Proceedings of the Fifth International corar Reef congress, Tahiti,

vor. 6
i9g5,

LIVING CORAL REEFS OF NORTHEAST NEW-GUINEA

RECIFS CORALLIENS ACTUELS DU NORD.EST DE LA NOUVELLE.GUINE

B.L. KOJIS
L.I.H.S., Lae, PAPUA NEW GUINEA
r.J. QUrXN
Flsheries Department, Papua New Guinea University of Technology
Lae, PAPUA NEW GUINEA
H.R. CLAERBOI'DT
Laing Island Biological Station, Universit6 libre de Bruxelles
Bogia, PAPUA NEW GUINEA

ABSTRACT

New Guinea is the largest island lying cornpletely within the equatorial tropics. Ev though
it is just north of the Great Barrier Reef, little is known of the living coral reefs surroun g the
island. Whitehousets (1973) account of coral reefs in New Guinea lists no scientific
incorrectly states that along the eagtern coast from East Cape to the Huon Peninsula rtcoral re fs are
only found as occasional small fringing reefs and patch reefstt and that on the northern sid of the
island the coastline isrrwithout any active reefsil for 1200 km.
This study is a preliminary survey of the extent of the living reefs and of the coral Senera
found along the northeast corner of the island of New Guinea. Seventy genera and 16 famil es were
identified. The familles identified include: Acroporidae, Agarlciidae, Caryoph 11idae,
Dendrophylli idae, Favi idae, Fungi idae, Merulinidae, Muss idae, Oculinidae, Pectini idae, Pocill ida e,
Poritidae, Thamnasteriidae and Trachyphyllidae.

B.ESIJT{E

La Nouvelle Guinde est la plus grande ile totalement situ6e dans la zone intertropica
quterle se trouve juste au nord de la Grande Barrilre, on ne connait que peu de choses sur I I rdc
Bien
ifs
coralllens actuels entoulant cette i1e. La contrlbution de Whitehouse (1973) sur les r6c ifs de velle
Guin6e ne donne pas dtappellations scientifiques et indique, ! tort, que le long de 1a c6te est du Cap
Est i 1a Pt5ninsule Huon:rtles r6cifs coralliens sont limit6s i dioccasionnels p.iit" r6cifs fr arts
et des pat6s coralliensrr, et que sur la bordure septentrionale de 1ri1e, la c6te est ld6 vue de
r6cifs vivantsrr sur 1200 krn.
Ce survol pr6liminaire porte sur ltimportance des rdcifs coralliens et sur 1es c res de
coraux trouvds sur ltangle nord de lri1e de Nouvelle-Guin6e. 70 genres et l6 fami 1 les ont 6t6
identifi6s. Les farnilles identifi6es cqnprennent: Acroporidae, Agariciidae, Caryoph 11idae,
Dendrophylliidae, Faviidae, Fungiidae, Merulinidae, Mussidae, Oculinid.ae, iectiniidae, Pocillo ridae,
Poritidae, Thamnasteriidae and Trachyphyllidae.

