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Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan,

Shandong, China Increased Yield and Revenue with a Seedling Transplanting System
for Hybrid Seed Production in Bt Cotton H. Z. Dong, W. J. Li, W. Tang, Z. H. Li,
and D. M. Zhang AuthorsÕ address: Prof. H. Z. Dong (corresponding author;
e-mail: donghz@saas.ac.cn), Prof. W. J. Li, Mrs W. Tang, Mr Z. H. Li and Mrs D.
M. Zhang, Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,
Jinan 250100, Shandong, China With 2 gures and 5 tables Received March 1, 2004;
accepted June 3, 2004 Abstract Rapid adoption ofBacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
transgenic hybrid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in China is greatly attributed
to high-quality hybrid seed produced in northern Shandong cotton production
area; however, seed yield has reached a plateau in this area in recent years.
Shifting the growing season earlier in the year by planting earlier in a
greenhouse-like hut and transplanting the raised seedlings to the open elds
later may allow the crop to produce more seeds. Four-year consecutive
experiments conducted in Huimin County (northern Shandong, China) showed that
early-season chilling stress on seedlings was avoided in such a hut, and that
the blooming period was extended by about 1 week longer and the peak blooming
occurred 5 days earlier in the year in the transplanting system than in the
normal planting system. The number of early-season blooms and the number of
bolls retained per unit area in transplanting system were signi cantly higher
than those in normal planting system, but there were no signi cant di erences in
boll size and lint percentage between the two planting systems. Seed yield and
quality parameters were signi cantly improved in the transplanting system
through the increased number of bolls per square metre and earlier blooming
respectively. As a result of improvement in seed yield and quality, the net
revenue for seed producers with the transplanting system was increased by 20.8
and 22.5 % in 2002 and 2003, respectively, compared with the corresponding net
revenue in the normal planting system. Seedling transplanting is a potent way to
enhance hybrid seed production in Bt transgenic cotton. Key words:Bt cotton —
hybrid seed — planting patterns — seedling transplanting Introduction Heterosis
is a universal phenomenon in nature (Davis 1978). Although hybrid cotton has
been grown on large acreages in India for several decades (Basu and Paroda
1995), it is only in recent years thatBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) trans- genic
hybrid cotton is utilized for production in China (Dong et al. 2004). Bt cotton
hybrid (F1) developed from crossing a Bt cotton line and a local cotton line,
usually results in approximately 20 % increase in yield compared with non-hybrid
cotton. It is estimated that about 0.6 million hectares of Bt hybrid cotton was
planted in 2003 in China, accounting for 15 % of China’s total cotton-growing
area. Rapid adoption of Bt hybrid cotton in China is greatly attributed to
high-quality seed produced in northern Shandong with a production system
depending on hand emasculation and pollination (Dong et al. 2003). As a result
of cheap labour forces and abundant sunshine during cotton growth, production
costs in northern Shandong are lower and seed quality is better than in other
cotton-growing areas. Therefore, northern Shandong is currently the largest base
for cotton hybrid seed production in China, providing more than 80 % of total
hybrid seed for the nation each year. Unfortunately, the average cottonseed
yield per unit area has reached a plateau in recent years. New alterna- tives
should be introduced for further increase in unit yield of cotton hybrid seed.
Cotton yield in northern Shandong is limited by the amount of heat accumulation
during the growing season, especially during the early and late season (Hsu and
Gale 2001, Li 2001). It is believed that bolls set after 20 August cannot mature
because of low temperature, and owers occurring after 13 August should be
removed to avoid harvesting immature bolls (Dong et al. 2003). In theory,
therefore, shifting the peak J. Agronomy & Crop Science191, 116—124 (2005) Ó2005
Blackwell Verlag, Berlin ISSN 0931-2250 U.S. Copyright Clearance Centre Code
Statement:0931–2250/2005/9102–0116 $15.00/0 www.blackwell-synergy.com blooming
period to an earlier time might be a potent way to reduce the in uence of low
tem- perature during late season (Pettigrew 2002). One technique to accomplish
this shift in the blooming period is to plant the crop earlier than has been
typically recommended for this area. However, the disadvantage to this technique
could be increased risk for exposure of the cotton seedlings to cold stress
(Christiansen and Rowland 1986). Exposure to cool conditions can also increase
the chance of seedling infections by soil-borne pathogens (Edm- isten et al.
