Signals and systems (EC 232)

1. What are time invariant systems?

A system is said to be time invariant system if a time delay or advance of the input signal
leads to an idenditical shift in the output signal. This implies that a time invariant system
responds idenditically no matter when the input signal is applied. It also satisfies the
condition
R{x(n-k)}=y(n-k).

2. What is causal system?

A system is said to be casual if the output of the system at any time n depends
only on the present and past input but does not depend on future inputs.
3.Define linear system
A linear system is one that satisfies the superposition principle according to which
the output of the system to a weighted sum of the input is equal to the corresponding
weighted sum of the output to each of the individual’s inputs.
R [a1x1 (n)+a2 x2 (n)]=a1 R [x1 (n)]+a2 R [x2 (n)]
4.Define static system.
A static or memory less discrete time system is a system whose output at any
instant depend on the input values at that instant but neither on the past nor on the future
values of the input
Example y (n)=ax (n)
5.Define dynamic system.
A dynamic or a system with memory is one in which the past input or output are
stored to calculate the present output

Example y (n)=x (n)+3x(n-1)

 6.What is deterministic signal? Give example?
A deterministic signal exhibiting no uncertainty of value at any given instant of
time. Its instantaneous value can be accurately predicted by specifying a formula,
algorithm or simply its describing statement in words.
Example: v(t) =Ao sin ω t.
7.What is random signal?
A random is a signal Characterized by uncertainty before its actual occurrence.
Example: Noise
8.Define a) Periodic signal b)Non-periodic signal.
A signal x(n) is periodic with periodic N if and only if
X(n+N)= x(n) for all n.
If there is no value of N that satisfies the above equation the signal is called non-periodic
or aperiodic.
9.Define symmetric and antisymmetric signals.
A real valued signal x(n) is called symmetric if
X(-n)=x(n)
10.What are energy and power signal?
The energy of a discreate time signal x(n) is defined as
∞
Energy E=Σ /x(n)/2
N=-∞
A signal x(n) is called an energy signal if and only if the energy obeys the relation
0<E <∞.
11.Stare sampling theorem.
A band limited continuous time signal, with higher frequency Ω m Hertz,can be
uniquely recovered from its samples provided that the sampling rate F≥ 2fm samples per
second.

12. Define signal and systems?

 Signal: A signal is formally defined as a function of one or more variables, which
conveys information on the nature of a physical phenomenon. When the function depends
on a single variable the signal is said to be one-dimensional. A speech signal is one
dimensional. When the function depends on more than two variables then the signal is
said to be multidimensional. An image is two dimensional signal.
System: A system is formally defined as an entity that manipulates one or more
signals to accomplish a function, there by yielding new signals.
(e.g.) In an automatic speaker reorganization the input signal is the speech signal, system
is the computer and the output signal is the identity of the person.

13. What is a continuous and discrete time signal?

Continuous time signal: A signal x(t) is said to be continuous if it is defined for all
time t. Continuous time signal arise naturally when a physical waveform such as
acoustics wave or light wave is converted into a electrical signal. This is effected by
means of transducer.(e.g.) microphone, photocell.
Discrete time signal: A discrete time signal is defined only at discrete instants of
time. The independent variable has discrete values only, which are uniformly spaced. A
discrete time signal is often derived from the continuous time signal by sampling it at a
uniform rate.

14. Give the classification of signals?

Continuous-time and discrete time signals
Even and odd signals
Periodic signals and non-periodic signals
Deterministic signal and Random signal
Energy and Power signal

15. What are the types of systems?

Continuous time and discrete time systems
Linear and Non-linear systems
Causal and Non-causal systems
Static and Dynamic systems
Time varying and time in-varying systems
Distributive parameters and Lumped parameters systems
Stable and Un-stable systems.

16. What are even and odd signals?

Even signal: continuous time signal x(t) is said to be even if it satisfies the
condition x(t)=x(-t) for all values of t.
Odd signal: he signal x(t) is said to be odd if it satisfies the condition x(-t)=-x(t)
for all t.
In other words even signal is symmetric about the time origin or the vertical axis, but odd
signals are anti-symmetric about the vertical axis.
17. What are the operations performed on a signal?

