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Businesses and public organizations are increasingly interested in the economic impacts of
tourism at national, state, and local levels. One regularly hears claims that tourism supports X
jobs in an area or that a festival or special event generated Y million dollars in sales or
income in a community. ³Multiplier effects´ are often cited to capture secondary effects of
tourism spending and show the wide range of sectors in a community that may benefit from
tourism. Tourism¶s economic benefits are touted by the industry for a variety of reasons.
Claims of tourism¶s economic significance give the industry greater respect among the
business community, public officials, and the public in general. This often translates into
decisions or public policies that are favourable to tourism. Tourism businesses depend
extensively on each other as well as on other businesses, government and residents of the
local community. Economic benefits and costs of tourism reach virtually everyone in the
region in one way or another. Economic impact analysis provide tangible estimates of these
economic interdependencies and a better understanding of the role and importance of tourism
in a region¶s economy. Tourism activity also involves economic costs, including the direct
costs incurred by tourism businesses, government costs for infrastructure to better serve
tourists, as well as congestion and related costs borne by individuals in the community.
Community decisions over tourism often involve debates between industry proponents
touting tourism¶s economic impacts (benefits) and detractors emphasizing tourism¶s costs.
Sound decisions rest on a balanced and objective assessment of both benefits and costs and
an understanding of who benefits from tourism and who pays for it. Tourism¶s economic
impacts are therefore an important consideration in state, regional and community planning
and economic development. Economic impacts are also important factors in marketing and
management decisions. Communities therefore need to understand the relative importance of
tourism to their region, including tourism¶s contribution to economic activity in the area. A
variety of methods, ranging from pure guesswork to complex mathematical models, are used
to estimate tourism¶s economic impacts. Studies vary extensively in quality and accuracy, as
well as which aspects of tourism are included. Technical reports often are filled with
economic terms and methods that non-economists do not understand. On the other hand,
media coverage of these studies tend to oversimplify and frequently misinterpret the results,
leaving decision makers and the general public with a sometimes distorted and incomplete
understanding of tourism¶s economic effects.


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Tourism has a variety of economic impacts. Tourists contribute to sales, profits, jobs, tax
revenues, and income in an area. The most direct effects occur within the primary tourism

sectors --lodging, restaurants, transportation, amusements, and retail trade. Through

secondary effects, tourism affects most sectors of the economy. An economic impact analysis
of tourism activity normally focuses on changes in sales, income, and employment in a region
resulting from tourism activity. A simple tourism impact scenario illustrates. Let¶s say a
region attracts an additional 100 tourists, each spending $100 per day. That¶s $10,000 in new
spending per day in the area. If sustained over a 100 day season, the region would accumulate
a million dollars in new sales. The million dollars in spending would be distributed to
lodging, restaurant, amusement and retail trade sectors in proportion to how the visitor spends
the $100. Perhaps 30% of the million dollars would leak out of the region immediately to
cover the costs of goods purchased by tourists that are not made in the local area (only the
retail margins for such items should normally be included as direct sales effects). The
remaining $700,000 in direct sales might yield $350,000 in income within tourism industries
and support 20 direct tourism jobs. Tourism industries are labour and income intensive,
translating a high proportion of sales into income and corresponding jobs. The tourism
industry, in turn, buys goods and services from other businesses in the area, and pays out
most of the $350,000 in income as wages and salaries to its employees. This creates
secondary economic effects in the region. Through multiplier effects, the $700,000 in direct
sales produces $1.4 million in total sales. These secondary sales create additional income and
employment, resulting in a total impact on the region of $1.4 million in sales, $650,000 in
income and 35 jobs. While hypothetical, the numbers used here are fairly typical of what one
might find in a tourism economic impact study. A more complete study might identify which
sectors receive the direct and secondary effects and possibly identify differences in spending
and impacts of distinct subgroups of tourists (market segments). One can also estimate the tax
effects of this spending by applying local tax rates to the appropriate changes in sales or
income. Instead of focusing on visitor spending, one could also estimate impacts of
construction or government activity associated with tourism. The different types of economic
effects have been discussed further.


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A standard economic impact analysis traces flows of money from tourism spending, first to
businesses and government agencies where tourists spend their money and then to:

p other businesses -- supplying goods and services to tourist businesses,

p households ± earning income by working in tourism or supporting industries, and

p government -- through various taxes and charges on tourists, businesses and

households

Formally, regional economists distinguish 

, 
, and 
peconomic effects.
Indirect and induced effects are sometimes collectively called 
 p

pThe p

ppof tourism is the sum of direct, indirect, and induced effects within a
region. Any of these impacts may be measured as gross output or sales, income, employment,
or value added.

