ARCHITECTURE FOR ISLAMIC SOCIETIES TODAY

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.AR,CHITECTU·REFO'R ISLAMIC, SOClETIES'T'ODIAY

ARCHIT'ECTUR

FOIR IS AMI'C ,SOCIE,TIEIS! T'OIDAY

EDITED BY JAMES STEELE

:H

ACADEMY EDmTIONS • :~ THE AGA KHAN AWARD fOR A.RCl-UTt:CTURf

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111.t':Mission. and its Peoplie . OlEG GRABAR

Each day , over a period ef three days, an unusual ('\OJjjS~en~qtion of people emerged out of the planes ar.ti.vi.['I£t Iht: a
new, cavemcus, iilll~[nat~arm~ ..irpQrt .~nC'I.iro. Theycame

reomauiils offilrl eleg,1ml nin.e[~1'li~h·cernil,;],ryp~]r~cebuilt in cooneerien Vi,,'Lth opening of the Suez Cana~ llnd the firsl (he
peifform'loce of Vea.'di:'s A fdcl. The new a:n:iV.IISwtll'e met

from Indonesia,

B<,in~,*de;sll! SlLi L>.nka. P",ki8t.m, India, Iran,

rhere by .1 SiTi1~bt~.y varied ,tmlY of Egyptian arcnlteets,

p.l'uff!~'I,l"I5"critiQi

U2ibeki$~~trl. Kl.l:mi[,B~.hiPiuin,s..ll,ldi I:f1i'Jio:.,Turk~y, A

[n<q,"l1LmLsi,l,Mo[Q<.."OO, l'~tnZ<lnia, FL1Ino~, G~nnaoy,

.~nd helpers

o.r ..U sorts. There

fo]lowed ,I

Denmark, Great Brirnin, A!Jl;StrL.."1, SWil~~fklnd, haly..RJ,!t'.sl'il and the Unin;:d States. There were h~s[o3'ians of the am, of the professor! ..~as wen
celebrated il.WI:ilUlions
~ISlhe C"ur,{toj'iR~

series ·off learned and soci..I e'l."erlts,wnooe highpoint was the pre.sen~'i:tiQn off the fO~;Il;thA{la Kilo:. n A \V01.rds: .rnr .A,;_~hi· l~CHlr(;"in the $~acukur s~trullgof Cr~iro'sCii~.~de~, ..l)ly s~ii~
smr.n:('lTI~I1J]I) for th~oc(~usuO:l'l. Nirul of these poopl.~ knew each .Many had
filet before On'lJ~f

van.ely. from
••nd museumsas

or higher leafl:lting

bd'O~n:!'l~ting il'!

well as [f()rn more

l'l~8l

instltutions with rela~il,fdy <~lso<lmnmlPolog~ts,! seclolc11L~!It!. n~~k""ill"rid .

Cauro, or, a~the very least, [hey' had heard of ~~lcb m'h;er. and most

S~'11an,el' prewge,11'le1\ii:Weil'e

wm, GQ(I willing, meet

t~.1;ey ellll)<lrked

gistsand

&::lmJ!,-m:> lnother discipl~n.e,. uf the .

<I£jlin. 'But fc!,v of them 11!<ld l:rn;a:gined,. when

social sci~nc-es;fro!1l Europe, Non;h A;nl);eriC'o1.and Western Asia.. 1!l'l;~rn ~reBrfbshcrltiCS living in sol,llDi'l;em
fr.i[i),C¢.

on individt! ..~pmfe..'i&ocmal careess iI.1J so luany differen[ bods, d'li<!( they wO"ldd evelll~mdly belon,g toa lo~ally unk]ue gm~lp,
<l!

German ones from. rbe Un~[ed Sta~~.s,Egyp[ian

A ...bia, an<imal'lY from the lndian subcnntinent, were newsrmper and~ga.zine

ones from
There

*m: o§ dubw]~~ho~u( u ni:llJrn(!;.5but

wilh a logo,

reporters f"omeverywh.ea~ ~.me.rior

witl'loui~ J1.111es Qfrnernb~rs,hip., praertee, Or bel')l<"wiour I:mt wdth a indss~.onanda 'Qnlmil~nt If i~ had to have iii. name,
the dnb"'f()I,I~d probdb~yb~C"JU('ld,q!.ltil'e ~w.ky,.. trdly, th~ .
.1\.·11IS1l1113 1:Jj""e

and mieisters and high level oo[nint:strdtor:s fmm. France,

Tal.lz<~nia, M.orocro ;Iad Uzbekistan. TI.le.rew;asarl

'Netwmk concerned with theAg;l Khan Award f"(lr Arcb:~~:ecture the bmdloiwhere in .Bu~:t si1cmld not. have a i :rnetIJIDershi:p cards,
ruJil.lle,

decoraror from B'lhram and an [ro:tqi lll.edi:: .. I doot"O.r[rom New Ynr!.:. There-were QffllCi,ltsfrorn !]1<i0Y public and pl'1iv;n:C~liJ[ema(if.)n::fL1 org1]nis:U:it)os, Therewere q~t;li~e few 11
mere students

and work'.

just asi~ can never have

nr art, iI.rc.l'iiwclure
an. over

and. the soeial sc1eno~.~·

and there were rep[esen~lJtivC's (Jomrnunities from

of mosr of (he ffiiilinr ]smaiH

.ility every three ye-<ll'S, when the Awm"ds OJ re given, and even if smaller £J:OUPS from the
For" even lJ it 1s a tangible
l'e'•

the world. And there wasabevy and visual experts who

club meet g.;;casiomdly, it is less a club dun

.11

seff-gener-

of the neces~mry recorders of such events: ll""dl1S.lamrs,

phorographers, secretaries.audio can t a pe and transmit what is be~ll:S sitkl and show i:m"lges

"llW network.

[t 'Hn ... o;em~~of 11vi'\ii;on

fi:mnullt~1 by the I\g;'

Khan because of hi"

coaeern about the qli~tli:ty of rhe

eruvumnm~1'li~in MUilHm hands dmung [h~e-olrJ~lse~:nJU'es. It

on ~.dozen screens m the same time. Acroun~:aI.1Jtsi1nd

fin,anci;d ("''O[lrl;'flileno were there" re"tl.dy ~o "del up bills
~X.peIiS~S

grew, then, eut of its O'Wn 1l.n~vu~ues, limes for m bure'lIJlCr'JttC reasons, ~l other times because of rhe quesi'> tI1t<lt its tiong~lwdSmnsing:. The main reason for It'>HdliievenlCI1l, however it is to be judged ]:I'om the outside,
mti&'l.ion .is 1I.IJJiq~le, 1bu~:,even more 00, because the ra nge

and tocheek them

:as"

and i~$t bt;td,re",,"'-. There '\\It:J$ an

ro explain to those
10. happen.

assortment of public relartons innnend~m.(leand thelechlldeee,

S~Ci~lH~~l.~,ready

\:l/tmtwas he~ng said or whatwas about people carne with itheir spouses.and

rhose who were no .. Many of these some even brought

and qu.aHt't¢;S of i~s.-uGhd:[ies andespedal Iy of ili.epeople

who have de:vmed thernselve s
U)

i:t~'OO(i!1[ui !'Ig, operatlon in ~his Cf;lrlU.tI)'_ I sh~ln

Most were lie.~ati.velyyom1£: fo.r suchiorema-

are of an. order hu~:h~rt() unknown.

r~otmlw)Jtil"J:en:ll,g$, '.IS indivi.du.d!:1 under flt1ty de-clr.ty predominared, \'(i':Qmen, while not in tile nYoljorilly. were also SU rprisi~'gly prominent .unthe crowds w<"!]ting pati~mly the fur
appropriate cheeks of passports and visas a~Cairo airport the 'ii'ljsi~ors[0 [heur hotel, a S'lrlki:ng" ro~~
crmmrnpom'1' Buses brought

first lum to [he cI':mt':!I('Jter f the mission and then of [he o people commitrred There are
10

it de'l:lne that m~s..,~on. neis m O

1"1111'0 W1lIiys W

renan lathe speeches ~nd other public statements which acco.mp<ll:'.Jed the first A'JIi'RIXIs.in 19S0 and 10 rhe mllny papers whichcan be fotlndin the proceedings of the

~nd almgeli1er effident

~Xlehiw arou nd rhe

semin;.lfS 5pCInli.on;!d

hy the A;W!t

Khruo

Aw.ard.

in

~hC;;"earlier

or]gh:~'l~ pmh]~~n~ and which i:r1id~~ tl1~

Ag-iU

K_:_hOlJl W

becks d~drc,ItW m C¥d~of Awa~ls, or h'l the in~~~'Vi~V's

f;,l,1'i.Th Higi1f1~SSK~ll.·im. ga Khan I:ml:d~sh(\cl, over lim past His A

de-sign ~h~ Awal'ds d~;lI~lle,l~ oom,~ are fljnl sin1pile ~VeOJ:S his whuchcrm 'be erlIstlclanC)lrepb.c.ed b¥ new and bette, ones.

sixreenyears

OJ'so.

From. an. these diocUlllent,> the sense of a mission does indeed emerge: to lnoorpor .•~teand understend the as-

'n'l!~have

deeper im.p~,~ca~ioTh.~ whose fun und~ffi'[anding

m-,;y welllead to aless rnechanistle and more furudamenml, ult~:m~le:]ymare j_mo~gim.h'Ve,defi:niti.on of $I mission. for" 10
consider dliJ.n~e as a new revetment on the same bodly is
te miss the depth of a problem and of an <l[~menlwhose
S01;IIrt;O!S

rounding wealth of fou neen hundred ),'e,u.'sof an tslamic "'Li(;hi!it;:(.·lll;~re buill. nlOt"1~yt}y MII;!,~i imi', for thdr MUfilim h!'(lthC;;"fSand :;iSlC;;"r:-; and fl)]' do! lh05C;;" whQ ~lved in lands !;J,;IIc:J hy .M~!r4it~lS;oescape fmm the c;;u!1$~Ii.J.l!ing t blandness of ~x~~I~nai, 1nd mos{lly ~'>T~m,imro:rt..~; to ICJ(lk wi_~~'lJ ~

lie in the hi:;ll:Jry of t~;lie .Mu~~im.\vor]d.

111e enoanouswcrld of Mu~jini~ in M~'I, ur'ope OJ n.d E Africa<lndi now, hy th~ oo!1Jtempo.rozyextension (}f{l'liese threeold 'CQminent~un.~h~ Am~ri(;".!Ls ~]ndin A~I~lrJiill s a

care,

.im:en.igeflre

and affa'f[~on

11[

die tradltlonal

S[IiJ,UlIre;

of the envtronments

Iii whk'h Muslims hve now and have

StIL1IC:l1l1.'es

wen, wascteated
e~I:llosj.ons,

by .four lnajnr hl$torica~ and cul[lJro~

livedin the past; to find ways wadap:t these

men and women
15e'oilIdy

to

duiJel'em from each othe'r~n character and by

U

the oOl.ltempoJ.<lryworld,whi ~eform~ng new genersrions of

ro meet: 0:1:1 th.e1r own d1e chal-

(he erbnic :1 nd OLlIHlrnl ~lneglances offthose ~:nvOhredin each one of~he.m. These were the Arab expansion, fl.lJthin the severah new
,.1 ndeigJ.lIth {;"erli~urt'e::owking over m •• ny bndswidl <I rich past whichwere .~imoM, lw'lfs related to a cbs.sk:al <lIli~]quity: prinlarily TUKo·M()!ngol explosion in a ~hetwelfth and :[l1.i~te~mhcC;;"n{u rieswhlc .. e:l'lla.rg~dlhe h

lenges or llle present and, by exrension, lO ~es:p(}nd

ltJ

,df the future <lind rhe ~LC;;'..,thetic!, if not ~he ~C;;"f;hnuhJg~C".d, P!1~S·
"'\'O~$ .. no.