Operations performed on dependent variables:

Amplitude scaling: y (t) =cx (t), where c is the scaling factor, x(t) is the continuous time
signal.
Addition: y (t)=x1(t)+x2(t)
Multiplication y (t)=x1(t)x2(t)
Differentiation: y (t)=d/dt x(t)
Integration (t) =∫x(t)dt

Operations performed on independent variables

Time shifting
Amplitude scaling
Time reversal

18. What are elementary signals and name them?

The elementary signals serve as a building block for the construction of more
complex signals. They are also important in their own right, in that they may be used to
model many physical signals that occur in nature.
There are five elementary signals. They are as follows
Unit step function
Unit impulse function
Ramp function
Exponential function
Sinusoidal function

19. What are the properties of a system?

Stability: A system is said to be stable if the input x(t) satisfies the

condition(t)│≤Mx<∞ and the out put satisfies the condition │y(t)│≤My<∞ for all t.
Memory: A system is said to be memory if the output signal depends on the
present and the past inputs.
Invertibility: A system is said to be invertible if the input of the system con be
recovered from the system output.
Time invariance: A system is said to be time invariant if a time delay or advance of the
input signal leads to an identical time shift in the output signal.
Linearity: A system is said to be linear if it satisfies the super position principle
i.e.) R(ax1(t)+bx2(t))=ax1(t)+bx2(t)

20. What is memory system and memory less system?

 A system is said to be memory system if its output signal at any time depends on
the past values of the input signal. circuit with inductors capacitors are examples of
memory system..
A system is said to be memory less system if the output at any time depends on the
present values of the input signal. An electronic circuit with resistors is an example for
memory less system.

21. What is an invertible system?

A system is said to be invertible system if the input of the system can be recovered
from the system output. The set of operations needed to recover the input as the second
system connected in cascade with the given system such that the output signal of the
second system is equal to the input signal applied to the system.
H-1{y(t)}=H-1{H{x(t)}}.

22. Is a discrete time signal described by the input output relation y[n]= rnx[n] time
invariant.
A signal is said to be time invariant if R{x[n-k]}= y[n-k]
R{x[n-k]}=R(x[n]) / x[n]→x[n-k]
=rnx [n-k] ---------------- (1)
y[n-k]=y[n] / n→n-k
=rn-kx [n-k] -------------------(2)
Equations (1)≠Equation(2)
Hence the signal is time variant.

23. Show that the discrete time system described by the input-output relationship y[n]
=nx[n] is linear?

For a system to be linear R{a1x1[n]+b1x2[n]}=a1y1[n]+b1y2[n]

L.H.S:R{ a1x1[n]+b1x2[n] }=R{x[n]} /x[n] → a1x1[n]+b1x2[n]
= a1 nx1[n]+b1 nx2[n] -------------------(1)
R.H.S: a1y1[n]+b1y2[n]= a1 nx1[n]+b1 nx2[n] --------------------(2)
Equation(1)=Equation(2)
Hence the system is linear

24. What is SISO system and MIMO system?

A control system with single input and single output is referred to as single input
single output system. When the number of plant inputs or the number of plant outputs is
more than one the system is referred to as multiple input output system. In both the case,
the controller may be in the form of a digital computer or microprocessor in which we
can speak of the digital control systems.

25. Develop the even odd decomposition of the general signal x(t) by applying
definitions?
 Let the signal x(t) be expressed as the sum of two components xe(t), xo(t).
x (t)= xe(t)+xo(t)---------------(1)
xe (t) is the even component of x(t), xo(t) is the odd component of x(t)
For a signal to be even: xe (-t)= xe(t)
For odd signals : xo (-t)=-xo(t)
Put x=-t in equation (1) we get
x (-t)= xe(-t)+xo(-t)
= xe (t)-xo(t) ---------------(2)
Adding equations (1)and (2) we get
xe(t)=1/2{x(t)+x(-t)}
Now subtracting equations (1) and (2) we get
xo(t)=1/2{x(t)-x(-t)}
The above two equations are the decomposition of a general signal x(t).