†p 
p

pare production changes associated with the immediate effects of
changes in tourism expenditures. For example, an increase in the number of tourists
staying overnight in hotels would directly yield increased sales in the hotel sector. The
additional hotel sales and associated changes in hotel payments for wages and
salaries, taxes, and supplies and services are direct effects of the tourist spending.

†p 
p

pare the production changes resulting from various rounds of re-
spending of the hotel industry's receipts in other backward-linked industries (i.e.,
industries supplying products and services to hotels).

Changes in sales, jobs, and income in the linen supply industry, for example, represent
indirect effects of changes in hotel sales. Businesses supplying products and services to the
linen supply industry represent another round of indirect effects, eventually linking hotels to
varying degrees to many other economic sectors in the region.

†p 
p

pare the changes in economic activity resulting from household spending
of income earned directly or indirectly as a result of tourism spending. For example, hotel
and linen supply employees, supported directly or indirectly by tourism, spend their
income in the local region for housing, food, transportation, and the usual array of
household product and service needs. The sales, income, and jobs that result from


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household spending of added wage, salary, or proprietor¶s income are induced effects. By
means of indirect and induced effects, changes in tourist spending can impact virtually
every sector of the economy in one way or another. The magnitude of secondary effects
depends on the propensity of businesses and households in the region to purchase goods
and services from local suppliers. Induced effects are particularly noticed when a large
employer in a region closes a plant. Not only are supporting industries (indirect effects)
hurt, but the entire local economy suffers due to the reduction in household income within
the region. Retail stores close and leakages of money from the region increase as
consumers go outside the region for more and more goods and services. Similar effects in
the opposite direction are observed when there is a significant increase in jobs and
household income.

Xp
pis the term used by economists for sales to the final consumers of goods and
services. In almost all cases, the final consumers of tourism goods and services are
households. Government spending is also considered as final demand. The same methods for
estimating impacts of visitor spending can be applied to estimate the economic impacts of
government spending, for example, to operate and maintain a park or visitor centre.

pp p

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pp
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A change in tourist spending can affect virtually every sector of the economy by means of
indirect and induced effects. The magnitude of these secondary effects is directly related to
the propensity of local businesses and households to purchase from local suppliers. Induced
effects are easily visible when a large regional plant closes: supporting industries are hurt by
the indirect effects, but the entire local economy usually suffers due to the reduction in
regional household income. Retail stores may close, thereby increasing leakages as local
consumers turn to outside suppliers. Similar but reversed induced effects are observable when
there is a significant increase in regional jobs and household income.


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Today the importance of tourism as a major source of income is recognised by all countries in
the world. According to the World Tourism Organisation (WTO) 806.8 million people
travelled to foreign country in 2005 spending more than 682.7 billion dollars, making tourism
the world¶s number one export earner, ahead of automotive products, chemical, petroleum
and food. Despite downside risk facing global tourism last 4 years, in particular terrorism,
Iraq-USA conflict, rising oil prices, recession, Thailand and Maldives tsunami in 2004, 842
billion people travelled around the world and spent approximately 715 billion dollars in 2006.
In parallel, countries engaged in fierce competition to increase their shares in the world
tourism since the tourism industry generates substantial economic benefits to host countries.
Especially for developing countries facing foreign exchange constraint, promoting tourism
became a primary policy goal because tourism earnings contribute significantly to the
economic performance of the host country by removing the balance of payments deficits,
which in turn increases the availability of those imported inputs that have no domestic
substitutes and are crucial for production. Other tourism generated benefits involve increasing
employment, additional source of income for households and governments. Tourism in
Turkey has emerged as an enormous branch of industry with its approximately US$20 billion
annual foreign exchange earnings and direct and indirect employment opportunities it
provides for more than 3 million people. Over the past two decades Turkey has experienced a
remarkable growth in tourist numbers with overseas arrivals doubling between 1991 and
1998 and revenues reaching $7.2 billion as of 1998. It is estimated that such trend may have a
significant impact upon host communities in Turkish tourist regions. Given the fact that
tourism can flourish in an area only with the support of the area¶s residents, it is felt that the
attitudes and perceptions of residents towards tourism development and impacts serve as
crucially important inputs in identifying the strategic and managerial priorities of tourism.

