Contents and goal of the course

9 Introduction
Signaling Protocols - 5 ECTS 9 Signaling in PSTN and ISDN
9 Signaling in GSM
9 Signaling over IP in wireline
Signaling will be analyzed
networks on a functional level. Focus
9 Signaling in 3G networks (Rel 5…) is on understanding
Lecturer: professor Raimo Kantola advantages and drawbacks
9 Inter-working of signaling
raimo.kantola@tkk.fi, SE 323 Wed 10-12 systems of widespread solutions

Assistants: (xx@netlab.hut.fi)
Goal of the course: To understand signaling systems used
Visa Holopainen (visa.holopainen@netlab.hut.fi)
in different networks.
Information: Æ to understand how networks interwork.
http://www.netlab.hut.fi/opetus/s383115 Æ to understand the technology trend in signaling and
call/session control
Æ to understand how switching system functionality is
Rka - Raimo Kantola
inherited into a packet network environment
© Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1-1 © Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1-2

Why is signaling needed? Networking technology studies on 38.xxx courses

Services, products 3001 TF, L-courses, 1105 …
Service models, $,£,€
9 To negotiate parameters of a session between two or
more parties for a voice or voice+video call Management, parametrization Core course
° to locate the other parties (one is the initiator) Networks and network elements
in major
° to figure out whether the other party wishes to communicate - routers 2188, 3115
-Exchanges (Class 5 and 4
° to agree technical parameters for communication switches)
9 In circuit networks to reserve, to keep track of all circuit - Call Processing Servers

resources for the call and to release the resources after Architectures and network topologies
the call Mechanisms 3115
- signaling
9 In packet networks to reserve, keep track and release - switching
logical and physical resources for the session - routing 2121, 3165, traffic theory, 2188
° Ports, holes in Firewalls, media processors, processes - technologies 3150, 3153
ATM,
° To manage Quality of Service TCP/IP, NB: signaling is necessary,
802.xx
- queueing and scheduling
even if calls are carried over
- signal processing the Internet!
© Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1-3 © Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1-4

Course (S38.3115) Requirements Laboratory Course S38.3133 helps to learn

9 These slide handouts and Lecture Notes for about 40% of the course
theory as well
° Do not make the mistake of thinking that you can pass the exam just by scanning through
these slides! These slides have been produced to accompany oral lectures. After the lecture
– these slides give you a hint of what is covered in this course. You are expected to dig the
real content on the subject from other sources, in particular RFCs, 3GPP specs …
9 It makes sense to do the signaling related Laboratory
9 RFCs, a few Internet drafts and www.3gpp.org (for 3GPP specs)
works in parallel with this course!
9 Recommended course books:
° Gonzalo Camarrillo, M.A. Garcia-Martin, the 3G IP Multimedia Subsystem;
° You get hands-on training on many aspects of signaling.
9 Recommended Reading ° This helps to form a much more realistic mental framework for all the
information presented in this course.
° Two Diploma theses on IP based signaling.
° Richard Manterfield: Telecommunication Signalling; 9 The compulsory starting lecture for S38.3133 Labworks
9 Exercises will be held on xxxday YY.01.2008 at 16.00-18.00 in
° Mandatory: Mind mapping 2 first lectures + 50% of the rest. lecture hall Sz.
° SIP and ENUM exercise sessions
9 Grading
° SIP and Enum Exercises max + 2 points.
° Mandatory: Mind mapping + at least 1p on SIP or Enum ex.
° Examination max 30 points

© Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1-5 © Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1-6

Page 1
 Telecommunication networks - Introduction Communication networks can be divided into
9 Switched Telephone Networks (PSTN, ISDN, GSM …)
9 Types of telecom networks ° CSN (Circuit Switched Networks)
9 Equipment types in telecom networks 9 Computer (data) networks (x.25, Ethernet, GE, Internet,
9 Hierarchy in telecom networks MPLS etc)
9 Switching Systems 9 Specialized or Professional Networks (PMR, Tetra …)
9 3G network ° PMR - professional mobile radio