26. Consider a system with input x(t)and output y(t) given by ∑x(t)δ(t-nT),-∞<n<∞. Is
the system linear?

For a system to be linear R{a1x1[n]+b1x2[n]}=a1y1[n]+b1y2[n]

In the above signal the output is the summation of the individual input signals. We
know that the summation of any signal is linear. Hence we can say that the given signal is
linear.

27. What is Nyquist rate of the following signal x(t)=2cos(1000t+π/4)+sin(2000t+ π/4)?

The minimum sampling frequency 2ωm is often termed as the Nyquist rate or
Nyquist sampling rate.
In the above problem ω01=1000, ω02=2000
T01=2π/1000,T02= π/1000
T01 / T02 =2, which is rational.
The signal is periodic with time period T=1000
The Nyquist rate 2 ωm = π/1000

28. Sketch u[n], u(t), δ(t), δ[n], r(t) and p(t).

29. What is the output of the system with system function H1 and H2 when connected in
cascade and parallel?

When the system with input x(t) is connected in cascade with the system H1 and
H2 the output of the system is
y(t)=H2{H1{x(t)}}
When the system is connected in parallel the output of the system is given by
y(t)=H1x1(t)+H2x2(t).

30. Draw an electrical system and obtain its current equation?

The input voltage is x(t)

The voltage across the capacitor is y(t)
The current through the system is i(t)
The current equation is i(t)=x(t)/R+1/C∫i(t)dt ,-∞<t<t.

31. Sketch r(t)-r(t-1)+r(t+2).

Ans:
32. What do you mean by singularity function? Give examples

The function whose value is unity under the specified conditions.

Example of singularity functions impulse function.

33. What do you mean by periodic and non-periodic signals?

A signal is said to be periodic if
x(n+N)=x(n)
Where N is the time period.
A signal is said to be non-periodic if
x(n+N)≠x(n) .

34.A pair of sinusoidal signal with a common angular frequency is defined by

x1[n]=sin[5πn] and x2[n]=√3 cos[5πn]
a) Specify a condition which the period N of both x1[n] and x2[n] must satisfy for them to
be periodic.
b) Evaluate the amplitude and phase angle of the composite sinusoidal signal y[n]=x1[n]
+x2[n] (part-B)

Ans:
 x1[n]=sin[5πn]
From the signal the angular frequency Ω0 =5π
Time period N=2πm/Ω0 , m is any integer
Now subustuting the value Ω0 =5π we get
N=2m/5
For N to be an integer the value of m=5,10,15,…………….
Therefore the period is N=2,4,6……………………
For the second signal also we get N=2,4,6……….. since the value of Ω0 =5π
b) y[n]=x1[n]+x2[n]
y[n]=sin[5πn]+√3 cos[5πn] ------------------(1)
let y[n] be y[n]=Acos(Ωn+φ)
y[n]=Acos Ωn Cosφ-AsinΩnsin φ------------(2)
Equating the cos terms in equation (1) and (2) we get,
ACos Ωn = √3 cos[5πn]
A=√3
Equating the sine terms in equation (1) and (2) we get
AsinΩn =-1
A=-1
Amplitude = √(√32 + (-1)2)
=√4
=2
Now tanφ=sinφ/cosφ
= amplitude of x1[n]/amplitude of x2[n]
=-1/√3
=-π/3 radians
Therefore y[n] =2 cos (5πn-π/3)

35.Define Fourier transform a signal x(t).

