JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN (JPS)

KEMENTERIAN SUMBER ASLI DAN ALAM SEKITAR (NRE)

MALAYSIA

NOTA KURSUS TAHUN 2006

DETENTION POND COURSE
(CONCEPT, DESIGN & CALCULATION)

15 - 17 OGOS 2006
INSTITUT PEMBANGUNAN KOMPETENSI ,
IPS, KUALA LUMPUR

DISEDIAKAN OLEH
MOHD YAHAYA BIN AHMAD PEng
PRELIMINERIES POND DESIGN CONCEPT

1. SITE SELECTION

(a) Establish Land Owne~hip

structures
Secondary Outlet
(Emergency Spillway)

PLAN

SECTION A-A

Figure 20.1 Typical Dry Detention Basin Components

(6) Assess Proximity to Flood-proneAreas

c Determine if site Size is Adequate
(d) Evaluate Topography and Likelihood of Gravity Flow
2. GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Outlet Control

(a) Primary Outlets

Primary outlets for detention basins shall be designed to reduce post-development peak flows to match pre-
development peak flows for both the minor and major system design storm ARI in accordance with Section 4.5.
Design storm ARIs for the minor and major drainage systems shall be selected in accordance with Table 4.1.

(6) Skcondary Outlets (Emergency Spi//waysf

A hazard rating for the basin should be determined and a secondary outlet design ARI selected in accordance
with the Federal Government or relevant State Government dam safety guidelines and ANCOLD (1986) and
shall be designed to safely pass a minimum design storm of 100 year ARI through the basin.

Bypass Flows

Provision should be made in a dry detention basin to bypass low flows through or around the basin. This is
necessary to ensure that the basin floor, particularly if it is grassed, is not inundated by small storms or
continually wetted by dry weather baseflow. The minimum amount of bypass should be one half the
1 month ARI flow.

3. DETENTION DESIGN CONCEPTS

The sizing of a detention facility requires an inflow hydrograph, a stage-storage curve, and a stage-discharge
curve (sometimes called a rating curve). Inflow hydrographs for a range of design storm durations must be
routed through the basin to determine the maximum storage volume and water level in the basin
corresponding to the maximum allowable outflow rate.

The design storm duration that will produce the maximum storage volume in a basin will vary depending on
catchment, rainfall, and basin outflow characteristics, and is typically somewhere between one and three times
the peak flow time of concentration for the basin catchment. The design storm duration that produces the
maximum storage volume is called the critical duration.

Inflow Hydrographs

Various method can be use such as Time Area Method, Non Linear Resevoir Method, Kinematic Wave Method and Rational
Method Hydrograph Method.

Stage-Storage Relationship ( Stage vs Storage )

A stage-storage relationship defines the relationship between the depth of water and storage volume in the
storage facility. The volume of storage can be calculated by using simple geometric formulas expressed as a
function of storage depth.

storage (Ip

Figure 20.2 Typical Stage-Storage Curve

Stage-Discharge Relationship ( Stage vs Discharge)

A stage-discharge curve defines the relationship between the storage water depth and the discharge or oufflow
from a storage facility. A single composite stage-discharge curve should be developed2foreach design storm
outlet arrangement, which requires consideration of the stage and discharge rating relationship for each outlet
component.

Figure 20.3 Composite Stage-Discharge Curve

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Discharge (curnec)

Storage Discharge - Discharge Relationship ( Storage Discharge Function vs Discharge)

4. BASIN CONFIGURATION

Classification

An embankment that raises the water level a specified amount as defined by the appropriate dam safety group
(generally 1.5 m to 3 m or more above the usual mean low water height, when measured along the
downstream toe of the embankment to the emergency spillway crest), is classified as a dam.

Maximum Pond Depth

The maximum pond depth within the basin should not exceed 3.0 m under normal operating conditions for the
maximum design flow for which the primary outlets have been designed, i.e. the maximum design storm ARI
flow that does not cause the emergency spillway to operate under normal design conditions.

Top Widths

Minimum recommended embankment top widths are provided in Table 20.1.

Table 20.1 Minimum Recommended Top Width for Earthen Embankments (USDA, 1982)

Height of Embankment Top Width

(m) (m>

Under 3 2.4
3 to 4.5 3.0
Side Slopes

For ease of maintenance, the side slopes of a grassed earthen embankment and basin storage area should not
be steeper than 4(H):l(V). However, to increase public safety and facilitate ease of mowing, side slopes of
6(H): 1(V) (or flatter) are recommended.

Bottom Grades

The floor of the basin shall be designed with a minimum grade of l0/0 to provide positive drainage and minimise
the likelihood of ponding.

Freeboard

The elevation of the top of the settled embankment shall be a minimum of 0.3 m above the water surface in
the detention basin when the emergency spillway is operating at maximum design flow.

5. PRIMARY OUTLET DESIGN

Primary outlets are designed for the planned release of water from a detention basin. Basin outlets are
ordinarily uncontrolled (i.e. without gates or valves), and may be a single stage outlet structure or several
outlet structures combined to provide multi-stage outlet control.

(a) Pipe or Box Culvert (d) Weir Overflow Spillway

Cross-section
(b) Riser Structure
(single and multi-level outlets)

-. ........... ............-
View from Downstream

(e) Slotted Outlet

(c) Drop Inlet Pit
(surcharge pit or culvert outlet)

Figure 20.4 Typical Detention Basin Primary outlet^

Orifices

For a single circular orifice, illustrated in Figure 0.5(a), the orifice flow can be determined using Equation 0.1.

where,
Q = the orifice flow rate (m3/s)
Cd = orifice discharge coefficient (0.40 - 0.62)
A, = area of orifice (m2), ~r0 3 4
Do = orifice diameter (rn)
H, = effective head on the orifice measured from the centre of the opening (m)
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)

4
(a) Free Fall

(b) Single (Submergd)

(c) Multple

Figure 20.5 Definition Sketch for Orifice Flow

Weirs

(a) Sharp-Crested Weirs

Typical sharp-crested weirs are illustrated in Figure 20.6. Equation 20.2 provides the discharge relationship for
sharp-crested weirs with no end contractions (illustrated in Figure 20.6(a)).

where,
Q = weir discharge (m3/s)
Cm= 1.81 + 0.22 (HIH,), sharp-crested weir discharge coefficient
B = weir base width (rn)
H = head above weir crest excluding velocity head (m)
 (a) No end contractions (b) With end contractions

(c) Section (d) Section

Figure 20.6 Sharp-Crested Weirs

(b) Broad-Crested Weir

The equation typically used for a broad-crested weir is:

where,
Q = weirdischarge (m3/s)
CBCW=broad-crested weir coefficient
B = weir base width (m)
H = effective head above weir crest (m)

(c) V-Notch Weir

The discharge through a V-notch weir is shown in Figure 0.7 and can be calculated using:

Q = 1.38 tan :( ) H

where,
Q = weir discharge (m3/s)
6 = angle of V-notch (degrees)
H = head on apex of V-notch (m)
 Section A-A

Figure 20.7 V-Notch Weir

(d) Proportional Weir

Q = 2.PIa0.' b(H -q)

L 1

where,
Q = weir discharge (m3/s)
H = head above horizontal sill (m)
Dimensions a, b, x and y are as shown in Figure 20.8.

