- PRESENTATION ON

CRYONICS
ON WAY TO RAISING THE DEAD?
(NANO TECHNOLOGY)

Sri sunflower college of engineering &

technology,lankapalli.
- Presented By
 Abstract Introduction:

Today technology plays a vital Today technology plays a

role in every aspect of life. Increasing vital role in every aspect of life.
standards in technology in many Increasing standards in technology in
fields , has taken man today to high many fields particularly in medicine,
esteem. But the present available has taken man today to high esteem.
technologies are unable to interact Nanotechnology is a new technology
with the atoms, such a minute that is knocking at the doors. This
particles. Hence Nanotechnology has technology uses atoms with a view to
been developing. Nanotechnology is creating a desired product. The term
nothing but a technology which uses nanotechnology has been a
atoms with a view to creating a combination of two terms,”nano”and
desired product. It has wider “technology”. The term nano is derived
applications in all the fields. The from a Greek word “nanos” which
important application is Cryonics.. means “dwarf”. Thus nanotechnology
Cryonics is nothing but an attempt of is dwarf technology. A nanometer is
raising the dead - making them alive. one billionth of a metre.
First we preserve the body then by
Our formal President
using molecular machines based
A.P.J.Abdul Kalam being a scientist
nanotechnology we could revive the
made a note about this technology
patients by repairing damaged cells.
that nanotechnology would give us an
In this technical paper we would like
opportunity, if we take appropriate and
to discuss cryonics, how the process
timely action to become one of the
of cryonics goes on and why
important technological nations in the
nanotechnology is being used and
world.
description of molecular machines
which has the capability of repairing
The main application of
damaged cells. Therefore Cryonics is an
nanotechnology is cryonics. Cryonics
area in which most of the work is to be
is nothing but an attempt of raising
done in future.
the dead. Cryonics is not a
widespread medical practice and Cryonics:
viewed with skepticism by most
scientists and doctors today. The word "cryonics" is the
practice of freezing a dead body in hopes
History: of someday reviving it. A Cryonics is
the practice of cooling people
The first mention of
immediately after death to the point
nanotechnology occurred in a talk
where molecular physical decay
given by Richard Feynman in 1959,
completely stops, in the expectation that
entitled There’s plenty of Room at
scientific and medical procedures
the Bottom. Historically cryonics
currently being developed will be able to
began in 1962 with the publication of
revive them and restore them to good
“The prospect of immortality” referred
health later. A patient held in such a
by Robert Ettinger, a founder and the
state is said to be in 'cryonic suspension.
first president of the cryonics
Cryonics is the practice of
institute. During 1980’s the extent of
cryopreserving humans and pets (who
the damage from freezing process
have recently become legally dead) until
became much clearer and better
the cryopreservation damage can be
known, when the emphasis of the
reversed and the cause of the fatal
movement began to shift to the
disease can be cured (including the
capabilities of nanotechnology. Alcor
disease known as aging). However, there
Life Extension Foundation currently
is a high representation of scientists
preserves about 70 human bodies and
among cryonicists. Support for cryonics
heads in Scottsdale, Arizona and the
is based on controversial projections of
cryonics institute has about the same
future technologies and of their ability to
number of cryonic patients in its
enable molecular-level repair of tissues
Clinton Township, Michigan facility.
and organs.
There are no cryonics service
provided outside of the U.S.A. also Cryonics patient prepares for
there are support groups in Europe, the future:
Canada, Australia & U.K.
How an Alcor patient's body is frozen body begun. (If body needs to be flown,
and stored until medical technology can blood is replaced with organ preservatives.)

repair the body and revive the patient, or

grow a new body for the patient.

Patient declared legally dead

On way to Alcor in Arizona, blood

circulation is maintained and patient is
injected with medicine to minimise
problems with frozen tissue. Cooling of

Freezing the body

The patient is placed in cold

silicone oil, chilling the body to -79°C.
Then it's moved to an aluminium pod
and slowly cooled over 5 days in liquid
nitrogen to -196°C (minus 320°
Fahrenheit), then stored.