Over the years, Turkey has emerged as a popular tourist destination for many Europeans,
often competing with Greece, Spain and Italy. In the year 2009, Turkey hosted 24.45 million
tourists and earned 20 billion dollars in total. The latest figures indicate that the tourism is the
most dynamic and fastest growing sector in Turkey. It is also the second most important
source of foreign currency earnings. Tourist arrivals and tourism receipts have been rapidly
increased since 1970. While the share of tourism receipts in GDP was only 0.5% in 1970, it
rapidly increased to 1.5% in 1980, 2.8% in 1990, 4.6% of GDP in 2006 and reached 10.2% in


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2009. In the case of Turkey the main transformation concerning the tourist sector started
during the 1980s. Before 1980, the share of tourism in total fixed investments was under 1%
and its share in domestic product was 0.8% with only about 60,000 bed space. In 1985, in
line with the implemented program the sector was included among promoted sectors; thus
largely contributing to the economic growth with increasing investment in the sector. While
tourism income was US$ 326 million and the number of foreign tourists was 1,288,000 in
1980 the figures increased to 23,500,000 tourists with a tourism income of US$13,390
million.


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Economic development and other systems in Turkey, supportive of a feasible tourism

industry open to international competition only came gradually and in stages. The interaction
between tourism and other sectors gave way to generally positive results; but the process was
not without its restrictions and costs. The tourism industry contributed to local development
in a land that suffered from serious social and economic differences among regions. Through
the eventual spread of tourism activity to relatively underdeveloped regions of Turkey
(particularly central, eastern, southeastern Anatolia and the Black Sea Coast) a new drive was
introduced with improvements in the local social and physical infrastructure, enjoyed both by
the tourist and local resident. But this improvement did not mean suppression of regional
imbalances. Nevertheless, besides providing the required infrastructure, employment,
additional income and making a contribution to local social capital (new skills, enhanced
organizational capabilities), tourism activity in these regions, with the passage of time,
created new ``actors'' (local organizations, voluntary bodies, guides, concerned mayors, local
administrations, and municipal unions) willing and capable of cooperating with the central
government. As they proved their capacity to take up more responsibilities, in line with the
general trend to decentralize and to delegate, they gradually gained increased functions. The
central government¶s reluctance to share its long-built authority and jealously guarded
resources did not diminish immediately and the new players who were happy with their
recently gained autonomy were not equipped to handle their independence. Most professional
tourism bodies still promote the continuation of active state involvement, particularly in
financial terms. Set against a generally positive picture, there are a number of problems
associated with tourism development in Turkey. Most parameters of the framework
developed by Brohman (1996) to study these problems in Third World countries seem to be
appropriate for the Turkish case as well. He names some specific issues such as foreign
domination and dependency, socioeconomic and spatial polarization, environmental
destruction, cultural alienation, and the loss of social control and identity among host
communities. Foreign domination and resulting dependency do not seem to be a major
problem in Turkey, at least on the supply side, because the vast majority of tourism
investment (both for large- and small-scale establishments) has been undertaken by
indigenous capital and entrepreneurs. This is probably due to the fact that the country has
never been colonized and, during most of the Republican period, there has been reluctance
both on the part of foreign capital to invest in Turkey and on its own part to accept it.
However, like most of the situations, and in spite of specific efforts to get rid of regional


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imbalances, a pronounced spatial dichotomy has evolved in Turkish tourism between a
``privileged'' space along the coast and an ``underprivileged'' space in the interior of the
country. During the advocacy period in tourism, as Jafari calls it, when emphasis was on
benefits of tourism, this problem did not catch attention. But during the subsequent
cautionary stage when costs became apparent, this became a much-debated issue, and was
instrumental in the formation of an adaptancy platform, advocating diversification of the
Turkish tourism product by type and region. A number of studies conducted on the social
aspects and consequences of tourism activity in Turkey (Iyidiker 1990; O È zdemir 1992;
Põnar 1990; Turizm BakanlõgÏõ 1995; Usal 1990; Var, Kendall and TarakcõogÏlu 1985)
indicate that segments of the host community which seem to benefit from tourism, have a
more favourable attitude, compared with the ``losers'', who exhibit different degrees of
resentment, or even hostility. Comparable to similar attitudes elsewhere, most of the
complaints are centred around incompatibility of values as reflected by behaviour patterns of
tourists, investing multinational enterprise representatives or foreign managers of local
facilities (Poirier 1997a); rising prices and cost of living; increased crime; negative
demonstration effect on local youth due to gambling, drug addiction, vandalism, and sexual
behaviour. In parts of Turkey there is additional resentment due to the belief that benefits of
tourism add only to big capital, `outsiders', and foreigners, and that spaces that were
previously freely available [the coast, forests, picnic and recreational areas are not now
accessible''. Furthermore, as Brohman suggests ``contact with the indigenous culture tends to
be packaged rather than spontaneous, contrived rather than original (also in Turkey) resulting
in a sense of alienation (in the host community) rooted in feelings of a loss of social control
and cultural identity'' (1996:50). During the advocacy stage, success only meant increasing
both the number of tourists and the revenue derived from this activity. But this emphasis on
mass tourism began to shift, in the later stages, to responsible tourism (Baratalõ 1992; Sonat
1992); and a knowledge-based platform (Jafari 1992) started promoting a holistic, scientific
approach to tourism. This required a balanced evaluation of both the possible benefits and
costs of tourism, bearing in mind that, through planned efforts, costs could be minimized,
benefits could be maximized and shared in a relatively democratic manner. However, due
care was required to adjust general planning principles to local socio cultural and economic
conditions (Timothy 1999).