9 Technology trend from CSN to IP networks 9 This course concentrates on telephony in circuit and packet
networks.
Signaling is processed by Exchanges in circuit networks and
by Signaling Servers in packet networks.
Exchanges or Switching Systems are used in
Public Switched Telephone Networks,
Integrated Services Digital Networks,
Cellular Networks and
Specialized Networks
© Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1-7 © Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1-8

Telephone Networks growth takes place in ARPU – Average Revenue Per Subscriber
9 Telephone networks can be divided into:
Cellular 9 Operators talk about ARPU = Operator revenue per its
° Fixed Networks (wireline and wireless networks) number of subscribers.
° Mobile networks (cellular networks) ° Is earned mainly from subscribers and possibly other operators
° Public vs private (owned and operated by a corporation)
9 Growth of subscriber base takes place in cellular networks. In Fixed
9 In developed countries ARPU for cellular telephony
networks we see very little new deployment while total nrof wireline service varies 30€….80€
telephone subscriptions is declining. 9 In developing countries ARPU may be 5…10€ in cellular
Cost of deployment/subscriber Wireline networks

time This course describes the production machinery that is used to earn this ARPU.
Radio networks

Rural areas
City area

Subscriber Distance from exchange

Also: people seem to prefer to use a personal device with an intuitive user i/f !

© Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1-9 © Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 10

Penetration of mobile technologies World Mobile Subscribers

1Q-2007: Total 2.8B, GSM+3GSM 85%
3000 Latest: 150M in WCDMA = 3GSM,
total of 3.5B claimed,
HSPA is spreading. CDMA
2500 3000 varies 12…14% from 2001
GSM+3GSM peaking in 2005.
2000 2500
Analogue
2000
1500 Other digital
1500 GSM
1000 1000 3GSM
Other Digital 500 Total
500
CDMA
WCDMA 0 Total
0
Apr 00

Apr 01

Apr 02

Feb 03

Analogue
Mar 04

1Q-05

1Q-06
O 0
Ap 0
D 1

O 2
Fe 2
D 03

1Q 4
3Q 5

1Q 5

2Q 6
3Q -06
1Q 006

7
Ap 1

M 3

4Q 4

Q-2006
-0
-0

-0
-0

00
r0

0
r0

r0

0
0

GSM share grows from 57% in 2000

b
ct

ct

ar
ec

ec

-2
-2
Ap

till 81% in 2006. From that point

Source: GSM Association/Wireless Intelligence. Source: GSM Association/Wireless Intelligence. WCDMA eating this growth.
© Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 11 © Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 12

Page 2
 Computer (data) networks A typical Broadband (ADSL) home access
9 Data network used to be any overlay networks on top of PSTN resources GE
built for data traffic. Recently purpose built data networks have become 4 port Ethernet switch
widespread (ADSL + IP, or FTTx + IP ). ADSL transmission over twisted pair or
9 Data networks are built using both permanent and switched connections. ADSL DSLAM
modem
9 Protocols in modern Data Networks include Ethernet (802.1), MPLS and the ATM over SDH
Internet protocol.
WLAN Router mode or
9 Current development: Metro Ethernet, + scaling Ethernet to larger Digital Subscriber Line Access
networks Æ IP being pushed to network edge, Interconnects and hosts. 802.11b or b/g Bridged mode
Multiplexer at operator premises

LAN 9 ADSL ÆADSL + ÆADSL 2+ ÆVDSL etc

permanent/leased connection 9 In Japan Fiber to the Building (FTTB) has overtaken ADSL in new
R R BB connections per month, provides > 50Mbit/s service to end-users
WAN 9 Home wiring at least Cat5 for new broadband.
Often is taken 9 Legacy twisted pairs to homes are mostly much worse than Cat5.
from the PSTN
R
R - Router Switched Connection

© Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 13 © Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 14

Capacity requirements for Telephony Future of Fixed Telephone Network

9 Case Finland: Nrof users: 4 million. 9 In Finland Nrof wireline subscribers is declining
Nrof simultaneous users(?): 400 000 9 Nrof Broadband subscribers (ADSL + CaTV) is saturating
Each call uses 64 kbit/s. 9 Major operators have started offering VOIP to BB customers
° BT in UK has started phasing PSTN out with an all-IP next generation network
Assume all calls are carried on one link: Capacity requirement ° service is still poorly productized
is: 9 It is a matter of pricing of GSM services to make PSTN/ISDN
telephone service unattractive to users
° Corporations with a lot of buying power get GSM services on wholesale prices
400 000 * 64kbit/s two ways = 25,6 Gbit/s. much lower than individual GSM customers. Even the lower priced GSM
subscribers are likely to be profitable – why else sell at such prices?