2,12

INTRODUCTION
New Guinea is the largest lsland conpletely
within the' equatorlal tropics and lies just north
of the northern tip of the Great Barrler Reef.
Little is known of npst of the livlng coral reefs
surrounding the igland. Reef surveys of note have
only been done along the Papuan coast (Weber,
1973; Andn., 1982) and the reefs of the Loutsiade
and and t'robriand Archipelagoes (cahi11, Heatwole
and Goldn4n, 1973) (Frg. 1)-
Surveys of the reefs of the southeastern half
of the iSland of New Gr:inea (Papua New Grinea)
were oftedr inaccurate. In Davisrs (I922a; b;
1928) revlews of the geonorphology of coral reefs
of the wofLd there were lengthy discussions about
the genfeis of the reefs of the Louisiade
Archipelago. These studles lrere apparently baeed
only on frydrographic charts and on a few, very
brief recpnnaisgance reports on the geology.
Davls had not traveled to the area ao it wasn't
until a 1959 expedition to the area that allovred
Fairbridgre G973) to note thet rr. . . sorE of his
(Davis) ti"j"r conclusions, e.g., concerning the
'unclift'l (uncliffed) coasts of Tagula and other
islend irl the louisiades, $rere found by us to be
conpletelly falserr (p. 163).
Errorleous records of New Grinea reefs are not
limlted to pioneer geouorphologists. Re.
Whitehouse's (1973) account of coral reefs in New
G:inea incorrectly states that along the eaetern
coaet from East Cape to the Huon Peninsula rrcoral
reefs are only found as occasional enrall fringing
reefs and patch reefsrr and that on the northern
side of the ieland the coastllne is ttwithout any
active reefsrr (p. I77) for 1250 km. On the
contrary, as we will show below, frlnging barrler
reefs of high coral cover and specles diversity
are corilrDfl along theEe shoreg particularly away
from river nouths.
Mentlon of the reefs of northeestern New
Guinea have been made by authors ln papers that
are concerned primarily with toplcs other than the
status of present day reefs. Stoddart (1972)
described the effects of an earthquake on the
reefs near Madang and noted the htgh species
diversity of these reefs desplte being ln a region
that is anDng the nost seismically active in the
world. Along the northeast coast of the Huon
Peninsula are 80 km of upralsed coral terraces
whose geology has been extensively studted (e.g.,
Chappell , 1973 ). However, the adjacent living
reefs have been only brlefly descrlbed and only 20
roughly identified coral species ltsted (Chappell,
7974). The extent of livlng coral reefs of
northeast New G-rinea flnally recelved reeognition
in Loffler (1977). He graphical-ly represented

condor p1. 146oE 148eE

4on

Bay(Laing ls.)

# arkar ls.

o
Croisilles
BISMARK S EA

b*'' o

$L*, s

t REEFS

fen
O\, 0nlrlnrr
6lami ls.

**rJ)
\\-/
N' HUON
GULF

& Longuerue ls.

PAPUA NEW GUI

Ward Hunt
.{r08rni0

obs
v Ward
\5\Ea"tc"o"
1450E rso.i"t4trr,n,,,g -
Figure 1: Map of coral reefs of northeast New G\:inea.