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Turkey has become one of the world¶s most popular tourism destinations thanks to its natural
attractions, unique historical and archaeological sites, improving touristic infrastructure and
its tradition of hospitality. In the city of Istanbul, two suspension bridges over the Bosphorus
link Asia and Europe. The Asian part of the country, called Asia Minor by the Romans, was
the crossroad for many ancient civilisations. The country is surrounded by 3 different seas
with long summers which make it a popular summer destination. The tourism industry has
been one of the most important drivers behind Turkey¶s economic development over recent
decades by reducing unemployment, raising national GDP and improving the country¶s
balance of payments. In 2009, combined with the travel sector, the industry generated TL
95.3 billion of economic activity (approximately 10.2% of Turkey¶s GDP) with an
employment of approximately 1.7 million people (7.2% of total employment). International
tourist arrivals and tourism receipts have been growing rapidly over recent decades. The
growth in Turkish tourism industry has been faster than that of the globe. The share of
Turkish tourist arrivals in the world has increased from 1.1% in 1990 to 2.7% in 2008. The
share of tourism receipts in the global tourism GDP, likewise, has increased from 1.2% in
1990 to 2.3% in 2008. The tourism encouragement law (no: 2634), enacted in 1982, provided
strong momentum for the industry¶s growth, which made Turkey a very popular destination
especially for Western Europe. Since 2000, this growth has been continuing until present,
except for 2006, when the World Cup in Germany affected the normal travel patterns
globally. In 2008, despite the worsened conditions observed globally, Turkey enjoyed its best
year ever, welcoming more than 30 million tourists (26 million international and 4 million
domestic).Tourist arrivals and tourism receipts grew by 13.6% and 18.5%, respectively,
resulting in an average receipt of US$708 per arrival. In the first three quarters of 2009,
arrivals increased by 1.5% but receipts decreased by 7%, resulting in an average receipt of
$647 per arrival

Germany, the United Kingdom and the Russian Federation took the top three places in terms
of number of visitors, together forming approximately 36% of the total international arrivals.
In terms of growth, the Russian Federation, Israel, Georgia, the Ukraine and Italy have shown
the most rapid advances in visitor numbers to Turkey in the last three years with CAGR¶s of
24.0%, 23.0%,22.4% and 22.0%, respectively. Antalya and Istanbul are the most popular
destinations. These two cities account for approximately 60% of all arrivals.


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Turkey¶s 3 big cities, İstanbul, Ankara and İzmir, together with the popular holiday
destinations, Antalya, Muğla and Aydın dominate the hotel market in Turkey. Currently,
hotels in Turkey have a capacity of 567,470 beds. In addition, there are many hotels under
construction with an additional capacity of 258,287 beds. The CAGR in bed capacity
between 1998 and 2008 has been 6.1%. The Mediterranean region has the largest bed
capacity. However, the capacity in the Aegean region is developing rapidly and is expected to
grow by 67% with new investments. Istanbul is also very significant. Hotels account for 83%
of the operational bed capacity, followed by holiday villages with 10%, based on 2008
figures. Five, four and three star hotels account for 38%, 31% and 19% of the operational bed
capacity, respectively. Apart hotels, on the other hand, are gaining popularity as the figures
indicate that the capacity under construction a bigger than the currently operational capacity.
Many hotels and other touristic facilities in Turkey are on land owned by the Turkish
Treasury, and are leased out for a 49 year period, which is likely to be renewable at expiry.
Most of the international hotel chains have entered the Turkish market since the 1970¶s.
Currently, nine of the world¶s top 10 hotel chains are operating in Turkey. The Best Western
International has 15 hotels in Turkey, followed by the IHG Group with 8 hotels.