Figure 20.8 Proportional Weir Dimensions

Culverts

Pipe or box culverts are often used as outlet structures for detention facilities. The design of these outlets can
be for either single or multi-stage discharges
Erosion Protection

(a) Primary Outlets

(6) Downstream Waterway

6. SECONDARY OUTLET DESIGN

The purpose of a secondary outlet (emergency spillway) is to provide a controlled overflow for flows in excess
of the maximum design storm ARI for the storage facility.

flattening of the downstream embankment face

armouring the embankment crest and downstream face
using regulated floodplain delineation and occupancy restrictions downstream representative of conditions
without the detention storage
providing extra waterway capacity downstream
using a wide embankment crest such as is common with urban roads and streets (where rapid failure
seldom occurs due to modest overtopping depths)
using non-eroding embankment material such as roller compacted concrete
using small tributary basins, where the rate and volume of discharge involved are limited, resulting in
overtopping flows of short duration and non-hazardous proportions

Overflow Weir

The most common type of emergency spillway used is a broad-crested overflow weir cut through original
ground next to the embankment. The transverse cross-section of the weir cut is typically trapezoidal in shape
for ease of construction.

Q = ,C B H;.' (20.6)
Where,
Q = emergency spillway discharge (m3/s)
CSp= spillway discharge coefficient
B = emergency spillway base width (m)
Hp = effective head on the spillway crest (m)

The discharge coefficient CSp in Equation 20.6 varies as a function of spillway base width and effective head.
Design values for CSpare provided in Design Chart 20.2.
7. PUBLIC SAFETY

Retarding basins should be provided with signs that clearly indicate their purpose and their potential
danger during storms. Signs should be located such that they are clearly visible at public access points
and at entrances and exits to outlet structures.. Gratings or trash racks may be used to help prevent this
happening. A pipe rail fence should be provided on steep or vertical drops such as headwalls and
wingwalls at the inlet and outlet to a primary outlet structure to discourage public access.

8. LANDSCAPING

Aesthetics of the finished facility is therefore extremely important. Wherever possible, designs should
incorporate naturally shaped basins with landscaped banks, footpaths, and selective planting of
vegetation to help enrich the area and provide a focal point for surrounding development.

9. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

Consultation
Planned Maintenance and Inspection
Effect of Design on Maintenance Costs
Grassed Areas and Embankments
Waterways
Primary Outlets
Sediment Removal
Structural Repairs and Replacement
STORM PAY

Quick Start Guide

Version 1.0
Feb 2006

Perunding Asnol Yahaya

Developing A Storm Pay Project
To develop a model, the user must complete the following steps:

Create a new project.

Calculating a Precipitation.

The user must always start the storm pay and come back to main window after data input using a
input box on colour and view a result using a output box by click &?%.

Main window
The user can refer Urban Stormwater Management Manual, MSMA (2000) for further detail
and description when using a Storm Pay.

Create a New Project

At How to use worksheet, create a new project by moving a mouse to a button box under
Input in General information at Catchment as shown below.

Precipitation --+-----~---~ F-: domain storm pay r e proposd.xk

~ - ~nput!~l).

Enter a "project title", "state", "nearest hydrology station" and "area of development" in
General Information at I n ~ u worksheet
t as shown below.

t
ProJect tile.
---
State :
--- - I
1 Perak 1
POND 1
I
I t
Calculating a Precipitation

In calculating a precipitation, the user needs to:

calculates a time of concentration
calculates a intensity
selection of intensity, and
calculate a loss and excess rainfall

Time of concentration

At How to use worksheet, before calculated a precipitation at selected duration, td, the
user must calculated tc pre and tc post by moving a mouse to a button box under Input in
Time of concentrati~onat Precipitation as shown below.

Enter a "length", "slope", "n manning", "area" and "wetted parameter" in Time of
Concentration at Input worksheet as shown below.

-
to,min
Length, m I 840 I
-Slope,
- %
n manning
P

-- M, min
Length, m
---V-- -
I
Slope, W
P -- IS
n
-- manning -----. -- 6.011
Area,
---.--
A (m2] 2
Wetted parameter, P (ml I 1 6

Either tc pre or tc post, to view the output, moving a mouse to a button box under Output
in time of concentration at Precipitation as shown below.

The output as shown in tcpre and tcpost worksheet.

Intensity

At How to use worksheet, to calculated a intensity at selected duration, td, for selected
system, the user can moving a mouse to a button box under Input in Intensity at
Precipitation as shown below.

Enter a "Fd", "AN at selected system", "a, b, c & d", and/ or "deduction factor" in
Intensity at Input worksheet as shown below.

' For less than 2 ARC--+ 1 Deductionfactor = 1

The output as shown in rfall insity minorari, rfall insity majorari and rfall insity
emergency worksheet.

Selection of intensity

At How to use worksheet, the user can moving a mouse to a button box under Input in
Intensity and temporal pattern at Selection of Intensity as shown below.

At Intenct temp petrn worksheet, for selection of intensity, the user must related to tc
post. The selection of intensity must start from 0.5 tc post to 3 tc post. The value for
selected tc and intensity for selected system must gain from rfall insity minorari, rfall
insity majorari and rfall insity emergency worksheet. For values and referred table for
temporal pattern, the user must refer to MSMA. Make sure the values represented
selected tc (0.5 tc post to 3 tc post) as shown on Tables below.
 Table 13.81 -
emo oral patterns west coast of pemwxr m w i a I I i I i

FraGtion of Rainfall in Each lime Petiod I

Loss and excess rai~fall

The method used in calculating Loss and excess rainfall is Loss Method. At How to use
worksheet, either for pre-development or post-development, at selected ART, the user can
calculated loss and excess rainfall by moving a mouse to a button box under Input in Loss
and excess rainfall at Precipitation as shown below.

Enter a "initial losses", "% pervious", "& impervious7', and "% propotional loss" in loss
& excess rainfall Input worksheet as shown below.

Propotionctlloss. % I 20 I I o I
Impervious,
-.--- X . - .- -
---- 0 I "---- \ so 'I
Propotional toss. % I 20 0 I
 mlMhod llreo for pre dm., ma keo for port dew., mZ
lime kea Method 0.5 tc tc 0.5 1, t, 2k 3t,
A1 3461 S 3461 .5 3461.5 3461.5 3461.5 71923.0
A2 1 3461 .S 3461.5 3461.5 3461.5 3461.5 126730.0

1 Fram summary hydrogroph,

-- ! I -
-u
! i I L
ARI Pormd 0.5 tc t 2tc 3tc
"

Minor AR I tp [min] 25 25 40 &I

.-
Max. vol. estimated [m') 7446

- - ---- - ti (min) 40, 55. 85 135

Major ARI tp [minl 25 251 40 60
I I
4- -
QOfm31s)
IMax. vol. estimated [m'l I
ti [min]
7.361
8341 1
40
---t55
I

85
I

135
tinergency
---. -- ---- --- - tp [min) 25 25 40 60
I
--- Qo [m3/s] 8.251
--------- - - -- ------- --- --
Max. vol. estimated (m3] 8627
F
pond parameter 1 I 1 I 1
----- Stalt detention level 0.0 m
Start invert level i 31.00 m
- i -
--- Max. bund high 32.50 m
/ Max. high when reach max. volume 32.10 m I

number 20
cliameter 150 rnM
0.02
Area mmz 17673.75
diameter 0.15 m
0.075 m
H Ho Q m3/s (basis)
0.00 0.000 0.000
0.10 0.025 0.153
0.20 0.125 0 343
0.30 0.225 0.4mf
I Time lndcx I Inflow l 1 Inflow l 1 Inflow l 1
APPENDIX

0.0.1 PolynomialApproximation of IDF Curves

Polynomial expressions in the form of Equation 0.1 have been fitted to the published IDF curves for
the 35 main citiesltowns in Malaysia.
= a + b ln(t) + c(ln(t,l,I2 + d ( l t ~ ( t ) ) ~ (0.1)

where,
R4 = the average rainfall intensity (mm/hr) for ARI and duration t
R = average return interval (yti3n)
t = duration (minutes)
a to d are fmng constants dependent on ARI.