-324-
Table 1 continued details about this area nay be found in lbjis
Quinn (1984) and Quinn and Kojis (1982; 1984).
Euon Hansa Port* Finschhafen to Cape Croisllles
Family and genus tu1f Madang Bay I4cr e s by
The dominant reef type along the coast fror
Finschhafen to Madang is the fri4ging reef. Thr
Ocul inldae seaward reef n:argin ig well defined and consistr
Acrhelia x Y x of a steep fore-reef slope, droppirlg abruptly int<
EA;;A- X Y I deep wateri over 200 m depths are comnonly foun<
PeFtrl-1d"e within 500 m of the reef crest]. The reefr
Echinophyll ia x x thernselves are generally narrow, less than 100 r
Mycedium X X X from crest to shore, and devoid of a well definec
Oxypora x x x Y lagoon. Occasional lagoons exist such as at
Pec tinia x Y x Gitua, Sialum and Dregerhaven. The Gltua and
Poffi-poridae Sialum lagoons are not conte[porary lagoons in the
Palauas trea x sense of having been fornpd since the sea stood at
P;cil1o-tora X x X x its nodern level relative to the land, because
Seriatopora X X x their barriers are continuations of the upllfted
Stylophora X x x x reef which is truncated by the nndern sea cliffs
Porltidee (Chapell, 1974). lhe reef tops tend to be shallow
Alveopora X x x flat and large areas are exposed during low spring
Coniopora X Y x tides. Because of their easy access native wonren
Porites Y x and children cornnonly gather rnarine products frorn
si&iEffieidae these reefs during sprlng low tides.
Coscinarea X An interesting feature of the north coast
id."as trea x reefs around Sialum is that in sorne areas the
Th;fr;;G;TTA;;_- reefs are little affected by the rivers. Both now
PsamrDcora and in the geologic record, reefs along this coast
@r
-P"""do" idae
Trachyphyl 1
interdigitate with lirrstone cobble deltas.
is best typified around the Tewai River (Kelly,
Ihis
Trachyphyll ia pers. comm. ) and nEy be related to the
predominately calcareous nature of the sedlnFnt
which is derived frorn the linestone hinterland.
*Coral general listed are from Weber (1973) The coral commrnities in this region are
(Table 2). Subgenera have been excluded and abundant and diverse. We have collected and
synonynies follow those of the publications identifled 53 genera and 14 familes of
rEntioned in the text. Scleractinia from Madang Harbour. Of the
non-scleractinianrs Millepora is comrrDn while
Whitehouse'e (1973) staternent, it is not rra clear I\:pipora 'eliopoiZ-ar. rare.
strean, rippling over gravel.. . 't (p. L77 ), but "nd
rather a large, braided, shallow river which Cape Croisilles to Hansa Bay
carrles m,rch sedirnent into the Huon ftlf (Quinn
and Kojis, 1982; 1984). In March_.,1985, the Sixty-nine scleractinian genera and 16
Markham River was carrying 0.8 g I ' with an families have been identified from llansa Bay,
estirnated total annual transport of 10 million Madang Province (table 1), along with Mlllepora,
tonnes of sedinent into the Huon G,rlf. In concert I\rbipora and Heliopora. The greater number of
with other snraller rivers on the western coast the genera and families in Hansa Bay conpared to the
Markham River lirnits reef growth along the eastern lluon Gulf and Madang is probably the result of a
coast as far as Cape Arkona, 45 km from its nDuth greater collecting intensity. Hansa Bay is within
to sporadic fringing reefs, the closest of which 25 km of the rputh of the Ramr River and 50 km of
is at Slngaua, 18 km from the Markharn River. Irom the nouth of the Sepik River (two of the largest
Cape Arkona to Finschhafen fringing reefs comnonly rivers in Papua New Grlnea) and is tfre site of the
line the coast except near river nouths. last nnjor reefs east of these rivers.
Ten kilometers off the southeast point of the Hansa Bay experiences rrE+n vertical
Huon Peninsula lies the Tami Atoll. It is 3 km in transparency ranging from 9 m during the wet
dianeter and has three islands, all upraised season (November - l4ay) to 19 m during the dry
linestone about 10 m in elevation. The lagoon is season (June - October) with a minirnrm of 2 m and
about 18 rn deep with a sandy bottom and coral nnxim:m of 35 m. Coral cover was >50% on exposed
growth is restricted to the top 10 m. Strong reefs and from 307. to 60% on partially exposed and
oceanic currents sweep by the atoll and the outer sheltered reefs. Coral covet dind-nished to about
coral assemblages vary with exposure. Ihe reef is 57. between 20-30 m.
