total
Lightweight moment = -170250

Total Resultant moment = Lightweight moments + Deadweight moments = 5

tm

This answer matches the value given by the LabView program thus validating
the results.

Calculation of Hydrostatic Particulars

Displacement = Hull Steel + Machinery + Fuel Oil + Outfit + Equipment +

Payload Mass

So Δ = 12000+1000+1000+1000+68000 = 83000 using this to calculate

the draught T

Δ = T x WPA x ρ rearranged to give T=

∆WPA×ρ=830004859.579×1.025=16.66309

We know that LCB is amidships (station 5) because of the ships symmetry.

CB=∇L×B×T=0.835 (∇=∆ρ=80975.609)

BML=IL∇=11231091.0980975.609=138.697

The BML is the distance between centre of buoyancy and Metacentre, this is
required to find the moment to change trim by 1cm (given below).

MCTC=∆BML100L=83000×138.697100×194=593.394 tm

This is required to find trim and deduce whether or not it conforms to the set
constraints of less than 1% L (1.94m).

Trim=Resultant MomentMCTC=5593.394=8.426x10-3m Or 0.8426cm which is

well within the limit.

Since GM is the distance between the centre of gravity and the Metacentre, while
LCG ≈ LCB to within negligible difference it is acceptable to assume; GML=BML

SUMMARY
The calculation of moments, areas and particulars allow a loading condition to be
accurately selected on the requirement of conformity to equilibrium in still water.
The affects of alternative loading
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