Name: Prem Patrick Parcon Date performed: January 25, 2011

Co-worker: Kate Alyssa Caton Date finished: February 1, 2011

Experiment No. 5

COMPLEX-FORMATION TITRATION

DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL HARDNESS OF COMMERCIAL MINERAL WATER

I. Theoretical Framework:

Water is a good solvent and picks up impurities easily. A weak carbonic acid is formed when
water reacts with carbon dioxide. Calcium and magnesium are common minerals that make water
"hard."  Hardness of water increases as calcium and magnesium content increases.

Hard water interferes with cleaning tasks such as laundering and dishwashing. Clothes washed
with hard water may look soiled and may feel rough and scratchy. Glass wares may appear to be spotted
when dry. It can also interfere with our bathing. Hair washed with hard water may feel sticky and look
dull. Hard water also has its advantages. The minerals in hard water when drank can contribute to the
calcium and magnesium diet of humans.

II. Data and Results:

Standardization of EDTA Solution

Primary Standard used: CaCO3

Formula mass of 1O standard: 100.087 mg/mmol

% Purity of 1O standard: 99.5%

Trials 1 2 3

Mass of CaCO3 (g) 0.2086 0.2086 0.2086

Final Reading EDTA (ml) 41.40 40.60 41.81

Initial Reading EDTA (ml) 0.05 0.50 1.30

Net Volume of EDTA (ml) 41.35 40.10 40.50

 Sample Analysis

Brand of mineral water used: Tubig Purified Drinking Water

Trials I II III

Vol. of water sample (ml) 100.0 100.0 100.0

Volume of EDTA (mL)

Final volume (ml) 1.92 2.15 2.41

Initial volume (ml) 1.50 1.92 2.15

Net Volume (ml) 0.42 0.23 0.26

Brand of mineral water used: UPV Tap Water

Trials I II III

Vol. of water sample (ml) 100.0 100.0 100.0

Volume of EDTA (mL)

Final volume (ml) 33.20 23.41 23.81

Initial volume (ml) 2.31 1.22 0.20

Net Volume (ml) 30.89 22.19 23.61

Reported Values

Trials Molarity Titer Total Hardness (Tubig Total Hardness (UPV Tap
Purified Drinking Water) Water)

1 0.01003 M 1.004 mg/mL 4.288 mg/L (outlier) 315.4 mg/L (outlier)

2 0.01034 M 1.035 mg/mL 2.348 mg/L 226.6 mg/L

3 0.01024 M 1.025 mg/mL 2.654 mg/L 241.1 mg/L

Average 0.01020 M ± 1.021 mg/mL ± 2.501 mg/L ± 0.2163 mg/L 233.9 mg/L ± 10.25 mg/L
0.001582 M 0.01582 mg/mL
III. Calculations:

Molarity of EDTA:

mg CaCO 3 ∙ % Purity 50
M EDTA = ∙
MW Ca CO3 ∙ Net Vol EDTA 250

Trial 1:
208.6 m g • 0.995 50
MEDTA = • = 0.01003 mmol/mL
100.087 g /mol •41.35 mL 250
Trial 2:
208.6 m g •0.995 50
MEDTA = • = 0.01034 mmol/mL
100.087 g /mol •40.10 mL 250
Trial 3:
208.6 m g •0.995 50
MEDTA = • = 0.01024 mmol/mL
100.087 g /mol •40.50 mL 250

Average Molarity of EDTA

(0.01003 + 0.01034 + 0.01024) / 3 = 0.01020 mmol/mL

Titer CaCO3 in Standardization of EDTA Solution (mg CaCO3 / mL EDTA)

T mg CaCO3 ∙ %Purity 50
CaCO3 =¿ ∙ ¿
Net Vol EDTA 250

Trial 1:
208.6 m g •0.99 5 50
TCaCO3 = • = 1.004 mg/mL
41.35 mL 250
Trial 2:
208.6 m g •0.99 5 50
TCaCO3 = • = 1.035 mg/mL
40.10 mL 250
Trial 1:
208.6 m g •0.99 5 50
TCaCO3 = • = 1.025 mg/mL
40.50 mL 250

Average Titer CaCO3

(1.004 + 1.035 + 1.025) / 3 = 1.0213 mg/mL

Sample Analysis (Total Hardness of Tubig Purified Drinking Water)

