INTRODUCTION 1st generation products- Passive

NANOTECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

Nanotechnology is the engineering
nanostructures –from year 2000
a. Dispersed and contact
of functional systems at the molecular nanostructures
Hareesh Ramachandran, Richu Raju
scale. This covers both current work and E.g.: aerosols, colloids
concepts that are more advanced.
CSE Department, Mets School Products
b. Of Engg. incorporating
In its original sense, 'nanotechnology' nanostructures
refers to the projected ability to construct E.g.: coatings, nanoparticle
items from the bottom up, using reinforced composites;
techniques and tools being developed nanostructured metals, polymers,
today to make complete, high performance ceramics
nd
products. 2 generation products – Active
nanostructures –from year 2005
When K. Eric a. Bio-active, health effects. E.g.:
Drexler  targeted drugs, biodevices
popularized the b. Physic-chemical active. E.g.: 3D
word transistors, amplifiers, actuators,
'nanotechnology' adaptive structures
in the 1980's, he 3rd generation products-System of
was talking about nanosystems – from year 2010
building machines E.g.: guided assembling; 3D
on the scale of networking and new hierarchical
molecules, a architectures, robotics,
few nanometerswi K. Eric Drexler  evolutionary
de—motors, robot 4th generation products – molecular
arms, and even whole computers, far nanosystems –year 2015 to 2020
smaller than a cell. Drexler spent the next E.g.: molecular devices by design.
ten years describing and analyzing these Atomic design, emerging functions
incredible devices, and responding to
accusations of science fiction. As General-Purpose Technology
nanotechnology became an accepted
concept, the meaning of the word shifted Nanotechnology is sometimes referred to
to encompass the simpler kinds of as a general-purpose technology. That's
nanometre-scale technology. because in its advanced form it will have
significant impact on almost all industries
THE FOUR GENERATIONS and all areas of society. It will offer better
built, longer lasting, cleaner, safer, and
The U.S. National Nanotechnology smarter products for the home, for
Initiative has described four generations of communications, for medicine, for
nanotechnology development  transportation, for agriculture, and for
industry in general.