In practise 70% of calls are local. It follows that largest needed Recent phenomen is peer-to-peer VOIP!
link capacities are < 10 Gbit/s (two ways). Scenarios for telephony:
IP network capacities: • All voice goes wireless
• Wireless + operator provided wireline VOIP + Free Communication Service
- Current FUNET backbone links are 2,5 Gbit/s and 10 Gbit/s links! Voip a’la SKYPE
- FUNET is supposed to serve only University people (300 000+) • Wireless + VOIP as a feature of BB applications

© Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 15 © Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 16

Specialized networks Equipment types in telecommunication

9 Specialized (professional) networks include: networks
° Military networks
° Emergency services networks
9 Based on type of usage, the equipment can be categorized
° Police networks
into:
° Terminal equipment or CPE - customer premises equipment
° Company / Utilities communication networks (Railways, Gas and
Electricity companies) ° Exchanges (Switching Systems, Central Office in US)
° Call Processing Servers (e.g. 3G IP Multimedia SubSystem servers)
9 Widely varied technologies are used, some networks are
° Network Service Nodes (Value added Services, IN Services)
overlay networks making use of PSTN/ISDN/Core
° Cross-connect Equipment
transport network resources, some are built using
° Transmission Systems
dedicated resources only.
9 In Finland digital VIRVE, based on TETRA standard. In terms of end- to-end service Cross-Connect and
9 Many types of (trunking) analogue radio networks exist transmission equipment work on OSI layers 1 and 2.
(PMR - professional mobile radio). Nevertheless, they contain (management) software
which can be on any OSI layer. In this course we just
assume that these provide the necessary bit pipes.
© Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 17 © Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 18

Page 3
 Key issues on each layer in the telecom network include Terminal Equipment
OSI 9 Terminal Equipment are owned and managed by the subscriber. They are
used to communicate with another similar device across the network or with a
• Differentiation, fast service creation and Service Node in the network.
7 Service Intelligent Network deployment, new service architectures
9 Examples of terminal equipment types:
Nodes Nodes, Voice Mail, ... • Interoperability, billing
° Phones, mobile phones, SIP phones, Office phones
° Private (Automatic) Branch Exchange (PBX or PABX)
Exchanges, Concen- • Network design and dimensioning, routing/routeing, ° Modems
3 Switching trators, PBXs, Call • interworking (signaling), charging, mobility ° Router, bridge, LAN-switch, hub
Systems • circuit and packet switching
Telemetric equipment
Processing Servers • breakdown to connectivity and session layers
°

9 Are connected to public networks using so called subscriber criteria.

PDH, SDH, WDM, xDSL,
Transmission
2 Systems
BSS/GSM, Radio links,
Cross-connects, GE …
1 • Right of way, long life cycle, more efficient use of
Circuit Copper cable, cox, fiber,
connections radio path, ...
• Coverage, large capacity (multiplexing),
• Efficient use of radio band, radio network planning
existing plant, move to FTTx
• competition in the local loop/natural monopoly
9 PABXs can form corporate networks. Use their own signaling methods such as
QSIG, DPNSS (UK), also many proprietary signaling systems…
9 A key assumption from the network point of view is whether TEs are
Intelligent or not! This has a big impact on the choice of solutions on the
switching or session layer in the network.
° A megatrend in networks is that functionality/intelligence is moving from the network to the
user terminals – a recent manifestation of this trend is peer-to-peer e.g. Skype.