2003). Therefore, many recommended optimum planting windows establish their
earliest planting opportunity based on the fact that seed emergence is seriously
inhibited below 14°C and growth in the cotton plant becomes nearly inactive
below 15°C, further coupled with the objective to minimize loss from seedling
disease (Waddle 1984). Production systems providing either a degree of early
seedling tolerance to, or a protection from, chilling stress would make the
bene ts from early planting more consistent. Application of fungicides and
high-quality seed could reduce the inhibition of seedling growth by early season
low temperature, but cold stress could not be completely avoided (Pettigrew
2002). In southern China, a seedling transplanting system in which cotton
seedlings are raised in a greenhouse-like hut during the early season and
transplanted to open elds after tem- perature rises has been widely adopted.
Trans- planting signi cantly increases bene ts from yield increase, seed saving
and good stand establishment by the elimination of harmful environmental e ects
before transplanting, and the extended growing season in comparison with normal
planting in cotton production in China (Li 2001). Such advan- tages for cotton
transplanting were also demon- strated in other countries (Sarvestani and Kordi
2001, Greer et al. 2003, Karve 2003). However, this technique is rarely applied
in hybrid seed produc- tion in cotton. The primary objective of this study was
to determine whether transplanting has yield advant- age over normal planting,
assuming that the peak blooming period was shifted to an earlier time and more
bolls per unit area were retained with transplanting than with normal planting.
The secondary objective was to compare seed quality and net revenue between
transplanting and normal planting, and nally to evaluate the practical value of
using the transplanting technique for hybrid seed production. Materials and
Methods Experimental site and variety Two experiments were conducted at Huimin
County (117°51¢E, 37°49¢N) of Shandong Province, China’s largest county-level
base for cotton hybrid production. The soil of the experimental area is a sandy
loam. The land was ploughed and irrigated in early spring before planting. The
climate at this site is temperate and monsoonal. Cotton is usually planted in
late-April and harvested by hand in October, with a period of nearly 6 months
for cotton plant growth and development. From April to October, the rainfall is
highly variable and averages 400 mm. Average air temperature was 26°C during
summer and early autumn, and 16°C during late spring and mid-autumn. The total
sunshine duration during the growing season was 1650 h (Table 1). The materials
for this study consisted of female parent Lu613 (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and male
parent R55 (Bt transgenic upland cotton) of a commercial hybrid cotton SCRC-15.
Acid-delinted seeds of parents were kindly provided by the Plant Breeding
Section, Shandong Cotton Research Center (SCRC), Jinan, Shandong. Table 1:
Monthly weather summary from 2000 to 2003 at Huimin County, northern Shandong
Month 2000 2001 2002 2003 Average temperature (°C) April 15.5 14.5 14.9 14.2 May
20.7 22.5 20.3 20.5 June 26.2 26.4 25.3 25.4 July 27.8 27.2 27.8 26.6 August
25.3 25.6 26.5 25.3 September 21.3 20.9 20.5 20.3 October 13.7 15.4 13.5 14.0
Average 21.5 21.8 21.3 20.9 Precipitation (mm) April 20.4 19.3 20.2 32.3 May 11
7.9 45.2 34.5 June 71.2 55.7 147.1 60.4 July 205.1 121.2 41.5 72.8 August 141.0
95.1 42.0 140.4 September 31.9 14.8 4.3 52.1 October 40.8 42.5 13.5 32.0 Total
521.4 356.5 320.1 540.7 Sunshine duration (h) April 241.5 259 254 236.3 May
261.4 332 247 284 June 202.7 256 226 271.9 July 207.5 243 280 237.4 August 214.1
253 297 235.3 September 234.7 180 252 222.9 October 139.6 168 224 213.8 Total
1501.5 1691 1780 1701.6 Transplanting for Enhancing Cotton Hybrid Production 117
Experimental design The rst experiment was conducted in 2000 and 2001 to
compare yield performance of three planting systems which included early
planting, normal planting and transplanting, at di erent plant population
densities. For early planting and normal planting, parents were planted on 5 and
28 April in 2000, and 8 and 30 April in 2001 respectively. For transplanting,
parents were planted in a greenhouse- like hut on the same dates as in early
planting treatment, but transplanted to the eld plots on 28 April and 30 April
in 2000 and 2001 respectively. In both years experiments on the female parent
were arranged in a split plot design with three replications. Main plots were
planting systems and subplots were population densities. Each plot was four rows
with row length of 20 m and row spacing of 100 cm respectively. Three seedling
densities in subplots resulted from either precise trans- planting or hand
thinning after emergence, and were 3.3, 2.9 and 2.3 plants m)2respectively. The
male parent was grown in an adjacent eld (1 : 6, male/female in area) in order