oval in an east west orientation with passages to
the north and south. Coral comm:nities are both
diverse and extensive. COM PARATIVE OBS ERVATIONS
In the Huon Gulf, 55 genera and 14 farnilies of
corals were identified (Table 1) and rrDre genera A total of 65 scleractinian genera have been
will probably be found as collecting continues. identified frorn the reefs of northeast New Qrinea
the carbonate secreting non-scleractinian corals, conrpared to 54 from the Port l,loresby reef s (Weber,
Distichopora, Heliopora, 1\:bipora and Stylaster 1973) (Table 1). I\so genera, Scapophyllia and
are present but rare in the Huon Gr1f. In fact, I9d,1!t,l!1, fonnd on the Port lbresby reefs have
Helioporats presence is only indicated by beach not yet been sighted on northeastern reefs.
fragnents found on Dot Island, south of Salanraua. However, 1I genera present on northeastern reefs
In contrast, MilLepora is abundant. Hydrological irere not present on Weber's (1973 ) list. In
 over 807" of the coast from Cape Ward Hunt to Cape Table 1 : Scleractinian coral found in the Huon
Groisilles as fringed by reefs and noted that Gu1f, Madang Harbour, Hansa Bay and Port l,bresbyrk,
rr...fringing reefs occur along nost of Papua New Papua New Gr:inea.
Guinears coastline ln spite of the generally
trDuntainous hinterland and considerable runoff and
sedlmentation associated with itrr (p.118). Huon IIensa Port*
With such a paucity of knowledge of even the Fanily and genus fulf Madang Bay Moresby
existence of mrch of Papua New Guinea's living
coral reefs for nany years, it is not surprising
to find few taxonomic descriptions of corals even Acroporidae
though New G:inea appears to lie near the center Acropora XX x
of generic diversity of the Indo-Pacific Anacropora XX x
hernntypic scleractinien coralg. As treopora xx x X
Montipora xx x Y
Agaric iidae
SURVEY METHODS Coeloseris x
ffiEio?eris x
Specinens were collected to depths of 50 rn at Gptose?E-- XX x x
several reefs iq the Huon GrIf, in the viclnity of Pachyseris XX x x
Madang Harbor and at Hansa Bay using SCUBA Pavona XX Y x
:quiplent. Other sections of the reef around @.."d Pseudocolunnagtrea* )
Karkar Island, Long Island, Manam Island, Tami Astrocoeni idae
lslands, Siessi Island, Wasu, Slalum, Finschhafen, S tylocoeni e1 1a
Yadang and gapg Croisilles were surveyed at Caryophyll iidae
rarious tiree frorn 1980 to 1984. The reefs frorn Catalaphyll ia x
Lae to Finschhafen, Saidor to Madang, Finschafen Euphyl 1 ia xx x x
to Slagsi Island and the south coast of the Huon Physogyra xx x x
}.lf and l4orobel Province were observed from light Plerogyra XX x
rircraft. i Dendrophyl 1 i idae
Table I lists the coral genera found at 4 Dendrophyl 1 ia x x
3ites along the Papua New Guinea coast. ltre HeteropBarilnia x x
tenere were classified according to Veron and Tubas trea XX x x
Ptchon (1976, ',1979 and L982), Veron, Pichon and ffiEm-erl= XX x x
Iljsnan-Best (1977) and Veron and Wallace (1984). raiTffi-
Barbattoia x x x
DESCRIPTIONS OF REEFS G;I;G; x x x
6tfr'."trea Jt Y X x
SiEioa;tree x x x x
Although the northeastern New Guinea reefe Echinopora x x ,( x
sontain everl norphological type of reef Favia x x x x
>riginally described by Darwin from patch reefs to Eii-vites x x x X
atolls and bari'ter reefs, trDst of the reefs are 6iEErea x x x x
fringing and parrier reefs. The 1ow latitude of Ea;opfr;ra x x x x
these reefs places them outside the cyclone belt Leptastrea x X X
end, as a result, the crest is not subjected to Leptoria X X x X
extrenEly high] seas. In contrast to the Great l,bntas trea x
Barrier Reef fvhich ls subjected seasonally to d;6pE iTIa XX x x
cyclones, there is a conspicuous absence of coral
rubble and laige boulders.
Platygyra xx x x
Plesiastrea x X x
FuGTTa;;-
Cape Ward ttuni to Finechhafen Cyc loser i s x
Diae er i s x x
km
South of lrae, the first coral reef occurs 25
away at Btsarna. For the next 200 km south
@
Halomitra
x X x
x
x
x
reefs frlnge iabout 110 km of the shorellne EEii6,fG.ia x x x x
(approxiratel! 50% of the coast). Addltionally, HerpetogloEsa x x x
there are 23 ]off-shore islands with 50 krn of x x x x
coastline of which over 95% 1s surrounded by reef. x
Because of tl'te steeply sloping nature of the Poda-bacia X x
off-shore sepbed whlch flanks the r.eestern
contlnuetion bf the New Britain trench, very few
E]ffiffiia xx x x
large off-shore shoal reefs have developed in thls .ffiT6]fritra*)
Sandalol itha x x X