In Circuit networks signaling functionality resides in Switching Systems. In

Packet networks (all IP, 3G) signaling resides on Session Layer.
© Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 19 © Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 20

Private vs Public telephone Exchanges implement switched services

9 Very wide set of services.
9 Do not need to worry so much about
charging but exists for company
internal needs.
9 Limited capacity nodes (PABXs) Æ
even centralized single computer
controlled implementations are
present.
9 Not everything is duplicated
9 Wireline subscriber line
requirements are eased (indoor use
and line lengths)
9 Governed by single vendor networks
Æ often proprietary features in
signaling systems.
9 Owned by a single corporation.
9 Is connected to a public network
with subscriber criteria.
9 Quickly moving to IP PBX/VOIP
© Rka –S-2008
networks
9 Rather wide set of services (but less
so than in private networks).
9 Most important feature is charging:
must be accurate.
9 Large max capacity of nodes.
Distributed implementations are
usual.
9 Carrier grade quality: 2 min
downtime/node/year.
9 Must identify the subscriber
accurately for charging and
emergency calls.
9 Governed by multi-vendor
interworking requirements based on
standards.
9 Inter-Operator interface – inter
admin accounting of calls (Network
to Network Interface)
9 Moving to NGN = VOIP+COIP
Signaling Protocols
9 Carriers of network intelligence.
9 Routeing of calls.
9 Responsible for service level
(grade of service)
9 Giants of processor capacity and
Subsc- Switching
riber Trunk software ~ computers with many
Matrix
Inter- Interface external connections and a lot of
face real-time parallel activity.
9 Maintain signaling connections
with subscribers, PABXs and with
Local loop other public exchanges
or radio
Control part 9 May have high initial cost. Avg.
Cost per subscriber is not high.
Software systems in the Control part: 9 Vertically integrate all levels of
- signaling and call control functionality – are made by a
single company.
- charging and statistics
- maintenance software (mgt of redun- 9 Examples: DX 200, EWSD, AXE,
5ESS …
dancy, Failovers etc.)
1 - 21 © Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 22

When calls move to IP networks Service Nodes are computers connected to

9 Connectivity and Session layers are separated the edge of the telecom network
° On connectivity layer we have transmission and packet routing
° On Session layer we have signaling and session control including 9 Intelligent Network SCP - Service Control Point
routing of sessions
° Call control and signaling server can reside anywhere in the IP network 9 Voice mail systems
in relation to the caller and callee! 9 Intelligent announcement device (intelligent peripheral
9 Call Processing Servers inherit most of the Exchange or SRP - special resource point)
functionality of Circuit networks 9 Voice response system
° Session control (former call control)
° Signaling By using Service Nodes operators aim to differentiate their
° Charging (caller authentication etc) service and thus compete not only on price.
9 Switching functionality of Exchanges is replaced by the Operators are looking for implementations that are switching
packet routing infrastructure system independent and have open software environment.
Service Nodes may also control the set-up of calls.
With static IP addresses peer-to-peer VOIP (e.g. SKYPE) is a possibility = no network
based servers are needed, every user has the same application but signaling is proprietary!

© Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 23 © Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 24

Page 4
 The purpose of Digital Cross-Connects is Transmission systems are used to optimize the
rearrangement of circuit connections use of physical circuits and to build coverage

9 Work on OSI Layer 1 in the end-to-end view. 9 Carry large bit streams across any distances.
9 Are on OSI layer 1 in end-to-end view.
9 Use cases: management of leased circuits, grooming of PCM
-connections ( from partially filled PCMs to fully filled 9 Use optical or electronic components.
PCMs). 9 E.g. PDH-systems ja SDH -systems
9 A Digital Cross-Connect has a switching matrix and a light- 9 An SDH-system needs more than one million source lines of
weight control part that implements commands issued by a software code ==> is a software product!
management system. 9 Cost of transmitting a bit/km is declining fast.
9 The network management system is responsible for 9 Trend is from synchronous to asynchronous and optical
managing end-to-end circuit connections. The network (SDH -> 10G Ethernet + Optical)
management system issues commands to the cross connects 9 Exchanges and transmission systems need to be compatible: they
to set up and tear down connections. The Cross connect need a common specification on what does a bit and a frame look
may try to recover existing connections also in case of like on a circuit connection. They need a common understanding
partial failures. on time (bit time, frame time).

© Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 25 © Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 26

In business terms Communication Services can Telecommunication network hierarchy

be broken down to Roles and Stakeholders
Subscriber
+ terminal equipment
9 ITU-T has specified a world wide
hierarchy for the telecom network.
° An end-to-end connection can have max 12 International Area
Service Provider, SP circuit connections out of which 4 can be
Palvelun tarjoaja international.
+ Service Nodes ° Addressing is hierarchical Tertiary Area
9 Exchange types
Network Provider/ NP ° local exchange (Class 5 Switch in US)
verkko-operaattori: ° originating/terminating exchange Secondary Area

+ PBXs, + transmission, cross-connects ° transit exchange

+ exchanges ° long distance exchange
Primary Area
° international exchange
• This course analyses signaling which is the language used on the 9 Traffic categories in exchanges
interfaces in the above figure. ° upstream, downstream Local Area
• We will show that the real world signaling systems do not ideally match ° incoming, outgoing, internal, terminating,
this business model. originating, transit
• This has a significant impact on business boundaries: although NP
business is considered dull and boring, NP is still the king! - I hope you
will be able to argue on these matters after this course!
© Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 27 © Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 28

Categories of traffic and exchanges Definitions

fic
*
Upstream traffic goes International Originating traffic (syntyvä liikenne) is the traffic originating from
traf
9
All these terms
up in the hierarchy. subscribers of the Local exchange under scrutiny
am Exchange relate to the
Downstream traffic goes stre 9 Terminating traffic (päättyvä liikenne) is the traffic terminating in
Up
direction of setting
down in the hierarchy. calls up. the local exchange under scrutiny
Transit 9 Internal traffic (sisäliikenne) is the traffic from subscribers of a local
raf fic Exchange
* - non-ITU-T terms exchange to other subscribers of the same exchange
a mt 9 Transit traffic (kauttakulkeva liikenne) comes in from one circuit
stre connection and is sent out on another circuit connection to another
Up Originating Terminating exchange.
Exchange originating Exchange terminating
9 Outgoing traffic (lähtevä liikenne) is the traffic an exchange sends
- Local Exchange out.
- “Class 5 switch” Down 9 Incoming traffic (tuleva liikenne) is the traffic and exchange must
stream handle.
Concentrator traffic *
SIP introduces terms: inbound and outbound traffic. 9 Upstream traffic (nouseva liikenne) goes up in the exchange
hierarchy
In Addition: outgoing traffic , incoming traffic (from the point of view of an exchange) 9 Downstream traffic (laskeva liikenne) goes down in the exchange
Internal traffic: from one subscriber connection to another in a local exchange, hierarchy
terminating traffic: traffic that is terminated to subscribers at a terminating exchange,
transit traffic = from one network connection to another.

© Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 29 © Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 30

Page 5
 Service Paradigm in a Circuit Switched Network In the Connection Oriented Model connec-
9 A permanent capacity circuit is set up on demand
tions are set up, and in the process the net-
and sold or “rented” to the customer. The network work translates global addresses to local
guarantees the quality of the circuit.
° After set-up customers can not disturb each other.
9 The customer can use the transfer capacity as best SETUP Message [ global address of B]
he/she can or as poorly as he/she can.
ANSWER/CONNECT [ local identity of connection]
9 The customer pays based on used network
resources (usage based charging, usually = time B -subscriber
based charging). E.164 address
A -subscriber End-to-end connection state
Still: have look at your regular phone bill if you have a E.164 address
regular phone: E.g. call state Link by link Id
In PSTN the transfer of control information for the purpose of - PCM+ time-slot (PSTN…)
- there are lot of flat rate monthly charges! setting up, tearing down and maintaining of calls is called - logical channel (x.25)
signalling (UK) or signaling (US). - ...
Without switching, a physical connection is needed from every user to every other user.
© Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 31 © Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 32