enee of rhe \Vest

locby these
asthe
~~~O[[OTh~.

rhe ~ho:ught.'> U1ey imply aswell

are no .Innge-r <IS o.!ig~nil.1

which led tothem

earl:i!~,e~pansion ~nfoB;i,rop~. the northern p:l<1!i:!'ls, and

as~h>@)'W€'1\e fine.enor
effon::.~ and ~lctivilljes

sixteen Y,€.lr.s ago. P::,llldly through tih~

of the Ag:;l Khan .Award, notions of

a['(:~hlte<:1t.ural :ldenrri~y.ofreliance on I~ltive rathertaun ii!1.lpomedpL<lL'IIk't:s smd tal.e[lJts, of an k~Dlogi(_'t!n.y significolnt rathet In••ll 11l1erely <lI1lttq~:J'.l'h. i npast, of technologies <lpp:[Upr~,~le UJ each ~3sk,.o:f new pm'tnernhips between decistou !I'I,lking <Iod el(J:!c"''il;[~:~(In, pride in the .~c<umpLish· m~nJtsofd'l!~ pasr of the kinds on whid, Ollie' bu~,k~,af
(}f

India: in. Tnefifk'(ml'h dvaugh to[!l@ ~\I'ent~ElI[h CenJll,U.y, a gene:ml.iy slower btl] very e.f:i'ecHve. ultum~, mi~.ibilry and c I,nnssiomlry expansion 11.'lIvolvnng Amb.s, Berbers, 'Iurks of
rnany differe'LlIl strUpL"S, lranises and Mongols

prim.ldiy .into

l-\f'rkil, So:u~:he<lM Asi<l <l1.'1d Far Mst, and fi:rmUy the the If'dnsfeJ", in u)toor, more .frequently,. in segl'l1.e'!lI[s, of <lI::I}I' one existing Musl~msroup to almost (;:\'e1)'(J~n~.r art of the p
globe ln [h~ second h;,llf of ~he~:'liv~miern ~llwn,r. ']i],'lere:Q

~ocan.'Yifilsp~reJ .. tber thsn impo .. ed educsnonal ohj.4licri\~es a

in puof~.,ss:vornt~. s-chools, have become standard statemems

in 1.)()litliGlil'lnd edllC"J:~IO[lR~ diSCOUrses everywhere,

fore,l.o.~, Angel!es Of Am<;mrdaffi eve:ry possible ethnic group and

reeemoee, n
'>'VaS

harbour

sampling of

sec~uri!ln fac[non

of Jslam.

The last of these expansions ~s,fo:rthe mosr pan, a very gen:erated bypoli~[c!ll and oconomic
j,m~lci

Resu~Jtsmay not have ~,hVl.1.Ys coincided

..,.,r~th xpectae

tiom, but it: takes time' fa. habss tochauge. Yet, ln theory OII::Ld often in practice, considerable progress has been 'Id'lieved .in ,establis':l1ill1lg local or regional norms fur archileCUII:f:!, in devdlJpins (.. iumk<l~. ~mnldng ,1,( ne'oiriy,every level ofpl~n['lirng fund oonb';ll\ii.'~ion,n n'lil1ing Y01"lllg professieni als to have ~~ g.e~l!l>er $e·.nsj[]viry'to [heir
PilSI [han [h~

troubles In certain parts of the Muslim world ~ndnlis

on cu]mrnl. rnsnersis

GufficrlIt to eSl':;liJilsh :til this time. h.ns

had

prt.~~mls~y.and tn p~afming or de.,signnng su(_".(_~~flJ1 ~worns

Clf ardhitecture, or etWloonme.m,.LI.proJects In a,1Iforty-!fnur of

the world's oourmi.e.s with pl'cdornimmrriy M:uslil.n InhabJrr:•.• kla 'Vel)l"p1<~c.'ti.C'<il.1 sense" #;f;! nilsskm 01' a mission has nt's. been accemplished, Alllh<.l~ may be needed i;s 10 continue and ~oR:fint; [hf;;~ new h,ihits ,1$ n~ <.:h,1 lIenges and new
[l~OOS C~IP

f;lir to say that it will. become ,Ul m.po1"l:ant compenenr of MusHm ".uln.ilre ar hll'Q,e as wen ml oJ E1;~ropea[l'.nld AnlJ.el'i~ '~n culmres .-1gl:f!er.i~io.n from IWW, because its members wlll ent~r dle ranks of cuT~.uf".;[I.eco()rInmic fund even pO!uticll~ power ever:l"whe~pc[haps eX!c~pl Japan. in The fUrstthree of thes-e expa:nsi'l,n~ were almo.~l enhrely generated by intemal Mus~im .forces and needs, They
crea:ted, .in (;~ifferent lsnds, a
to thewo:dd!s
O'\1ii"DI rultL1:re

unnfled by comparison
varied ]n lts

d1<ilt Sl~l·rotll:'J.ded it, yet immensely

ecmposltlen.

Some of these variatlens derived :rrom

up" oJ'e~n creative obje{_....

Y(lt, Ih~~ is <lnm,lh~t w.ay of d~finungth,l~ n',i~ion ~hr.~oy b ~~~[ung rganisationa.l, etiu(':iq;iimmt. o

the e ...rli~.f his~DIYof the bmd.s ]nvoJve.d,,;o,f]tn {'"()l1:tilnuing memnrij.esoi ~h.t:,ul of the Pha.r~ohfi;. of the Rorrmn empiire,
of [h~ Achr.lcmenids and Sllss~.l1Iids,OfO!r~he Gupws in

tive~ an.d then me-J.suri:ng thefi]].~.lga.lm~la.cCOJ1J.lplishmefu.". For the cl!1tll.:lml and po.~i!i.('al pilenomeml which. crea!ted, the

Egypt, others

th:eMed~rrermne-.1n
Ci;lme

a:re:.l, [mn., or[nd~:l,re.~,pec[ive:I.y. out ofirmer tensions and CJ~lshe.., l~hin. w

(the oom~[i[ion between Sum,:uand Shi'ia allegiances, the dominati.ol] of many lands by the Ottomans or the MlIgi1a~S and the varying power of .mystLcaland escterlc \!"I~ues).These are thecernuries, :L'O'lI,gWy [rom the eignlht£l the seventeeruh, or nearlyall the masterpi~"':'l of I5Iarnic archirecune, from the Dome of the Rock in Je!)l.m5<llemto the Ta~Mg!l¥l!l ln A,gna, of all the dti~.~, from Ba.ghd~d to f~]~eh!pl,if"'Sikri. which were created by MIL1's~
MuiSJ.im. ulmJreitself c

a~]~mes tme:x~~ec~:ed,ifonly telnpo.m:rHy successful, off-

llms, All of the dli.es. from Damascus m Samarqsnd and

Istanbul, in. spite

oh:heiil~ long

I.::m~-]slamici:slOl'Y h

and often

specracu ~a:r on-rslaene qua~ilies" were radically InmHfied. n

And, ~:u:ilOfSA particularly. it: W".tS the time or nile creation of several !an:b'l.l!a~$.df <"lrchirecrure which a!~.~ .. e shared SOJne r~l~~lr~.y~~were 001 ,dlthe ..... but 'Ilii'l'lich, in the lme.
~wegot~~. creared a r:om~a.nYft.:o,oQgnised arihi~~[lUm~ .f:!I~.llHy of ltSown. To sonl.f: oom~lllpomry thinkers and
cri[~cs O)~ hiSIDIj.'of [h:LISI~neiilglll became independent

by the new faith and the society engendered

by that faith.

shoots such as Marxis111 and the [~uS5i ...nrevohJi~ion. This expansionwaa polu~k,dly and economic ...!!y expl.oi.tlUlve, bUlU[ was airo, and fo:!" Our purposes romt impol!!amJy so, c~dn,lral iniliat i~ p:rmrJioed a Je<ldy made ani! pre-poikllged model fO$ ]iving,~~l1'Iing. and SQCliI~ !x:ooviour and i:me1"Jc, t~on_'rh~rnodeJs came with several doottrines, from. hedonism to cemmunism, which, on the one hand, lu:stified these models mo.li<llly and phul05ophimU.y <lind, on the mher, crnimed l.m~Vel:'S'l] valuea :f'O:rthem. Q'lJi~ea hiil has been wru~~en recently about these models <100",bout the \\\1"Y5 in which tl1ey'i'!lerepacbag<;-d innine'tl;le.mh<¢.mury i!l~ern<l~i()nal ex.hibitiQns ill. Europe and Allli~ric;;t. TIley S[n~ ;;I~ repreSentOOh1CUrrerl![ ad\fertislllln~nts. :foramomobHes Q:r~!e(uonic equipnl.em .. Beyond the pecbJigJ[lg. the fila
remains that European mQ(fe~ in. everythung [ro:rn clothes

and conking to buildings and ertbecame

of

the operative

the

no:m:n.for Muslims

an over

the .... ro:rld.

history of ,curreri~ [f" adirrions elsewhere ami grewm

The character and the :~hythms of these factors of rupture have varied enermously

changed eli.1dlls~vd.y >lcoord~I'I£. to inlemalrhydlnl!.'l. 1"0 others, ilt5 historywas <liW<l.Y8 i:mim<lltdy connected to what
happened around it. far Islamic culture alone shared
cU~[JUres e:llahliSJ\edbefo.re

fl'OIl'l pl ..(.~·ro place ..nd it :li5. almost

lronnees w~th ,dl the discrete

O[L$OOvery of [he Americllrl

rhe

COI1[inem, and p.H1;icipiU~,

somenmes unw~[[ingly, in the pon.ij.ca~ . or cU!Uilr:;d events and the psyt.'hologlclI'l or emononal make-up .of western il:mJnorthernEueope, Africa, and, to a smaller degree, the
s.un:lttc world, The oorutrnlst between rhesetwe
i:nterprernlions of the

impos.o;j.b[eto esl,~bli.. h a unified ch_l'On.ologyin the fonnas tiun or development of eilhet (me. Nor .isir impormn[ far ffi~f purposes in thils. ~ay [0 aFgue fDr or ag:;,'lJ~nst any relationship between them, \Vhat FIlli!lt:ers the apparent. is result; :iI. NllJisJinl worid whkh has beenreproducing alien
ron-ns [or nea~.y
~I]

purposes and which did mot develop

imd]ec~ml~ and

aesthetic: 1l1.ec1.1aI.lls111S

for 1"nakin,g cflokes

capable of giv.ing<l1;~th.enlidly~D tile' ~he modern buHt el.'lv1rom'lletilL

oonl~muingchanges to

b:is.to.ry an archkecture, and eulture.Js not merely an of ... ademic debate f'O. illraises the fil'St or the deeper i5SU~ e whose elaberarion has become p!ilrt of the n'lissicm taken on br the AS<! KJw!!J. WJroL n~<lt issue is whethef~he A
oJiiginality

Put h.1ihese tenus, as. .itso ofren is,~his result ili;. in,h:.ed t depressing. So:medJIDg assumed tobe good, a S~ of moral and ",e5d'letic~]:" ditions, Js replaced l:ry 5oll"tethingwhiCh a
may no~ <I~Vi.I"'Ys00 bad but which is mrminly a~i~l'L BUl doesn I.~~de have [0 I~ pm. in these tennsl The argument could thaI all the l.och]1o.~ogtca.~ advances of the pastrwn

and

[he i[Jlt~grllyO:r the

great eernurles
evenff

of lslamtc occasten-

c;f.f"luivilY derived f.am the m:aim~atnoe, lntem:aHy generated process

allyflJawed, of a purity (jf single minded. purpose and of an

to:, making

deosiensebout

the artsand the envtronmenc, or whether" these very qual~ties a:re the product ofrem<lrkable'powe:rs of Cl!~!t!ll.rn] ass:lmi1<!iti.cm. The win. to' adapt aad the.lbility 1:0do 50 C;:l'l:<LliV'eiy derive from a deep-seared O;:[tailllty about one's ,h:s~:ililyand al)[)ulr OIJE:';S identilY· lWQ r-<lCl'(ns led to the diSliUptioo of these U".;J,dilioris which had survived so many centurles. One r which is onl.'jl'

nmv begil1n~.ngrn attract the mrr:emn.onof scholars, is an

~1iI[{~rrul~ ..sderests, the apparent jnabi~ity to face lip to

chaUengesand to find soluuons tointernal or exremal problems. "Theother ra.ot:oris .B'lIropeane.'l:parnlion whi.ch began in die sixteenth century ..ndended by CQntrolling the whole planet afiter Wo.rld W!ilJ LIt: lnclndeavanous and

hundred y~r.; s.imlU~d ot: he eonsldered nor defined by the n names of the .Iandisfrom. whi.d:I they came. Mkrores ffi<liy ha vebeen discovered by <1lFrencnman, chemical tables by OJ. [~t!8Sian <li1.'1d X-I£<IYSby a Gern'lan, but biology, ohenmny, Of rndi.ol.ogy are not iderui:!led by !1a:~Lotl~ll even ~ded~O'g~Or C<lJ bbdLs, and we ,In ,Ire ~ware (lf~he .scLl(:nlific di~as~r whichbeFeU bjol(,~Q~~ 5dence.~ .in [h~ SOiiJie[Unioll when an :ummpl \V'.l\~;m!lde [0 do so. These chliiln,bl'esandinventions werea.c.ciden~any Weste.m and shoukll::atherbe seen as appl'opilia!te means, whaiever their origin, for resolving problems of he<lllt~],shelter. OOlJ.lc<ltl.on.md co:nmull.1:Ucati'Ofl. Change became radlcal and iirr~tr.ievaJDle since lha:[ f,neftd moment, 8om~trn1e .in me ea:rt.y moetet:flth. OI:mury. when <I nladl]ne moved fo1<~~ef a horse, and sun(:e a more ~~o nebl.ll~01:~&rurne. ]olhe eig~tec;'.n[hcenrmy, when h'~ma.niry

overcame the religious oretunk

id.enrtifimtion o:fone

make [hf:~:ielq:rerij.eftG~creatmin thenarrew-minded

Illtletil,g

th~d1!liiJn~ng~.sof

person, To be mote accurate ne;hhe,r these lInive~Uy humanistic droughts and ideobg~es nor the C<lpad~ UJ

today; and , fi:na]ly, to ask .IDrGe.flli.~y .rlldOP~il~Ywh~~he.r a pollueal and kieologica.i frnmework of

bu~ldwere alw;<ly5used wi5ely and ethkdUy. But the poil]Jt hasdeady been made. by eoologistSin recent yea:r.>, th.ax worldcao_not esaapr:it:) caeness and dlatsj..obai solutions muS'[ be sought lior human. issues, ~ij;S1s U.~y a are for nerural enes, 'fhe mi~~on, then becomes no~ong~r m bemoan a past which is gone, but to heralda future of common asplratlcns in which di[fel,-ences all] be accom-

me

nations should not be superseded by >I generoas and hum.ane unuvex5.dism. Uni...eJSlaIPOQ,'e.iis present whenever tiill!l.y ilnpO:ruJirli~ issues Or (..'OtlISider.dJileums of money are invo.lved. h is s even pos.-sibie d~[ mul~i.-muiotmlm'e~l:g~, uch asthe ..nns i s ~[ldl,l!>lry. l][!d!nai!l~ai"u~gloc1l1 aUe.sJancesad~rJitageous
to~'heir wea]th, \Wilh mHthese-issues Ih~d'W!!:r~!1g~ A:waro is not silnp~y ro rontilll1€ doing praCliClIUy has done
00 [0

dl~
it

modated, but not allowed to dominate, Onec an alSue that thls discussion should have taken

'Il(;'h~(

wen for more than :~fl:eenyears, which is to

pbce threegenef'o1.tions <I~'O and that it ~s nolonger releV'al:ll~ ro anything bUlt a partiOU!larsulb-tr~be of hi~to.rians who 'C:.oJJoype'wbr~i!'!gon what mjgh~ have h ...ppened, POI' in s rt'.:iIIH:y, :sin(:eWorld \War n,(hedotnloant pl~~nOnlenon
aluong .MltIsIkm., as, among mrti:]ny othercultures and the development of aHeguanoes of As~.a, ennnes
America and Mrn.rn, has been the groVii'tlll of the nation SDIle
~Qgeographical

reward acoollliPli.shments generated outs.die of it, simp~.y hoping that such rewards

wm become

am inoearive fO,

othe,r5lO continue in the' same creative W<ly. The AVirnrd .sho~uld alsoprovlde imdlectual and ethical direc1:lon for the cenJ1:l.iIrj' ~o()o.m.ellt:ldro make these directio:n8<lndtne info.!llla~ion and debaJ~e-s \lvhid'): led ro 'them avaii01.b!e eo all seekers. It is IlliIn:ieul~lrly important to stress theoO'tion o.f
'dehiruteT• sumCf:: Award 11iIiIs~ed, onthe whole successthe f!JUy, 10 avoid docmnaire envimnment posmons an mJfCh.t~:ecture and the and to ~tlIow foa~' free disclLIssionof the a

which are very often3mi~r .. ry and whose sys;tems of rule, varied though I~hey are, all claim a uniqueq'lJalily 1:0 what they <Ire, different. fKm'l rhe qjmdities of their neighboul'8_ A( a time when e'le«1'ooic rtechnolob'Ytl<lnsforros almosrall the !1leChf,l!nL,~~nsf.or~vei!Yrypeof l~uman olc(ivity ilOOCIeesof s fOffilulaeun. a ootniPu~:eri~~e(I x~pressi(m,and when almost e
no m~i0.i enrerpnse can. be inl[~~led wid.o!U.~the partfclpalion of anierernsuenal

issues. Yet these debates have netbeen well publicised,

and i~ easy enough to interprel the (."fOle of awards in i!s

reOO5 'Of prerer-e.nces. for cel1.lintypes of activities <lind

dkec:1!i()lJI.') over o~:Ilers.The A,"V~tfdc":I1 n();O"'<e [(,I [he new anddt.gJi~h:ngi:ng, di~~'tOI! of ~!l·d~pth deb.-.~~.'ji because it alre'J.dy has access m 11 fascinating army of
cella~r!I. form.-.]

flmmcnllll.and legal order, pdiLiatl

and psych.ologica] allegianceis formulateel and eit1Jforoed,

oftJenw.~th hoerible consequences, by rule lll-educared spparstus of rulers in al!bitrary n ..~ion"5ta~es. Every day the news providea examples of the deep oo_n~:rodic~jom,betweeu, on the one hand, lheparodli,d
di!7Jmas ·ofiroclividJl;I~1 citit;$, f<l!nwresand minootygr-Q!JIp$ in

personalities. ~o mJrefue 'people' oJ the AWllIrd?Th~y csn be d:Mded imo t~.lIree groups which, M.;ethe org;~l::liisa~ucmants ~lnd of

a large drry Of rem(l1~ l1~ai and, ontneomer th~ I:llinralisin.,g direams and expecl11[10nS [ronsmj[~:edby media and made possible by murtn-n:ationa.~companies. TI].e~ln. n.es~h~ third element In the mission which has, ~l: seems [0 me, evolved from thea.ctiviti.es of the .l\.ga Khan Award: toexplain and develop the p.raotiCil~, and psychological or iJ!Jlt:d]ec:~UR~ opnons fadng hiumanity in the rwe:nty-first century, \;'Vheth.er Ithey are ~n~heifaucesnal lands or in the <inatliy~ rnous qua:meltsafenomnousand 'Wlr~edm~r(')polises, shou ~d, lUsl~:m., eek to malnraln ill'l a new skin whst d'lc:ir M s gt<ltldpa~ms had been orshould lh.ey prodatm their new
identity? And.wha.t i:nte.l1uedffiry'posit:tons can be imagined?
[I

of bees, function with the ssme purpose in mind but. often withom eneou ntering each other, exrept every three ye>li:S fOr thepresentation O§OlW<l[..aS. I $11<111 these groups the rn~] ,1]U'ennae, the ':gene]:;l] M...W and the heroes. "h.eu~" <I.e (K."'QIS]OM1Jy moveme:lJ!~'S between the first ~~'O c"tegories:i rri1(il las! one" however, eonslsts mos[~y of memQries, bu[~~s
impertaece L~,as I shan. uy
[0

indiicme, crucial,

The a:n[em:1:,H~ the moS'!. or.iginal femuweaf tilc;l .A:.MU(t ase

They eenslsr of four to five hundred i!ndividuals who ase <lsked every three yenl'S 10 no:mil:l!liltellrchileoturai use .for ,it leasrrbree years. Al~hOl~gl.1 is asssmed, it or
~ISU<l[~Y

enviro:runent.l1 projects which have been completed and in

oorrecdy, th.r~most of th~mwil] not!iHnat.e, .rela:tweiy receody cempleied eJ)semlil~,~ey":re not [es[:rkted[~)
new on~.5 and C:.JJno hack <l!~m05ta genew:l~ion. 'The g Awa~" in d1Jis respect, di:fff!rs from most pr,u'-!e....ul1l.ij1a(U~

is ruUIS througlllthree

direoti.ofl<;(hal [ csn Qulllm: the coherently and

deeper miSSL'On of the A:wa:rd: to understsnd

to explain in-depth the meehanlsmswoleh

made a ri.ch and

very vAried past appear sobrilliaur and successful ~od<1.y; to

identify ~h~ruptu~~ ""-"'bid'! OCX:lllrred~nrenDs which would

<lJ.]owsfor the passage offtime and fm the recognition that inuuediacy of <lW>lre11less does not alWlllYs mean Go:ntinlllj:ty in hnpact In met, quite frequendyil takes time far the true

V'".tIIL1,e work of 'V['%l~]~aFt, of~] nmsvc:. or ~i[~ilnH';~ [0 b~

and who, wHlllithe h~l!p of his personal :lrt:.i<lt~.on."b:~ps with governments ()rganif.~;I~j,()n~, and

acl.vise.l'S, ev'dl.ml~~s ..]

und~rs[(){x!. NQln~namrsare restricted csn

11.11

m physiea~ entl:r.ii~s.

va:rious Po;s.sj.b~.e direc~:ioa<;fof' the A~'<Ird, m:1V.~~es it<; on

Books, laws, po.h.cy decislnns, events and te'lchi:n.gs,. which

and non-government

have mcmnrms hl1:p3!C~: the h1lli~dun.g: of the' on

arenot,
,I[

(''O:fII~:r()~ it:'ifeV(!nt.!es..

The o~t:r eiemem

enviroument,

this 8.tlge, covered, But they could

!1'!\VO;L["d

be and the impcmant pol nl is that .lre1lowNhip of people exi~t$ whQ,a:ncmym(}~!rJy and\.\I:i:mou( <lny personal. (other~ha!l the nglu ~o!],omina~~ themselves)
.S>C<H1I,

wha,lis

hap-pening ~ll'Olmd[hem and, ~ik~ sorrmny ~Int(:lnnae. they

is the Secr.;t<lrl<lJof the::A~;v,nil which .us the nerve (,;etJI~~II the whole oper.uicm,the pr.a.c~ic<l] Orga!'!i~~fof all (ij? it... O1dNi(ies., the kee~.! of its aKh!ive; and th~ source dlm1;lgJj whnch ~.nfoEllla[ti.on, p!ubliC'JIlOnlS,mages, diSC'lIs'~ionsand i Idells are pfeservedam:1 am be made aV'd.l~ah1!e~alJywhelre
un t11iewo:rkL One of there The other two dements
'11.'e not (10minUOllls,

send mit Jilliforl:1wtiorl, IO those who 3re what Imn the ;gene~.] ~'1aff.. Theirs ls a process uf learnmg snd of Jud.genlent

is the SI:eeriIng Cornminee, a re]~ni\!lely ""maU

rndi-

g;~DUpoJ people witl."l veJi}' different indi'lfjdmd ~ki~,~[i.,.

V.Udll~'I~'S among themcan p!uh,lhly becrhielsedfor f'l~h.lre on both counrs and it i... c.mly by experienee t[1roll their errors m a y be fouad <LmJ corrected, ln the meantime, the infO:lfJrm~ tiut! d~eyhave provided by nomin<lJting m(}l;e~h,,:n .a thousand proj&1S i.~ ~;uti<ir~ed(x..1.1lmenl thecharacter of Ol. Oil the bUih:H!]g ent«:rprise a.f!}'W'here ill theworldand a
d.t'U1CU1SI!!'.'l!ticfiI.

.dd'V;:)I,~ghthere too <lr<.~lIitec[s predominate, bu~ w~h the r(!;e$un'iled aibl]iry lu see and understand the wide, ]mp~io,t. ~lo~~of [i1Ung_.,>. wid1 the i!:nr.]gl:na~jorntoinv~m direcnew
tions and with~!h~ wisdom to j,udg.~ whatever is. proposed.
Tne comminee'..,. lThljo:r

fun('tiofi\5. are toevaluase

k~ili~ and

propo.sal\~ PUl ~o ]l by the Secret a rial OJiby .lny other orp;ani~u,tlon, W initnm.e prDgmmmt!!'O ..nda0Ll.vities,
~C)

of how '[he co:n.te.m~uT

architerture
reseurces

of

:spocitlc cultural a~~l has beenjudgsd historians, economists and soci.ologiMs,

by those who U"'e~n

milli~kler \!"Lew'-; .d}!JUllne fumre of the Aw"~(d,.to ~p;CiL~bHe

and vtnlth it. 1'hese archives moe~I~,~O m,ljor

mOlt>::i infonl:1l<l!:~:to:non aU the processes of

for

as dlie}'eonealn a of buildiill£l;

QCl;,.lsl.on<!l]y,dxJ~u~dle fe-J:;ibil]ly of bng [runge PR)j~Cf.~\ and gen~·t:'''Uy to .'>C;'rveas ...nintdlf2c1[u.~i <lind pnldic.d $p._r!ir'lgJ'lorX<lW For ev~ing iflvo'!vung U'lieA '\1\i'a~d.U"h~ '
origin~lHry.of dfie Sn~e-]'I]ng CommJj~rr~~ In.(hemet that, lies
ilirtOe a]1 (}fi~ members and onen hasbeen,
~M)e otherw:i:'leemp~oyed. ~Ind

N.1othermiginal

aspect of the antennae lles ln the

cn;,niun and the task of a Ma$~~'r ury., The Nbi$re'r J

J'my iN .~n

are

.10ren!1". not because j,t g.ttheffi in_form..;r~o.!J!, burbecanse il: b.roadt~ it ttcons~'" of 5~n l{):ol!l~ individua~s chosen
~~(1,.'ord~nga~ll.e.;;taIbIL~hed (lC]:L1~~ibflumtbe[l;\leen. ~:o ~ln:hH:t:CL'i. and .111L1I1'Ianis[Ssocial sci~mis[S, Ml~'>1.ifns and. or llon-MuslI1:1l11..';, YDUng and nld, celebrated figures ohseore actors, men and 'Women, ],ts discussions and are' secret

chosen 1'){,'t'au~'Yof their achievemeuts

elsewhere, .it can be,

the true Q'e~nox'ef the AW<inl's activi··

ties w.ithout being pressudsed by anything other ttmn

and .its

decisions

fiitli,IL UriLlikethe ooIl.un3rt:Grs, 1'l'J.ieiIL1Jber8 of

it: rakes a
g!ie".al

concesn fm the avowed aJj:n([~ of the :~n~['~~;I.;u~,io:n. The fourthaspect oJ the ·gene:r:r~l.5t,dri"> i!nplemt:n~l;;:;d dU:I1:ns the dd~be(".1Jjot!sof U~~M"'~1er ]lnry <lnd,()ns~~t. s of U1eret'l'!_ljleod re'i.dew ~~lmstlila~ in"res(igoa~eproic;.-e!ilfor
Wil')Jid'lthe
j;lJIji'

dle juryare remoner ••redas

OIiW:i!Jy fliOl'l'l

deal of tim.e

\\\~o1i:lid~ik~· :lld'di.trio:rumlil'lifbnootion. "'fedlniml i

busy p'l'Ofe.s.8ion.dlives toevaluateberween a hundred ,Hld filfty and l'\7!IO hundred :;u!bm~,uoopl'OJeCL~,. ut, B even when chosen from Ol.mo.ng:ndivi.dLl~lis who had 1~1I1 i
lISi>QCia[~d. wu~:hthe AW.(I.m, d]~y are rmJy Hmi~edin. [ill:lir .. evaluanon by their own preJudices and .kfil.ow~edgc and hy
[lrIei[mmm~~llu~m
~IS, a~ the

revn~';.Veffiare usually you

coumr~es\
Intelligent

~nd~h:e.ir

n.g:, [hey come from dJ07.~n~ of repo:~" are, for' the most part, mod~h~of
and obs:e~.V'Jtj)on.Their data

rnJtk'l~ research
p;illt

to qual~Jty in ithe bll~.~l environment.just

heginning

ofthe·p:roocess ef the

AVWlru,

:I:ncmy~

of the secrt:l'<11'iat:'sOIIiclluves, dleir :m()M but impo.ruu'ltfi.ln(tion is· that they are involved in .1.,-,"'itic;)] W!;,~ of the Awmd''!-oeeneeen.the ac~,u..] operarlon of ~'f:n[~y ItH.,!ik wotb of ,u'Cl'liitecture and the i!np;l'lij~ is making om
d~(~ who use~h~m_

become

mous nomi:mlw.r1'i guanuuee H m:m;kn'[1l1y..pproprro~te selectlen, so, 'It the very end, anindepeadens jUlY clabns <In.d jU!irm.esc decisions had ~e~m~d ro
Belwe~f1I I:he iiJ.!try

pro-

albollt those p1'ojecl~ which d~ ':'_YJn~pl~xand.

Taken u).b~hert, d~e,lnlf;):[Il1a~ and d':te-geneml smff,iXl~q <lind pR;;.~ent, well <IS alii. those who hi1lve been singled. Oln as
to ]'eceu'le some son: of reoogra:~lion th~,()1::I,gh the AWJ.rd, ~11nDurill0 nefldy

b~..,~ lUm~t

v:'ld~.dneeds of Mus~h,~~ societies,

a thnuS<lndmen 3.11(1 Olllennl'Ound the' W

'lh~ nomimamrs and [he fl.rml jlLUji" lies [he

globe who h!lve mntrlbu~ed to the functh:m:iing of the

'genem.1 S~;;tff'"n (J(}ns~~Ls. .of

them ope~l[e

feu:, S'ep:lFJm

d.emenrs. 'Two of
oorrtil1ll.:lityof the

pem1.ameil1ltlyand define the

Award. The.re is Hi~ I,,[i,gbness TheA,ga Klmn,. whose vision Rbout Ih.e :limure of MusJiu.1!'l peDp.lesin:itiOltOO the AWiI.rd,

AW3l'd ~lnd who have ]e<lrnedfrom th.ei:r p ..nidpa~~O:nl somed1lirJrg of the ob~ectives ,mdiexpecwtwns of (his n~1i.i' en~<l.vou:r. There are, no doubt, <J.il\\gnl!'!:[l~1 i..!)dividll<lls, b1,;u~:[he St maloriry of them h,lve ~~n funy cngni~tm of ",..

the~r~nvo]ve~,1!1lelltil1la nevelaad
deep eru;l!..!gn ~o s.h<lpe the

inlaglrt!rlti\l\~ ,emerprlise

shaped lileumdletllJ!<!1 ~1[J;d~;heemod.ol1l;,;jl. make lip of an, who are i!wo~vt:-d in~ih~ A ,\\v<l:ruLl1liey also ..:lugge!:itby tl1te~r

whose amilb1tloiIJI to ~cqllilre asense of the presenltha:tl$ b.

el.1i\liLrom~llel1lt of the ruture. The dediC';:l,~~o:n ••n~hese people makes them and othlers~ilke of ~hem Ithe ohv,~o~~poo.~ fr'Oluwihidh to choose these who Vii'iU ponder the quc$'!tom; raised by the mitiliion of the Award and [hose for whom. the ~rJ.'i;Wen> w these qu~tllorn willi become ~~~~a~ as tlley bc~~hel:Wern;ry·fij;~. c:e!!l!t~u;y. Bu[[hes~ a.('~Vf:pcop~~ from '~nv CQulmr~~.:and different i"1ia'kgrolllmds are n.O[lillll on:lryo:n~ ~n'\i\o~ved" h~ T

~n\l\ohr~men]i!'! the

l'lie'W"

r~woj.e't:i;of em.erlJ:ing nat~o:ru;whilt

~. al$O~ll'!pl£~ by the

presence otso meanyM'~!!!ii!im]JiliO:fes-

siomllis ~nd~llIl12neCU,Jl1~~:S' ~he n.on-M~.s~imwoJM which .[.:) in

that the oneness of the wn~.d :is f:rurmore r~oll~han di!e

difference

between

U~

and that knowledge

~n.d qUiJJlury

transcend boundarlea,

VQ~oe f those who have gone before mustalso he heard, o

since they have left theirstamp on ti::l!environrnent and on e ,~~, t~!ite or .. n oft!!:! tooo,y, both in the Mt!S~imIwcmki. al.'ld elsewhere, :Some:t~:me::;, aswirh the ~ixleeilll~lN.1:;:l1I!wl.ry O~to:m~;an (cht~~ail:iL<'lno:, ~ S with H,I85i1n FaJhy, the <l1.iCh~~:ec~ml prophe:trfOffi f'i;\'i,i''ern"~ie[h<oenulll:Y E"b'YP[, e know tl1I6~r w names and a grea[ de.alabo~i[ how they WQd;led<lindwhy ~[lleyacoomiPl~lled what '~iheyd~d.A!r QII'tefti!ll~a~ with Qavvamal D~n Shirazi, re's:PDl1slli~e for some of themost ~pec~cu~al.· Rfcl"lite<:1~!!J.reun fifleellltlh-cel1lury ].]'3in,'We [know nsmes andctm on~y ,gu~ 3.hmn the I~.'iles behind the
names,
MOl>(

These oomide"lihatliS ~r remeved the nostalSic reool]et.:~'ion of CaiiK> <lnd yel, <IS lhe ~roo:ges of the Unes of passengers '.~t.~iI1ef.urpOrlcome Imck lo me, the-real l ooodusion 'to emerge 'ii.<l; U~~t notl:ii,il1lg ls im,pQ."Nihte for the va~i~W of t~de!11S, k(!;owl.edge <'ladoompetenciel:i th .. u aJ)'Pea~ed then, The in~it!"n~~omJ made t~po~ih~e for that

~II."~

em.

<in

oWthem to gllther pQSS~

strw:tmes
W

withilnihOelf ~he m~~

and rhe

meet

~ntb.e·inroI1Yl,ti1lUomd,imit~~I~hi,d and

or them,

are the

.lnO:l:lIymOi!J'll

masters responsi-

ble for the hlllL'iim.lble ,'U~truC~'~O:M of srn ..~.1 viillage::: or of ptiY'O'(~~ho~.~" for designil1!g\Vho~e clti~, and for supervising the bu~lditn;gof grnndliooe mosqoes, secluded fortr~, p'Ulbl~.c1):I~hs, chools ,md [..rom<:lefiful palaces, We C<i.1'1JI10t s ask them. queatlcns, 'OO!l e calli.I~am.aho'tiu their hu~!dil];gs w in ways which :lI~most: ompel a ~o.nstruc[jon,. Of i,uworsi c an evceanen, or th.ei. presence nne] .oW reasons ~OFtheir the
deeslons, as och.olars and crn'l:Uc;'S to e'xplainoome 1t1!1'

ethical chaJ[e:nges ;~nvoived~n unders~rnding the built 'erlvho:nmem throU~.LOl!JI& wo:rld and ~n~mprovil].g the the set[~~ng ,~ire.[l\':i p1«:~<l~medresponsilb:ility ~8~:imn.t:ed[o of t~e wor~dof Mmi.limli, blJ!ll<!tliyilhintg dUH iI.nprove:;; the eilliv~rufll.meru for one fifth of maaklad ls hound ~o ~dlecl the rest, ThIl.l,S. r.e~urt'lto v:A,'1!1l( 1we as dlJ.ef~~I')"damerll~l. w~ q:~t~.'i!tion of ot]]r time: now c::.lJ1'! ont;l preserve, in diWliryand With success, sepa.m~e idem~[~¢$.when ~e<:Ill'!iol~', :e001ogy, eoo;[J)DmI~CSnd the media Jain tend to h.omogl;nise t:he~r a il.l'l:paCl8nd their control? Sb,ou.ld one evoo [ry? Few fO!\1m~;
<life more; a;lb!.eto thdn.k ilb:mt theseissues dlJnn the-real hut

irJiv~ible

cae dl"~ oomtiuJ~es the

Aga

K1.1.OiI1J A!i'\i'aOOs :fOf

AKhiil'OOIUIrE:"

ullex,pected d!et a ~1 some lorcdu[Marr:ement We wl~1not or 011\V'<a~ e ctg[iJ:[: il1L in~jniog the nliLotivilti.ol'1l~hehil!1Glneir h de-C:~~wns, w'e el'O penet"'!['e~ruo tn.eil." Ci[~tkm:,lllnd but
i~me ~.,rl[isfledthr.lt wh;u~v'e'r .~~~thal[ i

we understand

~1')Ol~[ 1:em is 11 reaSOinr.lhie (1.~~p:rO)ljiffir~[ion~()wh<iJ .'I'1!u<!i.~y d . happened. SIQW~y and arlen with mns:idJ;lr;llhWe ~[ft)!:1!, 'we can tmn!5rOlUl. these dbISClll:e mastets ~:nIOt:he heroes of our m~.on, J!JI~[ Ilikethe he~or classical legends aJndml([h.s, [@elf win be presenrin 'Qonte,mpomry t!]jIl.1tkiJOg thuo.~gh their wot~ mther dt~m in person. 1il'liey win net neces.s<ll.'il.ye b mOOiillswho.~e ore".ltiom' ;')l:iLolJlldre oopieda~ eNemphny I II:iI(jJivldlJiillswho knew iitQ''''' In :so~ve~:he problems of their
~im.e,and It would
1:1I •

ot he (uoper tolintu~(hi$

C'a:~lCgoryof

heeoes ~o~hosere-sponsilb~.e :f.o:r the trJ,cil;n~~~QM :ilndm'\'l!~er-

pieces o'f[sllamie a['Chutecture in thepast, Great pm,[ 'n,:"~I~Q,j .of western a['Chi~ec~llre', uch m;: lei Co:~hllster, Frank.Lloyd s 'Wrii:9'h~;and louisK:a~.1:nJ (~esigMcl. built and taughrrin snd for the Muslil!i!i! 'l;'i/Qr1d,They tOO .. re pano.f lnil~ herole past, :aJrchil~cts whom ~hal!tC ntet::J:[:~o.ned, bU!~political and nlltuml leaders o'5lho1,ll;ld inch.!ldedrls well, who have be

ClIARLES CORREA.

The ~"ch;vreCi! ho builds a gbss rower in the middle of the w Arabian desert wi[l iUSlify rhe de$igo wi~ha hundred differenr~.a~er~p[ pos~lbly thereal o!:a.e,\vhjihis the U[l(Jonsci01JJS :l!trrempt torecreate the myrni.c iI"mll.ger,'of what is perhaps tille quintessential city of the tlWemiah centlUry; HouMan, Texas, .sUcil is the-power or the m.ythuc .tmflge- and the: (Jotltred ~t xetcises on our lives, And thi::;of ceusse is the key issue e Olilthe heart of the Aga Khan AWOli'd fo!- Ar~hfut.eClU['e" How can <1irdtitectand di.ent ,free themrelves from litis colcalsanon of tl'lemj;no? The w.skib' 11m e-.il$.y, nor it> it O.ReM1U coucerns Qn~yfue rs~amic world, On d1e comrary ,i~is an arena in. which ~veryarc;hitea dwells, includiog those who build in the westeruworld, where Ulfl dichoto:my~~en the Modem movement and Post-Moo.errusm, or between either of them and the Deror:Hslru!C~iviS!ts., be perceived can

Fox rnest people, these are theim.lges of Islamic Arol1tithat spr,ing to mind. Yet, iIOJliicd.U.ynough, the e major~tyof Mus~:imf} notlive in ooun~ri.e5:where l!liB kind do ·of buil~ fcrm is t·e]e'iriln1- They Hve fNlSl' of Delhi~ If! fac~,e<J:ii~ of C(Jlcwl'(l~They nv~ i!!lBan~ades:~ and ]ndo!:l~ and .L1Io1El~;ays1a. ThflY live ]11 11m hUliUiddin1al~,. Wha[ [h~ need is not diense massing, but ]iW:tlrree-sMnd!i:[Ig struetures and
teOlUfe

cro6~Hfe:mila~:uoll. So whatis the relevance o§iliegreat

as analogues of this paradjgm, Thus me agen(_liJ. f ithis o AWtlfd is fe-.d~y'quile centr:'".!llU p]Ore.sskmj ..nd not jU8[ our rhe exotic Disneyland hothouse tha~: anyassume it to be, m Indeed, workio-,g on the St~ering Co.mmiu~e has provided an insi~)I[ into mal'llYof the most ,n;id;il!ques~iom; fha~
ccmfrom archsects here in ]nd:~a,as wdl. as in otherparts of

the world. This essay addresses some of those 1:SSUe's, and

the perspectives rthey have generated,

of Wa,han to them? In the,.ur art of the p \VOfl1d, they c:".tnnu(bu ~Idma;sonry arches and dom,es, they must instead use sloping tiled roofs :~n oederto keep out the hea'!.~}'InO!:'!SQOO, .rJi!:'li.~- \\l'hglt shouLd l'wil'r'!1OSqU!t:'S look 1n::(l'?Rightnow"mO$~Musli~ de-.J!! W!~ the problem by building a tH:ed-rwf slrncru.ffl and then sticking a small Uri dome em rep (often just 3. f1:Hwo-<!lmeJlSllonc>JilLl,.1t·out) to symooHse what their efi'on is all about. Can the M.usJ!im. <I,;(;h:ii~:ecltlnIndonesia or Bang[actesh be free or such irn.Q,ges or 'I.<.:-cept them <18 ,m esse.mi,.] p ..n of the imagery oJ fil]~?' Yet,is thm it fa ir question?' After ..,U,OJ, symbol. amnal be n:mdeta, order <15: and when we want, l:like<1. piece of do~hi:l1-.S,[ts power and me<ln:iing slow]y accrues, dOVi.1fJ. [~)rough the o~nl'l;lrie.s" and cannot be changed ovemjgh:[, Thus the Cross of C..alvary .isbu[ 11 machine- fOf f!uUing
domedmosque peQP~e [0 death, th.erefon::in nattons around [he wosld whe.re l~. as been replacedby h the gu~.nm~liI.e r the electric o
chair, shou]d Chl"isl:llilln d:lUl'dleS fOnDW suit? Or more

Mythk.~
To begin with, the-power
of mythic ~maJgeryLiS course of

pe[1inel.'JJt~y., can they?

much older d'm:n Texas,il is nne of the bask mechanisms i:Llvohredin the deslgnproeess . .Every architect has <'11.1 assortment of images on which 'to draw during the d.esigl1J.
process, ]SI"Ul prcvldesa pattlcul<ldy rich eeserveir of such

il::n:ilgery_ Spain,
i[

,\$ i~ came

our of the desert and spread easrward

various

lhrough Yemen and [ndia and we,slw,ut! ~o MorOCi.'O and

bri~.li11.mly in.mr.naliood [he

arChl[:ecl1Um~

systems itencoumesed,

~1':negrnLing them iom a ~afilgua~

Deep SW-01l'Jre TOo answet lhls CJJue.sUon, us 8l<11J1 by ex>lm:~ningthe way let <11.1 .m::hite£lldesigns, A~ work evelyd<lY ira. <I somewhat ba:na] ""rorld, the ll:r-d']]teot faces qU]te' OO,l"ill'lIDlWens:k~l 'pJ70blemsdeaJing with die.m:s who have parl'ku]ilr re'JJ~!ire· m(ColS, budgets,~:um~ sd'led,ules· ~nd so ffo'tth- Wi~h.iJJ these .pi1. .... ametars [he :ardlimc[ tries [0 ~r.n.ve at suu!i!i~e :<]rrange.
me.['i1;S huiiil fnml., of But at another level, jus~below this surfttG€:. arc'hitecn...,at leastsome of lhemseem. to h~lveaccess to lila1 wcu·~.d of compulsive, m::a;,-!l1ylhk,imagery which we have fillst

which is unrivalled fer sheer I}'r~al:~ eauty in the h:fis~oryof b <lK:hiteorure. Certa]ru:y these typo!.og~.es, based em. the hot, Ic:hy dUan31t.e which p.revai.lsfrom Gl<lrIi<ld!.1kil the West to

Delhi and A.SJ;ain dle Bast, generared the kind of bu]lt ronill which appeals irome:ll\5ely ~QOI;I[co.l1Iiemporary sens.ibi!i-· ~i('&,dIUSI!~rsof ~oul!tYaI\l houses, closely packed together,
sheltering each
O[ill1lf

from lh.e sun, around l~rge-domed

hem-resisting

been discussing, These iilll.'lig.es act like powerful elbdrs, t:r<llwfo.l1nm,g the dross of everyday OOl.1iStructuCIin into sootetliing .furmore vivid and exd[i:ns;

public I:ml.ldingsbuilt of thick

walls,

12

FROil1 A~OVE.- .D~VI;fj't,I' ~ie(l) o!Hqm'Jf;m, ](;>;';{IS !lowmmt,'.n, ~(lke'l' in 1988.: Sem~ :el' Ye,mn". ·'j'i?m:lm: brimanJl), fnU!"J'llOilistffl'; bU!fRI!'/IO~jS
"f","h~I""'{;WJiI;!,r,uhile

.sw11lirrgh ImxJ,r:!'fiI. h:~ ~

~am1r,jJ' SilMiov

sublf:e-riclm=

.~'1xu

ntlli<aJ's 11M! Ibror~

~ ~~------

EVERYD.AY 'WORLD COM[~LILSriJt:: IMAG:f.ilY

But

i~ irhis the whole piollllfe?' Surely the deep

StlJU(;Me,

very eX~Sleil1'ae of

the '~wab-bag' iru:p]ief> the presence of a third smlt.um: a far

ffiorep.roround

which, lhro1JSh.ou~:history,

has nounshed.me

arts.

This deep suucrere .i5lhe weUspring o§.n;;chiteot.l!lre, a priroOfdia[ fOfCe [~~ underlies the middle level and generates W;; wmpulsiveimag~.!"}'. Fore'.K<lmple, frarLk Uoyd\vri:gh[ ,~~@d l~isUson~an ho~ nce by mldJJng tihe middl.e level TIheffiristi!ng ']'udQf and Q:I~ Cod vccabuh.uy)',.but .ra~:herby his illl.rujli.ve undJer:stand,~rngof the

ne

mpirations of middle Amerlea in the Midwest In other

VIO.roS, his psth seems to cut ri:ghl through the middle layer,

pelletr.l!tiflS ~o rock OOlto.m mythlc images of Usonia. Deposil'ed aitthe middle level, ti:ley becO:l'l\Le accessible to a!!'chiJ!ects nd developers, form.ing the new lifesty]e .0$ most a North Ame:riCl!:'!Ls~bt,1roiath[oljlgh.()ut ~hisC~Jltury, tt\'O
steps up [0 the din~n.g area, the carpon; thl1lpiCWfe dow, the openplsn Begio:tW!Ism lofue process, Wr.igh~.ci1aUengcd the c!ll~Ir:lJlml elitism of Am.erirn:S.East Coast establ,tsh:mC'll[and its Bcallili: Ans and s.o forth,

wtn-

clones, Because o§ilie ootu[\e of [heii: mandate, architecrrs ... -.e' semruVle to Ctl~rurn.l bullying. Thus whenasked to build the US E~II1.bassy in lndia, fore:xantp1le:, the architect ma.yrq [0. design <In,'lo..iljan' lookID.g buiJdmg th ar wtll ..fit into the Con~l(r of De~hi., n Me other hand, it' as:.ked to d.es.i,gnthe O ]ndia:n Ernbas~y in.\WaShington, thesame aocWtea wiIJ probalbly (lome up Wlt:l'i adJesign lilaJl. conveys Indian. cutru(';al
values, and. not Ai1l.crican ones, So we db no~rea:Uy per-

ceive these
SUl$peCl

f'!;lf,~n tasks 01:5 mirror

images

of each other, 13011.11

OOr responses a.-ernased. but net symmeaical, We vaguely

th a~in mepoweJr 8tn!ggle going atJiil:K.Iund the wol1.d, there are those cu~tJUres'Whic±! <ire 'unde.l'dos.s:' and those mal :are "ibullies', and that the: imba~<linoe bas no~hing
to do withirnmlilsic cultural value bur 'I111"Nih eeonornle
dOI,lL

13

<llnong <l1.'Ch:itec.ts!ooayon 1,;egio:n.dilS'l':ll; whkh,~n it."t:lf, l.I!.nfortlltm~e.ly nora panacea .Js since regio!1.tI:Lsmif1,ud~il{;x11;!.!Ire cancome <Ibou~in fWO qutl~ diffcretlit\V;,t ys. The n~ oonc~~sn:.<; those desigp;e.rs of who bQunc.e oW d'le l11~ddh~~"tyer.Th~ ma.ind,ifli'ereIlW
Hence the gre'.I~:t:a,~,lph'lf)is

change, bm on~y gr.lduaUy. ] n ar(Jlil~wre

un the other

hand.the preV"'idling. ~~Im>ologycbao.,ges ~ve.ry fee".\,;' dec<Ides"And each tilne ~h~~, happens, that po:umlin. thecentre
of Q1,;l!r d~]gr.Mn moves ro ~Inew pos:~tuoo:

between them and rite SO-Gl n,edi ·[m:erml~iom1J~':stybts is lhal their 'grab-bag' o:f images

is somewhat more localised,

But essenlildly, irr.s 'the same supe:m,d'l~ process, i On the other llilm:l, mere is <tllOLhe,r process, quile diferent
Irn:on11hetirst, Ih<llt also generates ,I regional atchitectute, eXjJl'(;!Mjjng MRmgc:.iLIlw, a l roots. This process j['l!vo!'>'es

L'e'4C.-hing rhe deep suucmre in rhe l!)W'~~ layer. It lsa far n');(lq;~iffioolt but f.tr more ~w~M;dil'\gp;.ttl't s!i,!ld~ ;an;:l~il~C~ d ru ~ does not meoo~y lIi!:ll1sf>&rii1mg~ (wl1:tether of ~.OC"J.I 0. foreign. origj:n) but trcm!f_{orms them, by .re,a:nve.nlln_gthem, To understand howthis happens, we must examine the
these

Afd'li~~'<lun: (:om~s i.mllO being

111 [hepoi[ll

of resolution of

fooces that generate architecture. 'The fin.'Sl of

(n;min.nol!s,

is, of
Yel!I,1'l.

course, culture, This it:> like agre-o:tl reservelr, t<lhn<lnd

S:hiflun~he basic culrurnl pmrndig:Ju, l1.lis happened ("OSlUOS was r-e'pJacedby the sacredvalues the r5IamkG,lr~enof by tne <lniV'<!1 oftht'
E~lfQPe'4n<li

ckm:ngingonl~' Vt:if,;t gf'ddJUa~lyover the

IIDlintmoves because of a in l:ndi<l whenthe Ved~(,coJl("ep~ ,lochute(1Ure '.I~... model of tile of

Sometimes this

these four forces.

The second i~Mpl:r:'"JJtion", whi.ch i5 dyn .. mi.c and 'i/ol..:rlle.[[ if) lfeiY d~lT-erem fn.ml. (;uttl11'e., thOUg11 ofcC)urne they iOlera.ct (.."t:.m~jl1i:mmsIy.nlUswhf~esome

and i:nlag~ry
Wol.'j,

of

Paradsse, wh kh in tum

u'lf~mun

aspir.Uinos ean be quiJr:e epb:me:cill, others !.~ay become anintegral !XI:rt efculrure,
All rhe artsare rfOfound~y .tfl1ec~ed hV ",huft<;along [he
;;IX~S that nll1~~berween these rwo forces. Thus

with d"leir my[l'!ic beH~f it!

cllaJlg@

science ~lnd~.~i()!'I.lliry. E1.u:op:oln h~~ory,the [r!

from ROtlla!1~.5'JiUe toGQ1I'lJiCisp~b!lbly
il d1!i1nge

the exp:ressi.oll

of

if we represent 11. pa,eceof ari.himclllre .~ all admee (fior Instance Re.£i'~~t:,ln Square inSamarqand Of Ch~lnresCath.ed:ml in fmru::e) by a central potnt in a schema, then we can
disgram their rebticmsnipill this mannen

in l~hnoloro', 1blll~hat ti:on:l ,Gothic to R:eElai'~r

s:JJn.c~ d.~Jrl.ythe f~lH-oUl of aclec~~l.ve shift along the is culujm.~-flspir-.uio:n :JIll:IS.

T~!l'and'fl':3iHlOFmatlon
Changes ~I.ong lh~s (1ulltu':iI.~-ilsp.iralicmaxis moesbared by archReclll.l1'e with all. the othe.r arts, Illimy of which, sl.lch<ls poeuy :il1.1dffll!lsk: are~ndeo::lln1;Ud] pme" arts, fi\~nce they do not have to deal with the exigencies of the :prnw.t1<lJk .utd

tUuu1:iler'Chdwo:vld we live ]n, No, it .~~, freq:t;~~nC'ynd the a

declslveaess of the lech,1;().l'ogical d'lllO!g~ th~~ ;3n~unique

to ,.rcl.11i~~[jj_1II'e, fbal make and

it such

a se.n.~lt:Uvemomele.~ b

of the he<lH~ and robustness of a pantcular sodety. T,l::iisis ~\ih¥ cI[ies, and the buuldings they contain, are oJ such There are-two other forces that exert a far more prim,lI:Y
i!llJl~Jlenceon <l1'ICh:iteorure than they do on. <!t!iY of decisive hnportance
[0 thecu

~lum~.bistonan,

theo~her

For when we bave 10 SUI.)Slilute stone with steel, o.r

ilm. One of these is din-late, TII~ .is a fiJ;unchnlleI'u:al"nd IJ!ncil'mnging force. The a roMe-ct must learn 1:0]],ll"lSter its pf'.l.(;lk,dimpli.Qutiol1ls(s\,U''! ;,l11tl:~es,wUliIddh:~ti(Jn!s,~'[(.:) nd ~
go much f~.rthC:f Itihllrl th~~" flo, at a deep sti1LLC[Ur·@level,

wocx~ with concrete, we are faced with a ch.dl.enge: we' can e'Lt.he.r se the new led:mdogi.es to ~mpelfi.ci<l]ly I~~n-!lerdle u ddimages
tL:mtwe see

(hence

,,]1 aeouncl ,-1$), O['We Q~l'Itr(IJ'tsfbrm them,

Ohl1lfllSrer is

'the f,~keG0thk:

~~~

<'1_1\0 l1~!r~mlic omes, d re-

dimaJI:lll condinoos cU~JtL1.reu~~df, expresslen, irs rUles and, its riiuals. ]n itse~f, ~:~l~eC'J:nbecome the source o.f mj1h,as d

iO'ller'lting ~he 'Ircl~u~.ec;·n.lr:j~ elipre';sicm of the m~lthucVll~ues rhey represeer. BOlh nplions\l!IOr.k, but there is The process mlllinn.
Oil the 11 aufferem::c.

quai:uties amn:ibtned W open-to sky space from Mexico to M.:lb~<l and {10m ]ndi<! W Japan. The fDUl1h force <lot~:ng <nd~:iteot!.il is ~ec:lmo.~()gy.,No on re other art feels its 1111nulence 80 (lu'eCtty. Musica~, wstrum.enlS
witness the metilp~]ysi.c... tI

.f:ilcUiebut debnitati:n_g. Trnnsfm-·

orher hsnd, dli<l~.~enges soc.tety and renews it

~Iswe~l This is the challenge, and the reward, thal<ll'Ch:iltec-

~urerepresents

.in sod.ely every rune the tee1mclogy d1<I:lJig~

14

A prime t\xatnrl~. in our own

(~[lIry.,.

i:s the wmk ofLc:>

lIt'Chu~(_'U1:~

(hey ~k,
We:'

1Ul

~~n;hit.ecru~wl1k'h" at one <1!nd

be- o~n
[0

O:ntmstt:'.r..Each one of his pl'ojectsL~ t~.leworknf 'un homme m6c.Uterru:n6en·, yer none uses a s[oping red-tiled 1:()(~f.WI:ml G()Id)lL.~iel:did instead

~h.eS'illm: time, is both regional as well as univ~al In tllis ~l:ochj should

new l<,"t'hnolqg!.es,

""~4" W

IT!-inmnl the

whenever uppmp1.'.iate and aV'<lIl]b.~e,.keep3ng :i!nta!.'il .. our own self-c'OJJIfldence. W~'le:l1. ~lnd w~,"JIY. does a soc.~~l'y.PUllse mkkst,ide
'~I'1ddmlb~: it"ielfi' The maner

Medil~H'.J!.ne.. n etho ....in t'i"vl;:ruieth-centm'Y m ..terials,

Similarly in NoIith .Ameri!;:a, the work of kl!l.i~iNS1,;~niV<~[1 ..rid
hils (,.-on~Jgut's

is indeed a delk>lJte-

Chko.t,go gt:t!c;l!":Jited the:: ~!let'gy\vhich h,IS fu~I~~(jUS .u:(,.'hi~l;.(;'llU~flClr<lO~!lnlnr OrL'l'lOt~, Bu~Ule

in

tine. Inth~e<~d>' t'ighltib. when lhty ~~an~. dJ'il.llking n)epl'>i Cub. in Chin ..", QI1.e1)e.n~d inMi:m-':liVle.iyhatthls was go~ng t

.nodus

o~f,mdi. {:1f Pnsl-.M()dem.is1:1l OOOlin,g the I.Huddltl

layer df·'Wlm.m-O·
sCl;dt,jty hecause, at

i"lll~e.ry}has wc:'_'lkt'!n~1

thatsame

be th~ ~')!:giruoio__g ~he e.od, [h;ii:~c:ven~:J;I!"llyn of M<'!!o's of .. (:hil:l,l:i]mrm~ unl""Jv~l, On Ui)~mh~~ l':illli"Jd. hen Y0l,;11see N~v w
~'O

.a fundament;;;l~ leve], it provides no

Yorkersemlng

In

:1 Chinese

r,~mujr'J:Il[. do you rmnic ~1nd

nmni ..hment, The Sac.red WlId lhe Banal

'film. through recognil'ling the
'il'II~ue' of

think 11~1t thris is lhe first !.1:ep :i!nlileChinaftGutofl T11ie dufferem:;e of

[S.hlll]
COtU7Se .13 one

ofAiU~rilt,~a?

of self-("()n;fic:Ten:oe. Wh~n

c,11.'lleout of d.e Arabian desert ~]nd sIlre,I(:1 [owa.cls al:I.'e"'i!dy e:xi~led~n tl1iese iflg~led., m ..de lrs ve'ry own.

art;h~[ectmewhi.chis

lran ~lnd Ye'men, .il was full of mn;fldent1e in lIsdf. h found \\\mnde.lfll!l Ol.rchite<:tu[-ewhkh pb,;e:>, which il j1;!!5l 'l~wrb~,

regimh"~. we ean <ldiiliii';!'S."i issm:s whid.1J ure untivelW<l~ Forall .. true ardJi~~turei~, by deflnition, regional, Not because i~ re~.u.'i~mQ Di."l.Il~orld of ral..:il.eimagery (Hit>l!(J,ry as <l. 'Y:rk-a!tJUre), but b~~'~JU5eU~~)bPI~.~5 those pnme fc}!''(.)es
o(clllm~, as:p~r:JU(m.dima~:e) through using the ~&h:n()h)fW

aV8IjJ,II::!ie ~thm pa:rtia,.~.b:rpoin:t on our planet, [fillrhis a plUIDund sense" aU the fmes~ examples, of archeecture in

Thu,~when ]s!<UIl\! iln]vted in India,i~dis~uve~1 011] urd" of k e:XJ}~ic ~ur~ie~,,:I)d precious :ltOI1Ji!,",whkJi ]~ had neVe.f seen lilt-fIDe. 1U1.d these ~]g~lin~~ 'lS$in'l:ib:~d and i)]t'emali.<;oo ·'!,wHh great s!l',lf-(,"OnIfidlem:lil.And so .~ g~ Agro1J, Hu.rihpu:lSikri, M3ndu ~rLd lmIny other masterpieces, A:l"Id~ g~(the
:-ltm::mj,n~.ylbe'lmifld hOll!s:jn~ rypologi~sweflndin
tQWLll.,}ofYel.llen,U1id

ht~~ory,rom Faitehpur--:..,i.kri, in Agf'd, W the temples ofNa~~'I., f

I:()

lll~ hiU
])'In,

the O'lk P'ark: houses ef Fl'ank lIoydWri:ghl, bee ..use th.ey expkJit the superflclal

are an

the wind-Gi~tchung heuses of

all

regiumll.NDt d~c:p

.~ayerl'iof

f<lic;.{~el'll.lge.ry, but because !

s~nWtii,Ml= that

they

nlak~c;.'Qnnl(.1t: w~th the

of wl.1.id.1l, regJ~rd~.e!S.'l ~lr1gin we kleLlitify l'()f;i!>1Y of with Whe'r-e has ll1im ~If-confiden(.'e' b1011.etod'ay? Ho~

[sl~ml,

He$ beJ'le<ilth,

For ]~ is~hro\llgh ri1is process ~l-:mlu,.:l1i,~ectlilreex:pl:e:o.~e... ,

I.h~sacRxI.il'!lv~llihn.ia dl"~ undc;lr1ie.socUf!1.Y" .s'H;;~d, (m_'e, By

.of course, m~JJlIS not only that which lsevoked hy .R:lI:iginri.,

buut. lso by runm'c, hy the prlmc.m!~I~il:l'ltt a

me mythic.