reglon. ]

l4any of t[re lslands found in the Fly and

zooFTIF-
Merul inldae
Lcnguerue Island groups are surrounded by fringlng Clavarina X
reefs similia]r ln structure to the fringlng reefs
on-shore. Most of the lslands in the longuerue
Gffi;_ x x
G!6p-frinia x x
Island group are htgh islands while several lfus s idae
islands of the Fly group are low coral cays. Ihe Acanthas trea X
coral cover is conuronly over 70% ln the top 10 m Cynarlna x
and a 10% coral cover exists regularly at depths t,oGiEiliia x x
over 30 m. Scolymia x x
the Markhan Rlver (Fig. 1) is the rnajor rlver GG.lic-ia and
debouching into the Huon Gulf. Contrary to synpTffi'

-32s-
particular, Weber (1973) pointed out the
conspicuous absence of Acrhelia on the Moresby
reef s. This species is FillEiF"t all three sites
in northeast New Grinea.
0f the carbonate secreting, non-scleractinian
corals, Distichopora, Heliopora and Tubipora are
not comrDn on the reefs of northeast New Gulnea,
but they apparently thrive in the Port ldoresby
area (Weber, 1973). In contrast, Millepora
flourishes on both the reefs of Port Moresbt;;a-
those of northeast New Grinea and Stylaster, while
present in the Huon Gulf , was not TG'Ga--for Port
Moresby.
In general, the infornration on scleractinian
taxa is insufficient to provide a true indication
of differences in coral reef diversity and coral
taxa betrdeen the two regions, and further
collections are necessary to confirm the validity
of the above dlfferences. Instead, the importance
of this study resides in the assurance it provides
that northeast New Guinea reefs are not
depauperate either in extent or taxa.
CONCLUSION
The coral reefs of northeast Nei{ Guinea have
never been property surveyed. We suggest that the
extent of these reefs has been grossly under
estinrated. Rather than the one-sixth of its
entire coastline being bordered by corals
(Whitehouse, \973), it appears that over one-half
of the coastline and surrounding islands are
fronted by coral reefs. Royal Australian Naval
Hydrographic Charts issued as recently as 1975 for
the Huon G\rlf rtrater contain the caution 'tThis
chart is not based on adequate hydrographic
surveys in all areas and mariners are warned to
proceed with caution because uncharted dangers nny
exist.rr These naps are prirnarily based on surveys
urade just before the turn of the century and
during World War II and the necessity of better
hydrological cherts for Papua New Guinea is
generally recognized (Done, 1983).
Coral reefs from northeast New G:inea are
arDng the rDSt diverse in the world with a high
percentage coral cover. The extent of these reefs
has been underestirnated by scholars as recently as
1973. For example, Whitehouse (1973, p.170)
states that ItNew G:inea . . . Iis ] particularly
important in that while it offers some excellent
opportunities for studying coral reefs in tropical
waters, it is even nDre irportant for finding out
why such reefs also nay not occur in seas that
seem ideally suited to them.rr Sinilarly Weber
(1973) misinterpreted Stoddart (1972) and declared
that reef developnent in northern New G:inea had
been inhibited in nany places by tectonic
IIDve[ents.
The prirary factor limiting coral reef
developnent in northeast Ne\,r GJinea is the depth
of the water off-shore. Effectlve coral reef
frarebuilding occurs only in depths less than
10-25 m which is the bathyuetric zone where coral
growth rates are high enough to create reef
franework (Stoddart,1969; Done, 1982). Ihus,
off-shore reef developrFnt is lirnited ln northeest
