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ABSTRACT
EVOLUTION OF BIOTELEMETRY:
Impervious to weather
Latitude and longitude
Good for isolated areas
Migrating animals
Long, automatic tracking
Lots of animals tracked at once, in real time
4.2 COMPONENTS:
A basic biotelemetry system consists of – besides a transmitter, simple modem, and a
central receiving station- the basic circuits like oscillators, amplifiers, power supply, etc,
usually present in a communication system. The earliest (1952) biotelemetry transmitter
was the “ Endo radio- sonde”. The pressure-sensing device was a “radio pill”, which had
a volume less than 1cm and could be swallowed by the patient. As it passed through the
gastro- intestinal tract, it measured the pressure at various points it encountered. Such
radio pills are available to measure temperature, pH, and enzyme activity also.
PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS :
Any quantity that can be measured in the biomedical field is adaptable to biotelemetry.
The measurements are divided in to two categories: bioelectrical and physiological
variables. Bioelectrical variables include measurements like ECG, EMG, and EEG.
Signals are obtained directly in the electric form. Physiological variables such as
temperature, blood pressure, blood flow etc require some excitation or external electrical
parameters. Transducers are used for the conversion of physiological parameters into an
electrical signal. Parameters are measured as the variation of resistance, capacitance, or
inductance. Variations can be calibrated to represent pressure, temperature, or blood
flow. Base signal is modulated for transmission. And finally, this signal is detected
(demodulated) and converted back to its original form.
Any signals (Physiological) are fed into the signal conditioner and then to an encoder,
where the encoded is transmitted across transmission media with the help of a transmitter.
The modulated carrier or the transmission medium takes the signals to the remote
monitoring station where the signals are first detected and then passed through a
demultiplexer and decoder. Signals, which are decoded, are then taken as output.
TRANSMITTER COMPONENTS:
1. ANTENNA
2. POWER SOURCE (BATTERY)
3. TRANSMITTER UNIT
6.1.1. ANTENNA:
The two most common types of transmitting antenna are external whip antenna and the
internal coil antenna. The external whip is most frequently used and preferred because it
has a better signal than internal coil antenna.
It is the receiving station, situated at the hospital/treatment center. The receiver consists
of tuner, demodulator, and displaying system. It receives the multiplexed RF carrier
emitted by the patient’s transmitter, as shown in fig. The tuner has a tuning circuit. When
the circuit is tuned to receive signals, the appropriate signal is selected and the unwanted
signals are rejected. The multiplexed RF carrier is demodulated to recover the individual
sub carriers. Sub carriers are then demodulated to reproduce original physiological
signals emitted by the patient. A recorder records physiological signals for future
reference. Signals can be stored on any secondary storage media like tape, magnetic
disks, etc. Display system used can be a CRO, CRT or computer monitor, chart recorder
etc.
APPLICATIONS OF TELEMETRY:
1. Applications of telemetry in patient care
a. Telemetry of ECG’s from extended coronary care patients
b. Telemetry for ECG measurements during exercise.
c. Telemetry for elementary patient monitoring.
In many areas ambulances and emergency rescue teams are equipped with telemetry
equipment to allow electrocardiograms and other physiological data to be transmitted to a
near by hospital for interpretation. Two-way voice transmission is used in conjunction
with telemetry to facilitate identification of the telemetered information and to provide
instructions for treatment. Through the use of such equipment, ECG’s can be interpreted
and treatment begun before the patient arrives at the hospital. Telemetry of this requires
mush powerful transmitters than ordinary systems.
2. Collection of medical data from a home or office.
3. Research on unrestrained, unanesthized animals in their natural habitat.
4. Isolation of an electrically susceptible patient from power line operated ECG
equipment to protect him from accident or shock.
5. Measurement of the temperature and position of the egg in a nest by telemetry system.
This works describes a biotelemetry system for continuous monitoring of temperature
and position of an artificial radio transmitter egg in a mall bird nest.
6 Biotelemetry for space life sciences research
ADVANTAGES:
FUTURE SCOPES:
• Biotransceivers-Collect data from/ send commends to an implanted biotelemeter
• Smart sensors- incorporate signal conditioning (and potentially even more function) into
sensors
• Reduced volume implantable biotelemeters- continuing advances in integrated circuit
fabrications will reduced physical size
• Reduced power requirements- Lower operating voltage, lower power consumption,
integrated circuits.
• Increased functional sophistication- Integrated circuit advances will offer more
functionality to biotelemeters.
• Biotelemeter on a chip
• Human implantable Biotelemeter- Small, reliable, packaged for lead wire-free,
unrestrained monitoring.
CONCLUSION:
Use of biotelemetry techniques in medical science will bring out a sea- change with
improvements in patient care treatment. Since the technology uses the existing
communication infrastructure, it is easy to realize and implement biotelemetry without
much effort and cost. Biotelemetry will enable patients to move and perform their daily
chores without any worry or mental stress of the unpredictable attack due to their body
disorders. Patients who need continuous monitoring can wear a biotelemetry device,
which automatically sends the vital signals to the hospitals. There is need to create
interest in this field and initiate research activities.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements by Leslie Cromwell & Fred J. Weibell
• www.habitresearch.com
• www.electronicsforu.com
• www.ieee.com
• www.edufive.com/seminartopics.html