The

Japunese tea ceremony and 111,1:: fl,ghJts()f Spaufil~11.'e b'Lu[ hull two examples, These obvious:Jydenl w~Jth elements buried deep .in our subconscious, ,<iuch'.ls the :rivetinp; (1entml~ty of a .tmlll"'t:'llnuu.d a ~"Omlyard. To C!iOO.~he h.ot desert p.h~n. t and Olrri~ <1tS1;uch .,1 house is an experiencebeyoad the m~lily phO'l;ng~,nk" 5rH~eth~rtB deep is stirred ir.!OUr mind perhaps the m~mory of ~~OS[ p.:;Lr:,H:l~o;;e7 In rhls hlye., of ~nvisihul~;:,JJ~ie .root.'> :ilKhi[~C[illl:e, rhe of

omd Hab1t Thi:-; b.i'i:Qg,:"m,to aaother range of ]''l-8ues wiid]whkh tile l!;\V'ilrd i" v.~~al1y concerned, ,Ind whi.dlis aiso of ffIlm.clil:men"· tal iimpcmaru.~!.o mnch more ~h<'!n jus[~ite Musli1lFJiwo:dd. Th~ a~ the ko;;S1,;~~1fi:vh~ch,oncenl our l"!01!I!.;;jn:g, our d!ie:-J
and our en .... imnm!!ot, lh~ I1uildi.ngof the habim.l ,:\,Ie h1we' in~ ~()(:'It'~ as
~I whole. Theincredib]y TlI])ili

ius~hoeen

di~'1;1$.5.i_llg,

as.ev,erywl1ere jn.~Jh:e v".()r~d.:~~. Ul1rgllnic process, 1o Myknnns, R:;lias~tmn and are not the bminchild

in\!'n~.v-, of

bea:lI[ir~I;1 hom~s In

ilmJiv.idua.1 <lif'Chit:eCL\ the pla!m_'lt of the entire commubm

Per!1J<lpSthus is wb,lt IouisKshn was re.rem:ng m when he spoke of his ye'lnl~n.g of the nen-exisiem VO~lIllleZero of
Hi~ory, 'Axl1l.uteoture' he '~lItd.'de<I"~with the recesses
mja:l.d. ]:n

cf the

\'V'ith dlOl' whlch

L:-J Ot)'i~l O

s .. ~d,

.md

oot)'ieit

buik,'

nity and its hkstory, Fo.rpeop]e canindeed produce the l1J!ll.l!sJng. ~hey need a,.. n....[I1.1Jt.dly<lind m.s~:iru.ltively as b.iircls bujld nests, In foil cr, halDiw[ wl':!id':l addre.~'>e$ juS[ <ltX)1.;Vt every one nf (mra::m~empomry {,)rmcem .. (balr;;'1flooo ec()-s'Y,~tt"m~,rec)ldung ()If W~;~[~,!llIImJnSC'.lI~,CIJ1~lll["J~
identity ~:m;1so Eonl1l) (lin/ud)!' exisls in the ·vema{:"'U:~ajt buiJJding system~ of peop~e d'lroughmll th.e wo.rld. Wh~lt
ooesrtOl'

this (".."QJueJlrt,<lr;e ~s.~i.lnlic do.meser.ell'.nRi ~'fil1.b0.~S of a .

rel~glon, or <l;ccWt:rus: of ~ecl1Lno.!o&'Y? If the lom:er, ltil::ten perhapsi~ might ·be bt:'[IeJ" fua;~:ht: iiJClhi~t:JCt'::i Bangbdes~,i of
to se~l['chifil. :!:Ii d~r Slf'JIILUJn f mythi(: :inhlu~'~o.!l, fur o ,liS of Pamdise. How Ciln tim anew in the .11IIshtropIcal clin~altill i!ll!S~anre,the Km:-<u]:~c arden G

exist

i,'O

the

llll'rnm

cot1i~e:xl wh.ere tfuese .'i:OhJI~k).II5 :r.rinlary loesprn1.\~iba]ity: ~o heip

.'I~via hie.

11m the.n :ii!\ our

gener-<l.re~hiscome,Kt.

(ioor B.Ighl>e expreSl'led

of Ben,ga~? Perh<lps from sllcil ql!e.~ti.QIi." Inay ~mye the

thi~ is why V.~effiJ1.:1IStOjl... y$. pay~h.e keeneM a~el1!tion to .~ e:ffiJrns [hal :;m:empt to provide ~h~ suppo.rt ~[nICitu.re,dlie

]05

5UDsyst:em.8, which generate h<i"b4t<1J, This is of crucial importance to urhan

F_f(t),iI'/ i!.BOV;e:· V'i!>,w fiJaPi~ tbe .~~df; f the fii(;~de o

of f)'(mk UQ)'(I ~hd' ~o

cemres,

0(111:

onlr ln U1.eThhd \VorLd"

Wrfjlbl's R()b,~ N(}uGlI: crpola

J= by.LMm.rtl'!N m

h~it ino:~sin~yin
of all, of this
C01;II:'Se,

the indu$rtrialisoomuions as wc;olL A.s0'111 r

a,1:€:

11Yelltwi!nl'Jg ,Abbe), ctlw",l;; the U',w qf IOCfji 'red sarrdsNme makes .r"all1'hpIM' SifiJn s~'t!m~()billllJ if)€t/) M~ ~!j,rormdiJW, ptlrU(;uJ~rl) a~' (/(;mm m,r(I./~ls!.r

d[i~s decay, [he samaticm worsens,1110se who snff~rmOSL the poor, simply express
3.

How canthe llm1Ji~ec[, using professional ski~]s,.help In

pl'OCeSS

and

not

feeling o:fcompas-

sion, like florence Nighlinga~.e <lrl'l.cmghe wounded? TIle t answer i5 by not acting Iike a prima donna professional,

but more m(_x;;i!esd}',md <li!1[mymous~f. It hi a roiewhleh h a~

\',ery

Lmpo!Jtamprecedems. Th.fo\JIgh.o~( .5W" and elseA

mason/carperuer
habitat,

whereil1!.~h.e world as wen. the iilrehimcts' pro~QTy~ was

the site mislrl, [~latS an experienced l who

helped with the des'gII.]andmnstlnlct~.cm, of

i:s

Th,e e"tmordlna.ri~y high qmllity of these master artisans

houslng but 'I~SOin the archh:eclUit<I~ masterpieces of history. ln fin.1tJ wilhoUl these peerless erafismeu, the Ta] Mah,d and F'Heh:,pur~ikn,\'!,'ould have
Gn~.yIn

evident not

been an impossibility; not only in their coasrructlon,

but in

the very cnt!;oe-plJl;l:alil>@Urm of the .1rCh~~cfuroll;)!l~uOllge ~~~r_ By ~O'ta~~y undervalu111gthe decisive (Ontrlh~[iol1l of
these cr:aftsm~n m a~d'ti[ootLlf'€:i have, over thelast few V;~ decades, disconraged
d1JM1 to The point of el([incrlon.

Our arrogance SIems from a lack of understanding

of

architlX[UI:e and Itsrebrrnon:ship with the other arts, So we

design a bu~kLirng audthen put some art into it, o ra piece

ofscu~pwre in front need not ~ustadorn

what

or ltJ whichis

3, room,~t 'C:<U1, F~ Filippo

(If, for

lndeedmyopic. A mural through thejension il

gel.'1<e'l;<lles,OCl~l~y ctl.~nge

rhe frescos of
wilhom.,

the dynantics of the space, 11m ,i~ tippi doeo tbose Wl;II::~y"l[i;l~
Illi..Ajllntil do to the

tn

floruruce, or rhecavc-painnngs

laodscape

that maner, TIle wh~1l.Cand golden ~nthe dayUg[1iL.lA:isImpo.rt<lnttha!:

cherubs of the rococo churches ·of AUs<tria, nying In from

[he windows, beckonlrlg

we understand and clarify in ollr minds the roles of the varicus playees such as. builders, architects and di.ent5,

~nvQ]V\ed~nthe creation of arehltectnre and why someames it succeeds, a nd why sometimes it fol lls,

The .Pcooesses ,of.AxcbitecNre

This is indeed ..n impO.L1'aI,l!l quesrlon. WI.let! one looksat

Ithe '-I:rdl.i~lecru re io the'()~I['Jjt'rie.s <!r(l<1,Jnd (he Gulf, one i.~ ~\V<lre the ill'l:coodihle rmsmsrch bem E'1I!1I1 the high qlUlI~r:y (}f
l

of tn@ :a[ch~tcats whowere com:rnissiolled, '\;l;i11by does this happel]?h

for the projects.

and (in [aj'loo may cases) the low quali~y of the ve.su~l:S.

is irrelevant that ~ nJU mber of the

tile OOI.1.t:t<ll"lr', when

sechitects involved are foreigners, On

the dty or Ghandig;ul1L in India was being designed by Le CorbuMer folit'y yeal'S ago, l'Il.Hty people-wondered: don 'It: hldianil(d1iJ~~0!5 object 'to rh it> key project being .assigned to

16

a fo.rei.sner? ]

<l~W"d,yS

replied, No, on l:he ool]Jt1.'ary,We <.11.'(:

h.!cky to gel Co.-busier. He t<lkes.I:r>ch uteCiW.re V'ery 8e!iou~ly. 'i,,'Ue can only P.rofil by hili eX<l!£il':q)l1e. l1i1:is ladeedpeoved :[Q
betrue. in ~\VO~mporf.Hl~ ays, f~ w
IX"Qll,Jl~J£

of ImJimml",.o:ne S~fS!pecl:S ~~l .dl he :m~y t-w.diy have been ~~yLllg dowol.s soliCit for ellerns - who, bu:;Uy Fox hilT!, W
did
0:Ql;

swallow the bai!~"lr[!'ie Gl,l.lf 1300l111. had n«:~I~

in

Corl:H,lsi~s

[he~hi.n:ie$, CQrbusi~rmi~:li~ well h(lvegoT inrvolV'oo - and ruined - in the p.roG~ss, .As I said I:x~fore~ lndia was ~ucky to get Corousler. But he.ron, was ~.uckyW ge[ lndia., Here he met di.entswhn befleved in the seriousness of archirrectlllre,
OUI ~ives.

work was at mecl,JIuing edge of ariniIOCllU:'{;, and lndia S-I"lddefillymovedto ce['n~ .smge as '[h~ focus of ~:m:em[on
for the whO:~e pro~~.oI:1J.. Poople came from >11.1 they were working in
OO11J.lt: (Wei'

the

world 10 see C[1I;1ndigarh and AhL"J.1.ect1ltMildi.Far frum feell~g weiJ.'d comer

or Disneyhmcl,

and what it could do to COOla

]m.lu<l1.1 ardhi~ectiS felt P<lru ofjhe rnaiastream a nd still do

t'CH:Jay. Secondly young lndlan a :ocl1.irecrshad ~[! ex~y aordi~ry QPpOnunityl'O le-.arn from .le Cod~u.si~($ ;,af(hi~~nlre, this was indeed ~rue.No( only did youo_gIndiiao~r(hlrects ~,e-:rn foom his extJ<lowi:nll:ry buHdings. bur alsofrom ..
exposurete the-man himself His com11lCl!willi the Govern~
:iii

I can never forgel the br.mia:nt address th'llt.the selentlst and

n~eil{ of PlHljab s[ip1Jlblled that he spend,

oollIDIool'>ltors

month on SriIt:e~11

hu:mlniM.j<!oob E}mnowski gave <lllhe sl!!mmmion of the ]967 Aspr;'tl Des:.ignConfere~ on 'Ord~';fand DiiSo.rof:t. Co:mp,utr:fIj, were then the newest buzzwoed ",mons <l:rcilH:ec(S, and de$i&n~rs, and ~he\!'esee'ffl~ to be :00 end ~C) Ute wonders th~y would adli~\I'~.BrQnowski took ~~ess
o[plimlsl:UC view. lie iUusml.t~d thlSbY~injnlng

Cha:mJllgar:I:iJ., tvdoe a year, This was in addition to his

Pierre Jeanne'pet:., ane Drew and Ma:i'\.'ifeH FlY, j which lasted who resided there full-time oncanuacts

[he old

proposition that '>I monkeypec:king bosrd wml~d,. seoeer

Of

1.>ll'ldQ.mly a keyat

several yeol['8. 'rhus the interface with lndla 6mclwuth Indian archi~~ts)\V'ol.S wnsider.a.ble, and ro..uclJallybeneftcil1l!L\'i)':e had ln-depth access to
~rellij'l.!"e p'r~5~

of the of .1111-

hlgJ:l!~[ order.

A[

the ssma time, being

@x!posoo to the
\VllIS

dimacuc and Hv.ingrofu::lilicms oE[he Punjab

mense I)!'ill;@rul to,IJC Corbusier net to mention

the feedback

from the users of his buuk~lngs. TI.lis arrangementwas nat ufilq)ue.[n their dlesi/grtof New Delhi, in the twenties the OOllitm.CltS of Edw.in.lut)i'en.:s and
Herbert Baker Miipulated that they reside OOl"ltin.l!Io1.lsl.y .fox

la~:el:,type out the entire works of Wmimll Sh<lke8pe,rre', Bron,otl."Sk:i:·,\'aS slPO.rl:ing:he took not the whole weeks, but [ust the sannel&; and not ;dl du: sQflne!:Sb1,;l:~ celebrated one which sWl1S wlth. th~ Shalt 1 (;Ompa1T! IIM~to ~ summ~J''s dU:f? 'lb()~~ al1mQ~ lowly m.d ffj!OHttemf)ertUe. ln f;~l1'!, Bmm::;wski.[ool only the first two. lines ~ and showed ]twouk~ indeed [a a gre",!' deal of time ro fini~n lie meserwo lines by .r<wdtlm selecnoneven if the tlwrlkey
were l'O b'-yrepb~d by [he fas[eS'! ~.'!l'lainfro.m.e computer,

six moarhs a ye.!r in Delhi, for lilt: ,hJlw,uiono:f~:h.e project

This
[iUfi!,

was of decisive impOJtance~:o, the success of the yenslnoa i~ allowed them ~n absorb afar mom vivid underits di:m~lle, ~1t.<;cul[!J.I[eand i~ ps~p!e., s,
:<I

",landing of the country,

In

OOl1lJ[['.Js.t,

mo.'>lar<:Ml'eO.s in the Gulf gel!.by with p~:al:iln~ngnd desi.gning which is quite a

.kind

ofparllchure

honendous, TIley flly in for a fewrnays (or hours) on proiects much larger than Chal1J.diga:~].Whal is their e.\'l:p05ul\e to the .1,Cl!G.;ll5? vice '!leI'S"? .h seems clear that And there is (0:; sh.oukl be)" diffeu:ence between a ~iteooure

Bro«1(}wski gave us his ealeulsnon rOt ~ad) ,onse.::;miv~ v..'ord,b:U:lwhen. he reached the hSl word of the second Iine, he stnpped and sakI: 'You know, any of us would know th3,]; this word must have tbree syi.I<lIbI.es bUl onl.)' ~. Sl1"lkespe,ll'ewQuld bave thOlllgili of thisexll':::lo.rdi:nmy Vi1Ord:[:emper.ne'. To Bwnow8ki, neither Art nOJ: Science is Ule product oJ random ..c~:h:m.A$ he pat it: 'IfRltuJ'e \'\f.~tJi~S [0 proouce honey, .~~: produces fl\~ bee.lf N~nl,l;:~rrts fiPit
po~[ry, she furs!produces Mart' So perhaps when N~lure wanted dle ex:q:t~isil'e ~n;h:u~~c-

lure of the .AJhambm. she fi.~!produced

11

the .Mu,~Jim., io, F

OInd C<l:.petooggirug, [\_n.d th.e cllentsshould beastlt;UI~ enoughto ufilders~and~:ni$. They muse net o:nlyufilsi5ll on
far morn

when we ~oQk at the mcredible rnmg.eand l>e~mty of [sJ:~n1ic A:rdllilt:CiI1lre dowutile

rentJ.:uie.s,

>lil-:e'

we not also .~ooidng >It

!,e~rJhiy imelt'f:acc:"i, but dley mUSE alsojake an.

socleties who d~mmglJi the ellinimuicll.'JI of sculpture .md P<1iimin:gilOd[f)e re~i..nee on ca]l:igrnpny, t~;:uroug1li nonthe ~vailla'bi~ilY l'encsj~e of m~lt.e[.ialls, and the reH,.1n';;'~QO ~sonry

unlemg:enl~n~ere..,t ln what the arcbitect is tl'}llrItg to achieve. If they don'il:, then theyhave onlly themselves to blame,
No b!.:lild~ngeanbe bener d1Jiiln architect who designs the

it, or the cotaractor who bt![~d:sk,. or, oaecould

add, of the

clieru who (10mrnission8 it This is where t'he rkh. clients

aeouad the Gulfhave some so:ul-searchin.,g ~odo. Ye-oirs

huef,~dung some of Coib1.ii~5ieit's ri~ungfrom the [lhil!!Cies, w

!n whnch he appea~:s somewharr elIi.t~i.V'elyto '[he Caprairls

'vau:~~s nd domes were- me-~ln~ produce 'lrCh~~e<:rure(# ~H] a ro incredJih~yhigj1ooer? Not JUSt the gre<.H arcchiM1Cls w.ho a~ j!J.IS'l~.y e~ebn.1itedun history, but alsomore c IlLunb.~~ pracn~ionern"To return [0 those: ,~[>Ind3rd~,mi;&hl it [lot neoessi~:ate'<In,lna]ysis or~:hall p]'ogrnl'J.'l:mil.lIg, and its ree.invenfi.c)Il in the: co.nteJl.1 of the OlSpn:tuans and ~:ecbnologies of OUf thues?

17

lEmsurl:n:g a Fut:1iU'e m':f the .PMt

RONMD VEWCOCK

impollant part .oJ tb~ won: of the GC)Fitem.pualjl arc:h~f'K:t a:Khit>eat is thalt he or she makes into the fumre ofvaluable possilbl.e the mntinuation

'TIme, not mau, molike$<l:rohite<Jture' (Gan:.ia £Orca). This lme, written b'-ya gfe<lJt Spanish mooem poet, explaim why, fbr rnal'!l.v~op.~e,prdIonging [h,e~i!l'e tmilldJin,gsits, an of
One >oJ thf: best justufirotLons of tile speclalised 3MI. of the qUilHti,es of the environmenr,

fu,~o§ iis. rbe call;utioo ud\o.ef! ]!l, tll~ U1>t:: (J.f new ma~erkl~s. Th<J1 is, ~ostudy the ccnseqeenees of lheir :physic-..J and cll!!ffii·, cal ~ntemCilionWith old m.at~riais and ithi~]rdiffur~]lt we-.r~h·
€rimg properties, suehas cemsnr, p:~asti('and a:~umulil:uum.