New Guinea by the great depths that generally
occur within a kilonreter of shore resulting in a
lack of suitable shallow water substrate.
T\:rbidity is a second limiting factor.
However, despite a 3 m per annum rainfall, the
continental shelf is too narrow to be an effective
sedinent resevoir. l'fuch of the terrigenous input
is apparently lost directly to the deep ocean
basins helping to naintain low levels of turbidity
along nost of the coast.
With only srnall near river gapsr fiany less
than 1 km, a large relatively continuous fringing
and barrier reef exists from Cape Ward Hunt in
southern lbrobe Province to Condor Point, western
Madang Province, near the nouth of the lprge Ramr
and Sepik Rivers (Fig.1). the diveisity and
continuity of this reefal system is in [tt" order
of negnitude of the Great Barrier $eef. In
consideration of the enormlty of thib reefal
system we would like to suggest that it be known
as ilNew Guinea's Great Frlnging Reeftr.
Whitehouse (1973) concluded his in{roduction
with rrso the great is land of New Quinea is
peculiar in having warm, coral- loving seas all
around it. But where are all the corals ?tl
(p. I72). Along the northeast coast, we found
then. This brings into question other qtatenents
by Whitehouse about the deficiency of redfs in the
Trobriand, North Solonon and Bismarck
Archipelagoes. In the Iight of th9 present
results, r{e are looking forward to new surveys of
the reefs in those arees.
Accurate estingtes of the coral reefs of
northeast Ner,r Guinea are necessary for local
resource assessrent and nenagenent. On the basis
of Whitehousers paper lfunro (1975 ) nede sonE
generaJ.ized estirrntes of the likely ektent of
coral reef fish resources in Papua Ne$r Grinea
vraters. Proper estirnates of coral resources rrust
be based on the extent of the habitat itbelf. As
northeast New Grinea is endowed with pxtensive
reefs, m:ch greater potential productivity is
possible. The use of satell ite based rerDte
sensing technology to rrap and ronitor shallow
water habitats in Papua Nevr Grinea has been
discussed by Quinn et a1. (1985).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of
the Papua New Grinea l.lniversity of Techlology in
their partial funding of thls research project
(no. 369). Dr. M. Plchon, Departrrcnt of Marine
Biology, James Cook University, kindly assisted
with the identification of sone of the llungiidae
and Poritidae. Itfu. S. Luxford and scientists from
the University of Brussels Biological Station
kindly assisted our work in Hansa Bay. We thank
lb. R. KelLey, Geology Departrent, Univerpity of
Papua New Grinea, and Dr. H. Molt, Rijksunseum van
Natuurlijke Historie, for their constructive
comrents and suggestions regarding the ranyscript.
I'fu. S. Hugnen, DepartrFnt of Chernical Technology,
PNG University of Teehnology, kindly assisted with
the Markham River sedinent analysis.
REFERENCES
ANON. \982. Coral reefs . In: Ok Tedi
EnvironrEntal Study: Port 6resby Harbour
Studies, Townships and Regicnal Revie*. Vo1.
7, pp. 13-82.
CAHILL, M., H. B. C,OLDMAN. 1973.
HEATWOLE AND
Ecology of the Reefs. In: W. Manser (ed. ).
New Grinea Barrier Reefsl- PreLiminary Results
of the 1969 Coral Reef Expedition to the
Trobriand Islands and Louisiade Archipelago,
Papua New G:inea. University of Paprla New
 G\rinea, Geology Departrnnt, Occaslonal Paper, QUINN, N.J. and B.L. KOJIS. 1984. RerDte sensing
No.1., pp. 209- 229. of the Markharn River intrusion into the Huon
Grlf, Papua New Grinea. Proc. 3rd
CHAPPELL, l. fgZ:. Geology of coral terraces on Australasian RenDte Sensing Conference, Gold