The design rainfall depth Pdfor a short duration d (minutes) is given by,
pd =&I -F~(P60 - 5 0 ) (0.2)

where Pso, PbOare the 30-minute and 60-minute duration rainfall depths respectively, obtained from
the published design curves. FD is the adjustment factor for storm duration
Equation 0.2 should be used for durations less than 30 minutes. For durations between 15 and 30
minutes, the results should be checked against the published IDF curves. The relationship is valid for
any ARI within the range of 2 to 100 years.

Note that Equation 0.2 is in terms of rainfall depth, not intensity. If intensity is required, such as for
roof drainage, the depth Pd (mm) is converted to an intensity I (mm/hr)'by dividing by the duration d
in hours:
I, Pd (0.3)
d

~uratio
n
(minutes)
1 ,
Table 0.1 Values of FDfor Equation 0.2

P24h
West Coast
120 150
(,mm) I East Coast
All
The following preliminary equations are recommended for calculating the 1,3,6-month and 1 year
ARI rainfall intensities in the design storm, for all durations:

where, 0.083ID ,0.25ID ,0.5ID and ' I ~are the required 1,3,6-month and 1-year ARI rainfall intensities for
any duration D, and 2 ~ is D the 2-year ARI rainfall intensity for the same duration D, obtained from IDF
curves.

(a) Overland Flow Time

The formula shown below, known as Friend's formula, should be used to estimate overland sheet flow
times. The formula was derived from previous work (Friend, 1954) in the form of a nomograph
(Design Chart O.Error! Bookmark not defined.) for shallow sheet flow over a plane surface.

where,
to = overland sheet flow travel time (minutes)
L = overland sheet flow path length (m)
n = Manning's roughness value for the surface
S = slope of overland surface (Yo)

Note : Values for Manning's 'n ' are given in Table 0.2.
Some texts recommend an alternative equation, the Kinematic Wave Equation. However this
theoretical equation is only ,valid for uniform planar homogeneous flow. It is not recommended for
practical application.

(b) Overland Flow Time over Multiple Segments

Where the characteristics of' segments of a sub-catchment are different in terms of land cover or
surface slope, the sub-catchment should be divided into these segments, and the calculated travel times
for each combined.
 Figure 13.3 V a b d 'pplh for lppe with Tat& 13.3
(source: HP 1,19821

Table 0.2 Values of Manning's 'n' for Overland Flow

 Manning n
Surface Type
Recommended 7
Range
ConcreteIAsphal 0.01-0.013
t**
Bare Sand** 0.01 -0.06
Bare Clay- 0.012-0.033
Loam * *
(eroded)
Gravelled 0.012-0.03
Surface**
Packed Clay** 0.02-0.04
Short Grass** 0.10-0.20
Light Turf* 0.15-0.25
Lawns* 0.20-0.30
Dense Turf* 0.30-0.40
Pasture* 0.30-0.40
Dense Shrubbery 0.35-0.50
and Forest
Litter*

* From Crawford and Linsley (1966) - obtained by calibration of Stanford Watershed Model.
** From Engman (1986) by Kinematic wave and storage analysis of measured rainfall runoff data.

However, it is incorrect to simply add the values of to for each segment as Equation 0.1 is based on the
assumption that segments are independent of each other, i.e. flow does not enter a segment fiom
upstream.
Utilising Equation 0.1, the following method (Australian Rainfall & Runoff, 1998) for estimating the
total overiand flow travel time for segments in series is recommended. For two segments, termed A
and B (Figure 0.1):
) ~ B ( L ~ + L-
t ~ o t a l= t ~ ( b + B )t ~ ( ~ ) (0.6a)

where,
LA = length of flow for Segment A
LB = length of flow for Segment 6
~AW) = time of flow calculated for Segment A over
length LA
tBL..) =time for Segment B over the lengths indicated
For each additional segment, the following time value should be added:
t~ = ~ ~ ( L T ~-I )ti(Lrota1 - 4 ) (0.6b)

where,
tadd = time increment for additional segment
LTotal = total length of flow, including the current segment i
Lj = length of flow for segment i
t,( ...) = time for the segment i over the lengths indicated

Segment
Segment
B
\ \ \ \ \ \ \

Travel
Time

Figure 0.1 Overland Flow over Multiple Segments

This procedure must be applied iteratively because the travel time is itself a function of rainfall
intensity.

(c) Roof Drainage Flow Time

While considerable uncertainty exists in relation to flow travel time on roofs, the time of flow in a lot
drainage system to the street drain, or rear of lot drainage system is generally very small for residential
lots and may be adopted as the minimum time of 5 minutes (Chapter 23). However, for larger
residential, commercial, and industrial developments the travel time may be longer than 5 minutes in
which case it should be estimated using the procedures for pipe and/or channel flow as appropriate.

(d) Kerbed Gutter Flow Time

The velocity of water flowing in kerbed gutters is affected by:
the roughness of the kerb, gutter and paved surface
the cross-fall of the pavement
the longitudinal grade of the kerbed gutter
the flow carried in the kerbed gutter

The flow normally varies along the length of a kerbed gutter due to lateral surface inflows. Therefore,
the flow velocity will also vary along the length of a gutter. As the amount of gutter flow is not
known for the initial analysis of a sub-catchment, the flow velocity and hence the flow time cannot be
calculated directly. An initial assessment of the kerbed gutter flow time must be made.
An approximate kerbed gutter flow time can be estimated from Design Chart O.Error! Bookmark not
defined. or by the following empirical equation:
where,
t, = kerbed gutter flow time (minutes)
L = length of kerbed gutter b w (m)
S = longitudinal grade of the kerbed gutter (%)

Equation 0.2 should only be used for L < 100 metres. Kerbed gutter flow time is generally only a
small portion of the time of concentration for a catchment. The errors introduced by these
approximate methods of calculation of the flow time result in only small errors in the time of
concentration for a catchment, and hence high accuracy is not required.

(e) Channel Flow Time

The time stormwater takes .to flow along a open channel may be determined by dividing the length of
the channel by the average velocity of the flow. The average velocity of the flow is calculated using
the hydraulic characteristics of the open channel.
The Manning's Equation is recommended for this purpose:
V= -1 R2/3~1/2
(0.8a)
n

From which,
n.L ~
t,, = - 2 1 ~3 1 / 2 (0.8b)
60
where,
V = average velocity (m/s)
n = Manning's roughness coefficient
R = hydraulic radius (m)
S = friction slope (m/m)
L = length of reach (m)
tch = travel time in the channel (minutes)
Where an open channel has varying roughness or depth across its width it may be necessary to
sectorise the flow and determine the average velocity of the flow, to determine the flow time.