The three oons~rv:miol:1J. proJ~as which r~:iived

Awa~l~

rmm,texitu:re,m:<l~eriat and o§deta:i!1 and decoratlcn, that wouldO't!herwise disappear. By sjgmd~in:gbuil:d:inSS<lnd towns for special care, ~he arChi~ect di5tioguishesthem from lill'lieJr f,e]lo'l>vs,em:ph!lisis:ing lill'lieir po!)e',-othi! to serve tile ends k)rol proposes f'Ortll~,ffl.6u[ mis skill also has d~n,gers, S:iI1l00 tiheaotlon o:rtimJll an b'Ll,i~d[ngs.isjudg,OO W
be ~n
impotilltnt

facror, it does not do~orebui[d,

Ilo

them, to

in 1983 were Rn .individ!Lli3~. blJ~.]d:Ul1gs. but €fl.ch had a !.1ron,g conte?ltu<l1 component Th.e Slmh R1!I~]1-i.-A1II.n tomb in M1!.!lnulhas biMO.ric<I~~y donrhnated the ely from a site ~:Jiigl.'1 on rhe former d~add ..Its d~b.lpiid.u:edst,ne, before conservad)O,l) was l"II:ndel'tak~n.Md a depre1SSing efJea au an ancif:§lt b1.1~ vi~l dry of ~ftsme!1Land <'lrl'i5t.;;, Th~ ~POllaoe i:o Dam!l!scusoc'Cupied a bistoric sille if! tl'Ie andem soukares dose to ~hegreat Omayyad Mo..<;~ue of ~I.~ Wa.lid. As the ],argestt<'l!~ssible pdV<'l[~ dweiHng .in.th~
historic centre,
ill

create pru:tme EOnns and details,

replace the patina of

foeus rorij}e revlva] of am and c:mfts ~s

age wi~h spanking new materi a~ <lnd textures, to put newly carved deoo'ra~ion in the place of old. TUG much 3cknowl· edgement of the ,000000tempomry woukl defeat its ~~. 'fI:m PO~:!la di:~emmaforilie~"rofindiM~ bUild· i:ngs, and even more fur the oonse!V.er of urbao iI.!,~.%IS" [1'1 rndudm:g rhe ca.l'egorv of arcllll!.&l'iilr.l!! ~Qm;;e['ll"<r~uor!as. pa!!t off A.,gll Kh<lr'! A,l,MllW, the o~iseu:; were concerned wilh.EWO problems that seemed, eedemic to the oourmies of ]sb:m: firstly.. that many bu]kllings ]n~:8Jmie oourm"ies 'were

well as a nlweum offtmdili.onal

culi~lIre, its dep,lo:ml1l.e

condiition hOld become a !:i"}i'l1l;fuc.J,1Iof dlec~ine in the old cUo/. The dlird prujeCll was aCllmdly lnten.ded by its spamo.r, ~lIe Gemun ruch~eo1og:iG1~, hwtitme in Oaihu. ~o have
<I

d:iirecl i:mpaclon 1!:n:lban l'el'mbi~itoltion in the old city, By

me

selecting far cceservadon Jlve I.mtoo.c buik.lins-s in one ~,I(Jitio!AOlI qU<l!rt:er, ]t hoped ro provide for .[h~ peeple of the fII.e~ghl)()urh()oo iiJJn~-.l(:emr;]:aJr 111111 ould ~nQmlmge w them ro
undertake the renffi,"'a~Don [he~uoWn~lmlk'ies,. ]( was of lhoughtilim. such a seed plamed ~nthe eld eity m~.ghl grow >lnd spread to other areas. Here. the conservatton 'Work was initiall.y undertaken by an aochi~ecmrnl. hiistorhm, Dr .MiClhilei Meinecke, who <lci1i.evo.:Jl'e~rbb.le sm:c~wi[h ili.e fmt bund.ing lO be l'enova:red, the Mad:rllS1'! al.~AtJ,IIl!~:i. SuibsequerJitly, (i young a~~h:i!~~~l, Philip Speisf:,i, Jomed the p_rojea and, <l!fteT Meif!;ecke's de.P<lrn.lre: fb§ s-yrl<l, comp!e:~~dthe pr~~l<;, The work of this ream was characterised by the gremcare mkf:o 10 .~oe::,lle use the last off the and

negLected and ~nastarte of disirnu:,gratkm. Theseeond problem is thatsome attempts ar OOfiSef'i1llltWn, :regard~ess

o.f the best i:ntemions hadfailed, h was OOt unccmmnn to

see buildings on which oonsideralYle sums had been spent less rhaua decade before, again falli.llg wro disrepairSo inp:l'emiait.ing

oornew<l!tlon as one of me <l!Sp;lcu of

me OIgllrn5efS

the Aga Kha_n AwaJ'd,

Sl!tiiI~e~i~.~,d,a~
~fI the 0'l!5e

wlshedjo focus
conservation

i1Jt~:enri.ononprojectS which had develo~d

promised

[0

be successful on. eV~1"}1level,

WllIS

and mIght therefore

bestudied as models for other projects, found to

ofundi.vidual. bui~d~:ngs. success

be pri.mlilri~.ydue to three fa.otnrs. 'nle fl;l':St mlihese is re'se:'i!lfch

into the truecauses
.0$ deteri.Qr:ation in the Sf:I)U.ttureand

n'JateiL'ia~!i., second bOliOf :is the respect ro.r the p.rincip]e The ef usm,Q, as far .18 poss:~lY1e in the oom;erv-a~[on work, Ithe o.rijJ:incJlbuikHng mil~erialsand'-wft5m<JnSh~p, Only if this were do1');e'WOu~d~il:~hering $00111cause Lherepaiu ~ I)!! invisible, and [he .n~numl.:ageing process of the whols
buulding be :a~.~owed, oontunJLleuni!tllerrupted. The~hl:lld. to

nmsle. ·cmftsmen survivi:llg 1n Ql:~m, aod by the w.i[Ungness off the a]'(;hilectS[O ]e<lrn u'lclitio:md techniques ~nd use them whereverpossib]e. 11:is nO~:<Ib]ehat: th·e money . t receleed from the Amrd wJS l[self used to u,n.O'e'flake anOthef Major conoow.iJjan pi!:ojec~ a djo1nins the earlier work, Ute reoo\l'a~ionoff ~heMad~~ of Mo~~mmedNasi:, The imp;aaoffme Ullifo p_roI:eC;l ]}(!;ovedto bebo[h
enooumging aod diSilippo:imil'lg. The resro.red hUi~dfrr'lgs,

Mlh~n\O d.~re]lidj w~re genero]:ly put. to 1J,~e by dle Inca]

inhabii[af][S or the authori[i~,~, The t:woweligum:~~buildi:ngs

became mosques which nowa.t'tively serve the eomrrm-

FroM A.oocL"E:; Jlmi\t.Jl pj·~.wof aid frros.t~i~;. !~,bic;hb~/~ ~'I'1!1I'jbbl

lj(,'(]~'r d(]stro)~
aUf! 10

1~(J!!,

nity.. But the imp1J:ct of the five conserved btl.i~dinggWItS not seen to affect the oondiJoon of the Ii1emainder off the enviIUJ::JIrnenl!.There were a number of reasons, both loeal Ito ti'J.e quaner andgeneric ~lJ the old dry, to which this n'J.aybe aM:ribl,l~el;t A~nree OWJ:1e'JShip, prevalllag PQveny di5.p'l.J[l~Sbetween netghhoursa~i contnbuted ~:omiri£;l1]~e
agai!1S[[he sp.i.n-off effects of iillllproving themajor menu-

dvJI ~Mfi': lbot ~·lghl(ffi/,'~kI?1W~f,l'Z!'.m PtJ'I('/~!! .... .~~ W~~ oj' liN m(j'!;Wrpi~;e.j: (if ~m~"!;(1~'j~ .(fr'!;bj'l>!%lnjlft;!- showbl~ I/Jf! .fmrl'C.rj/(JSlo.!i~·IJ,(,md{n~~m Ux·p:i:::~tI(!; ib~ .Wjlt~r elwIn!' af jh~! .1/i!q.\'fj MQ5q~j~.

o !'f.IiI.l.EAF~ A
lh('

fl~mm

(:j/.Swn'Ij,' .I~llj·S¥jie'JI,r1.)'iI/J paimtMI mri.~·1fi

leh? Il.~(lin~\1tl.'(# of b!;flQr~'i;

ui'lJ'jD l(JDNitlg J;l(}fib (lirmlj

Ctlfr'O, r!anwd ajuw /fiJi] Nill.rmi'd !'t;~l(i~aJ·J'iifmzz U-Dil~ Allab. ll'JOki1t,8 luwrlras Ibt;' !S€ilHI-k~i~'I(,j" of All()
/l'TO.!!Jffj1miie'

(jl-.f{,fjbmarl

Kmhru/,(j,

om,' of

sullen slrucWros

rt'sJot:c>d' tl~ tbr! fiF!i,~ pbt1!i(!' of jh'~'f)(~rlJ

J~I Old Cafro

Q,nl~J~ '~lm'(fN(l'·j

ments, .Bu~a signifLiCiilntf>lc~or lso seemed to 'be the fee~ul1g a tha:t the conservatien werkwas done by and for fOl'eign tOLlri~t. sa nd therefore it WOIS not 'LJltim<!J:dy fll!dged by them to be a concern of d].e people (Jf~he nr:ighb!Jl.i!rhood. A S<l!k:J.t~HY les.son, nevenbeless, but the conservarlonwork of

the G~nn:lll A:!'Ch':H:ologiOlllll:>ti~ul~.ere'm~i:n.s of rhe SO!1)(;!'

besrrenOV'll[iOfil work of i[S kind. 'ev@fdonem on very low bllldgets W conserve at leastsome the

old dty of

Gl'lI~ro, ,lini:nspilt'l!lltion.Ito all on how milch am be ~lChie'!{tlul ; of the

filrdhitectl!f'.dmesterpieces.from the great ages eflslam, The ,-"On8ef';!',uiol]. the Shah Rukn-i.-Ala.m tomb in of Mul~lln w ..s undenaken by a senieratchitect, W ..Ui,Ullah Khan, who haJ<llre-"dyd~lir:J:glJiili.h,ed himself w~th the conservation ofillle Badsh ..hi Mosq!J.e ln Iahore, In advsnced a~,and with a pa~r ,afYOI.II!l,g.c:r a\'}..'5i~nts.he undM:OOk theworks of ~eW' ..lion of U'lie tomb, whid:lJ l
had developed a major spH! due to [he movement .of Us

fiourtdallons and was ge:ne.l1lllly an advanced and ll.gly in

state of dila:pid<ltb::m., ].0 prepamti(m for dlUs work the Awqa:f i11~rnn;ged the [atO[3It:ion of the sUI.Tom1.d~n.gIOi1lW3,1I by :ror

other aUlh,o.riJtie&J'and to be faulp;y.Thetomb

almost

thi5work itselfw<l$

has unforllunately

proved. conserved by WaUi U[bh was made

to ~oc,}[e

Khan i:1'I an ~emp~a:ry fa$h~.ol!i,1.ISliI1St:rnditioJ,!,ll ~~h:niq~les

(;-xdusively" A maior

'e'fffill

craftsmen who understoodihe

iH'Ici(!!'nJt [(!cJu!ltqu<='S

of UiI@

mak~ng. and even more importa.olly. to ~.OC'JJt:e sources (~f the mineral deposits for the unique coloured glazes of't11ie o:;igiJ.m.]lles .An <lSed.deseendam ha vil'lg been found of the t filnilly who o.riginaUy made tiles far the tomb, slx hundred ye1lIS before, l[ proved pcsslble It) revive a craft whi.oh seemed oomp~e1).ely lOSt, and In resrore .he unIque. beltilag,e of the decoration of [he tomb in all its onginal glory., LO .he vvay It must have loekedm the fourteenth century, This work. was preceded by tile moot pa~.fisll,]kung reOo.r1s.tI'll:Clicm and stren:gth.erain.g of the original structure and repair of its brick ....ork. .A1tnoughthe lO1ll.b has been so thoroughly , ~oredtha~wme of its pa:rin<lof age has been laM. the great ;)ihievem~O!tof the ccnservatlon projec~:w;ils f'!;'i.fC)foid: ma:jor medleval cmift indus[Jry in MijIM!'L has been revived and. C()I]tlI]:Ue5 to nQ1JrL~h. and the tornb tod!a y jsr:t.~ea'k:~d,
fo, the fiil'StUime in eenturiesas nne of the gre~ltaclueve-

ments of [s1ami,c<lOCmlectJure on the lndian subccrulnene,

'Ihe .A~t:\rnlace b~d beendamaged in "v<jrfa:feduring h th~ F[!eJld;·J!oocl.i~tiO.!l of SyrlO'LAM10Ulgh .~QcTOO.in the
lhnn:i~ neg[eat andina:d.eq)uate ~p.1.i!l'S hadled to its

workon s~eetB<,serv:i:Oe$..;nd pu bUe m.on~!m.en.tS, l'hiiJs demon",n;<'ItiQo of the self·s~lS'tajnil'!;g <IbUity of 1(1!1bu:!1 cons~r!i'llrrion W:l1S unfOrturultte1'y bronglM to an. end b¥ tha corulict in his G01l;lnttry., with M.Olilla:, uff~ril1g more da:mlilge s

returnjngto
sevemles

an aJQwn.c:edstate of dettlriO.l'ation by rue lt was the loee and dedicatcon of one of the

curamrs off the museum in the palace, Sh.afiq a.l-1':maITt" which then. ted ~.olts woC)~ful conservarioa, He supervisedeach ~t<I;ge '[)be week and undenook dle loc aoon of a:nd~jning of tibettOlirfSro~n,eu'l!p]oyedon it. l1;~.eresJUlt is ~hereturn to its full b~ul!}' of one of the moocrrmgnifice,!':It examplss ,of &:Ie~.~endary Dam@scus[s1amic pa:ia.~.Th~
AW'aru lssald to have. made a considerable Hg~ngother eonservetien ..:re-~ of impact, encourwork o:f the k~nd ,~nadjoming

ns to be hoped that ilie Sitrong OillIicliticm whkll the build1.11£shad been renirned wi]! to have reduced the dam age lb,ey might otherwise have ,reoei....oo,.andmat ~heexample of Sta ri-Grild',s workvv:~n ,ioopite d'le ·~veo,ltJ1.1!.:d lCe5ro...rodion of Mostlr '~nd ]OOoy other
than many oilier centres,
]t

toV!.l'.!f!5:Hke it ii!llh<l!t

OOl..irlUl'"

Aloo g.lVen ;;In AW<l!rd in. [98tiW".J!S m,~ oon..s eN.ttiJot! .0[ one. of the most haU.owed shrines .inilie .lsilami.cW'Orid, the AIl!-Aqsa Mosque adjo.~l1in.g the Dome ofth~RbC'kif~.Jerusa~

me old

citty of Damascus,

How can the aid be kept side by side with the n.ew? The answer suggestsa p.lu:f'.dityo§ values thalonly the most .rophistiC'JJood will be Likely to sbare.an a:ltiJtude ~t will be con~ruLy under 't]:II;e<l!t ina ~ddtl':!a~ advocases mod.!emvty <lll:!d~t~ dll,ll1lge.lEvC1lnifiroIaJr.ed .mOflume.o:l$ms y be a]loVffldilO $lH'V.iv~ tn this way., milli'l the O1!!:1,ci,eru:Roman temple now S€':mng as a ch)U,rdl :linthe main stre~~ or i!.ss1si,
the proteceon hwould of a whole uman area does seem eQuivocal demand ad!~USitmentB an individuOl~.'s to expecta-

lem, ·The A."vard initiative stressed the reMomlio.l1 WOE.!!: 0.11 ]he dome of the mosque, which had deteciamted to such ,I degreeID~["v.i!irer .1e"Jka.g:ehad etJeai.vely obli~erd!t:ed the v:,llu01bl!e~imed docor.l!ti<m on the inne.!' ,$il"Hface. Alii thil5 WJS saved,me roof ~O~b\u;ted.~e p.1iintiingsJelUrnoo 1'0
tnehr fermer !brightness and the WQ:l'.ke~tendooto encompass the whole oJ

merest of the ffiOSqJuflam:d the structurss

of

of the gales a.I1dr(mnl>l~ns of the Hamm. beycmd. Bnoolilraged by the Award, consesvation of the greillbuiiding the Dome of the R.ock ilk.<;elf rLowbei:ll,!il studied, :fi5,
A'&pallt of the ].986 AWiJM, honouruble menrionwas made of[l]ewor.k oJ the Touriog~tnd Allll'O~.ob.i1e ASsoci.nIDn ]s~nbl~] in oonservi:n,s a flIJ!JmDeT oJ histoiic in liJ'Uikli:Qg.,.5<,ro<.l:ny ofw:hiih had been p"'~IDns ill ]'OYOI] p-ol!rk~,[nadd:ud)oo,mc;l1"ounng Association unaen:ook[he

tions of the envI:Klnmel]Jt, .and to the ,communily's <lJuitude to :f:unc~ooi:Q£. the cilyand\lfOu]d of

requifea. strong

consensus

~OS{lJc:ceed,

So far, only ine;(~~e

cases, such

,~J(peOta~iofltfi f the urban ~nvioonme;n[ o

as Ve1ljce, basa ma~ofiitY boot! p~e:P<l.rOO.ro sac-rl_f1.OOits and forf~it il[s

on the au. The first project for the ccnservatio:n. of an. entire old city

dependence

cQ.I)Sefl!~a,tionof large ruumbersof old tl!mber houses In rwo

areas adj:nining hi.strni.c: .mO.l1u:me·EI~. The Il!'S[ is around ilie

centre to receive an .A:..varo was that of Mostar in Yugoslavia in. [936, Here, one man, ..Dzilia.d Paste, who had InerIybeen ~.reglonal coaservadon officer" took. tile

Kanye ea.mii, where italsa repa.ved the stree~,restmed

.10CJjl~ fouutain houseand conserved '<llmljor teaching school. of the. sevemeenth

the

.fDl'"

century fm 1.J!8eas a emft scheol,

initiative, by fo.nnm.S an organisation, Starl·Grild, whicl1. persuaded rhe mllinlicipa]ityoI' Moot'ar ro w;:live taxesand concede control of services ina SJmOiUa~ on ,either side of
the famo'Ll!S,sliI1!glespan bri~ge cros.<;in,g the appearance the Nere~a River., Whil.e the buildings and streets were being brought bsek to dlej' had a cen:Dury earlier, the hridge ]~df

The second area liesbetween dle 'fopkapi Pallo: and ,ffil!gia: Soph.ia,wh.,ere U1;ecQr'loo~da:odreoo..n5!lITICl)ed houses willl)e: 'used as hotels and One-as 11 Hbm.,. of (he
As.<;ocLi8IHon,.

tlrban conservarton imvo!.V'f:'s tackHngpui)]icin£;titutinns,

was ~ha.r1()ugh]y studied a:ndoo.n8e!ved. The diemoillltrnible success of lru::.ism.>t phase made it ~d"ti\J\e.lyeasy for P:a~icto f persij,~dietheauthof~~~es ,gr.lru; him ~he~me oPPO!li.lifljto ~te.s in. a ItbrW.~r [hi~' buHdi~ surrounding d'l~tllt'St 2.Ql:'!lf,'L
The endmsiasm engendered
0pem:tions

those o.rgans of OO<'Je[yand ofgovernnlent thst eenanl the strucmL:m;:: UIDiiln Hfe, up to theve.ry Iliiglles1 realms of of a:Ut[10rlty. To db ~hi~ theil:rchitoo has totake on, Oil new ~po.lJiSibmty, 10 p!:reU!~delhe beads o:f ili.ese ms,tiJ!u'tiom U~t their hafd"fuugll[g,~ls and standards ~y 00 ~b~O'dened ..in [h~ \limy places where d:l€ 1~tt1!ebeg,an, fue QJd

by th~s phasejn vus.it:c.rsand

lownspeop1e aHke ensbled him ~ofurther extend his

mba.n

u[J!til"arr: he outbreak of civil. war, the f:nt:iJrearea, t of the seve.nteen~l'N;:e[lJtJUrytDVII'l1l was part of the eonserva~ta.n scheme, By oomervi:Qg,reooIV<lting and in. a few cases reeo ..ll~tru01ingme old oommeIfCial and .residemial. Du1Wi:QgcS . of thetown, Stari·Ofold W;1S able lofil!iOlnce ootlSefV'ation

to aU.ow V3~llIe.'l to sUIV~.ve thmiliey had >lW<lIy. NQ wonder d1iHlt urban oolWeN>ltiol1, if SYiOOess:fillil, a, g[ow business, is m,'ii'o]Y.iog I.ong <lndlJ31iem camp.lignsro enj~in the general pnblic iUldg,overnm.em offidals aJikeID appseclate the values of m.eiy OWn d~ies ,HId to <'!ccep~ w,mm~~y
cenJil:reS,

alwayslfu!ou,ght sheuld be swept

the

need.

fOl'Mmtegles

to protect and preserve

hr;in.gs[h~

them ..

l'e'.tr clown bu.ilding.s darn a ged in thewar m. Leo.lmm and

Implementing

urban conservation

ardhite([

replace them.with
[he ~mpoil:"lanceof
uroon. areas.
]1'1

new

15tI1l:LClutes. drJ}i1!.i

ij[]jto unf<tmiHlIr eellaborations

... ee'p~n;ga u>ldnicmal ufll:mn K

Th~A.g{l Khan AW<lrdis ()o!UiJ]~iJ!.g W

.:m:eDl'LOn to
of

functkm~ng tnllditkmally and 'fe~ instep with modem limes, <!.S' faras ~n~tat~o:n, services <lnd ease of access is ()onoemecl, meansworkil[lJ.Iil with te"drfllS of experts :~nw.3J:eir
area

~h¢ ;;;pocialisooOll$:p&~ of

~he wnk

flfch!iteds that deals wi~h the ~re of oW buildings. and

addition to. devoting some awarols to

s'l,Jlpply,droina:ge, ..oowemge, road and pulbl~c[t.1.nSPOvt

de,si:§n. Th~ need for 'lIn~oiJtties l!rlV(l!.vestihearchite<:Jtwt[h ,e~eCil[icalty,[el.€:phome, l~eVd$ion. a~n~'i.D.boce,fi~figIMtng, school and medical
the

planning, W rtifllffi.€:but a few. Att.t1I.ong

that have W be made are lh.e types of paving in the !ir~~h'lit would blend [1!llost ::luirablywulh the ~'~diti.ona~ e['J;v~ron!l::l'1lerJ:l, whether ~here shedd be sidew:aU;s eo proll.""tpecibmriam1io:r not amJ~r they I.nay be out of c'hatl101!t;lr ·wtth rhe old area, if motoreed vd:!lk:k~ should beadmltted atall ~ndif .so,whemner tl"JJisa~
decisions

mlr'riad

c:on8erval~oEl, the Avvardi.iS now~nv!Dlved, thmughits ~(emo:rg;l:ni~tiQn, the Agjl. Khan Trust fo.r Cutl'llfe, in a Historic Cilies, Support Program :unillkliflg the imernatiornl~ lIn~mp~ ~oachie\'e these b'Oal!:;.. lslarnlc bl!1i1ciings \\'.eTeg.en.ernl1y bL!ill 0]'1 the a~umplkm
tl'ia[
~h¢)~' wOl,lld~e-iv~comiou~l~jmenirr1lce.

The concemto

:Jic!rvallced d~y

now [htte<li~eo~]l~.~nyof~ihe b~lilld:~!1~

~~tOU$

lHInd towns of ithe ~s~fI.mnc orid :~ of w

should be ~ufni~ed. cemlim times of 1[0

In

day.

additicm, U'U:~re re also questio11l;!;l how ro reverse a of immigmticm OU![ of the old a~:s and OOlPingwilh oocial
cha nge, of imp.~ovn:ng the economic base offoilm~r city
cemres 80 that they may oorninue to be

self-sustainin.g,

of

everyone who admt~res the ex[m.oociina.ry l~v.~1of hU~11! <1Iooievemem lh;.t t:heyrepresent 'fhe situation :fIs. sin:diar from Morocoo~o Indonesia. The lssues are genem[~y the same <lind'[he cont1~cu:;and problems see aften exactly dlUp]iC'olted. Only by m.. king enormous efforts, to save them, wt[ih sin~lar clearness of purpose, cle<l.er.winatkm and the develcpment of $~c~r1lis.ed S:_killls.,. there ~ny chancethat is this h.eril:ilge cantle preservedmro
~08Sof the urllque

rebilling the new urban areas to ~he old; of dealing wiith the p~ulO1il:tty life:;l)1~ of ..ndofdeo.~ing with the 8pedalicsed :lind.

the f1,lJfUre W±fuOl,li~ the hyL~"

qUaJlUttues (b~[Wf:~c~l~bm~oo

unu~;<1J~ tr.llOSport<'i!lion sysle~ lha[ such coms.eF'!f'd.~~o:n pfOle<~smay need if (hey are tobe successful,
'l'hcFoU!l\th A~ Cycle

the urban oonservmion of a co;l$,~l~~vnin Mo.rOCO),.