 Vol EDTA ∙T EDTA
Total Hardness=
Vol H 2 O (L)
Trial 1:
mg
0.42 ml x 1.021
ml (OUTLIER)
Total Hardness= =4.288 mg/ L
0.1 L
Trial 2:
mg
0.23 ml x 1.021
ml
Total Hardness= =2.3 48 mg/L
0.1 L
Trial 3:
mg
0.26 ml x 1.021
ml
Total Hardness= =2.654 mg/L
0.1 L

Average Total Hardness of Tubig Purified Drinking Water

 (2.348+2.654) / 2 = 2.501 mg/L

Sample Analysis (Total Hardness of UPV Tap Water)

Vol EDTA ∙T EDTA
Total Hardness=
Vol H 2 O (L)
Trial 1:
mg
30.89 ml x 1.021
ml (OUTLIER)
Total Hardness= =31 5 . 4 mg/ L
0.1 L
Trial 2:
mg
22.19 ml x 1.021
ml
Total Hardness= =22 6 . 6 mg/L
0.1 L
Trial 3:
mg
23.61 ml x 1.021
ml
Total Hardness= =24 1 .1 mg/ L
0.1 L

Average Total Hardness of UPV Tap Water

(226.6+241.1) / 2 = 233.9 mg/L
IV. Discussion and interpretation of Results:

In the experiment, Calcium Carbonate reacts with Ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid crystals

(EDTA) to form a complex. The equivalence point is determined by the indicator, Eriochrome Black T
(EBT). Complexes are metal ions that bond with electron pair donors to form coordination compounds.

Preparation and standardization of the EDTA solution was done first and a standard Calcium
chloride solution was also prepared by adding hydrochloric acid to the primary standard until the
effervescence ceases and the solution is clear. This was followed by the addition of ammonium-
ammonium chloride buffer solution and a few drops of EBT indicator. It was then titrated with the
prepared EDTA solution. The color change that was observed in the solution that is being titrated
indicates that the entire EBT indicator has been displaced by the metal cations in the solution, and that
the endpoint was reached.

Using the mass of the primary standard Calcium carbonate and the net volume of EDTA used in
the titration process for the standardization, the molarity of the EDTA solution can be calculated with
this formula:
mg CaCO 3 ∙ % Purity 50
M EDTA = ∙
MW Ca CO3 ∙ Vol EDTA 250

While the titer value can be calculated using the formula below:

Mass(mg) CaCO3 • Percent Purity 50

Titer CaCO3 = •
Volume (mL) EDTA 250

For the analysis of water, two sets of water were used as sample. The first was from a bottle of
Tubig Purified Drinking Water while the second was tap water obtained in the laboratory of UPV CAS.
100 mL for three trials were prepared in three Erlenmeyer flask for both set of water samples. The
buffer solution and the EBT indicator were added to each flask. This was followed by titrating it to the
standardized EDTA solution until a color change from red wine color to a pure blue one takes place.
From the obtained volume of EDTA solution used in the titration and from the average Titer value , we
can calculate hardness of the water sample using this formula:
Vol EDTA ∙T EDTA
Total Hardness=
Vol H 2 O (L)
The table below shows the guidelines in determining the total hardness of water sample:

mg/L Water hardness

0 – 75.0 Soft
75.1 – 150.0 Moderately hard
150.1 – 300.0 Hard
300.1 above Very hard
 The calculated average Hardness for Tubig Purified Drinking Water is 2.501 mg/L while for the
Tap Water it is 233.9 mg/L. According to the table above, the Hardness of Tubig Purified Drinking Water
is classified as Soft while the Tap Water obtained from the Laboratory in UPV CAS is Hard.

V. Conclusion:
Based on the data obtained, the conductor concludes that the total hardness based on the
calculated value of Tubig Purified Drinking Water analyzed is soft while the Tap Water of UPV is hard.
Complex-formation titration has many uses in the field of analytical chemistry. This process is used to
determine the total hardness of water being supplied in UPV-Miagao. The significance of using EDTA
solution as our titrant in this experiment is that it determines metal cations. Eriochrome Black T is
necessary for the metal ion detection, adjusting the pH of the solution to 7 or above so that the blue
form of the species predominates in the absence of the metal ion.

VI. References:
 Brown T., LeMAy E., Bursten B.; Chemistry: The Central Science, ninth edition. Pearson
Education. 2004
 Skoog D., West D., Holler F., Crouch S.; Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, eighth
edition. C and E Publishing, Inc. 2004
 http://cd1.edb.hkedcity.net/cd/science/chemistry/s67chem/pdf/sOL_6_Water_hardness.pdf
 http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/water/calcium/calcium-and-water.htm