(f) Pipe Flow Time

The velocity V in a pipe running just full can be estimated from pipe flow charts such as those in
Chapter 25, Appendix 25.B where the flow, pipe diameter, roughness and pipe slope are known. The
time of flow through pipe, t, ,is then given by:
L
t -- (0.9)
P-v
where,
L =: pipe length (m)
V = average pipe velocity (m/.s)
0.0.2 Time of Concentrationfor Natural Catchment

For natural/landscaped catchments and mixed flow paths the time of concentration can be found by
use of the Bransby-Williams' Equation 0.10 (AR&R, 1987). In these cases the times for overland flow
and channel or stream flow are included in the time calculated.
Here the overland flow time including the travel time in natural channels is expressed as:

where,
t, = the time of concentration (minute)
, = a conversion factor, 58.5 when area A is in km2,
F
or 92.5 when area is in ha
L = length of flow path from catchment divide to outlet (km)
A = catchment area (km2 or ha)
S = slope of stream flow path (m/km)

0.0.3 Ratknal Formula

The Rational Formula is one of the most frequently used urban hydrology methods in Malaysia. It
gives satisfactory results for small catchments only.
The formula is:

where,
Q, = yyear ARI peak flow (m3/s)
C = dimensionless runoff coefficient
''1, = yyear ARI average rainfall intensity over time of concentration, tc,(mm/hr)
A = drainage area (ha)
Table 4.3 Design Storm ARIs for Urban Stormwater Systems

Type of Development Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) of

Design Storm (year)

(See Note 1) Quantity Quality

Open Space, Parks and Agricultural 3 month ARI

Land in urban areas (for all types
of
development
1
Residential:
Low density
Medium density
High density
Commercial, Business and Industrial
- Other than CBD
Commercial, Business, Industrial in
Central Business District (CBD)
areas of Large Cities
 Table 14.4 Recommended Loss Models and Values for Hydrograph

Condition Loss Model Recommended Values

[mpervious Initial loss-Loss Initial loss: 1.5 mm Loss rate: 0

Areas rate mrnkr
- -

Pervious Initial loss - Initial loss: 10 mm Proportional Loss:

Areas proportional 20% of rainfall
loss, or
-
Initial loss-Loss Initial loss: 10 mm for all soils Loss rate:
rate,
(i) Sandy open structured soil -
10 25 mmhr
(ii) Loam soil 3 - 10 mmhr
(iii) Clays, dense structured soil 0.5 - 3 m d h r
(iv) Clays subject to high shrinkage and 4 - 6 mmihr
in a cracked state at start of rain
-
Horton model ~nitialInfiltration Capacity fo Ultimate
A. DRY soils (little or no vegetation) Infiltration Rate
Sandy soils: 125 mmihr fc (mmhr), for
Loam soils: 75 mmihr Hydrologic Soil
Clay soils: 25 mmihr
Group (see Note)
A 10 - 7.5
For dense vegetation, multiply values given in
B 7.5 - 3.8
A by 2
C 3.8 - 1.3
B. MOIST soils D 1.3 - 0
Soils which have drained but not dried out:
divide values from A by 3
Soils close to saturation: value close to
saturated hydraulic conductivity
Soils partially dried out: divide values from A
by 1.5-2.5
Recommended value of k is 4 h r

Note: Hydrological Soil Group corresponds to the classification given by the U.S. Soil Conservation
Service. Well drained sandy soils are "A"; poorly drained clayey soils are "D". The texture of the
layer of least hydraulic conductivity in the soil profile should be considered. Caution should be used in
applying values from the above table to sandy soils (Group A). Source: XP-SWMM Manual (WP-
Software, 1995).
Table O.Al Coefficients for the IDF Equations for the Different Major Cities and Towns in Malaysia
(30 5 t 5 1000 min)

State Location Data Period

ARI Coefficients of the IDF Polynomial 1
(year) Equations I

I / Highland

Pahang Kuantan

I Terengganu Kuala Dungun

I
Terengganu
I Kuala
Terengganu
APPENDIX 0.A DESIGN TEMPORAL PATTERNS
Table O.B1 Temporal Patterns -West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia

No. of
Duration Time Fraction of Rainfall in Each Time Period
(min) Periods
10 2 0.570 0.430 -
15 3 0.320 0.500 0.180 -
30 6 0.160 0.250 0,330 0.090 0.110 0.060 -
60 12 0.039 0.070 0.168 0.120 0.232 0.101 0.089 0.057 0.048 0.031 0.028 0.017
120 8 0.030 0.119 0.310 0.208 0.090 0.119 0.094 0.030 -
180 6 0.060 0.220 0.340 0.220 0.120 0.040 -
360 6 0.320 0.410 0.110 0.080 0.050 0.030 -

n, 10 min Duration

Time Period
1 2
Time Period
3
I 1 2 lim
1 e Per~od
4

120 minute Durabon

0.5 r

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 I 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time Period Time Per~od

180 minute Duration I I 360 minute Duration

1 2 3 4
Time Period
5

1 I 1 2 3
lime Period
4 5 6
 Table 0.B2 Temporal Patterns - East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia '
No. of
Fraction of Rainfall in Each Time Period
(min) Periods

120
180
360

10 min Duration 15 min Duratton 30 minute Duration

1 2 3 4 5 6
I 2 1 2 3
Time Jer~od Time Period
Time Period

60 minute Durat~on
0.3 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time Period Time Per~od

180 minute Duration 360 minute Duration

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 6
Time Period lime Period

(# these patterns can also be used in Sabah and ak, until local studies are carried out)
CULVERT:

APPENDIX 27.A DESIGN FORM, CHARTS AND NOMOGRAPHS

I I H Conb-d hiornograph- COlXX* Pipe CuIvert

-Inlet Contrd Nomograph-8ox C U M 27-24

Irklet Corrtrd Nomograph - Cormgated Metal Pipe (CMP) Cuhrert 27-25

Rielathe Discharge, V e l o g and Hydraulic Radius in Part-full Pipe 27-26

Row

Relative Discharge, Velocity and Hydraulic Radius in Part-full Box 27-27

Culvert Flaw

-Csitical Depth in a Circular Pipe 27-28

Critical Depth in a Rectangular (Box) Sectjon 27-29

Outkt Control Nomograph- Concrete Pipe Culvert Rowing Full with 27-30
n = 0.012
-

OutfetControl Nomograph - Concrete Box Cutweft Rowing Full wlth 27-31

n = 0.012

Outkt Control Nomograph - Cr#Ngated Metal Rpe (CMP) Flowing 27-32

M I with n = 0.024
-
-ne
REKABENTUK KOLAM TAKUNGAN
MENGGUNAKAN MSMA
Dari 15 Hingga 17 Ogos 2006

Di Institut Pembangunan Kompetensi JPS KL

Bahagian Latihan & Kemajuan Kerjaya
JPS Malaysia
DETENTION POND COURSE
(CONCEPT, DESIGN & CALCULATION)

15 - 17 OGOS 2006
INSTITUT PEMBANGUNAN KOMPETENSI ,
IPS, KUALA LUMPUR

DISEDIAKAN OLEH
MOHD YAHAYA BIN AHMAD PEng
 'RELIMINERIES POND DESIGN CONCEPT

1. SITE SELECTION

(a) Establish Land Owne/sh@

PLAN

SECTION A-A

Figure 20.1 Typical Dry Detention Basin Components

(b) Assess Pro~inityto Flood-prone Areas

(c) Determine if Site Size 13Adequate
(d) Evaluate Topographyand Likelihood of G r a mFlow
2. GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Outlet Control

(a) Primary Outlets

Primary outlets for detention basins shall be designed to reduce post-development peak flows to match pre-
development peak flows for both the minor and major system design storm ARI in accordance with Section 4.5.
Design storm ARIs for the minor and major drainage systems shall be selected in accordance with Table 4.1.