A,>Ua.n, re.'iu~rifilg from the ~rn!'IU$i:;l:stic i~iti"'ltive of lead~ng members of thelocalpopulanen, r~ved an Awaooin 1989. 1'0 achieve rlus, anenuen was tlffill dra wn m the small tovtn by the estalbHs.:hment of an Al1tSFestiva~.in 1978,
wihidll. ,eventuaUy became the most celebeared ~ndhea.vHy .mended festival of it5kiillid in Mo:~('.Ii(;()O. Usiil1.£incel.lI.t1i!ves

bfOO~h[in by ~hissuccess.the :inrutl<!tOl'S ableto obtain were backi~S rOt the lmp:wovem.eru of the :infi!'3struowre and
services in the lOwn, and for Ihc n;"S~o~tionof d4e major blJiiidirngs.'TIms enroumgoo., the p.riv~te conservanen
many d~:i7;el1lsemba~kGd 0111

.of the eld ho!U:se.shii.he [QWfiI. t Evemuiil[~Y,one of the principal act~vESJtsln .A:s~lahbecame the Minhlrerof CY~ltme in the goveil:'fIit1!llel1l't,ffnd was sble to p,",~icipare in the p:re.<)enl<uion ceremony or the Al;!.'<'Iro
r~f'e$~nJ~ul'lg his
OOUrM~'ry-

A $(lcona AW;l~d in 1989 w.\~sgi.V1enfotthe ccnservatlon

of~lhe Great Om;lnMosq~,M: in S!tdon, which had been

:severely damaged dmul1Ig figJ1[n.ng ln [..eI1<lnon seven ~~

befJore..The consetvatton work was judged. lfxceiPtiooll~~n i~8 almemion~o the qualjties of the origina~ buHding. and rhe A;lN,u:dJury p<lrtvc:ulady drew anention to the vatue of tillS projec~ as a mcdel in (~i5ili:ng the widespread tendency to

2]

(:"Q.ll1lplex:ity. ~~Slemce
SUHAOZKAN

and FlnraMty

Moo.ernlrry and tr'.:td~.tni0111a:s two diametll:iC'•.tI~y opposite

~he new buuldlifllgS which would ;Iccornmodite new

life have 8ubst<tl1itUalUyoocupiied the intellectl.m~agend a ohh;e present o;:m~Jry. Modernity, fol1<-.Jwing in the rOO[sreps of lndustrhd Fevoh.ltkm, has souglu coor.i!nu· Oi.l~~ 'haog~, a better fum:~~, fde di:mibutionofameoities, w aoawh.e[ic of .~l~nlY and other .aUf!ioooosrel:,t~d to~lle
perspecdves.fn
times. hlte.restil1g~Y i.t found a strongbasts ofexist~nc.e in

Iwestyl.e5 ..To p.rov.idethOilinfirnS1trncture meant vision and pbnning and rneee eest tothe investoffi or tile public sector; So it w as ~gnored.llle sad op[io-n \OJ;"'sdemollShing ~e oJd and ImiM:iing U\e- new oflme same l~~_dwhere d1e ~m_,enjtiei>~.i~ted.Mod~rn]w - or chalf!ge- iJ)c:,\I']~b!yand e unn~~ril.y became 1lI pret~[fo, d~strl,l1aUoo. Co:nse-qIJ)~Jltly, when the excitemenl[ .sllJibsidied,it had to 'be

Ixnh ~:~ixo:ml. aL1t!horit~riiln soclenesas It haspolincally llInd fOl:m€dan appe;I.~ing future w enable many to have access to ~olYJ.1 resoutces. In the widespreadand oyer~powe[jng presence of modernity, t!i<!iditiorm~it-J.m kept <I very low has pl'Ofile. Nevemheless, it ~.1<l8 ahV'd:y::: been preseet in .. lmost every .wcielywith ~ pa:rtiwbr mission to roainraincem:..in .... llues which were hl danger of being lo~~ d""nge,]o the to
ease of our present
(!~rI[ury.sueh

chang~ h.. "lSin@v!llably

blsmed for S1J]ch dies~ruc~_ton. O:bv.iQuslytlus did nor have: much to db with Mooernism, its teilclli:l1,g or ideology. ~g ..,rd!Ie._"-S of modernity, the 80 C'.tll.ed corweniences have or-oughl 00 m<.l:ny othe.ipwblems i[]lto urb ..n tife, !hOll in <I ve<y short period of t:1me,whatwas refereed toas rnodernit)' coI~apood- The causes fo.r ilie fuilure were not simple, and hadrew idernJf~<lble app"tre!Oi~det~inan!'$" They'Jffl:r~
ITlanifbld.vocal tmditi'oo;aliS'lS whol~~d~~i1Iinle[h~clua]is-log the ann-modem modernity diocourse did not hesitalie to blame

responded [0 the demands of nloo.erni[)'.

ln fact ITIQ(I~m:ity has been an ov,~r.ardl~:ng ambition. for
11l1lnPY

nanons; not only as a pol~rtn.aJi!. ideal, as it has been

since theend of WorM War [, but abo 3.8 a new way of Hie. Af~erWO~.dWar U[fti.esoclenesofboth the~:$t .. nd the W:est have w.u~:nesse>clthe m<lssive uesrrllO!!iono.f dleiii wltll:roi] and "fCh:iJ[eCl~ltollheri~-.a,S,e order for ~he 'new' to replace it. tn
formu~aled by ITI<lrtiyp,l,')werl'uIleaders

for eve~ili1g ti1m'We'Llll w.~o:ng.%~n they were <I small. minority the 1'l1.e(liia. not p<ly amerun.on. Due did t<) inereased public 0011iCera.1i, the media found the tmd:iJtton· <!listdiscouese inlte-r-.est.mgand Joined~hem to iIl'Cf.imin'lle Moor:;I11ism. Not a[ .~~ large, secletalscale bUI .in the realm (»" :iln:;hiiLeCture and pl<lnning, thef-.;lilure hasbeen due to
inGo:m~[~nce,
As,

·'fhijsprocess. ()fre~J~cemem has favoured theneweras VXlH as '[he modern'

VeffitOrl.

hck of~nsigJ1T,. concern, vis.uo.ll and ral~nt.

:3

Tedhi1l.ology and mass. pro-

these were oomp~h:arr:ed 10 desl with,. ct\rtaun segments simplie., meSl'mge. The polar
SOO:[l.

dl]crion hs ve provIded so m~ny diff"erel:1Jt soh_unon,~for old

problems tJ.l!ll to igtriJooe thei['rontr.~blllicm. ould be w

of the moo:@ have preJferred

diichmomy of the 1fwtiel'n and ImtiiUoru;Ji was

synonymous ·Wirttl

fOO~~~Uless.The wta& system ef our

~mnll.ed:~teenvirorntLem

has changedwith

the

p.rov.nsion of

eonveelences like: heaters, refr~e,ii"toro, deaneiL's,wasl'leES, closes, etc " __.ali(lf which did [JOt exisr m, the w.ad:Mtional
way of~ife .. Fumim:re hss also beennanstormed as the

il.1ivent:ed. and mallU'es[ed itself in the moon form. I[ needed more tlme to be visible as it 11<ld more :subtEe undeoou.les, which emerged in adler ~speC15 oflife. There is <l.rwtn.er ~~.peCl of Moclerni8ruWOl1n dwelling

upon. which is ins cklim for 1i.lnivelS<llJity_hiL~he mtjes. many

p.hi.~o:soph~ were speclll~a[ing a 81o~1 OJHUl'eil'lwhiCh the massmedia va_~ues. and themooiulll
of cemmunlcation and video

ha:blts of the people became 'medern', The huHdung.'>as

shells containing these funetions could net be anexcep-

non, Sinoe ~oclr ~tecture possessed the great power of Ile'filectirl:g life·8t:yI.es,they transformed faste thauany other, l1'lerefa.e archirecmee has been caught in the changing ldiomesrller I~han roany other ,-usfJect:) f life. The fin,d cono s~uenoeaF [hisch:Jng~ .may mote ~ppfOpui1Jt,ely~;:.e- fd· ~ ed as the demdJition of whai had
(_'X~~lOOat 11giganric seale,
[ill onecities of rhe Third. WmiJd" where [he popu~a[i.o11l pressure bas been enormous, there have not been expansive new areas whh dlle·inf:mstruatufe necessary to e"'lab~ish

would ,~I~resnd develop, When these dilscl]ssiorls were

~ki.ng; place S<lle]I:ir~etel.ev.is~rn1was not known

tape

Wd-S

a r<ll'ecommocliJty

o.nly affo.rmble by proJessiol1_al

st1l.!di.05.Th.e eighties. witnessed! a sl.mnking wo.rt:! w~.l!el'e oooscir;-nce and eelture were .dro tobe shared al.oOOlly.
The phenomena of V<lriiOU$n~
mlllti.on

<l:lldef!t~mJil meru n

ne[VVorks became rhe reference sources of a glooolii1lr()r~

now. 'File new "",lues and r~H~tes of ~nfO:mlarri()n and efllterl:ainment became a part off thegloba& network In

23

addiriQO W thi~\ [he local networks reiruerpreted or [-edit. these broadc~.,ts, which eveflwdy :reinlo.roed and wldened t~::te.ir .influertGCil. Tbisoccurmd in spite of :r.:.ilie.r
a,

reflected the 'globa]' hasbeen <lUy, dose

'mooem:~~1'. has, oon~pro~ n

tnbutsd

worrisome

queseens Ul're: Who owns rb~ m.ed:tll? \'ii110

decides on tile' pri.or,u~:ne WilD bellefitsillI. s?

d'mend?

N~~r~

theless, rhefaetual correctness of their content sswell as

rep~tl~~otl !.""C~I[-ed t:red]b11~ty. The competition for S their olheJ:'S 00 ioin in, guoar.lmeed ~x:mM;d 'l11!isb:!u~gl.l!tp~U:t<llily .. into e%isl~Oe allowif'!g people choloes. Dr~m"ticQW!Ob1(.""S in the el.ghH~s occurred (IS poliUC'Ol.Icempseollspsed and a
IcmgingfOr' a l1lo:rn universal and perhaps lTiOre homegenised lised by world enl~rglad,

assodanon with being 'in touch with lhe times', wrenl"Jiom~" and <lJI.ilie fmOOeqIJ,em'l8$oci;.~ioaw with uni\'(;:ffi<).I:uty. mher po le or'trad:i!~ivJ:ml'values h~s been The referred toas being ]~l, eontalned and related tothe Qo:n5~rva.ti'onof [he historical corui:!lu:iity. In liIochl!]:ecturol theory Moo€'miSlflll! h...d ulfl_rj)voaU~d h.ege.mcmy unti~.it was ch::l!~.~enged, eou rue.!! roo;v~me\!'l!n.'5 by
Hkepost-modler.fll:rrsm,G1ls:si.c.~nllilnd u'ad!uliona]ism. At the

an. ,00000ngo th~ufil!lhJt':nce t

W

of'

the [l]edi'l" The il1ifOl'm'ltion now !that had been menoporIIev>1'spapell.'5

and was e"d:lls:uve~.y <lV>lillllb!.e

Hter~te ",nJ multi·~i~'1J;"delite became accessible to the

~ener:d.1pub]ic via re~,eC'4$t media. Global nelwo.b ha\l-"e

w~fned power by tran..'>f'Ol'ming local :~lJ!es iruiO global, ones, AU..Ioca~.~n:ts ~gardlessofoomg political, culitll.!lr.:tl Or climattc became matenal f'or W'ider distf!iibuijon and glo 1,.,.1. l consumpnoaIn return, what used to be global became of locslconeem, 1M!, famine in Sudan became afil.im€:Lmlilionfl~ priority, the ho.~e in the oeone layer OOC3:me sleesl subject. Global awareness al1!tkip'l~ed in the slxtles.beearne reali.1ty in the eig~uie$., nl~ cu,ln!r.ll impli.c-.([;to:l15 of this new ~nf:omlilitiiOO ow R sud i!~:!)e~o:m <l(e iOo.mpllex. 'n;l:ey clefinite!y deserve ~m~mion;1$ the se!1SO.P5and oon;m:wuriLtco)tion p1lu,emsoffan <:m'l.c[gingrul[u~"lic isaL5()ec'>Se[ljtUl~ ~11nO'rethepcwer d;la~ this network ~1t1lSn. our grnbal ex:isoonill, dictatins the o values of our uarural and blln~ environment What ts \~~ry il1lteref>tn:ngis dle~o w~y action of rbe em.e[ging global
OOlulllul1Jic:'ditibn network, A5 it: p:.aj,ects universal gkID",~existence
ilt
V'JJILleI>

present. time aechitectursl d!is.ooursens charactensed by a t!:ndero..:yof d!J<iHtty, '['WQ lines oFthol!:lght coexls~, which each <leo}' tile relev .. nee of the other. B~~",een Wob~iand local pobrl[ies~.he pendt!lum of coceems has now S'Wl.iI ngin .Irdithe.r oomllJSijng ace, What has been imrdlecflJally <lind:~~i()na]ly ~tb,er u.nhe'<i.lth.y has been the llad\;: ofd:irllbgllle~rwe~n th~ p_1"O.lXlne:!1!n.'> of the extremes and dl~ ac<us:!ltiV\~nsture qf the dilSoouliSe" Tl<t.diti.onalliSm and its die'Eivatioru; ~.1i:lIvecasr O£~~mnsmin M the role of vi1la:in,responsible :for the ins ot present day uib~n and enviro.nn1ent:a1 chaos and disaster, MDd.ernists, :in defence ~\'e labelled the~r anackers as tbe oneswhhent a
sense of fi;u~~re, retrogre&'li,vee5c":pislS .fronlJi reilJilty. MQd~

~mi$ts are PQrtn:r~d as the ~M!-essi\l1euansformees of the en!vurorune®J!aJndmetrndlhQ~~~ ;;1!srornali:!!ijcs who

demand no[hing but a pe;:;lmfu~Ufe of the k:ind

d~t

e:d&'!OO

before dle im:l:l::I£trU!I] revo.~uH.on.Aochft~c{ure. as [he m~~~ing

pm of all mllJrurn] expression, and has shared in. thlispolarisatirm

ef the

has to go m theloesl scene to

iJl~\Oer<I~:e wateffiJ! for'tLe ~.Qfthewiderpublic. 'Therefore oew irllfoonmion is .simulraneously t"jeered into the m.ed:lla m be Sh::;ln..~ byall, Be i[ oolna:t.d,po~ ~~jc,d 11<lIOl;urall~he OJ seeds of roex:is[:el1lc~(I{~ sow.!'! b'-y the same irtformaW:m,t.hw. However allS~'['"aC![ might h~\i\e been, globalisml;eg<J.D to it
occur in the fie~d aochiEeaUfe as ea~v asthe nir!u;!l!~n· of

become ]cleQ]ogica]ly charged, ]n faCl, the ]d.eQ~Qgvca] oorilli.OlDe~een trnrntiona]ityand modernity may not exactly be seen as bems rnaalfested :in modem OJ t:r<ldli·· Ho~l, arch:i!recn!:te. Bu[~ [he uadertone ofdl.e ideoJ:ogica~, discQurse is, f*f!!l':a~~ and :H'Cl1Ju~~crlJ,~ andu§il<1n planning are excep~ton3] in this rega.mj, "fhe w~d~ly advC)C'..lJled failure of Modern~srn h1lis bK)'l;lg!M tradi~no:na]iSITIto l'he .fnregrmJnd as an a~[ema[Hcve $O:~utiO(!. Many architecmral.ilieorists, espcciall.y f'lum the midseventies onward, dkilgno~cl LmdiHom~buHt. e.nv.im:rl'raerus, wl.lIid.1Jgrew and matcred over the ct}ur.se oJ a .Ion.g

twenties and thirties, When Mooemism 1leC'.l111e the Nugua /iY.mca of aoch~te(.'tu~ and desIgn., it g>lfa-mcilhe power 1[0 express and Mrongly vcl1ect many aspirations elf contemporoneity, regardless oJg.eogrnphy, ~;li~oryr cU~Ol;lre.Withi~ o high n:g.trd for ""hl'dnc'(..->(I ~~lmoJ!ogy, 11'1,,$ploo!Jor]on, ho.ne.~ly (If ~~pre;.5Ii,()!!J the marerliils associared wi~h :Lt, and
rhisLCirlL!,eI1l.cyhas.mcreased has become 'local'
.[11

period of tlme wid'l[f).e pm.-tjcipatJoo of ,J]Iaspects of the sod~ as a .emedy .for ,!.II.\W<Jji) possio'le to .~'Vi,ve ,it tradiilion? \WiL~,Moo.ern~sm [he solecanse fur envi:n:nlime.ru:<il, die[.erfiomliolil? Inrrime i~b&ame clear ~h~[~_he_reis· no clear
answer to eirher qUHstiolil.bectrusc tlime has mli(:~nun.<; ~oll
a:ndsoaety has t:mrllsfo.mled the
l,l.l1IiSUC

]'e~atiol1lshi.ps I~

tween society and .pl'oouction. Thetmi.~l enviroement is

since

then, Moclefnis.oili is now

conceived as the equiV'<I~.erli[ 'g!db~]'and tril.d~iU:Onalism of

Ih~ meannme, serlous concerns have arisen about the role of architecture, not as areflecrten

of

extremes bur of da:ily ]ife. The desi.gn

~arn:gtlagewhioh has

only one reflection of these re~tio:nshi.pi5" Modernism bas never been t11ie cause but: has only indiC<lted the way in whichro cope w]rn the ,rela:rioml1tips between teclmo]ogy and urOOorociety. On cO.!Ur.iir)1 esta bl:i!shed Modernism has Qert(lun erhlcal p(inciples ln ·Qrd~'r0 deal wjththe [

me

problems of p~ern:y.A serioussearch of the issues behind ,et!'v~roJ'l_m~m; 1clei[l;:r]oJ;.uion has not: been undertaken .. C~rt:ain f11C[$ ha ve ,"Ow been rfiOflub~edin a r"IW;:I;L;-.r simple, .<lIxi.o:m;'l!licorm, The <lPlporent causes for suchproblems f :l!I.~ now constdered to 1M: d1€: foIlrn,¥"'ng:ffixisl:~nceof the C:~I~~l,iIr:JI values In the built env-tWQmnem~ Glntiolilry climate and a need between the of pastand present; a sense of idemirty; consideration

Sigrt>lHed these issues 10 the w.uder public and the f!FOf~g,.

slen. W~lh thesonouneement of the projects: the archeec-

f(~1' user (Of cQmmunity) p<LlJlicipabofl. '"WhenHis Hlgbness The Aga Khan established his Awarel for Airdrlt:ectu'l:'e, in very b:rlOad rerms these were the issues which. had been sub-5wrH[.!!Iiy disregarded by the archnects who w~~con~que!l~~y held responsible fur ere ati:n,gan

inhllrmcm.iocLls envlronment,
retrospect

His concern

"vas prm'larily for

[he MIL1.s!um. World which was dmm(lli.Q1Uy ne~eCi!:ed, ];0

the

~.:iI.S'['

~1V€:

yt\ar:s.

show us that

lhe

A\Vllrd

1:I<1S

been the on~y iltS~ltutIGnal, discursive plarfonn where a genuine seaechwas undertaken to explore solutlorl!S for

wrodpr-ofe.."Sio.n observed the e£tabUshm.ent of new pEior.~{Jf jlts proJession had been forced open and reclefmed. TIle social a wareness of the pmfr;~ion was much more v~lble than ever before and areas of IYtli~d~ngriOTiviw which we're never thougln to be~ong to [he profession. became vic5ible, FCJ.fos[anc-e, The i Ka.mpung ]mprovelne.m ])rojects [ocik die prof~.s.<;icmby sU1:pri~eand instlgated,l V!,;ihol!e new attitude, The ] 986 Jm)' ind!icted M.oo.ernisnl ~H1dpassed a .stocmg judgement~n Favour of Ui<ldlti.Ofl<1.Hsm. andpepulrsm ~IS a I!emedy fo.r the i~b of modlemi~, By dOing so the Jt1 ry ~"Onfnned the realm their ... <lrclli5oil particular w t "fchile\;t~1F41 ideology wilhinw~]ich solutions should be seen eobe vhdjje" lll<L~ area \7!.'<l1) the U1it;:1JiFelk.LI om<l]n of d ClassJ.cis.m. vemcil!c~ul~.m~lll, populism and c"()m:e.xl~!",~b:m\11 ...
ties. It also no~h.'{~ limn theboundarles

or

ourtimes by enh<l[lIdn.gthe' cuhuml content that WOldd restore me ..nl ng and depth to people and envir-onment The Aga Khan AW<lrd for A~d.1i~ecLUrehas ~it~! ted ilself in .. the ~[t~ ofmis d~hll~e w]~htl'leb,road.e.s~P<A'>S]blr: thenrencal base, In. Its search, the Aword has om clllegorlC'~Uy rejected the pessiblerelevanceof :flny approach, By doing
so, it has ventured to benefit from both modem and naditionallines of th~nkil1lg ~sv,re!J as othervariants, .• I
dlmCll~!:tasks f~lc:i.ng any

of these approaches
jn

respected vi,":hmeve:r had beene.1ti5l:i:ng

Ci:irea!.on .far [hef~lnl~ ''''''<1$ onl}'

the .soci.e[y ~nd

the

jmJ!k.Jtedi in perpematmg thetheoretical Hnes of t]1!~se Thil.Shonest, dedicared and rather strong rnessagealaemed the profession .. It begen ..n ~xd~ingdebate OJJ therelevance ofilie A\1i.I"dITI and the
G~th.ercom.ewd~uve commitments, rel~"ii<l ee of a rartkubr n sector of archirecurre, The Aw.nd

S:imi~.ar the to

insntunoaal

ImLld~ngprocess, the diflku Ity lay in es~hli:sh~ng the m]e[ec~,u,d ~Jlteglity andvalue of the Al;'I.'ard. A p.hllosoph:y

h~sbe"efl:t:ed S\;Lbst~Hltial1yby "o.iC'ing beth a rgumems and has in'lJo.rply:r.;ued them ~m'O.ilC~ [hinking_ The lev·d of expeeranon in tbe field of archiK"C[UI"e f [he i\l!~~ls~im~(nrllcl o
has new become profound as aresuls, In MI;Search [Dr s oollwions the profession (~lcInot Hkeu~s options ro he

h,IO to be imtitu~ed and ill dil;eotion needed tobe defined. During (he livdy debase ,h,.l[, ensued the Aw,mcJfound it'Self in a position where the ~Jli[iesof the future, dem ..nded by modernity, were as tmportant as rhe values of tha P"ls[,lod
the sense of' mean ing
:3S

restrieted to the past and to tm.ditl.on exdu.sively.n

had

hopes [hat technology eouldbe considered 10 be 3 viable '11~~w,.tiive[Q lmo:rth'YJ.lI. The Illes£lige o.f the ]936 Jury W,15
~gard~d ;lS.1 Stt~
~um!.TIit:n;leIJ![', emphasising .Award c;orUinu:r;d

offered by~:rodin:i.oa:'l~llL~m. two TIle

one
~Q

lines of thinking had to be syrrutheslsecl. The issues were defined thrcugha nutica] process of lhlnking organised in the form of seminars, ti.1Link"'t:iLI.lksnd pu blicanons, Pli.orla

,d~mensuo.n. f [he problem. while peeplewho o

were hope d'm~

expet:ting dire:"CLLon [he from

scales of rol.np~.e:xily.

they ccm~dbenefit f'lu:ma .mu.~~:umoc ofid~~il.~\in

differerl[

ues ..... tere~Ji::atn.il1ed from the point of view of dreir content, urlil:letsl:anding of 100.~ti[lg V'~~;~I~ and deep social ~'O£TJ.Ce111:5. In Thilsprocess, mO(lcrni~y provided imp!lrt'J.m <ispecrs sud.l
as orientaaon towards the future, recogn~sing the impntlance

The 1989 Jury had the lega.cy of the three past cycles of lhe A~J'd to consider. It a~~obencfitecl from the heated
tD

of technology, along

wil:h

fOlJl and corweuienee throllgh

mass

.undusny in offietrilng comproduction. Aliiof these

nl~complexlty
lil~:l:ll()st he t

debate ·of the p.receciing cycle, The Jury decided

address

of tnesit1:!<HiOl1 by 1Xf1nting

mU

the' out-

slJilndi.ng prrojecrs irl:l:;l~pe'rJ;demly,~seDI.l]pl.es of .mchit.ectural exceilence. Uae d~vc:n p!re:mi<ned "projeets cover
[0[::,11

are JU ndeniable fe,~n!1iesof our ~:ivesin the comemporary

world, ..nd yet, trndition 11,,$lrs roots: in ..njudefluite history and ,iherilsh~sconfin~lhy, meanjng <100 OO!'lllllllnity,1"he AW11ro h;1S alwa ys end.e.uV'oured to re-establish the rupmred link w.~[hthe ~.1Jimory WilhoU[.rej:eo:ing ~hre U~ of rhe
modem means and expressions, The (lr.>llwacycle,,> of rhe .A.wa.oos 1900 and 1983 of

spectrum of arihitcr~.ure from 1'1l.r.I~n ~

t1ftxml from ~ow to high [edlndogy.