IP network is connectionless: Caller and Connections can be set up also using

Callee must agree on parameters. Routing network management commands
infra takes care of connectivity
9 The PSTN was widely used for providing leased
connections
SETUP Message [ global address of B, ports] 9 An alternative technology for leased connections e.g. for
LAN-interconnection is Frame Relay transferring
ANSWER/CONNECT [ ports, coders] variable length frames or packets. A frame carries a local
address. Now different types of Virtual networks (VPNs)
Callee
Proxy Proxy are used for LAN interconnection (e.g. MPLS VPNs).
Caller
(state)
Proxy (state)
URL or
URL or E.164 number 9 Also ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode can be used
E.164 address Media path for setting up semi-permanent virtual connections
Link by link Id
Big issues are end-to-end delay - connectivity layer issues, In this model, network nodes do not need to support
and Reliability (99,5% instead of - signaling does not need to worry (but may support) any form of signaling.
about these
99,999% of circuit networks!
© Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 33 © Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 34

Life cycles of Product Generations New element in Next Generation Networks

Emerging New Generation 9 Optical switches switch lightpaths, each lightpath can carry e.g. 2.5
Service Elements or 10 Gbit/s binary stream
IP
IP++Servers
Servers ° Routing of lightpaths is a network design or dimentioning matter
9 Broadband switches and routers switch or route packets on gigabit
Media
MediaGW,
GW,Application
Applicationrouters
routers speeds. The backplane may switch terabits.
Connectivity layer BB
BB switchesand
switches androuters
routers ° The key protocol is IP – Internet Protocol
“bit pipes”
Optical
OpticalSwitches
Switches 9 Application routers (session border controllers) are placed on
technology and administrative boundaries
Digital
DigitalExchange
Exchange ? ° Address and port translations on admin boundaries (NAT’s have turned IP
networks into A-subscriber networks)
SPC,
SPC,analogue
analogueswitch
switch ° Firewall filtering on admin boundaries
SPC - stored program control ° Media translations between transmission and coding formats
Crossbar ° One can view these elements as successors of switching matrices that we have on
Crossbarswitch
switch Circuit Switching Systems.
9 Servers are signaling servers and application servers. SS process
Direct
Directcontrol
control...... signaling logic, ASs provide complicated services and may use many
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 application level protocols (E.g. SIP, HTTP, etc…)

© Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 35 © Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 36

Page 6
 Road map of Networking technology in Finland Summary of course scope (1)
SIP or
Circuit switching Packet swi SIP ISUP
GSM …3G IP
ete
r

NMT-900 iam
IP D HLR/
CAS, R2 Control Part
NMT-450 of an Exchange HSS
WWW PABX Or
Call Processing MAP
Arpanet ---> Internet technology ISDN Server
Data networks CCS7 ISUP
ISDN
Digitalization of Exchanges … INAP
AN Megaco/MGCP/…
Digital transmission
Automation of long distance telephony Media Gateway SCP
circuit or Switching Fabric packets
1955 -60 -65 -70 -75 -80 -85 -90 -95 2000 Simplified!
© Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 37 © Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 38

Summary of Course scope (2): 3G Impact of IP Voice and IP Telephony

9 New signaling systems are needed but most of ISDN
signaling properties will be reused or inherited
Home Subscriber Server 9 Exchanges turn into “Call Processing Servers”.
° These will not have a switching fabric for voice signals
Diameter Diameter
° The Switching Fabric is replaced by the router network
Diameter Diameter ° In Peta- Giga- and Terabit routers a packet switching fabric is needed
MAP 9 Control plane (session layer) and the transport plane
MAP P-CSCF I-CSCF S-CSCF P-CSCF
(connectivity layer) will be clearly separated:
SIP

° Calls are first set up as logical sessions and only when it is known that
SIP the parties involved can and wish to communicate the transfer of voice
packets starts.
? Simplified! ° Voice packets and signaling typically take quite different paths.
BTS BSC
SGSN GGSN GGSN
BS RNC 9 Hybrid networks CS+PS with gateways.
° Gateway can be in the phone, intranet, Internet
NB: 3G also has a Circuit Switched subsystem that provides switched call services!

© Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 39 © Rka –S-2008 Signaling Protocols 1 - 40

Page 7