(b) Secondary Outlets (Emergency Spillways)

A hazard rating for the basin should be determined and a secondary outlet design ARI selected in accordance
with the Federal Government or relevant State Government dam safety guidelines and ANCOLD (1986) and
shall be designed to safely pass a minimum design storm of 100 year ART through the basin.

Bypass Flows

Provision should be made in a dry detention basin to bypass low flows through or around the basin. This is
necessary to ensure that the basin floor, particularly if it is grassed, is not inundated by small storms or
continually wetted by dry weather baseflow. The minimum amount of bypass shouid be one half the
1month ARI flow.

3. DETENTION DESIGN CONCEPTS

The sizing of a detention facility requires an inflow hydrograph, a stage-storage curve, and a stage-discharge
curve (sometimes called a rating curve). Inflow hydrographs for a range of design storm durations must be
routed through the basin to determine the maximum storage volume and water level in the basin
corresponding to the maximum allowable outflow rate.

The design storm duration that will produce the maximum storage volume in a basin will vary depending on
catchment, rainfall, and basin oufflow characteristics, and is typically mewh here between one and three times
the peak flow time of concentration for the basin catchment. The design storm duration that produces the
maximum storage volume is called the critical duration.

Inflow Hydrographs

Various method can be use such as Time Area Method, Non Linear Resevoir Method, Kinematic Wave Method and Rational
Method Hydrograph Method.

Stage-Storage Relationship ( Stage vs Storage )

A stage-storage relationship defines the relationship between the depth of water and storage volume in the
storage facility. The volume of storage can be calculated by using simple geometric formulas expressed as a
function of storage depth.

=rase (*

Figure 20.2 Typical Stage-Storage Curve

Stage-Discharge Relationship ( Stage vs Discharge)

A stage-discharge curve defines the relationship between the storage water depth and the discharge or oufflow
from a storage facility. A single composite stage-discharge curve should be developed,for each design storm
outlet arrangement, which requires consideration of the stage and discharge rating relationship for each outlet
component.

Figure 20.3 Composite Stage-Discharge Curve

Storage Discharge - Discharge Relationship ( Storage Discharge Function vs Discharge)

4. BASIN CONFIGURATION

Classification

An embankment that raises the water level a specified amount as defined by the appropriate dam safety group
(generally 1.5 m to 3 m or more above the usual mean low water height, when measured along the
downstream toe of the embankment to the emergency spillway crest), is classified as a dam.

Maximum Pond Depth

The maximum pond depth within the basin should not exceed 3.0 m under normal operating conditions for the
maximum design flow for which the primary outlets have been designed, i.e. the maximum design storm ARI
flow that does not cause the emergency spillway to operate under normal design conditions.

Top Widths

Minimum recommended embankment top widths are provided in Table 20.1.

Table 20.1 Minimum Recommended Top Width for Earthen Embankments (USDA, 1982)

Under 3
Side Slopes

For ease of maintenance, the side slopes of a grassed earthen embankment and basin storage area should not
be steeper than 4(H):l(V). However, to increase public safety and facilitate ease of mowing, side slopes of
6(H): 1(V) (or flatter) are recommended.

Bottom Grades

The floor of the basin shall be designed with a minimum grade of 1% to provide positive drainage and rninimise
the likelihood of ponding.

Freeboard

The elevation of the top of the settled embankment shall be a minimum of 0.3 m above the water surface in
the detention basin when the emergency spillway is operating at maximum design flow.

5. PRIMARY OUTLET DESIGN

Primary outlets are designed for the planned release of water from a detention basin. Basin outlets are
ordinarily uncontrolled (i.e. without gates or valves), and may be a single stage outlet structure or several
outlet structures combined to provide multi-stage outlet control.

(a) Pipe or Box Culvert (d) Weir Overflow Spillway

Cross-section
(b) Riser Structure
(single and multi-level outlets)

-. .
........- . :______.._..-

View from Downstream

(e) Slotted Outlet

(c) Drop Inlet Pit
(surcharge pit or culvert outlet)

Figure 20.4 Typical Detention Basin Primary Outlets

Orifices

For a single circular orifice, illustrated in Figure O.S(a), the orifice flow can be determined using Equation 0.1.

where,
Q = the orifice flow rate (m3/s)
Cd = orifice discharge coefficient (0.40 - 0.62)
A, = area of orifice (m2), n 0 8 4
Do = orifice diameter (m)
H, = effective head on the orifice measured from the centre of the opening (m)
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)

(a) Free Fall

(b) Single (Submergd)

(c) Multple

Figure 20.5 Definition Sketch for Orifice Flow

Weirs

(a) Sharp-Crested Weirs

Typical sharp-crested weirs are illustrated in Figure 20.6. Equation 20.2 provides the discharge relationship for
sharp-crested weirs with no end contractions (illustrated in Figure 20.6(a)).

where,
Q = weir discharge (m3/s)
CScw= 1.81 + 0.22 (H/H,), sharp-crested weir discharge coefficient
B = weir base width (m)
H = head above weir crest excluding velocity head (m)
 (a) No end contractions (b) With end contractions

(c) Section (d) Section

Figure 20.6 Sharp-Crested Weirs

(b) Broad-Crested Weir

The equation typically used for a broad-crested weir is:

Q =c- B (20.3)
where,
Q = weir discharge (m3/s)
CBCW=broad-crested weir coefficient
B = weir base width (m)
H = effective head above weir crest (rn)

(c) V-Notch Weir

The discharge through a V-notch weir is shown in Figure 0.7 and can be calculated using:

Q = 1.38 tan ;( ) H

where,
Q = weir discharge (m3/s)
B = angle of V-notch (degrees)
H = head on apex of V-notch (rn)
 Section A-A

Figure 20.7 V-Notch Weir

(d) Proportional Weir

where,
Q = weir discharge (m3/s)
H = head above horizontal sill (m)
Dimensions a, b, x and y are as shown in Figure 20.8.

Figure 20.8 Proportional Weir Dimensions

Culverts

Pipe or box culverts are often used as outlet structures for detention facilities. The design of these outlets can
be for either single or multi-stage discharges
Erosion Protection

(a) Primary Outlets

(b) Downstream Waterway

6. SECONDARY OUTLET DESIGN

The purpose of a secondary outlet (emergency spillway) is to provide a controlled ovefflow for flows in excess
of the maximum design storm ARI for the storage facility.

flattening of the downstream embankment face

armouring the embankment crest and downstream face
using regulated floodplain delineation and occupancy restrictions downstream representative of conditions
without the detention storage
providing extra waterway capacity downstream
using a wide embankment crest such as is common with urban roads and streets (where rapid failure
seldom occurs due to modest overtopping depths)
using non-eroding embankment material such as roller compacted concrete
using small tributary basins, where the rate and volume of discharge involved are limited, resulting in
overtopping flows of short duration and non-hazardous proportions

Overflow Weir

The most common type of emergency spillway used is a broad-crested overflow weir cut through original
ground next to the embankment. The transverse cross-section of the weir cut is typically trapezoidal in shape
for ease of construction.

Q = C,, B H:.' (20.6)

Where,
Q = emergency spillway discharge (m3/s)
CSP= spillway discharge coefficient
B = emergency spillway base width (m)
H, = effective head on the spillway crest (m)

The discharge coefficient CSp in Equation 20.6 varies as a function of spillway base width and effective head.
Design values for CSp are provided in Design Chart 20.2.
7. PUBLIC SAFETY

Retarding basins should be provided with signs that clearly indicate their purpose and their potential
danger during storms. Signs should be located such that they are clearly visible at public access points
and at entrances and exits to outlet structures.. Gratings or trash racks may be used to help prevent this
happening. A pipe rail fence should be provided on steep or vertical drops such as headwalls and
wingwalls at the inlet and outlet to a primary outlet structure to discourage public access.