At Alcor the body is cooled to

5 degrees

Chest opened, blood is replaced with a

solution (glycerol, water, other
chemicals) that enters the tissues,
pushing out water to reduce ice
formation. In 2 to 4 hours, 60% or more
of body water is replaced by glycerol
Actual process starts: Stainless-steel vats formed into a
large thermos-bottle-like container. Vat
After preserving the body for somedays,
for up to four bodies weighs about a ton;
they will start the surgery.As a part of it,
stands 9 feet tall.
they will apply some chemicals like
glycerol and some advanced chemicals
Transtime: "recommends" that people
to activate the cells of the body. By
provide a minimum of $150,000 for
doing so, 0.2% of the cells in the body
whole-body suspension. Part of this sum
will be activated.After that they will
pays for the initial costs of the
preserve the body for future applications.
suspension. The balance is placed in a
The cryonists strongly believe that future
trust fund, with the income used to pay
medicines in 21st century will be useful
the continued cost of maintaining you in
to rapidly increase those cells that will
suspension. Transtime can do
help to retrieve the dead person back.
neurosuspensions but does not promote
the option. Transtime also charges a
yearly fee of $96 for membership, with
the price halved to $48 for other family
members.

The Cryonics Institute in Clinton

Township, Michigan, charges $28,000
for a full-body suspension, along with a
one-time payment of $1,250. The
Cryonics Institute does not do
neurosuspension.