Let x(t) be a signal such that - ∞ <t ∞ and x(t) is absolutely integrable,then the
Fourier transform of x(t) is define as
∞

Ω
x(jΩ )= ∫ x(t) e-j dt

-∞
36.Define Inverse Fourier transform.
The inverse Fourier transform is define as
∞
 Ω
x(y)=1/2π ∫ x(jΩ )ej tdΩ
-∞

37. What is the condition for existence of Fourier transform of a signal x(t).
Fourier transform of a signal x(t) exists if the signal x(t) is absolutely
integrable.
∞
∫ /x(t)/< ∞
-∞
38.State Parseval’s theorem for continuous time aperiodic signal.
Let x1(t) and x2(t) be signal with Fourier transform x1(jΩ ) and x2(jΩ )
respectively. Then we have
∞ ∞
∫ /x(t)/2dt=1/2π ∫ /x(jΩ )/2dΩ
-∞ -∞

39.State Duality property of Fourier transform.

If
F[x(t)]=X(jΩ ) then
F[x(t)]=2π x(-jΩ )
40.State modulation property of Fourier transform.
If
F(x(t)]=x(jΩ ) then
F[x(t) cosΩ ct]=1/2[x[j(Ω +Ω c]+[j(Ω -Ω c)]]
41.State time differentiation property of Fourier transform.
If F[x(t)] =x(jΩ ) then
F[ dnx(t) / dnt ] =(jΩ )nx(jΩ )
42.State time shifting property of fourier transform.
If
F[x(t)]=x(jΩ ) then
 Ω t0
F[x(t-t0)] =( jΩ ) e- j
43.State time Frequency shifting property of fourier transform.
F[x(t)]= x (jΩ ) then
F[x(t)e jΩ 0t]=x[j(Ω - jΩ 0)]
44.State time convolution property of fourier transform.
If x(t) and h(t) are having fourier transform x(jΩ ) and
H(jΩ ) then
F[x(t) * h(t)]=x(jΩ ) H(jΩ )
45.Define the Laplace transform.
The Laplace transform of a signal x(t) is defined as
∞
X(s) = ∫ x(t)e-st dt
-∞
46.What is the condition for convergence of the Laplace transform?
The necessary condition for convergence of the laplace transform is absolutely
integrable of x(t)e σ t. That is , X(s) existy if
∞
∫ /x(t)e e-st/ < ∞
-∞
47.What is Region of convergence (ROC)?
The region of convergence of x(s) is the set of all values of σ for which the laplace
transform converges.

48.What is Laplace transform of the following signals?

(i) s(t) (ii)u(t) (iii) e –atu(t) (iv) cos Ω 0 tu(t) (v) sin Ω 0 tu(t)
L[s(t)]=1
L[u(t)]=1/s; L[e-atu(t)] =1/s+a; L[cos Ω 0 tu(t)]=s/s2+Ω 2 0

L[sin Ω 0tu(t)]= Ω 0/s2+Ω 2 0

49.State the time shifting property of Laplace transform
 If L[x(t)]=X(s) then
L[x(t-t0)]=e-st0 x(s)
50.State time convolution property of Laplace transform
If L[x1(t)]= x1(s) and L[x2(t)]= x2(s) then
L [x1(t) * x2(t)]= x1(S) x2(S)
51.State the initial value theorem and final value theorem of Laplace transform
Initial value theorem:
The initial value theorem allows calculate x(0) directely from the transform x(s)
Lim x(t)= lim S X (S)
t 0 s ∞
Final value theorem
Lim x(t)=lim SX(S)
t 0 s ∞
52.Define transfer function
The transform function of the system is the ratio of the laplace transform of the
output signal to the laplace transform of the input signal with all initial conditions are
zero.
53.Define 1)Natura;l response 2)Forced response
(i) The natural response of the system is the part of total response which is
due initial conditions of the system alone.
(ii) The forced response of the system is the part of the total response which is
due input alone.
54.Define poles and zeros of a transfer function.
The transfer function of a system is the ratio two polynomials. The roots of the
numerator polynomial are called the zeros of the transfer function and the roots of the
denominator polynomial are called poles of the transfer function.
55.Define 1) Trasient response 2) Steadystate response.
The forced response consists of two parts.
The part of forced response which is due to poles of the system is known as transient
response. The transient response vanishes after a sufficiently long time. The part of the
forced response which is due to poles of input signals x(s) is Known as steadystate
response. This response exists after the transients dies out.
56.What are the transfer function of the following?
i) The transfer function of an ideal integrator is 1/s
ii) The transfer function of an ideal delay of T seconds is e-st
57.What is the condition for stability of a system?
For a system to be stable, the poles of the transfer function must be in the left half
of s-plane.
58.What is the relationship between fourier transform and Laplace transform?
The laplace transform of a signal x(t) as given by
X(s)= ∞
∫ x(t) e-st dt
-∞
The fourier transform of a signal x(t) is given by
X(iΩ )= ∞
Ω
∫ x(t) e-s t dt
-∞
Eq.a)and Eq.b are identical when s=jΩ .That is x(jΩ )is equal to x(s) when s=jΩ .In the
s-plane this corresponds the points on imaginary axis.
X(jΩ )=x(s)/s=jΩ