8. LANDSCAPING

Aesthetics of the finished facility is therefore extremely important. Wherever possible, designs should
incorporate naturally shaped basins with landscaped banks, footpaths, and selective planting of
vegetation to help enrich the area and provide a focal point for surrounding development.

9. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

Consultation
Planned Maintenance and Inspection
Effect of Design on Maintenance Costs
Grassed Areas and Embankments
Waterways
Primary Outlets
Sediment Removal
Structural Repairs and Replacement
STORM PAY

Quick Start Guide

Version 1.0
Feb 2006

Pcrunding Asnol Yahaya

Developing A Storm Pay Project
To develop a model, the user must complete the following steps:

Create a new project.

Calculating a Precipitation.

The user must always start the storm pay and come back to main window after data input using a
input box on colour and view a result using a output box by click -1,

Main window
The user can refer Urban Stormwater Management Manual, MSMA (2000) for further detail
and description when using a Storm Pay.

Create a New Project

At How to use worksheet, create a new project by moving a mouse to a button box under
Input in General information at Catchment as shown below.

Precipitation .+-+-- -+. . domain storm pay new propcisal.xk,- Input!Al/

F:W

Enter a "project title", "state", "nearest hydrology station" and "area of development" in
General Information at Input worksheet as shown below.
Calculating a Precipitation

In calculating a precipitation, the user needs to:

calculates a time of concentration
calculates a intensiw
selection of intensity, and
calculate a loss and excess rainfall

Time of concentration

At How to use worlcsheet, before calculated a precipitation at selected duration, td, the
user must calculated tc pre and tc post by moving a mouse to a button box under Input in
Time of concentration at Precipitation as shown below.

Enter a "length", "slope7', "n manning", "area" and "wetted parameter" in Time of
Concentration at Input worksheet as shown below.

n manning

Slope, X
n manning I I I 0.011 I
--Area, A (m')

Either tc pre or tc post, to view the output, moving a mouse to a button box under Output
in time of concentration at Precipitation as shown below.

The output as shown in tcpre and tcpost worksheet.

Intensity

At How to use worksheet, to calculated a intensity at selected duration, td, for selected
system, the user can moving a mouse to a button box under Input in Intensity at
Precipitation as shown below.

Enter a "Fd", "ARI at selected system", "a, b, c & d", and/ or "deduction factors' in
Intensity at Input worksheet as shown below.

For less than 2 ARC--+ 1 Deduction fuctor = 1 1 I

The output as shown in rfall insity minorari, rfall insity majorari and rfall insity
emergency worksh.eet.

Selection of intensity

At How to use worksheet, the user can moving a mouse to a button box under Input in
Intensity and temporal pattern at Selection of Intensity as shown below.

---5
F:bubUc domain storm pay-new proposal.xk - ' i i c t temp petrn'

At Intenct temp petrn worksheet, for selection of intensity, the user must related to tc
post. The selection of intensity must start from 0.5 tc post to 3 tc post. The value for
selected tc and intensity for selected system must gain from rfall insity minorari, rfall
insity majorari and rfall insity emergency worksheet. For values and referred table for
temporal pattern, the user must refer to MSMA. Make sure the values represented
selected tc (0.5 tc post to 3 tc post) as shown on Tables below.
 -
T a b k 13.B1 Temporal patterns West Coast of Pensvlclr Malaysia
1 1 1 1 I 11 1 1
b c t i o n o f Rdmfall in Each lime Period

Loss and excess rainfall

The method used in calculating Loss and excess rainfall is Loss Method. At How to use
worksheet, either for pre-development or post-development, at selected A N , the user can
calculated loss and excess rainfall by moving a mouse to a button box under Input in Loss
and excess rainfall at Precipitation as shown below.

Enter a "initial losses", "% pervious", "& impervious", and "% propotional loss" in loss
& excess rainfall Input worksheet as shown below.

-Pervious, X-- - 100

Propotional
--- - -- loss,-----
96 20 --
imperv~ous.
---*-- X
----- -- 0 80 1
Propotional k s s , % I M 0 I
 lllelhod Meo tor pre dev., n2 kea tw pod dm., m2
Time k e a Melhod 0.5tc 1 tc 0.51, 1 h. I 2t; I 3t,
A1 3461.5 1 3461.5 3461.5 1 3461.5 3461.5 1 71923.0
 I Start invert level 1 I 31.001m 1
bund high
1
high when reach max. vdvme
32.50 m
32.10 m
top surface area in 1 13818 m2 I
-- Length,L 76.W 1
I
--"

Width, W 181.82
I 1

number

Area mm2 17613.75

diameter
APPENDIX

0.0.1 PolynomialApproximation of IDF Curves

Polynomial expressions in the form of Equation 0.1 have been fitted to the published IDF curves for
the 35 main citieshowns in Malaysia.
ln(qt) = a + b ln(t) + c(ln(tjy2 + d(ln(t)13 (0.1)

where,
R& = the average rainfall intensity (mmfhr) for ARI and duration t
R = average return interval (years)
t = duration (minutes)
a to d are fitting constants dependent on ARI.

The design rainfall depth Pd for a short duration d (minutes) is given by,
' d =40- F~(P60 - 4 0 ) (0.2)

where P30, P60 are the 30-minute and 60-minute duration rainfall depths respectively, obtained from
the published design curves. FD is the adjustment factor for storm duration
Equation 0.2 should be used for durations less than 30 minutes. For durations between 15 and 30
minutes, the results should be checked against the published IDF curves. The relationship is valid for
any ARI within the range of 2 to 100 years.

Note that Equation 0.2 is in terms of rainfall depth, not intensity. If intensity is required, such as for
roof drainage, the depth Pd (mm) is converted to an intensity I (mm1hr)'by dividing by the duration d
in hours:

Table 0.1 Values of FD for Equation 0.2

P24h (mm)
West Coast East Coast

100 180
The following preliminary equations are recommended for calculating the 1,3,6-month and 1 year
ARI rainfall intensities in the design storm, for all durations:

where, 0.083Z ,0.25I' ,0.5IDand 'ZD are the required 1, 3, dmonth and 1-year ARI rainfall intensities for
any duration D, and 2~~ is the 2-year ARI rainfall intensity for the same duration D, obtained from IDF
curves.

(a) Overland Flow Time

The formula shown below, known as Friend's formula, should be used to estimate overland sheet flow
times. The formula was derived from previous work (Friend, 1954) in the form of a nomograph
(Design Chart O.Error! Bookmark not defined.) for shallow sheet flow over a plane surface.

where,
to = overland sheet flow travel time (minutes)
L = overland sheet flow path length (rn)
n = Manning's roughness value for the surface
S = slope of overland surface (YO)

Note : Values for Manning's 'n' are given in Table 0.2.

Some texts recommend an alternative equation, the Kinematic Wave Equation. However this
theoretical equation is only .valid for uniform planar homogeneous flow. It is not recommended for
practical application.