Huon Peninsula, New Guinea. Ph.D. thesis. Coast, Queensland, pp. 740-744.
Augtralian Natlonal lhiverslty, Canberra,
pp. 210. QUINN, N.J., P. DALZELL and B.L. KOJIS. 1985.
LANDSAT as a managenEnt tool for rEPPing
CHAPPELL, J. I974. Geology of coral terraces, shallow water habitats in Papua New Grinea.
Huon Peninsula, New Guinea: a study of Proceedings of the 5th International Coral
Quaternary tectonlc rDverlEnts and sea-level Reef Symposlurn, Tahiti.
changes. Bull. geol. Soc. Arn. 85 :553-570.
STODDART, D.R. 1969. Ecology and norphology of
DAVIS, W.M. I922a. Coral reefe of the Louisiade recent coral reefs. Blol. Rev. 44l-t+33-t+98.
Archipelago. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., Proc.
8: 7-13. SToDDART, D.R. I972. Catastrophic danege to
coral reef comrunities by earthquake. Nature
DAVTS, W.M. Ig22b. The barrier reef of Tagula, 239:5I-52.
New (rinea. Assoc. Am. Geogr., Ann.,
72:97 -16I. VERON, J.E.N. and M. PICHON. 1976. Scler-
actinia of Eastern Australia. Part I.
DAVIS,w.M. 1928. The coral reef problern. Am. Families Thannasteriidae, Astrocoenlidae,
Geogr. Soc., Spec. Pub1. Vol. 9, pp. 5w Pocilloporidae. Australian Instltute of
Marine Science lbnograph Series, Vol. 1,
DONE, P. 1983. The present stetus of hydrography pP. 86.
in Papla New Grinea. International Hydro-
graphid Review, Monaco 60 : 7-18. VERON, J.E.N. and M. PICHON. 1979. Scler-
actinia of Eastern Australla. Part III.
DONE, T.J. 1982. Patterns in the distribution of Families Agariciidae, Siderastreidae,
coral domm.rnities across the central Gteat Fungiidae, Oculinidae, IGrulinidae, ltussidae,
Barrle{ Reef. Coral Reefs. 1:95-107. Pectiniidae, Caryophlliidae, Dendrophyllidae.
Australin Institute of Marine Science
FAIRBRIDGE6R.l'l. I973. Mrrphology of the Reefs. Monograph Series, Vol. 4., pp. 422.
In: WL Menser (ed. ). New G:inea Barrler
Fe.fs:] Prellrninary Results of the 1969 Coral VERON, J.E.N. and M. PICHON. 1982. Scler-
Reef Expedition to the lbobriand Islands and actinla of Eastern Australia. Part IV.
the lqLisiade Archipelago, Papua New G.rinea. Family Poritidae. Australlan Institute of
University of Papua New Guinea C'eology Marine Sclence I'trrnograph Series, Vol. 5.
Departlrnent, Occasional Paper No. 1. pp.159.
pp.163-194.
VERON, J.E.N., M. PICHON and M. WIJSMAN-BEST.
KOJIS,n.j "ta N.J. QUINN. 1984. Depth and \977. Scleractinia of Eastern Australia, Part
seasorlal variation in the fecundity of II. Australian Instltute of l"larine Science
Acropdra palifera in Papua New Grlnea. Coral l,bnograph Series, Vol. 3. pp. 233.
Reefs 3 zI65-L72.
VERON, J.E.N. and C.C. WALLACE. 1984. Scler-
E. 1977. Geonorphology of Papua New
LOFFLER, actinia of Eastern Australia, Part V.
Guineh. Australian National lJniversity Press, Australian Instltute of Marine Science
Canbefra, pp.195. ldcnograph Serles, Vol. 6. pp. 485.

MUNRo,J.i :-:g75. Potential Productivlty of Coral WEBER,J.N. 1973. Reef corals and coral reefs ln
Reef Fisheries. In: K.P. Lamb and J.L. the vicinity of Port }bresby, South coast of
Ctess]ttt (eds ). E-o.[ogy and Conservation in Papua New Grinea. Pacific Science 4t377-390.
Papual New Grinea. Wau Ecology Institute
earnptllet No. 2, pp.90-97. WHITEHOUSE,F.W. 1973. Coral reefs of the New
Grinea region. In: O.A. Jones and R.
QUINN,NlJ. and B.L. KOJIS. 1982. the hydrology of Endean, (edg.) BfoGly and C,eology of CoraL
the Markham Rlver intrusion into the Huon Grlf Reefs, Vol.2, Academlc Press, N.Y.
using! Landsat irnagery and in situ pp.169-186.
obseivations. Science ln ttlew--ffiE
9(3 ) i115-129.

-328-