About 90 people in the United Stated are

already in suspension, with hundreds
Storage vessel
more signed on for the service. Probably
the most famous cryopreserved patient is
Ted WilliamsA cryopreserved person is
sometimes whimsically called a
corpsicle (a portmanteau of "corpse" and
"popsicle"). This term was first used by
science fiction author Larry Niven, who
credits its formulation to Obstacles to
success.
Revival process:
Critics have often quipped
that it is easier to revive a corpse than a
cryonically frozen body. Many
cryonicists might actually agree with
this, provided that the "corpse" were
fresh, but they would argue that such a
"corpse" may actually be biologically
alive, under optimal conditions. A
declaration of legal death does not mean
that life has suddenly ended—death is a
gradual process, not a sudden event.
Rather, legal death is a declaration by
medical personnel that there is nothing
more they can do to save the patient. But
if the body is clearly biologically dead,
having been sitting at room temperature
for a period of time, or having been
traditionally embalmed, then cryonicists
would hold that such a body is far less
revivable than a cryonically preserved
patient, because any process of
resuscitation will depend on the quality
of the structural and molecular
preservation of the brain.
Financial Issues:
Cryopreservation arrangements
can be expensive, currently ranging from
$28,000 at the Cryonics Institute to
$150,000 at Alcor and the American
Cryonics Society.
The biggest drawback to current
vitrification practice is a costs issue.
Because the most cost-effective means
of storing a cryopreserved person is in
liquid nitrogen, fracturing of the brain
occurs, a result of thermal stresses that
develop when cooling from −130°C to
−196°C (the temperature of liquid
nitrogen). actually quite affordable for
the vast majority of those in the
industrialized world who really make
arrangements while still young.
Court Rules against Keeping:
The Conseil d'Etat ruled
cryonics - stopping physical decay after
death in the hope of future revival - is
illegal.
The court said relatives have two
choices over what to do with dead
bodies - burial or cremation. It said
relatives can scatter ashes after
cremation, but they have to bury bodies molecule is 2.5nm wide. Cryonics
in a cemetery or in a tomb on private basically deals with cells, these cells
property after gaining special are in the order of nanometers. At
permissionant it, especially if they make present there is no other technology
arrangements while still young. which deals with such minute cells.
Only nanotechnology can have the
Why only nanotechnology is ability to deal with cells. Normally
used in cryonics ? fatal accidents could be walked away
from, thanks to range of safety
Biological molecules and
devices possible only with
systems have a number of attributes
nanotechnology.
that make them highly suitable for
nanotechnology applications. Remote Viruses, prions, parasites and
control of DNA has proved that bacteria continue to mutate and
electronics can interact with biology. produce new diseases. Our natural
Gap between electronics and biology immune system may, or may not,
is now closing. handle. In theory, a nano ‘cell
sentinel’ could make our body
The key to cryonics' eventual
immune to any present or future
success is nanotechnology, manipulating
infectious disease.
materials on an atomic or molecular
scale, according to most techies who are Fracturing is a special concern
interested in cryonic suspension. for new vitrification protocol brought
"Current medical science does not have online by Alcor for neuro patients. If
the tools to fix damage that occurs at the advanced nanotechnology is available
cellular and molecular level, and damage for patient recovery, then fracturing
to these systems is the cause of vast probably causes little information
majority of fatal illnesses.” loss. Fracturing commits cryopatient to
Nanotechnology is the ultimate the need for molecular repair at
miniaturization can achieve. A cryogenic temperature a highly
nanometer is equivalent to the width specialized and advanced form of
of six bonded carbon items. A DNA nanotechnology. Whereas unfractured
patients may be able to benefit reactions, where the actual
sooner from simple forms of chemical reactions involve a
nanotechnology developed for more relatively small number of
main stream medical applications. atoms.
Damaged caused by freezing &
Drexler’s assembler can be
fracturing is thought to be potentially
built with these constraints.
repairable in future using
nanotechnology which will enable
Assembler made using current
manipulation of matter at the
methods :
molecular level.
The fundamental purpose of an
How nanotechnology is used in assembler is to position atoms.
cryonics? Robotic arms are other positioning
devices are basically mechanical
MOLECULAR MACHINES
in nature, and will allow us to
could revive patients by repairing
position molecular parts during the
damaged cells but for making those
assembly process. Molecular
cell repair machines, we first need to
mechanics provides us with an
build a molecular assembler.
excellent tool for modeling the
behaviour of such devices. The
It is quite possible to
second requirement is the ability
adequately model the behaviour of
to make and break bonds at
molecular machines that satisfy two
specific sites. While molecular
constraints.
mechanics provides an excellent
• They are built from parts that tool for telling us where the tip of
are so stable that small errors the assembler arm is located,
in the empirical force fields current force fields are not
don’t affect the shape or adequate to model the specific
stability of the parts. chemical reactions that must then
• The synthesis of parts is done take place at the tip/work piece
by using positionally controlled interface involved in building an
atomically precise part. For this The software required to
higher order ab initio calculations are design and model complex molecular
sufficient machine is either already available or
can be readily develop over the next
The methods of computational
few years. The molecular compiler
chemistry available today allow us to
and other molecular CAD tools
model a wide range of molecular
needed for this work can be
machine’s with an accuracy
implemented using generally
sufficiently in many cases to
understood techniques and methods
determine how well they will work.
from computer science. Using this
approach it will be possible to
Computational nano
substantially reduce the development
technology includes not only the
time for complex molecular
tools and techniques required to
machines, including Drexler’s
model the proposed molecular
assemblers.
machines it must also includes the
tools required to specify such
FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS:
machine. Molecular machine
proposal that would require million 1.with the knowledge of cryonics
or even billions of atoms have been cryonists are preserving the brains of
made. The total atom count of an humans.we know that each person
assembler might be roughly a billion alive today was once a single
atoms. while commercially available cell,and a complete human being can
molecular modeling packages be grown in the natural state. Thus
provide facilities to specify arbitary they believe that genetic
structures it is usually necessary to programming of a single cell on the
point and click for each atom surface of that brain begins a process
involved. This is obviously of growth and development that
unattractive for a device as complex perhaps appends to the brain a
as an assembler with its roughly one complete young adult body.
billion atoms.
Conclusion:
1. With the implementation of
Cryonics we can get back the
life.
2. But Cryonics is a area in which
most of the work is to be done in
[5]. "Frequently Asked Questions."
Alcor Life Extension Foundation. 12
November 2002
http://www.alcor.org/FAQs/index.ht
m
[6]. Olsen, C.B. "A Possible Cure for

future and till now mainly the Death." Medical Hypotheses 26

concept of this area has been (1988): 77-84.

proposed.
3. So the Scientists are not making
long promises for the future of
this Cryonics

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Collegiate Dictionary. 10th ed. 2001.

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What Happens To Dead Bodies? 2nd
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