The crileria of ,I rchiextremes wi[ilclUt

tectuml excellence was flexible. The ju ry murogeollls~y

pohllted mit e:xemp.huy projecis atpolar

klemifa.ed. the issues, cxe:mplifn.ed themin [he soluttons and.

heSii;['Hiun.\\'lhed'le'!" this \1i13S dane ill recogniticm of p]urnli~ (It ,15 11 [1;'Jle(.'[io(flof the undersra m:li~.1goJ the oompl.e%l!ly of (he sijmmion. rem;;iiI'lk5·to be seen, '
i•

Afj gkIbal awareness has lnctessed, the in.~~re.c"l.S;ilnd conc~m$ of peL\P!e [0 S:ha~e1lch o~hers' Ilrobl~ and ('ulm~s have gro~vnpropor:Uon1)H)'. To rep~sefU one's C1]lru:m~ achievement to anether, or, to inform. and ..influ-

['0 fu~exc~~ve

broI!.!S~'Jittl)ebest from ,dl over '[h~\1IOrktWhen lOompared sculpn"l,!"e ga.lden on dleJ ~moonli::m~r!l, EI~
awchitedu.m]

WllIl!:lil'smosquesarn ~me]ydEstinC[

encethe

public of another cmm.tl.y by means off having :a this

presence there has a ~ong ~:JJiS<tlJrythe form of olll[;um] in eemres, The J:rk'ilLi~'uldIU Mundie A:L~ abe [e':p.~n~

phenomenon. A:rol::IileUllilr.d~.y [eik"'(.itl'ia symbiooi~(Jf ~he .it be~do:f the River Seifle, a pdationsl]]p with 't!heUoi\'~rsilY Otnpu$ O~t ro it, lh,e cilyof Pa~ ~nd [he Ph,l~whn,(:h W.Rnll an mou~d~dinro one form. By adl€~iberntearchit>OC~
turn] choice the Illst:u~te has been cham.cter.ised.!ls being on

elements and ]IDW€:i!'hd. symbo!s. The tmd~rr[on~l. {]o:~tenj[ f o ;n"C~]iled:Ure as the most expieSS1ve of all the arts in lS~;,]Jm reinfo.fC'eS.B1-Wak[~·s ess'lge. [n~M,gn:ung these mosques m he has used oo[hmg but <lu'thentic load-be arlng brick oonstl'uO'lionw.ith white stucco fim.5hi!'lg."fhLre~of~ese mesqnes 01!Iol1l;g~1eeml~l1Ikmetu cre-.rre~nepilsooic
me~geth<lt Slre~h~jrl dlei!r joint ~xis~~nce" EI-Waki]''S mission bases itself on his d:iiilIgnosi.s: f theruptues and o clisrormecticm wid] tradition and the a:ntith.es~ of Nouvel's bi-tech .int:erpire!iI.t'lon ef i..lbstm'ct .. rr;:hiteuture

the clluingedge
an
<l[1Cmtect.

of ooalt:empor.l:ty ledll'lOlqgy, designed. by who ]-..8 been 1.1IOre~rnip.ired by dnelWtcj<§1"'~ .

elements Hi~

ilppw ..ch h ..s [ounda oonl]]ulit ..ble nook. in the archi~e.clur.!1

ph}' dum any other sector of the arts [\Is an aliChitetJt]e-.il1l.

NQuvel does not See OlKhil\[..>("iOUre a pirescr~bed set of as expenenees whicha:we d~l~d lobe experienoed, On ool:W:"ol!ryhe ish,esroproject an episodic "'!pa~m~ w corn~ijm,J!1Im where the ~ochtrectu~ formSlhe means and 'the OOIlrrRX[ ofa personal experience with :space. The su~ whleh tI'D.€: Award conducted .un order 10

me

dijSl:.'Ou~ of the late eighties uncle,r the m a m!eof C"-.:;ld'ml. The Master J~~ry'srecogni.HQno.r ·the a.chie\'emr:fl~ of these rwo exrremes on the scale of <lirch:i!re'tu~,:d app:!01l.chesoffered ~hem ~he chance to span ~lhisSpecij1,lffi with 'p$Oj~ct.s. wh!ich e~dl e~m.rnplify diff~renJ[:<IS~cts,of the archit«:tl,Jlrol reaJ!ityin the Islamic World, Three or (hepFOj~cts were ~la!M, [0 dl€: p.robl~fn of
eentext. SlUPP()Jt

determifl€ the reac[ion of the A.r:lIboolllll'lU:n1ty~n P:U"l:S to the b:uiidi:l1,£ hm;~urprisi[ll:g!y proven that expatriates He Ml!!gl~rm).~ivi:n.gthere did notwanr
tD

]f t'llieyoung
<l

I1IrchU:ect

Sailnirr lIamruci. wnh dlie

of the Assochu:ion

de lit ,5auveg$!roe de la Medina.

be ~SSOCiil~:edw.utn

the

had not intewened,.

:n<!ooam prototype scheol building

8t1pelfid,d p;i,m:pner'L:mliOl, 0:; [idi.cs of their fulklo.ve back home, 13mwlshedm have a oulnll .. l presence in P.-lllS. They :fu~tIwa~ti'l!is presence ought :rKH to be assoclated wHh
backwardness in
I[ime' • This lsa

wry hllportan[(IspUrdJUOn

which hasbeen captured by the arCh~t:ecl.Apilrt from the arebnecrueal quahnes w.ru.ch merited the Awawcl. the po.siltive reaction of theoommu:n~ty to the bl-tech expresslon was indimtive of a chan.gin.g socletn-sphere in w~.1l.idl1Jil. g1000llrulture has taken. root. People who have been. very pruud of their past as well 3.:$ their t!i<~diHon<lindculnne choose to take-this usage ful:~he expresslon of their pr~.nce in Par1is"§ean Nouve!'s playtt'iiJ1 hi,.~cbd~miiing, wMch d.ep3.oredsome ab&T~cr elements of[s~al1l'!lr·carc.hi[J!.C·
turesuch as IllQ,.wmbt»"l~ bl ended wirtib. a (jo:n.~e.mpon1ry' e:l:pressinn. llIndwas correct ln al~owing people ease with the existence' of this ,cu.lture,.
At the ether end of :dl1espectrum, rhe Jury recognised the tradftlonal approach, AIxId Walled .BFWakil's series o.r mosques 8iOUla~edF<l[UaliC3,n~l on the !J,rban~asCOl.pe of d jeddah has been a m.OB( dta]lengingairem;u:tiVe' eo rhe furo.~1 bealu:~if!C'ol~io.o pro~nl:rl.'l.e on the emba!Okmen~ buil~ o!].~he reclajrned landwhich IthfldJtY' bad used as 11
lID

]n Ule Medi:!1rI of Turaiis. The Sidi, e:1-A~o1;li p.riffi!l!ry school h ..s strung references to ~Il <In:-hii[ectJi.lltd.lid~o.m d.eVidoped by Se,rge ~m.eHi j" ltis FllesicleLnce Andab,,1,s whic-h has prev.i01!.1s1y l~en.reQognised by dl~ Award in ~98-3.'[he ~"tremel)' lmpom3.nl aspect of this is. thail the Avmru, has obv~.ou:5l.y benefited from its own reoognition and intiltlence, ]t also provi.des a:rchitect.'Uml. tools for aochitec~ ~D e_mulate in S'timi]llr cmllmst.1Ilaes tbe
idiom developed forthe context Turkey which w ..s also l'ecogl1isedwith

wO'Ulld o'[[l'e'.I'W.is.e have been-erected

A dmmutive, loo5e~,y Oll'g<lwsed summer residence in. <InAw,rro, WmJ

seenas har:v.m.gmepO[~l]!j~1ofbeco.ming~1 {,reneiic fonn

with its 1(lrJip.r~e!Jitious pose, wilthO<l.l~ <liOY loud ded(l:WJ~iom,hl f'ac~ i~unWl1lsiciinyrefe'[S~:O widl!:spread hlllHldif1lgro:r.m~in [h~if1l:l"'Orm:;JJ1 sector wh~re a m:unumum of techno.logy snd material resources are used. The fOrlnis n.m a primary objective bUl a nanual aohievementio the process .oF unpretentieus bui]ding, 11.• ,hoase :isstil] 8pa~:ll1l[iy dc!1iOlllid
rnth.er s.ophi8~iC<l[ed in lrs ,confugura:[ia.l1.
]g.

feel at

The thirJ of these OOIlIt.e%tmd :p•.qeclS The p:i'Ojec[ is· cOl![exuaUy ooncei\'OO and the 0lrC_hi~6"Cl'l,1[;;'l!~ of points which

the Citm Nia.lPi

Urb;ilo Deve'lopmem Proj&1:in East K..limanmn, ladonesla.

f.ro.m both me social

llaind deveh:}~d by

meansof

'~-xpress ung a sesrchfor a d:u.sLiltlc[.tmlgeand i

ji,li~w" POOc.i:Ou.~ u~ban

tdemitry',m~WlllkWs :s!k~lfiJ,I.e~eflemrrion various fomls o:f from the aoc1'd[l%n,u">l~ .h.erltage of lsla:m hasbeefl justified by !h.e .rustory of H:ij<lz where every .hdlder of this h.oty l>1nd

WaS QCClJJpioo,by S[R~1 vendiom,was

mak~:ng ~lse of these vendors llIsllIe m~Jtia[o:rsand evenJl1J.]1)] reffleficfuJries of the final scheme. Prom the phasing poiint oJ

view. [he prq$Cl has a more p:~fij~llll~epan; such ~s~:h~ small apartments whici1Jwe.re bui.r~in the e3~y phase 10'
Hmm:oe the rest of the projeal. The projecta:~chiteGtswei\e

the ardli~~rurnl mas[~ry which shaped Shl;)r~B(lngm N!1Igarhas :dready been histo:ric>lUy a.ckfiOw.ledg~d and the
A~rd simply Fdlbwed suit Very hflterestingly, dlis hl.l~.~dthe WOl'.ld, was

alseeoneerned offerin:g
mOR:

with urban ['ffil~~:ynd responded toul by a

jug, whkh is p.roba.bly one of the iargeSitin

accompanied by

public space to the dty than before. ]n,'" short period of 'time ... project whichwas conceived wiiliin [he ~m~of reference of current ma~ke:~foeces <ind uJb<'lni~~ic ~de;lishas added w the q!,Jolliw or Ufe. in EastK:i"llim,lntl!OThe uodie~andung of uaobrruslve archuteal"iire w.e~1
placed wid~in :110 urbanor natural

.t ruml

hOl!sil,"Ig

p.rojec~. wli1i.ch i~1l!l'l!iq,m;:.

The {}ra;meen B<lnk ensbles the rl.mill popullli.on in Bangb.,· cleshro accommodate themselves muchbetter by alliowi1l,g. them to have access ro ,.wedilfucm~ies,,~d~) obtain some
bu~h::~ing mr)Qn~lIltsun order [ooring m an elemenr of SilIf~[y
and san~ll1I!lio:n.ifilllO [hf:~:i shellers.l1h>ese are simp.le pre-cast

con~:exrms>exemp!ifled,
11

by these three pl'O~ects. Obv:iously nene are greSit masterpieces of architectm:e but i1l!tl1:eu titne!ly seludons with

columns and to.il.etunitscies:i,gned for this pail1kuk:lr cl]ltu~e

and elimare, The resl is ~efttothe in.t~ivid!ualfumm.es'

gtl'e3!tpotemi,l[ lobe replicated, Two addrut:iom~. ,m]eats p ml]siciered by the Jury are the AI mnd] Plaza by Ali S:hu,,1Iibi •md the Beeah Group and BBW, wi~hRich<lJUBooekr as d~i.Snerof tile Dtpk~;;a;t~c Quaner bnci5C".:.plng. The oo.l1llerre-ifrve:Oi[S an~.u;ban S~ru.OtlUJre which relates itself to an a!"dli~ecrorotlh.er~~.g.erelated ~olh~ dese:rt structures of
~11e '<'l!idi N oul(u~ofth~ruyad~'l ~on,~.efitnedulloo:nlem'"

po:~ry mstenal and constructlon techniques. Th~ D~.plo:t1na[tc Quarter la:mJsmpin.g plUject takes the
dhdogl!Jlewith nature to lts extreme andsllcr:essfuUy

a~ernp:ts to re-discover the plant species that S!urvi,vedin the hot. arid climate of the regica unli~,recel]Jtlly,]t, ~L!5e5 them ro.r the greening of <In eXl!enNiive' desert bndOC:<lpe ecologlcally known tobe depri,voo of any ves,er.a;~'~o!l. doing so By n~ only is scarce warer savedbut also ~heeart'h has been
developed to hQ~d its own humidity
[0 &~n@:t':a[c top

soUl.in

c.I'e<ltivity.The OUtooFl'1e of p.l'ovldi:flg S::H.OOcred!il to each f,lJni~yhas been slurmin,g, provid:hng Iten::l of thoY8<lnds of homes fOi" the :mOSl deprived f).f;!aOr of Muslim socie'ty . 'fhe bst of the Aw .. rd<i ]'e<.'Ognised OJ. m05CJJue which is a m"o!';!'Ii.:Unem to rhe unde.rstanclin,g of pluf'.llir:y in its own biSTory" 11'U:'l Gr~.tt O.rn;,~dMosque has a :J!U1~~I:r'\.tCtl.lre whidl is the remn,:uu of 11 Cm~cl~f Ql51k d~~ingfrom d~ twelfth rentullJ'. Thill MamlL1:ks erected 11mQSc:pll~ on. top oJ tb:Us asd!e in 1129],wh~.ch '!;V3S suhseqllemly destroyed by C the liJomb]ng ef Sidon. Though the co:r:n:munity had the ch ..nee to build <10 entimdy [Lew' 8truC!!I,Ue,tiley chose to resrorethe o]d mosque, The ]989 AWOIros reveal the present pl.umJi:r.y of fU.r<."es ex.is~·ing iotoo,~y's Islamic wOlL'ld.The buiM:iings range fro.m the Iowest totl1e highest: possible t~h_oology, from the ciawc,d to the mod.em,.fmm tl':!e .'lrtl<lUe.<;( eekend w
n:&i.d1;n~ on d"le A.eg,e'.illl
10

rhe 'fel!lrs to corae. nils, ananempt to regenerate more

a hli.lg~par1U1)mem buuldJingif!l

liveable landscapes oncur These prolecrswere

planet,

followed by two ffii!l.!o:r:m:ildirligS l 'which OO1l!Stitu~e a,newgeneric type net addressed by the AwaITls e>lrHer. Henning Larsen's S:aiudi Ministry ofF'ol'e]gn A£f~ITs bl.i!ildiJl1Sis 3" .subtle' exercise in mooemity which seeksto estabbsh rcots in ...soderywhere nad.~~:~otIal nes are S!W:)~gty sought He ha.s <l.chi.e"'e(l~hi~IT! 01. very <lb~la:acr manner by aUowing Me (;1,1'1[.11;100 of me desert to ~,eor itself
ln modem. architeerural form, Components. of the buii.d~ng,
such as the eorridees, ~{e to the lmditi.Qf]al souksor

Dhaka. The messaJge {hey convey reflects the oompl.e:Kl!ty of the situ<![io.l1; ne must never expect simple, 'standard o recipes, With this the Jury d:mMienges the 1n.d{)!!,j;I.·.in~ted version of M.ooemism whichdair:rJ.ed 10 srnnaard!ise oo!lmion~. With the 8:i!1.Uer.igo~!rth.eJmY<l1so dl~rees wilh

~he[hooty of Cla~jcism in. the present sense <lindw![n nOOd~fi;Sic.L~minmenin~eemh-cf;'fll'l;l!"Y sense smce the
prohl~mL~nm one qf mchnologya:nd fhnn. exdli.lsivi~y"

The

sQ,lutiOrlJS,~I]Sl~ad have [0 be :!I clJ~:mioolion.Ofnrtl:]fi¥

to

fRC~O['Sexpressed

un ti1IochUlectum~ form.,.
exam-

streets in medlnas, openings to :tflmbn:iibi~and ~:Loul Na.idi wlndews.Howevet

tradi-

]n the projects thilllt foUow, the )my has 'selected

all do SO Olbstrnctlywithout: ~ny clip-on p.lstiche. 11:le P,nUiam.erJJt buik1rns, which was de5i~ed by 'th~ bu~L()UiS ]{al'ln, :i.nliitl:a:Hyi:r,u.'e.ndedas rhe
c3IPitaJl. East Pakistan. then became t!h~ same of
k]t

the Srare

ples whi.ch have specillcrel.eV'<I1:1Oe to a:pa:ni011Iar problem or OOJll~l. In doing 80 it i.1<'I~chosen to address specffi.c questions, such aLSd':leproblem off ~and5a.p.ing in a hot arid dim;r~~ '~Inlthmini ~~ (lrnO i:rr~tion, or rural hO'Ul~og ~[h
munull']fl] fin1)ruciiOllinpu[ and .he problems ofide1'Ji~HlYand expre.':i..<;ic)UI I\i11L1.~~ums ln [ileW.est of Hviing theseirwss In addiIlf.ln to of qlJ~]~u[y in slso eble to identify architeaure

ofBang~~ldesh, This maslerp~.eceLs a produCI! of Kahn's most mature period when he began to explore me richness of forms and novel. expressions fo:r~arge seale bu~l.ding:s, The A8Sen:lJbly Building hasacquieed the power to syrnbol~ ire a "arion with a popula:~io:nof more twO One hundred minion whij,ch takes pride jn it

each and every project:.

FlK)j~71S'11Jtlptlftt,tM ptiUiN"n& sW·fcundfll.f.l tIN jl'NU!:#rtlUW.1 Ycm~ml hmlse 'Wle-r;l IItlQI a~uil glare ~m!~)' /ro'll tOrt fenterior

of the

27

28

Wh.en His Highness 'TIle Aga Khan estab.~ish.ed, :80 a,vvard For a["(_:h~t:ectm'e,was :umended tobothincrease pubii.c ~l awareness oFmsbn1l:tct.1JluJre and 1:0 create a forum for examinjng M~appropri~l~tles.5 of cOn!tempor •.try .Ucllit& .... ture d'Noughou~ rhe extrero_,eLydiverse oom_m~l(ljilyof Mijsliros \i'i,I\oJ~dwjde.Sinceru900, th_iSOlW.lOO bas been given

Ffemflins oE a casde lb:Uli~lt theKl'l~.g:I1t..,of Si john by

d!uril1i8

~ve,rytllree:~4l!I;':S, andlnthe se~e«ji,onprocess used ~o

[h~ ~tuyhas [ypirnl1y ccmsudf:reti projec[ has eVQ~ved, as wd. asthe unique' soclal; economic, env.~f(mmeil1it:a1 and rechaieal fJicl:01'::ito which i~ responds, [0 lookiIL],£ bOldk over the successful projeolli Q,f the p,I:~;t,there i801 aamistem poIIt!!em ~ppropJial'e O1,['!d resuve 1.I!1t:iIis1lUon f availsble of c o resources in m.eeotlil1g fu!loti:On1'l~a:ndcult:IJJr.l!~eeds, 01$ well n as the hi;g~'u~rpotemna~.each proj~CI [0 :s~[ a standard for in '[lier1ll1l.Ire, The Aig;!Khan. acts as tile Chaironal1l of;il S[~rirn:g Comminee that governs the Award, and the tenn of this commlnee spans each [~.1Jme-yem <::yde. T!mmsk ts ~o oveesee the d:istr]oo~ion ef pdzes Wt:aU:irn:g $500 theussed dlat.lle .~w<l!rdedin eOlcn cycle to ptqects selected by <1m imiepen.cleJI~ Master Ju.ry. Thoseawaeded include af"Ch:ii· ~C!$, OO~5m.iCOOfl professronr(l~S, craftsmen and dient.Sw.!'lo .!l!~' consid~[ed nlOI>o1: ~spr»''i1~!ble for~e fiio1)] ~Iii.~a[!,on ·of
detil:m.1l~ne the wmners, Itb:::'pa:nimlar oOOltexl in whiciheaJch
each prolecl.

the second! CruSiild!e and the buttresses on ~tss:outhem ma.ldeMi]lreve<!.I .il'S use <1_8 fortress. ,M<lny additions and a improvemerJ:t:S were carried Out during the lotteOtrom.m perh:xJ, u~dlm,,~ely presemin:g a..mosque based Q.Il a eentral oo:uny.aw pll~oenclosed b-y four riwa:qs, or po._rtiCO!."S- The pt'.'I)I,e;r hanif:$~lfis .1000B~din.[he southernmost rt!wq,
which is covered b:y cross~vat]lts, ]n addilion. to ~vere
w~aJ[h.er.ing, the' Mosque :!lllff~red e:xlemive damatg~ Qlm:.ing

tbeIsraeli

l.nW1SD0.l1

of lebanon

in 1982,

w the

extent that a

Iocal patron named RaJiqilHJi.uiri. offered to replace it with an e.l1tkdy new bt!i]ding, Thelocal re8ide:£]~ r-em1l.!!Sed to g~veup the old mosqoe , however, which had <11wa~ se;!'Ved 01.5 both tlwpbysiC'oll <l!ndpsycll0IogiC",d cetJj~ off d'le]r comm~niry. and request.edt:lla~ it l~resIO~insre-~d,
WhUle ~lomticm such~mporl!ance llInd .~e.rvmiof1l~ffol!l;S
SiS

havebeen

(Jt~

by me A'MiIocI1n~fue past, and ~);1IJve i:l1:dmied memanerus of [he AI-Aq;sa .Mosque in [he Ai.-HllImnl ai.die Sharif in Jerusa&e~.llll,the' docm'il1S~ncesS1][']'oundi:l1g.

desU'lictian and precise Feb~ iI.ding of tim mosque have gi""en ~t:<I sped'lis.ignillcance. ,An.odl.er aW<lr-d,gi.venro die' :n:mni.d~i:ity of Milail ..•~.1a8 l'~ised oo.mltl.unf~ effo.rtS of an entkdy o:llflbemkind, irwd!ving the ~ehaIb3~ita[iol1i smaU n:Owr!on me Athlllk of <:I

In the fbuml Award ceremony, held beneath the [~f~ kl:g WRUS of the MdJrmmmed An. Mosque on top of the an.del in Cairo on October
[,[h [9$9',11

ooas~ofMo[oo..~" r-wo local m~r!, named M.oh~mmed

Benatssa aod Mohammed, Mel1elli" Qtm~ hack to Asil~lh :1If[~,

:Slrongfeeliflg

of

g:mduale smd!ies.abroad and detenumed town. 111:e b:i.gbly personalised

to 1IUp.mv.e ~he.~r
:50

ao:r1tinuuty and eonfldence emerged :ID<lkilng.it a tumlin.g paWL in renospect .in the hiMmy of tile event,