†p !&p '

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The aviation market in Turkey has demonstrated considerable growth in the last decade. Until
2002, the market was not yet open to competition, being a monopoly for the national operator
Turkish Airlines. After 2002, various steps were taken aiming to liberalise the market, which
resulted in a rapid increase in the number of domestic passengers, recording a CAGR of
25.2% between 2002 and 2008. In the same period, the number of international passengers
grew with a CAGR of 8.5%. Compared to the monopolistic situation in 2002 where Turkish
Airlines owned 150 aircraft, at present, there are 5 airline operators owning a total of 270
aircrafts.

†p 8&

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There are various investment incentives offered within the Law of for the Encouragement of
Tourism (Law no: 2634). Below is a summary of these incentives:
p Land Allocation for Tourism Investment: Public land can be allocated to tourism
facilities up to 49 years with relatively economic prices.
p Employment of Foreign Staff: Certified tourism establishments may employ qualified
foreign personnel and experts with the approval of the Ministry of Tourism and the


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Ministry of Interior. Provisions of the Law concerning the Trades and Services to be
performed in Turkey by Turkish Citizens are not applicable to such personnel. However
the total number of foreign personnel employed may not be higher than 10% of the total
number of employees. This ratio may be increased up to 20% by the Ministry of
Tourism. Such foreign staff may start working at the establishment 3 months prior to the
commencement of commercial operations. The employment of personnel aged fewer
than 21 at certified tourism establishments and covered by Law no 2559 concerning the
Duties and Powers of the Police shall be subject to the prior permission of the highest
civil authority of the local area.
p Communication Facilities: All procedures and allocations in connection with requests of
certified tourism investments and establishments for telephone and telex facilities are
carried out on a priority basis.
p Favourable Treatment as Exporters: Of the certified tourism establishments, those
earning foreign exchange in the amounts that are specified annually by the Ministry for
this purpose are considered as exporters.
p Tourism Loan: The Tourism Bank Inc. of the Republic of Turkey may obtain foreign
currency loans from foreign sources for allocation to certified investments in tourism
areas and tourism centres.

Note: A draft law has been prepared in order to decrease rates of utility prices for the
tourism establishments.

†p "
 p'p
Despite the start of the global economic downturn, the Turkish tourism industry managed to
grow in 2008 and record its best ever year. The outlook also appears very strong and the
industry is expected to support Turkey¶s future GDP growth by creating new jobs and
improving the country¶s balance of payments.

p )p6-,-p

Istanbul is a European Capital of Culture 2010 along with Peç (Hungary) and Essen
(Germany). The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a
period of one calendar year during which it is given a chance to showcase its cultural life and
cultural development. Istanbul 2010 is expected to bring many benefits and a significant
income to the industry.


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Coastal tourism is currently the most popular type of tourism in Turkey. In addition to coastal
tourism, Turkey has several unique opportunities for different types of tourism such as health
and thermal resources, winter sports, mountain climbing, conference and expo tourism, cruise
ships and yachting, golfing, etc. However, a good deal of this potential is not yet utilised. In
order to establish a framework for utilising these alternatives, the Ministry of Culture &
Tourism has issued Turkey¶s 2023 Tourism Strategy with the intention of guiding the tourism
industry in production management and implementation phases, by creating a roadmap for
the sector. With this framework, those investors who are considering investing in the sector
will be supported by the government in terms of planning, land allocation, and with respect to
tourism projects. The characteristics and shapes of such incentives will be determined on an
annual basis.

š
 

 

The following four regions of Turkey are suitable for health and thermal tourism:

p South Marmara: Balıkesir, Çanakkale, and Yalova;

p South Aegean region: Aydın, Denizli, Manisa, and İzmir;
p Phrygian region: Afyon, Ankara, Uşak, Eskişehir, and Kütahya;
p Central Anatolia: Aksaray, Kırşehir, Niğde, Nevşehir, and Yozgat.

å 
 

Winter tourism facilities will better function with better access by means of roads or lifts.
New accommodation facilities are planned for additional capacity. Ski runs will be brought in
line with internationally accepted standards. Winter sports competitions and events will be
supported.



 

Suitable areas suitable for golfing shall be identified and new golf courses will be developed
by the Turkish Golf Federation and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism.