59.Define 1)Block diagram 2)signal flowgraph

1) A block diagram is interconnection of subsystems representing certain
represents the system’s mathematical model.
2) A signal flow graph is a graph is a graphical representation of the
relationships between the variables of a set of linear algebraic equations.
60.What are the different types of realizations.
1. Direct form I realizations.
2. Direct form II realization
3. Cascade form realization
4. Parallel-form realization
61.Why differentiators are not used in realizing practical systems
The differentiators are not used in realizing practical systems because
differentiations amplifiers high frequency noise.
62.What are the drawbacks of transfer function method of representing a system?
The drawbacks of transfer function method of representing a system are
1. The transfer function describes only the zero state response of a system.
2. It describes only the relationship between the input and output of a system.
3. It is limited to single-input and single output system.
4. It is applicable only for linear time invariant systems.
63.Define state of a system .
The state of a system is a minimal set of variables known as state variables, such
that the knowledge of these variables for t=t0,togrther with the knowledge of the input for
t ⊇ t0,provides the state and output for system for t > t0.

64.Write convolution integral of x(t).

The convolution integral is given as
∝
Y(t)= x(τ )h (t- τ )dτ
- ∝
65.What are the properties of convolution?
Commutative :x(t)*h(t)=h(t)*x(t)
Associative: [x(t)*h1(t)]*h2(t)= x(t)* [h1(t)*h2(t)]
Distributive : x(t)*h1(t)+ x(t) *h2(t)=x(t)*[h1(t)+h2(t)]

66.Define impulse response of a continuous system.

The impulse response is the output produced by the system when unit impulse is
applied at the input.The impulse response is denoted by h(t).It can be obtained from the
transfer function .h(t)=L –1{H (S } or h(t)=IFT (H(f) ).

67.Define eigenvalue and eigenfunction of LTI-CT systems.

 Let the input to LTI-CT system be a complex exponential e st.Then using the
convolution theorem we get the output as y(t)=H(S) e st.The output is equal to the input
multiplied by H(S0.Hence e st is called eigenfunction and H(S) is called eigen value.

68.The impulse response of the LTI-ct system is given as h(t)=e –t u(t).Determine

transfer function and check whether the system is causal and stable.
Laplace of as h(t)=e –t u(t) is 1 /S+1.Here pole S= -1 is located in the left half of
S-plane.Hence this system is causal and stable.

69.What is the impulse response of the system y(t)=x(t-t0)?.

Taking Laplace of the given equation,
Y(S)=e –sto X(S)
H(S)=Y(S)/X(S) = e –sto.Taking inverse Laplace transform of above equation h(t)=δ (t-
t0).

70.Distinguish between linear and circular convolution of two sequences.