(b) Overland Flow Time over Multiple Segments

Where the characteristics of segments of a sub-catchment are different in terms of land cover or
surface slope, the sub-catchment should be divided into these segments, and the calculated travel times
for each combined.
 figure 13.3 V h of 2 ~ mfor uer?. with Table X3.3
{source: HP 1,1982)

Table 0.2 Values of Manning's In' for Overland Flow

 Surface Type
Recommended Range
ConcreteIAsphal 0.01-0.013
t**
Bare Sand** 0.0 1-0.06
Bare Clay- 0.012-0.033
Loam**
(eroded)
Gravelled 0.012-0.03
Surface**
Packed Clay** 0.02-0.04
Short Grass** 0.10-0.20
Light Turf? 0.15-0.25
Lawns* 0.20-0.30
Dense TurfF 0.30-0.40
Pasture* 0.30-0.40
Dense Shrubbery 0.35-0.50
and Forest
Litter*

* From Crawford and Linsley (1966) - obtained by calibration of Stanford Watershed Model.
** From Engman (1986) by Kinematic wave and storage analysis of measured rainfall runoff data.

However, it is incorrect to simply add the values of to for each segment as Equation 0.1 is based on the
assumption that segments are independent of each other, i.e. flow does not enter a segment from
upstream.
Utilising Equation 0.1, the following method (Australian Rainfall & Runoff, 1998) for estimating the
total overland flow travel time for segments in series is recommended. For two segments, termed A
and B (Figure 0.1):
~ )~ B ( L ~ -+ f ~B(LA)
trofd~= ~ A ( L + ) (0.6a)

where,
LA = length of flow for Segment A
LB = length of flow for Segment 6
tNU) = time of flow calculated for Segment A over
length LA
tBc..)=time for Segment 6 over the lengths indicated
For each additional segment, the following time value should be added:
tadd = t i ( L w ) - t i ( L , ~ a ,- 4 ) (0.6b)

where,

t& = time increment for additi'onal segment

LTm = total length of flow, including the current segment i
Li = length of flow for segment i
t i ( ...) = time for the segment iover the lengths indicated

Segment
Segment
B

b-~,+~l -l
\ \ \ \ \ \ \

Length

Travel
Time

Figure 0.1 Overland flow over Multiple Segments

This procedure must be applied iteratively because the travel time is itself a function of rainfall
intensity.

(c) Roof Drainage Flow Time

While considerable uncertainty exists in relation to flow travel time on roofs, the time of flow in a lot
drainage system to the street drain, or rear of lot drainage system is generally very small for residential
lots and may be adopted as the minimum time of 5 minutes (Chapter 23). However, for larger
residential, commercial, and industrial developments the travel time may be longer than 5 minutes in
which case it should be estimated using the procedures for pipe and/or channel flow as appropriate.

(d) Kerbed Gutter Flow Time

The velocity of water flowing in kerbed gutters is affected by:
the roughness of the kerb, gutter and paved surface
the cross-fall of the pavement
the longitudinal grade of the kcrbed gutter
the flow carried in the kerbed gutter

The flow normally varies along the length of a kerbed gutter due to lateral surface inflows. Therefore,
the flow velocity will also vary along the length of a gutter. As the amount of gutter flow is not
known for the initial analysis of a sub-catchment, the flow velocity and hence the flow time cannot be
calculated directly. An initial assessment of the kerbed gutter flow time must be made.
An approximate kerbed gutter flow time can be estimated from Design Chart O.Error! Bookmark not
d e f i n d or by the following empirical equation:
where,
t, = kerbed gutter flow time (minutes)
L = length of kerbed gutter flow (m)
S = longitudinal grade of the kerbed gutter (%)

Equation 0.2 should only be used for L < 100 metres. Kerbed gutter flow time is generally only a
small portion of the time of concentration for a catchment. The errors introduced by these
approximate methods of calculation of the flow time result in only small errors in the time of
concentration for a catchment, and hence high accuracy is not required.

(e) Channel Flow Time

The time stormwater takes to flow along a open channel may be determined by dividing the length of
the channel by the average velocity of the flow. The average velocity of the flow is calculated using
the hydraulic characteristics of the open channel.
The Manning's Equation is recommended for this purpose:
V= -1 R2/3~1/2
(0.8a)
n

From which,
t - "'L ~ s
2 1 3 'I2
* -60
where,
V = average velocity (mls)
n = Manning's roughness coefficient
R = hydraulic radius (m)
S = friction slope (m/m)
L = length of reach (m)
td, = travel time in the channef (minutes)
Where an open channel has varying roughness or depth across its width it may be necessary to
sectorise the flow and determine the average velocity of the flow, to determine the flow time.

(f) Pipe Flow Time

The velocity V in a pipe running just full can be estimated from pipe flow charts such as those in
Chapter 25, Appendix 25.B where the flow, pipe diameter, roughness and pipe slope are known. The
time of flow through pipe, t , ,is then given by:
L
t,, =V (0.9)

where,
L = pipe length (m)
V = average pipe velocity (mls)
0.0.2 Time of Concentrationfor Natural Catchment

For natural/landscaped catchments and mixed flow paths the time of concentration can be found by
use of the Bransby-Williams' Equation 0.10 (AR&R, 1987). In these cases the times for overland flow
and channel or stream flow are included in the time calculated.
Here the overland flow time including the travel time in natural channels is expressed as:

where,
tc = the time of concentration (minute)
F, = a conversion factor, 58.5 when area A is in krn2,
or 92.5 when area is in ha
L = length of flow path from catchment divide to outlet (krn)
A = catchment area (km2or ha)
S = slope of stream flow path (m/km)

0.0.3 Rational Formula

The Rational Formula is one of the most frequently used urban hydrology methods in Malaysia. It
gives satisfactory results for small catchments only.
The formula is:

where,

Qy = y year ARI peak flow (m3/s)

C = dimensionless runoff coefficient
YIt= yyear ARI average rainfall intensity over time of concentration, tc,(mm/hr)
A = drainage area (ha)
Table 4.3 Design Storm ARIs For Urban Stormwater Systems

Type of Development Average Recurrence Interval (AN) of

Design Storm (year)

(See Note 1) Quantity Quality

Minor Major System

System (see Note 2 and
3)
Open Space, Parlts and Agricultural 3 month ARI
Land in urban areas (for all types
of
development
1
Residential:
Low density
Medium density
High density

Commercial, Business and Industrial

- Other than CBD
Commercial, Business, Industrial in
Central Business District (CBD)
areas of Large Cities
 Table 14.4 Recommended Loss Models and Values for Hydrograph

Condition Loss Model Recommended Values

[m~ervious Initial loss-Loss Initial loss: 1.5 mm Loss rate: 0

4reas rate mmlhr
Pervious Initial loss - Initial loss: 10 mm Proportional Loss:
Areas proportional 20°/0 of rainfall
loss, or
Initial loss-Loss Initial loss: 10 mm for all soils Loss rate:
rate,
(i) Sandy open structured soil 10 - 25 mmhr
(ii) Loam soil -
3 10 mmhr
(iii) Clays, dense structured soil 0.5 - 3 mmhr
(iv) Clays subject to high shrinkage and 4 - 6 mmhr
in a cracked state at start of rain
Horton model Initial Infiltration Capacity fo Ultimate
A. DRY soils (little or no vegetation) Infiltration Rate
Sandy soils: 125 mmhr fc (mmhr), for
Loam soils: 75 mm/hr Hydrologic Soil
Clay soils: 25 mmhr Group (see Note)
For dense vegetation, multiply values given in
Aby2
B. MOIST soils
Soils which have drained but not dried out:
divide values from A by 3
Soils close to saturation: value close to
saturated hydraulic conductivity
Soils partially dried out: divide values from A
by 1.5-2.5
Recommended value of k is 4 h r