to fetch pollen easily for crossing. The second experiment was conducted in 2002
and 2003 to determine whether transplanting system had advantages for seed yield
and revenue over normal planting at an optimum plant density of 3.3 plants m
)2which was recommended in the rst experiment. In both years, experiments were
conducted simultaneously in eight loca- tions that were 1–2 km from the rst
experimental location across Huimin County. Using normal planting as the
control, the experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with
three replications in each location. Each plot was four rows with row length of
30 m and row spacing of 100 cm respectively. Parents were planted on 5 and 28
April in the transplanting system and normal planting system, respectively, and
transplanted on 28 April in the transplanting system. Cultural practice and hand
crossing In the transplanting system,Ôcolumned soil blocksÕ, made of soil and
organic fertilizer (8 : 1, w/w), 5 cm in diameter and 12 cm high each, were
prepared in early April before planting. Columned soil blocks were then tidily
placed into a eutropic soil bed (10 cm deep and 1.5 m wide). After watering,
each block was sowed with one seed for raising cotton seedling. The seedling bed
was then covered with plastic lm which was supported by Bamboo sticks to build
a 50-cm high arciform hut. As temperature inside the greenhouse-like hut was
much higher than outside the hut, it provided a quite favourable condition for
emergence and seedling growth during the early season. After the seedlings reach
one to two true leaf stage, blocks with seedlings were transplanted to open eld
plots with a hand transplanter. In all the experiments, both female and male
cotton elds per hectare was fertilized with 15 t chicken manure and 300 kg
commercial compound fertilizer containing 30 % N, 20 % P2O5and 40 % K2O before
either planting or transplanting. Side-dressing with 90 kg N ha)1was con- ducted
at 80 days after planting (DAP). Hand emasculation and pollination was performed
by trained farmers according to a technical criterion estab- lished by SCRC. In
all the experiments, emasculation was started on the initial date of blooming
and ended on 13 August, after which the rest of the owers and squares were
totally removed, as white owers appearing after 13 August cannot produce mature
seed (Dong et al. 2003). Squares which appear to bloom on the female parent
plant were emasculated from 3:00 to 6:00pm and pollinated with the male pollen
from 9:00 to 11:00am the next morning. F1hybrid seed cotton was harvested three
times by hand from September to October. Cotton elds were intensively managed
according to local agronomic practices unless otherwise indicated. Data
collection and analysis Collected data included yield of seedcotton and seed in
the rst experiment, yield parameters and input and output values in the second
experiment, and emergence rate and seedling survival rate and blooming pattern
in both experiments. Yield parameters consisted of total number of bolls, boll
size (weight) and lint percentage. Plots were harvested by hand, and lint
percentage was determined using a laboratory gin. Input value mainly including
soil preparation, seedling raising and trans- planting, plastic lm, seed,
fertilizer, pesticide, irrigation and labour was recorded in detail. Output
value of seed and lint was calculated according to market price on a 4-year
average. Both the input and output values were converted from Chinese Yuan to
US$ with the o cial exchange rate. Before blooming, 20 plants were randomly
selected from the centre two rows in each plot and tagged with red rope for late
bloom counting. The number of white blooms (blooms at anthesis) per plot was
counted at a 5-day interval throughout the growing season. These counts were
initiated at the rst sign of blooming and were continued until hand pollination
ended on 13 August. Counts were collected each year for both experiments. Basic
weather data were collected at an o cial weather station located 1 km from the
rst experimental site. Soil temperature at 5 cm depth either inside or outside
the hut was recorded at 2:00, 8:00, 14:00 and 20:00 hours each day with a
geothermometer. Cumulative early season cold units were calculated as described
by Kittock et al. (1987): R(10°C)daily minimum temperature if£ 10°C) from
planting to 20 May. Seed density (g cm)3) was determined using the methods
described by Gadallah (2000). Germination test was conducted with sterilized
sand at 30°C. The germination rate was computed on the basis of normal seedlings
only (ISTA 1996). The experiments were repeated three times. Data were analysed
with an experimental statistic analysis system designed by Research Center for
Agricul- tural Technology and Information (1990), Yantai, Shan- dong. Means were
separated using either Fisher’s protected test or Duncan’s multiple range test
at a signi cance level of 0.05. 118 Dong et al.
increased yield and revenue with a seedling transplanting system for hybrid seed
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