No Linear convolution
1 If x(n) is a sequence of L No. Of
samples and h(n) with M number of
samples, after convolution y(n) will
contain N=L+M-1 samples.
2 Linear convolution can be used to
find the response of a linear filter.
3 Zero padding is not necessary to find
the response of a linear filter.
]
Circular Convolution
If x (n) is a sequence of L Number of samples and
h(n) with M samples, after convolution y(N) will
contain N=Max(L,M)samples.
Circular convolution cannot be used to find
response of a filter.
Zero padding is necessary to find the response of a
filter.

71.Distinguish between DFT and DTFT.

No DFT DTFT
1 Obtain by performing sampling Sampling is performed only in time domain
operation in both the time and
frequency domains
2 Discrete frequency spectrum. Continuous function of (!)
72.Define the z-transform.
The z-transform of a discrete-time signal x(n) is defined as
∞
X(z)= Σ x(n)z-n
N=-∞
ω
Where z is a complex variable. In polar form z can be expressed as z=rej ,where r
is the radius of the circle.

73. What is meant by Region of convergence.

The region of convergence (ROC) of x(z) is the set of all values of z for which
x(z) attains finite value.

74.ROC of a causal signal is the -------- of a circle of some radius r.

exterior..ROC of an anticausal signal is the interior of a circle of same radius r.
True/False
True

75.Explain the linearity property of the Z-transform.

If Z{x1 (n)}=X1(z) and
Z{x2(n)}=X2(Z) then
Z(a1 x1(n)+a2 x2(n)}=a1 X1(z) +a2 X2(z)

76.Explain the time shifting property of the z-transform.

If z{x(n)}=X(Z).then
Z{x(n-k)}=Z-kX(Z)
77.Explain the scaling property of the z-transform.
If z{x(n)}=X(z) ROC:r1</z/<r2, then z{an x(N)]=x(a-1 z) ROC:/a/r1</z/</a/r2

78.Explain the time reversal property of the z-transform.

If Z{x(n)}=X(Z) ROC:r1</Z/<r2
Then
Z{x(-n)}=X(Z-1) ROC:1/r2</z/<1/r1

79.Explain the convolution of the z-transform.

It Z{x1(n)}=X1(Z) and
Z{x2(n)}=X2(Z), then
Z{x1(n) *x2(n)}=X1(Z) X2(Z)

80.Wxplain the multiplication property of the z-transform.

Ifz{x1(n)}=X1(z) and
Z(x2(n)}=x2(z)
Then
Z{(x1(n)x2(n)}=1/2π j X1(v)X2(Z/V)V-1 dV

81.State the initial value theorem and the final theorem.

Initial value theorem :If x(n) is causal,then
x(0)=lim X(Z)
Z ∞
Final value theorem:If x(n) is causal,
x(∝)=lim (Z-1)X(Z)
Z ∞

82.What are the properties of Region convergence.

1.The ROC is a ring or disk in the z-plane centered at the origin .
2.The ROC cannot contain any poles.
 3.The ROC of an LTI stable system contains the unit circle.
4.The ROC must be a connected region.

83.What are the different method of evaluating inverse z-transform.

1.Long division method
2.Partial fraction expansion method
3.Residue Method
4.Convolution method.
84. What are the different types of structure for realization of IIR system.
The different types of structure for realization of IIR system are
(i) Direct-form I structure, (ii) Direct-form II structure (iii) Transposed direct-form
II structure,(iv) Cascade form structure,(V) parallel form structure (vi) Lattice
Structure.

85.Define system function.

Let x(n) and y(n) arre the input and output sequences of an LTI system with
impulse h(n).Then the system function of the LTI system is defined as the ratio of Y(Z)
and X(Z).
H(Z)=Y(Z)/X(Z)
Y(Z) = Z-transform of the output signal y(n)
X(Z) = Z-transform of the input signal x(n)

86. Define Fourier transform of a sequence.

The Fourier transform of a sequence x(n) is defined as
∝
X(e jw)= ∑ x(n) e -jwn
n= - ∝

87.What is the sufficient condition for the existence of DTFT?