Note: Hydrological Soil Group corresponds to the classification given by the U.S. Soil Conservation
Service. Well drained sandy soils are "A"; poorly drained clayey soils are "D". The texture of the
layer of least hydraulic conductivity in the soil profile should be considered. Caution should be used in
applying values from the above table to sandy soils (Group A). Source: XP-SWMM Manual (WP-
Software, 1995).
Table O.Al Coefficients for the IDF Equations for the Different Major Cities and Towns in Malaysia
(30 I t < 1000 min)

State Location Data Period

Pahang
Kaub

Cameron
Highland

Temerloh

Terengganu Kuala Dungun

Terengganu Kuala
Terengganu
APPENDIX 0.A DESIGN TEMPORAL PATTERNS
Table O.B1 Temporal Patterns - West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia ,

No. of
Duration
Time Fraction of Rainfall in Each Time Period
(min) Periods
10 2 0.570 0.430 -
15 3 0.320 0.500 0.180 -
30 6 0.160 0.250 0.330 0.090 0.110 0.060 -
60 12 0.039 0.070 0.168 0.120 0.232 0.101 0.089 0.057 0.048 0.031 0.028 0.017
120 8 0.030 0.119 0.310 0.208 0.090 0.119 0.094 0.030 -
180 6 0.060 0.220 0.340 0.220 0.120 0.040 -
360 6 0.320 0.410 0.110 0.080 0.050 0.030 -

10 min Durahon 15 min Duration 30 mlnute Duratton

0,6

0.4

1 L 1 2 3 4 5 6

Time Period Time Period Time Period

- -

60 mlnute Duration 120 minute Duration

0.3 ,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time Period Time Pertod
-

180 minute Duration I 360 minute Duration

1 2 3
Trne Period
4 5

1 1 2 3
Tiwe Period
4 5 6
 Table 0.B2 Temporal Patterns - East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia '
No. of
Duration Time Fraction of Rainfall in Each Time Period
(min) Periods
10 2 0.570 0.430 -
15 3 0.320 0.500 0.180 -
30 6 0.160 0.250 0.330 0.090 0.110 0.060 -
60 12 0.039 0.070 0.168 0.120 0.232 0.101 0.089 0.057 0.048 0.031 0.028 0.017
120 8 0.030 0.119 0310 0.208 0.090 0.119 0.094 0.030 -
180 6 0.190 0.230 0.190 0.160 0.130 0.100 -
360 6 0.290 0.200 0.160 0.120 0.140 0.090 -

10 min Duration I 1 15 mln Durat~on 30 minute Durahon

Time Perrod

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time Period Time Period

180 minute Duration 1 360 minute Duration

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time Period Time Period

(# these patterns can also be used in Sabah and Sarawak, until local studies are carried out)
CULVERT:

APPENDIX 27A DESIGN FORM, CHARTS AND NOMOGRAPHS

1 27.2 1 Entrance ~ o s s ~ o e f ~ c i e n t s 1 27-22

-
Ir~letWef Nomograph Cormgated Metal Pipe (OIP) Culvert 27-25

Relative Discharge, Velodty and Hydraulic Radius in Pwt-full Pipe 27-26

I 27.7 1 -- - -

Wative Discharge, Velodty and Hydraulic Radius in Part-full Box

C~ulwrtRow
27-27

27.8 aiticai Depth in a Circular Pipe 27-28

1
Oitical Depth in a Rectangular (Box) Section

1
27.9 27-29

27.10 Outlet Cmtrd Nomograph -Corn& Pipe CUMflowing Full with 27-30
n = 0.012

Outlet Contrd Normgraph - C m m t e f3ox C u k r t Rowing Full with 27-31

n = 0.012

Control Nwnograph- Cormgated Metal Rpe (CMP) flowing 27-32

Full with n = 0.024
 CASE STUDY
.I
USING MSMA CONCEPT TO
_I-
- j

SOLVE FLOOD PROBLEM

FOR SG. KERAYONG - Lllu.lOlb- i
SRI JOHOR POND - II- " " !

i
k.Chin Cbong Wing

Penganh

i P S Wayah Perukutwn

Klang River Basin

Banfir Di Kg. C h e m
b w , Sun@ Kenyong
p d a a uur row

Jab" I(bng LIrm 4 'h

 Butiran Kontrak
- Organisasi Projek

Nama Kontraktor :Kettrade Sdn. Bhd. j

Nilai Kontrak :RM 95.150.000.00 1
LOA :28 Nov 2005
Tarikh Mula :3 Jan 2006
Tarikh Siap : 2 Julai 2008

&$c JPS U'IMYAH PERSEKUnANi RTB

LEMBAH SUNGAI KL4NG

LOKASI PROJEK
r 5.rr .=A I
DESIGN PEAK FLOW
 FLOOD HYDROGRAPH

Flow Distribution at Diversion Modelled by HECR4S

POND EFFECT OF THE INFLOW AND OUTFLOW FLOW HYDROGRAPH

Elevation-Area-Storage Curves of Seri-Johor Pond

Diversion1 Inlet Works

A I

- Doenion n o r k
flood r l o r l g paad
Pond iolct and oullrl w o r k s
Outlet channel
Other ancillary works
 Outlet Channel Works @ I

1 PREFER CO.YSTHI<:TIO.UAS CONTROL

Bed level 30 50 rn

- .- < - 18 m

500 m m drop

---pa ~ ~ - ~ -
-..---.--

-
14 m Constriction across Sg Kcrajong in Reference Design Plan -
50m L e n g t h W e i r across Diversion C a n a l Section
r
*
Test Series Carried Out
Study Objectives
I Physical Hyddraulie Model Study
I
To determine effectiveness of reltrence (original)
design in diverting the requisite proportion of
inflow to detention pond
Based on test findings on reference design, to
recommend design modifications where necessary
for further testing
To determine final dimensions of inlet
configuration to achieve the desired diversion
To study the effects of a nearby DBKL drain, and
a log boom, on the flood diversion

Test Series Carried Out FINDINGS

Reference Design

The design is not able to divert > I70 11131s to the

detention pond

Modified Design 1

The design is able to divert over 170 mYs flow to

the diversion drain at the peak discharge of 350
m31s
Not in favour of a constriction located upstream of
LRT bridge crossing

I
FINDINGS
Modified Design I1

The design is able to divert over 170 m3/s

I FIXDINGS
Modified Design 1x1

The design is able to divert about 170 m3/s to

the detention pond during peak flood
discharge of 350 m31s for both the nose shapes
flow to the diversion drain at the peak tested
discharge of 350 m3/s Flood water starts to overflow into detent~on
The 9 rn constriction appears excessive to pond when flood discharge exceeds about 35
m3/s
client
Modified Design I11 is preferred for its
wider 12 m constriction and con~paratively
better flo\v conditions.
Other fmdings

Maximum measured water fwd d& apstream of

Sg Kerayong was 3494 when ModifbDdDesigd1
was tested
Maximum measured water level dong ajetrem of
Sg Kerayong in Modified Design I11 was 34.67 m
instailation of the log boom, aad varying flow
conmitition from DBKL drain (up to 10% of
total) have little impact on the flow d i s t n i o n at
the bifurcation

POND DESIGN

CH ZOOB - CH350B
 PELBAGAI ISU LAIN I

I -
POND Relocation Of Trees

I.
Prov. Sum
UTILITIES 4LLOCATION
PENGAUHANSETXNGGAN
,-
DESIGN PEAK FLOW