Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3 to 5 1/8
5 to 8 1/4
1
Torsional Shear Stresses Shear Stress in a shaft
Torque Torque
16 T
Tc Shear stress, SS =
Torsional shear stress, SS = π D3
J Where
T = torque
J = Polar moment of inertia = π × d
4
16 T
32 D = diameter of the shaft = 3
c = radius of the shaft π SS
T = Torque
d = diameter of shaft
August 15, 2007 7 August 15, 2007 8
An additional axial force will be acting on the shaft Force transmitted, Fn = Ft tan θ cos γ
because of the bevel angle θ = Pressure angle
For the pinion it is relatively small, and can be γ = Cone angle
neglected. Axial Force, Fa = Ft tan θ sin γ
Resultant Force, Fr = 2
Ft + F2
For the larger gear it will be significant and will be
larger than the radial separating force. F = Fn or Fa depending on whichever is larger
2
Loads from Worm gears Loads from Worm gears
To
Driving force on the worm gear, Ft =
Axial rwg
To = Output torque
Driving Ft sin φ
Separating force, Fs =
cos φ cos λ - f sin λ
where
λ = lead angle
Separating
ϕ = normal pressure angle
f = coefficient of friction
f = coefficient of friction
3
Bending of circular shafts Bending of circular shafts
Example Problem 17-1: Design Stresses in Shafts (cont’d.) Example Problem 17-1: Design Stresses in Shafts (cont’d.)
• Find the torsional stress in the shaft.
(2-6) π D3
Z' =
Tn 16
hp =
63,000
π (.75 in)3
Z' =
then: 16
4
Example Problem 17-1: Design Stresses in Shafts (cont’d.) Example Problem 17-1: Design Stresses in Shafts (cont’d.)
• Find the resultant force on the shaft:
• Find the load at the gear pitch circle: (12-2)
Ft
Fr =
(11-4)
cos θ
NT
Dp =
Pd
90 lb
Fr =
cos 20°
40
Dp =
10 Fr = 96 lb
Ft = 90 lb Mm = 360 in-lb
Example Problem 17-1: Design Stresses in Shafts (cont’d.) Combined Stresses in Shafts
• Find the stress:
M
As seen in Chap 4
S =
Z
(Appendix 3)
π D3
Z =
32
π (.75 in)3
Z =
32
Z = .041in3
M
S =
Z
360 in-lb
S =
.041 in3
S = 8780 lb/in2
⎣⎢ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦⎥ ⎛ ⎛ S ⎞2 ⎞ ½
τ = ⎜Ss2 + ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎟
This can be rewritten as ⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠
D3
(T + M 2 ) 1/2
5.1 2
τ=
⎝
⎛
⎝
2
τ = ⎜(2170 lb/in2) + ⎜ 2
⎛ 8780 ⎞2 ⎞ ½
lb/in2⎟ ⎟
⎠ ⎠
5
Example Problem 17-3: Combined Stresses in
Maximum Normal Stress Theory Shafts
• From Example Problem 17-1, find the combined stress using the
σ = equivalent combined normal stress maximum normal stress theory:
⎛ ⎛S⎞ ⎞
2
S = normal stress from bending or axial loads σ =
S
± ⎜ Ss2 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
1
2
2 ⎜ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎟⎠
⎝
SS = shear or torsional stress
1/2 – Substituting stresses from Example Problem 17-1:
S ⎡ 2 ⎛S⎞ ⎤
2
σ= ± ⎢SS + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
2 ⎣⎢ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦⎥ ⎛ ⎛ 8780 in 2 ⎞ ⎞⎟
2
8780 lb / in 2 ⎜ 1
σ = + ⎜ ( 2170 lb / in 2 ) 2 + ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟ ⎟⎟
2
2 ⎜ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎠
This can be written as ⎝
σ = 9300 lb / in 2
5.1
[
σ = 3 M + (T 2 + M 2 )1/2
D
] – This should be compared to the normal stress allowable.
D =3
τ
(T + M 2 ) 1/2
5.1 2
D= 3
5.1
σ
[
M + (T 2 + M 2 )1/2 ]
6
Change the frequency to rpm Shaft with n concentrated loads
Critical speed, Nc = 60 × f
Rayleigh’
Rayleigh’s equation is used.
Also k is weight divided by deflection
W
k=
δ W1 δ1 + W2 δ 2 + W3 δ3 + ... + Wn δ n
60 Wg N c = 187.7 2 2 2 2
Nc = W1 δ1 + W2 δ2 + W3 δ3 + ... + Wn δ n
2π Wδ
1
N c = 187.7
δ
Example Problem 17-5: Critical Speed Example Problem 17-5: Critical Speed (cont’d.)
• Find the estimated critical speed for the shaft in Example Problem 17-1
(assume the entire shaft diameter is ¾ inch).
188
− First, find deflection: Nc =
FL 3
(Appendix 2)
∂
δ = – 48 EI (17-14)
188
(Appendix 3)
Nc =
I =
π D4 .21
64
Nc = 410 rpm
π (.75 in)4
I =
64
I = .016 in4
96 lb (15 in)4
δ = – 48 (30 x 106 lb/in2) (.016 in4) • This is approximate, and additional multiples would exist at 820,
1230, and 1640 rpm.
δ = .21 inch