 The sufficient condition for the existence of DTFT for a sequence x(n) is
∝
∑ x(n) ∠ ∝

n= - ∝
88.What are the properties of Fourier spectrum of a discrete-time aperiodic sequence?
The Fourier spectrum of a discrete-time aperiodic sequence is continuous and
periodic with period 2π .

89.Define frequency response of a discrete time system.

The frequency response of a discrete time system is equal to the Fourier transform
of the impulse response h(n).
H(e jw )=DTFT (h(n) )

90.What are the properties of frequency response H(e jw ) of an LTI system?

1. H(e jw ) is acontinuous function of w.

2. The frequency response is periodic with period 2π .
3. The magnitude responseof H(e jw ) is even function of w.

4. The phase response of H(e jw ) is odd function of w.

91.Distinguish between Fourier series and Fourier transform.

Fourier series Fourier Transform
1.. .Gives the harmonic content of a periodic time Gives the frequency
function information for an aperiodic
signal.
2. Discrete frequency spectrum Continuous frequency
spectrum
92.Define the state of the system.
The discrete time systems can be described with the help of state variables.The
state of the system is the minimal set of signals that represent system’s entire memory of
the past.
93.Write the relationship between DTFT and Z –transform.
∝
Z(x(n))= X(Z)=∑ x(n) Z -n
n= - ∝

∝
DTFT (x(n))=X(e jw)= ∑ x(n) e -jwn
n= - ∝

X(e jw)=X(Z)/Z e jw

94.List any four properties of DFT. Or List out the properties of DFT .
i)Periodicity
If x(k) is N-point of a finite duration sequence x(n), then
X(n+N)=x(n) for all n
X(k+N)=X(k)for all k.
ii)Linearity
If
X1(k) =DFT [x1(n)]and
X2(k)=DFT[x2(n),
Then
DFT[a1 x1(n) + a2 x2(n)]=a1X1(k)+a2X2(k)
iii)Circular time shifting of a sequence
If DFT[x(n))]=X(k),
Then
π kl/n
DFT [x(9n-l))n]=X(k)e-j2
95.Why FFT is needed? N-1
The direct evolution of DFT using formula X(k)= Σ x(n)e-
j2π nk/N
N=0
Requires N2complex multiplications and N(N-1) complex additions. Thus for reasonably
large values of N direct evaluation of the DFT requires an inordinate amount of
computation. By using FFT algorithms the number of computations canbe reduced.

96.What is FFT?
The fast Fourier transform (FFT)is an algorithm used to compute the DFT.It makes use of
the symmetry and periodicity properties of twiddle factor WkN to efficiency reduce the
DFT computation time IT is based on the fundamental principle of decomposing the
computations of DFT of a sequence of length N into successively smaller discrete
Fourier transforms.
97.How many Multiplications and additions are required to compute N-point DFT using
radix-2 FFT?
The number of Multiplications
and additions required to compute N-point DFT using radix-2 FFT are N log2 N and N/2
log2 n respectively.
98.What is meant by radix-2 FFT?
The FFT algorithm is most efficient in calculating N-point DFT.If the number of
output points N can be expressed as a power of 2, that is N=2M, where M is an integer,
then this algorithm is known as radix-2 FFT algorithm.
99.What is a decimation –in –time algorithm?
Decimation –in –time algorithm is used to calculate the DFT
The fast Fourier transform (FFT)is an algorithm used to compute the DFT.It makes use of
the symmetry and periodicity properties of twiddle factor WkN to efficiency reduce the
DFT computation time IT is based on the fundamental principle of decomposing the
computations of DFT of a sequence of length N into successively smaller discrete
Fourier transforms.
100.How many Multiplications and additions are required to compute N-point DFT using
radix-2 FFT?
The number of Multiplications
and additions required to compute N-point DFT using radix-2 FFT are N log2 N and N/2
log2 n respectively.

The FFT algorithm is most efficient in calculating N-point DFT.If the number of
output points N can be expressed as a power of 2, that is N=2M, where M is an integer,
then this algorithm is known as radix-2 FFT algorithm.