PROS AND CONS
Advantages of Nanotechnology
To enumerate the advantages and
disadvantages of nanotechnology, let us
first run through the good things this
technology brings:
 Nanotechnology can actually
revolutionize a lot of electronic
products, procedures, and
applications.
 Nanotechnology can also benefit
the energy sector.
 Nanotechnology can benefit the
manufacturing sector that will need
materials like nanotubes, aerogels,
Nano particles, and other similar
items to produce their products with
durable stronger lighter properties.
 Research of nanotechnology in
medicine is now focusing on areas
like tissue regeneration, bone repair,
immunity and even cures for such
ailments like cancer, diabetes, and
other life threatening diseases.
Disadvantages of Nanotechnology
When tackling the advantages and
disadvantages of nanotechnology, you will
also need to point out what can be seen as
the negative side of this technology:
 The possible loss of jobs in the
traditional farming and manufacturing
industry.
 Bring about the crash of certain
markets due to the lowering of the
value of oil and diamonds due to the
possibility of developing alternative
sources of energy that are more
efficient and won’t require the use of
fossil fuels.
 Atomic weapons can now be more
accessible and made to be more
powerful and more destructive. These
can also become more accessible with
nanotechnology.
 Since these particles are very small,
problems can actually arise from the
inhalation of these minute.
 Presently, nanotechnology is very
expensive and developing it can cost
you a lot of money. It is also pretty
difficult to manufacture,
APPLICATIONS
MEDICINE
Diagnostics
Nanotechnology-on-a-chip is one more
dimension of lab-on-a-chip technology.
Magnetic nanoparticles, bound to a
suitable antibody, are used to label specific
molecules, structures or microorganisms. 
Drug delivery
Nanotechnology has been a boom in
medical field by delivering drugs to
specific cells using nanoparticles. The
overall drug consumption and side-effects
can be lowered significantly by depositing
the active agent in the morbid region only
and in no higher dose than needed. 
Tissue engineering
Nanotechnology can help to reproduce or
to repair damaged tissue. “Tissue
engineering” makes use of artificially
stimulated cell proliferation by using
suitable nanomaterial-based scaffolds and
growth factors.
Chemistry and environment
Catalysis
Chemical catalysis benefits especially
from nanoparticles, due to the extremely
large surface to volume ratio. The
application potential of nanoparticles in
catalysis ranges from fuel cell to catalytic
converters and photocatalytic devices.
Catalysis is also important for the
production of chemicals.
Nanofiltration
A strong influence of photochemistry on
waste-water treatment, air purification and
energy storage devices is to be expected.
Mechanical or chemical methods can be
used for effective filtration techniques.
One class of filtration techniques is based
on the use of membranes with suitable
hole sizes, whereby the liquid is pressed
through the membrane.
ENERGY
Reduction of energy consumption
It is used for more efficient lighting or
combustion systems, and by use of lighter
and stronger materials in the transportation
sector. Currently used light bulbs only
convert approximately 5% of the electrical
energy into light. Nanotechnological
approaches like light-emitting
diodes (LEDs) or quantum caged
atoms (QCAs) could lead to a strong
reduction of energy consumption for
illumination.
Increasing the efficiency of energy
production
Today's best solar cells have layers of
several different semiconductors stacked
together to absorb light at different
energies but they still only manage to use
40 percent of the Sun's
energy. Nanotechnology could help
increase the efficiency of light conversion
by using nanostructures with a continuum
of bandgaps.
Nanobatteries
Because of the relatively low energy
density of batteries the operating time is
limited and a replacement or recharging is
needed.
Information and communication
Memory Storage
Electronic memory designs in the past
have largely relied on the formation of
transistors. Two leaders in this area
are Nantero which has developed a carbon
nanotube based crossbar memory
called Nano-RAM and Hewlett-Packard w
hich has proposed the use
ofmemristor material as a future
replacement of Flash memory.
Novel optoelectronic devices
In the modern communication technology
traditional analog electrical devices are
increasingly replaced by optical
or optoelectronic devices due to their
enormous bandwidth and capacity,
respectively. Two promising examples
arephotonic crystals and quantum dots.
Heavy Industry
Aerospace
Lighter and stronger materials will be of
immense use to aircraft manufacturers,
leading to increased performance.
Spacecraft will also benefit, where weight
is a major factor. Nanotechnology would
help to reduce the size of equipment and
thereby decrease fuel-consumption
required to get it airborne.
Construction
Nanotechnology has the potential to
make construction faster, cheaper, safer,
and more varied. Automation of
nanotechnology construction can allow for
the creation of structures from advanced
homes to massive skyscrapers much more
quickly and at much lower cost.
Nanoparticles in coatings
Coatings are an important area in
construction. coatings are extensively use
to paint the walls, doors and windows.
Coatings should provide a protective layer
which is bound to the base material to
produce a surface of the desired protective
or functional properties.
Consumer goods
Foods
Complex set of engineering and scientific
challenges in the food and bioprocessing
industry for manufacturing high quality
and safe food through efficient and  http://www.nanotech-
sustainable means can be solved through now.com/predictions.htm
nanotechnology. 
Optics
The first sunglasses using protective and
anti-reflective ultrathin polymer coatings  http://www.crnano.org/
are on the market. For optics,  http://www.crnano.org/whatis.htm
nanotechnology also offers scratch  http://www.crnano.org/magic.htm
resistant surface coatings based on
nanocomposites. Nano-optics could allow
for an increase in precision of pupil repair
and other types of laser eye surgery.  http://www.nanogloss.com
 http://www.nanogloss.com/nanotech
Agriculture
nology/advantages-and-
NanoScience concepts and disadvantages-of-nanotechnology/
Nanotechnology applications have the
potential to redesign the production cycle,  http://en.wikipedia.org/
restructure the processing and conservation  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_n
processes and redefine the food habits of anotechnology_applications#Informa
the people. tion_and_communication
CONCLUSION  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_
applications_of_nanotechnology
Things that becomes practical with
advance nanotechnology (paraphrasing Dr.
K. Eric Drexler):

 Nearly free consumer products

 PC's billions of times faster than
today
 Safe and affordable space travel
 Virtual end to illness, aging, death
 No more pollution and automatic
clean-up of existing pollution
 End of famine and starvation
 Superior education for every child
on Earth
 Reintroduction of many extinct
plants and animals
 Terraforming Earth and the Solar
System

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 http://www.nanotech-now.com/
 http://www.nanotech-
now.com/nano_intro.htm
 http://www.nanotech-
now.com/current-uses.htm