 

A single authority will be responsible for all entry procedures for foreign flagged yachts. All
income generated from the operation of yacht tourism will be invested back into
infrastructure development for the sector. Fairs will be funded and the development of yacht


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clubs will be encouraged. Legislation will be rearranged so that sail-powered yachts will pay
less tax than engine powered yachts. Technical standards will be developed for the processing
of bilge water and solid waste disposal. Steps will be implemented to organise the training of
workers for the yacht tourism sector.


 


 

The Ministry of Culture and Tourism will organise meetings to shape the required framework
for congress and expo tourism for seven priority cities: Istanbul, Ankara, Antalya, İzmir,
Bursa, Konya and Mersin.



 



 

Locals will be trained and local museums and peripheral requirements will be supported.

Mahmut Zortuk, in his report, focussed on investigating the contribution of the rapidly
developing tourism sector, especially after the 1980s, to the economic growth. The data
pertaining to 1990Q1 and 2008Q3 periods were used in the study and the relationship
between the expansion in tourism and economic growth was investigated using Granger
Causality Test Based on VECM and it was discovered that a unidirectional causality from
tourism development to economic development exists between the two variables. Moreover,
the parameters which were tested using Wald test were discovered to be significant by 1%.
This study had investigated a series of unit root, cointegration and causality tests to ascertain
the direction of causality between the growth of GDP, tourist arrivals and exchange rate in
Turkey. Using quarterly data over the 1990Q1 A 2008Q3 period and since the variables in this
article are non stationary and present a unit root; Johansen¶s cointegration technique has been
applied. This methodology has allowed for obtaining of a cointegrating relationship among
these variables. Moreover, the information on cointegration in variables is taken into
consideration in specifying the correct model. The main conclusion of this study was that
there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between gross domestic product (
) and
tourist arrivals (). There is a unidirectional causality between variables, from tourist
arrivals to economic growth. The main issue is the impact of tourist arrivals on GDP in
Turkey during the period 1990Q1±2008Q3. Employing Granger causality, we found a
unidirectional positive causal relation from tourist arrivals to GDP. Moreover, the parameters
which were tested using Wald test.


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:" 
p

Economic impact analysis is a broad category of analytic methods including some of the most
common tools for travel and tourism planning. In simple terms, economic impact analysis
tracks and aggregates monetary payments as they move through a regional economy²
measuring the transfer of payments from one group or sector to others. In its most common
travel and tourism applications, economic impact analysis seeks to estimate changes in
regional spending, output, income, and/or employment associated with tourist policy, events,
facilities, or destinations. As mentioned above the appropriate data for all the pre requisites of
an economic impact analysis have been mentioned. The tourism industry in Turkey has
contributed to 10.2% of the GDP in 2009 and given jobs to 1.7 million people which is 7.2%
of total employment. While tourism income was US$ 326 million and the number of foreign
tourists was 1,288,000 in 1980 the figures increased to 23,500,000 tourists with a tourism
income of US$13,390 million. In 2008, Turkey enjoyed its best year ever; welcoming more
than 30 million tourists (26 million international and 4 million domestic).Tourist arrivals and
tourism receipts grew by 13.6% and 18.5%, respectively, resulting in an average receipt of
US$708 per arrival. The findings of the study used in this report, by Mahmut Zortuk, indicate
that the threshold level in tourism has been exceeded and the tourism industry contributes
substantially to the economic performance in Turkey. In this sense, it can be established that
the tourism receipts can be regarded as a stable source of foreign currency in Turkey and the
payoff of economic policies directed to develop tourism will be higher in the long-run.
p


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p Daniel J. Stynes, Economic impacts of tourism

p Stynes D. J (1997) Economic Impacts o Tourism, A Handbook for Tourism
Professionals, Illinois Bereau of Tourism, Tourism Research Laboratory.
p Kaplan M, Celik T (2008) The Impact of Tourism on Economic Performance: The
Case of Turkey, Department of Economics, The International Journal of Applied
Economics and Finance.
p Zortuk M (2009) Economic Impact of Tourism on Turkey¶s Economy: Evidence from
Cointegration Tests, International Journal of Finance and Economics.
p Prof. Erdal F, Prof. Tatoglu E (2002) Resident Perceptions of the Impact of Tourism,
Beykent University, Department of Management.
p Goymen K (2000) Tourism and Governance in Turkey, Annals of Tourism Research,
Vol 27, No. 4, www.elsevier.com/locate/atoures
p Turkish tourism industry report (2010) invest.gov.tr, Republic of Turkey Prime
Ministry.


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