Vli'II.'Y in which they did

In bls .il:litroollClia.ry r-emar-ks, His Higl'lness The ~ga, K11an noted I~t, perhaps more than any (>the. time in the pasr,

there had been .. ,"pedal ~mre!J]ess of rbe it!!ip,..rtil~ conmlyu:ttO:t1l3 rM~nrorrioil1l.and preservanca, ·of soclal and communn~ devebpm.ern[ and the search .for what he called an

'aochi~eoture qmdity' in th.e~:, tum, which has continued o.f lO hiShiligllt the Jmportaut role efeaeh in suggestin,g vill!1Jabledirec~:tom fox the fu:til.u~of Islamle 3l'd:dit.ecture. In reoogmthyn of the deep I.)'feat:need to preaerve hi~tOIibl otll.!me:n:rs (haJtrepresent ithebef.t aechirecmeal m U':Jditio:ns of ag!or]ol,lLS, ,past, ;,ln~lwal!'d was pte$E:cnred to
lh().~il1l\l\Q~~d [h~ffi.~lom.tiorn. eWoffiSon lh.e Gre<lI~ in Omari Mosque
~[1

real]y began with the question of I.IDWthe m.rb>lte creativ.ity of aco.mmunilty can be marshalied fu.rpoMtive change. The first srep& th.ey[ocik in <l!nI;:mpt~ to .~~Wef tha:[ques[ion <ire ian {Jbjeot~es.'50n in the ~ffectiv~oess (I strJ,ghtforw<lrd tacticsth~t hlll\l\e. nowserved 1IS aninspir.ninn f'O[ other sl1lch oomnllLl.niti:es [hrotlghout~he world. Th:evb~n by argani'l1l1,g aSl"lli:li~.~ clllllH'3.~ resdvil~ 111 [he town .in tile suuuner of 1978, whrid;Ji anracted neady one thousand visitQrs ffffi.mrn.elocal aeea, This medea event gave the towa:wpeop.le a" .enewedl sense of civic p.riide and se:!1-'wolitn tha:~has:<.'Omjl1li;looro grow as ]:"pdy asthe festival itse'lf, a which nowattracts nc"lltr1'y12:5,000 people .1I11Ak> one of tbe bigge,S[cnlmral eve:Uitsun~he Midcl~eEl1SL The GVeron
ren8bl]itaJtion of me town has also
W
f:1JiCCmr.illged

Sioom, Iebanon, D2Ilin1lg hack 10 til::te&ilui the Mosqrw,,: was erected .un

M[lml.uk period,

usn 0.11 the

ffi<lny

pa:.ivate indiv]dua]js·

build new boesesjn the traditLoniilll[

m;Ull1L>eil:tluO'qgholjlt:the fa!bric of the medtna, to replace othees w~;Jlich det:er~rn'a~ed beyond the point of possible had
reSi10~rjat.l-

cl.emO!;:rJti(: m.a11~t~,em¢fl!~boa:wdrepresems the irue.!'e.'l~of tfI~ local govemmerl!t, as w.en ~st:l1e shopk!~ers m~d
streetpeddless, and both the ,equity snd the benefits bave been shared by all three. This p~ojec! hC81s mt>li.~ytm:[IS-

The G~n1LeenBia"nk HO~!5:]ng PirQ§i<II~l1lm.e,... fm'lher Awa](l wlaner, bas .'W.oc~&sfuUy auem.~ed clever innovatio!! of a!lj)~.hc;;r ort.based caa concept ~n"lt ..5 <i"ke-oldy s h
cilal1eng&ip.as.t theorles of how
[0 :i]s.~isrin

pfQ""jdli~

self-

help h.ollsingfor· thepoor development

throughout

the d~v~lopir!.g
SOCc[e3~

worM ... s the firnt ·o:fnvo schemes to be giVlenin the A

category, tile Grameen B~lnk.Project has been

im:pkmellted in B.rl1~ade8n, whi.ch ls one of the poorest ~nd most popU!OU5 eouenies in the world, where nearly Hfty pet ~mof~_he ru~l popula~ion is bedi landlessand
homeless.The
to offer

foemed a fO.nl,er b]~!I.lll[-ea, w~]ich had previcms]y been ' oeeupled by bw-lnoome, :migratory selders, into it well plln.n.ed ufb:'l!na~d oom_mce~dOlICQffl.plex. Thepx~mm.e m!u has (u:'hi~J.l\edIthistro:miQll"J!).;,ttio!! has been impi~~ m:effitoo lin ~nree stages, conceu'iHntiil,g prlman~y on a commercial. development; which was sold [0 finance tne second stilg,e r;ellatM. to ti1.eirnonmJJl sector, SITI811erhops, s
to be offered for sale, were bni]l in the tbkdph<lse ..M built,

theceene

Js now made up of two hundredOlndtw'enty~.fo:u.r

bi.1.Si<; concept a:sin[ti<l!~edby

MoJl<lmmOO

YurnJS. who .ISUle managingdiooCliOf of UlJ,eB~nk.bas been

sma]1 .IOOI1lS the of

ClllMOITll<IlY

eqJu]val~nr of $3:50 to therural

st;~[_1Is: have been prov]d.ed\VidlO~lt 00.."1: ~o~he sneet that peddlet.}".as weJ!l $t\~o hundred and f'\\Vem)'Schops ·ar vari'm.il~ Sizes dla~ arein_,OOtpOt.n~d \Vithtn a series of
iilraildles

poer 'Wit!hou~.reqJu~riin.gllY ooNarr:ern.I~in direct contradica

that carer m m~dium and h:Ughinoom~ sheppers, SlL1icham~iI1!i[i~'s :3J as

reiuct\!lnoe of lhe fl.na:nciairommufi~.ty to do 80 in the past, [0 ~."."Ii'\ Vtew, eve IT humsn being. reg;l:rotess of socl ..,~pwilion, deserves a Hfe of dignity and should be giV1(;tO. rhe Opponu[lil), to cate for bim.&:iFif !Xl{i..;;essing Ith~ ~Qmmimlem to do SQ, Pen;.QI1a.1 Com.m~~~ rnent, men, becomes the majn 'f~t~rlonin det·efll1.ioing crec~it wonh~:m~ss. and not financi;IHJl~-sou~s,With Ithese small h.ousing loans, each borrower is provided. Vifli.m it pre.mb.rial~ed. concrete sh1Ib, four concrete GQ~u:mnsand tW1en.ty~sixcerrugated In.etal.sheets foa: ~roof. The pre-cast Duikli:l1Smaterialsare IIIRSS produced and made aV<'li.~lilbl.e [0 the bereowersat very low prices. Theresldents build their houses rhemselves, [J'piC'.d~yetllis~in:gilie help off all of the members of the furoily rodo so, in ower ro keepcoas Jow, 111e end resukis <l.uoit that usually oonsistsofa recmngu~~[, t~ly~squaue-me[re area, li'larris dry and sa:nj[a:ry. Wi.'rnleV'erelise tiaeinha'biiltants. want ~Q includeis t!smdly added on anifll.Cremeflta~ basis, h has now been more [han a decade since the pmgrnmme has been in effect, and .n.lm.dlreru. f theusaads of Bang~<ldesh;is have o benefu-ed [rom it,widl. more than. fo:rty..fiive thousand 8ucl"iJ homes in ex.:i!5llt:nce. w~[h OJ P<ly-bild late of ne,ui.y nitliety~uglu per Gem during (hilS ~tlme,the Gr:.ilmr;,enlliln.k, Or 'wl:'<1l peoples' projOC[ has also demonstcsted that ~nstiJr!.ii~uonal changes must precede llny si.gnlfiClllrlt progre;~ in hotl.sing .for the poor. TIle second sociai.iI.ln.proveme.rIt scheme to be hmlOuood in the series was the Qt[<l Niag<J Uroo n .De¥elopm.en~ plan ror Samartnda in East KlI1imanh1r1,Indonesia. [ll0ompari~ SOc!) to the wide l'amgm:g imtitutioml ..il:npl~c.'l!tio[1JSof the Gr:Jmeen Blln.k irn![i<lti\'e,the m a [or <lichievenlLeilll~:of CiJtkl: Ni:aga IS [he ~~5o.nit dfeP.l in rneeffea1iv'eness of [he sdf~
ronitro.mlilg sysl>emClifG['05S~ubsidies [(bat we~ ijSOO.A

tion to the

The public spaces, 'Whichnndud~

eoeeredpodium charucier; and

fo.l" efll~:erta.il1!mem, the centre a Hvely gwe

tmdu~jOfml roof fonns create a fee]ing or

~.!I::l1itybelweenthe d:tlJe~enl components

of the (.:OIII1:P~~.

TJi:lisprojea has nOl ocly achieved .ilS wclii'!~.<lnd economic obI~aives,. b'l,]tl'l.as~rufQ~ed S.... marlada i:m-o01, vibrant liInd w~Ii-d~ned usban oe.ntre. Therem<l:i[liing seven poojeor W recefve ~"''Olfds·i!lCajro, which varted In scale from 11 m(Jd~$t priiv';Jte hnm.:ero a ~~al~on~1 As.%~mblyblJikhng, allrepresent thellilm:n~ble qualimy of are.l1itecmml. escellenoe deemed soilnpormrn[.~n :!letting a. standard ~Q be folJJowedinme fUIIlLlrre throughoull
the :[s;)iaro:k ....'Ol'.ldl.

11:leGtire·l Residence, in Canakbl.e, Turkey,. dearly ]'cl]ects the coacem o:falichitecrlo!t\'ner Seda:tGul"e~, ith w havins. the house blend itJIf.o 8t1ffOundiQg..s:.]n tins are,..of ]rs the Mge~U:li seacoast, the design req.ui:red sem;i;[iiv]ty ro both the steep, .rocky S,~Qpes dlll[ ang~edown [0 the W':a!ter,. aJS wen. as the dense g~ of pine, o'Jliveand. oak trees. ~Mt rover the :sa[~. The resid~ooe is acl.uster of seven units,
diSUibuted over the sire ill d~wec~relatuo.nooiiP' '8 .Io.ng to

wa:n

dIDit proteersjhem

fro-n'lilie road ne<lrby. The p<!!viJ:ions consist of·twO Hving 1!!rnts, four s!eepingOlrea5i,and one OOnHIIIDn service elleme'roI[, that are <l:rrangedalong the wall in such a way [h<li[opeJli-air oo:~~[1ty<l[ds a:l'eclre'lood between them ..Th~ ov~rJ]lf~e!u!1g of The house. whIch uses local
do:m!llst.lc crmSi!ruction t~hniqlJjes as wen ail lindlgenrrus fOrnls,mtalte.rialsand

details, ts that of a slna]1 seale &.aditiOOIa~

vmage. which pro~e.., the special qrlJJa.llrr~es of~:l1e site by providing pr]wte as well as communal spaces, 1'hein;germ]ty" used IT! ~l!!Xl:apos:ing oo,ik e~emei£JI~ and open areas, ss wdl <Ii!:! use o:fs.iimp.le, ]~I. con5.tmCli.on :rnethC'lds, mak.es. this house a .Iogic--.t!ntode1 fw a\!:~:riety of l~~io.ru:.

me

[n ,oc.~n~J(Ot ~(Jthf;!' p:rivm~ reeearcreated by Se.d<.ltG(ire~, is the Al·!Kindi IJh:r",\ in Ri)f.H'.U'I, ~udi A[;itbia and d'l~ Hay)'
Assa.r~lrm land~ping

f"!l.OI,.ij,IBOVl*
jnb'llW~j~~/s

j1{jh-:;

{jnd U,Yl'~'!.mr~,t~;'bi'.(;Urfg (jft;' m.llr,;: i'n wbi,,:b s

btlWl' pM1':ffJtlalf!!j,"t/ IbN,' b[)m~\'G

I!J~'·G''tli!ll~\IIJl .,~l:t'mk

scheme, Vi4'licl'lJa(!t:i~

public issues

P!'ii~r~mm{!; befit(} Slmje 'j/!p'nu;!ma~ t1w .ap-ptM,;a!j~·,r! rif ~~. 1!(11'lbt;'l~ t~n;bi~Jjin: fhal mj~,~ iclf/.nliji(!i1lo(.' ~.lTi>'M; m~~b,ml ~~I

a'lt

of the ~ppmpria[:e character of communal spares, ~n this casewithin the aomeillpo.mry Ail.'abcity, The Diplomatic Quarter, where these tJ.V~n projects '1['e~OC'd~:ed, b; the fi mIl

m~~hrJbiyy~s~ r1U2NT:IS: C()iJ(l,y!d {)1'.fdg~·lej;leUng !~kf; ~·ju""'lmdfrl[1.'1'hf1 A'"",f1""'JJ;!"H(II~

t_;.r,~1' Ih(J .mif1c/~1

of the S-,uJ!,Ji gc.l¥enm;lellt W (_"QrniO~ td.:lJe ,til of i~ political .uld,.dmiJtlii~'!:r<l:~ive functions Lnl~'!i .pi.wl df:}'. 11~ eennal area of lite qU<l!l'e'[ is ;[~ a {.j~~rvin,g. hundred and fi~ry!ll~~~ wide $[!ripof .~and one
Le<lli~~lkm of a long·h.eld\vili5~.'l

that is fnl~nded

[0 ()OfIlain

all of the pt~b%c,mmmunity itstwelve hy

servl{)~ forme ares, wh~.dl ~re dl:s~~.bu~ed~blg

hundred metre length, AI-ro:m1~ Plaza itself, which is named, after a f.,.luaus MU:$lh:n phulill1op~.1Ie'1:, as been designed h which am acccmmodate

g,mdi ,l!icMtect Ali Shu;aibi, 1k: ontains a friday MQ"Cj;ue c up to seven thousand WQF,j.hip· pers, <iI_5WeUas residences forthe]marn and JVlue'.t~ln the ·of n'lol>qJ~u;:. Hba:'ol.!)',ag,overomellt service oompJ~ which a hO~M'C;'£ Riyadh De'!;'~I()pm~~ A~lthmi[)', and &hops U');e
siI,Il1'OUiulintg a C'f:nHiil~.maidan. III deference

to the u';1d~-

nenal Najdi. :iloc.hitecmre of dlis region, 'the bt!f~d~ngsare

designed with central courts, and thick, insub.rri:n,gw ••Us [hal, present £I.l1<lU open~ngs to the outside. Both the buildn'flg-~ and the open SP<lce5"~SO rt:ttUectN a~di deo0I7o!liVlep,m:emc;, and huge eillltr:anoew.m!!S .1Ot:.<!.~:ed along the maln boul~V'd M provldeeccees to the ~e!:l~w! ma rd,an_ 1\$ Shu<lrbi has SOiidin .. : l'eW!lrd to his de'>:ignof A~.~Kindi P'I<I:t'jj:
"rhi,'>p:rQject
i1IT1emp[S 1.0 demcu"l.'ilr'.a~~ 1[~1!1U many of rhe

problems faced by posHrndwmial

~ochtt:ecture stern from

the dt"SI:ru.ction oJ the rofilte.xl ilLito which a new hu~.~dlifil:g ~.night fk Once this oonlexl is re-created, g,00<1 de!:ligl':l CiI n easily fdllO\v., We e[1!1p~.1A1!.sUse va~lla ble arehitecthat
ture ls lhil!t whlch the pedestrian call1<lppreci<l~e, and that
the (IUOlI~tyof

the huil(

enviroranen;

results esserui,dly
,~U[~oul1l.dnng
in

room the (:otiref'O'lhri,c, Ilndudio_g tile V'~rij~lyofopen

~pllCes

that are ~:heresuk of the

SfI'iUl<;:EiJ:U:V.';S

(hem. Local [rJ.d~.niO[:lis, the shapifil;B:of clnnattc and, in

O!Jllum~. nviromnents, e should not be abandoned

lfa:vouroJ mechanised tedhnologybecau8e

'tihere ['eal~y is

no OO11itmdi.otionbetween.~hetl;Vo. rhe qm:.stionreg<!il'ding the re-use of trndii:~i01'l!<!i~, and (orlllS d~corn~ionreawakened a OOrllitwv·er8i<i[ issue dla~ hag run [h![ou~'h aUof[ihe pa~1 cyd~ and has yet ro be resolved, Jh1i$ quesuon has been p;lrI~~cubrly $e:rls:itt~ve because of rhe
lrampant and Illl.nifbm1:oo appliaHnon of 'Mamie' deooearton on a majonii:)' of therecent

cxpom :lIoch:i~.eaurethroughou;

the Muslim. world. 'rhUs has resu~ted! ln what Pro:fes:sor

Dogan Kuban of Tmkey has cail.ed 3, misplaced I.e~ianre upon a k~nd of 'cl!!~tl!lal, fetiigll:UsI,ll,' d"li3ilbl~n.cMly uses for:t:lW fll'om the PII$~:,,".d~n(M fuU~u:'Ldersr'jtndilrlgor their meana

~flg.The on:goln,g.deb<i,te between those who advocate the

use of .sudl f~as 1) m.odel,a:ndo:ill'lefS.who seek to n;;new 'me: proc;~sses~laJt produced sud) W!:'l!n$SOthat d~,ey
then mi;ght L~ used as 01 ~~n~, sunaced ~~n when the
Sidlli f:~~A~01Jli Primary Sch.oo~in Tunisa and the Corniche

Mosque injeddah, SalJdiArn.lbia, were presented

mrn

awards, The Sidi d~A]oui school is one of twel])ty projects that were initiljJ:ed in ]%13 tn [ejl,;~ve:nali.e the B"lb SoulkaH.df..ioulae district of Ithe medina of Tunis, and is· located ]n a ligh:t1y-otd.ered

di~a widl.manyolder ~al.ilresin it The sebeol is sin~dQo the nenhesst ,side of a reaiJine<1r
p!Llb'lic park, and houses SOOl1lMclassrooms di$[ribuJr~d. syrtJiffieotricaUy~ooum:lnvo in~e:m11Jl GOliltyams. The main entrance i;s em >Inaxis witll the pub~i,cpark that faces .it, >lnd
lismillideobvieus by the brgemmhmb~ plqects b",~oony that out over :ut from the flrst nOO1". Whi~.e seemiru:g

ve'J.1:ed00 oompl.etdy to western gt.mda;ros· of ru'ledl!~l1!ised envixoomental comfo.!'!!. The Cowiche MODque e'Pit!o:mi~5< [he sp,i_!l!t f thiee.mkejArogromme, emphasising the pero ceived impo~nc-e of $cu]p~~lfOl!l fOffil as a means of enI~~ndngtl'le ~.mag~ these S~:ruotiLllres Jn th~ (01M~mp!)ml:j{ of urban .s~ne:,111f:des1gn. of tlns mosqu.eis compaC[, ym .manages to be fun ofinnrimq.'. A f>trong direotioml. pul] from eX.le.ii.or tOo ]n~errol' fiet up by the "ompositlow~. ~ wte'£p.Iay between the dome over~he p.r<lyera:rea,.1.Ind the va.. ~covering me main ennance, which El-\Waki] bas d c;r~t!'<lpo]a(edfrom the Marnhllk lJOOusole'~m of Umm A..o1;!lk in. OIim.M~r ~m:erin.gi' thisdii'Wion is ooi1l~i:lliu~dand
funhl1':rreflrued

by aUownng sereened vi.ews

(0

the sea

through selective]y placed windows and an arcade.

P'lio:r to erut~rfing the p.rayer hall from a nar.row opening

o.n the len end o:ftlle v.",ult, lhe fun height of~fue mn.none!: comes imo view through an open sl.mili ..,t separates

somewhat imigllifiC-Jm from a western v]ewpoim, the use of ~m.1hdwJl:ling on th:~spulilic building represents ~.m~jor viorory il]. l'\l~is:a, where ~thad cncebeen <ooflsidered frh'o.~OO5,n'lis oourag,eoU$ explorn~rion ofuadiri:ona[ forms,
as barh a neosssaryand economjcal alternative to srnnda.a
gO~lme["J!~,1 plOp:M!a.!s, presems an example of great

me

valce to other dt:'ii'el.oping counrries, The Corniche Mosque injeddah is by Albdd 'Wahed EI~ Wakiil,wno has been cleed by Prmce Cll<l:ries ln bis book, A Vision .of Blit«in, fur hi5:tireiess effo.l'tS 'to n.~lwha;t he ,consio:eiS to be the des[;IUctive division now existing between the arclliroec~a:ndilie o~ft.">m:ln,]0 [h!s bfJ.ni~ding,
which has booug!n EI~\V:flkil.a second :a.w:a[dfoJ~owil1g the

main dome over the pruyef h.d!l,.<lndilie tl¥O Stmll1le;l" dbro..escovering theloggia~[Cllclebeyood. The s~g. viSll:l1)]imp<iC~ off litis mi...l'!Ol!'et, ~e;;lidJjng~e e-ye Up~VOlrd wIDe :sky. is 11. dro~tic ~h.ld~ toth~ p~cef:u~ sedusuo:nand mM]~~tnve qui~t oIr:l1e prayer areillntself, which is the .final goal of tI.~rnreiliul[y o:rrch.e&tmtedsequence, The issue of the:re"i:l1te.ip.re~l'litio:n of hb1oriic<l~fOnns 'Wi!I.8. <1100 deep concern toO .D~In.i8.h ochitec:~ Henn.ing larsen in of a his desi.gn ofthe Mi:Ilistfj' o:f .FD:i'eigo Affairs in .Ri~dJh,. Saudli A:rnibia, which received <iinAg:a n.an A'Ward. As .01.. res.uh of ~heS$;meco:noolii(i<uio.ll etTo:~ItI<I[ creaa;ooilie Navy Ass af<l~~~nd the A1·Kmdi Plil~i' the p:roiea Mirns~ry
orWll1!i~d 11 GOm~liliolil
.in 1975 fur thecensrmenen of:ll

award fo:, his Halawa House, given in 1980, the architect LiS. ~memlonally ]iteralun his use of a traditionel lang1l1flge,in a cmMi[lu:inganempt to fmd the missiJn:g link lbe~el1 the rich inventlveness oOf the pre-ihn.duilirnal ~ge.tnd thetenuoas reJati.o.llshipDerween craftsm amhip <HIdarohilecm(e iroday.
The Cornidle Mosque is only one of 3. series of m.o~ues

new fio:reig". MiniSl[ry IiIndinvit.ed~elvewodd-dassfim1."', iocl.oo:irng Renrw PiIlIno,. Arn[a~souki> RimrdoDofiiLI and Kenzo Thn.ge. topal1ticipRle. The genern;tive'i~a
.it.l\l!.<'.Url

behind

n~ql!e~ledby K:iing .f'"",had~bn Alxj!ul AMzJ.a:nd ~uperv,i5ed by the Mini&1~of Hajj and Mvqaf as pllil:'t f a t.!,lItioool o pro!1rJm_me ~ode¥eJo'p <I oool<empor,uy mesque Olfdl1ooc~
lure in &mdi .Ambia based em more tradlttonal models, The

the eeneept thalt Iaesen developed is that of a 'hi.d'den'" fil.cinga~d:liteO[ure whtch is clo6edro rbe oUj~ide wo.dd, but slowl.yreve ... j(5e1f fKm".l wl~m, This tdea of ls i['J!rema]i~~iQnis former O1Jrn~ul~;,1!ted il'llSub~tng the Iyy
trialil~t,lilar pub]ic GO'llIff:yard d'iat he has created in [he eentre

of fue bun.klUngfmm

an of the

private office spaces on the

In. collaboration with the MUrlndpaHty of§ed.dah and Mohammed Said Farsi, who was the Mayo.r when the ptoiect 'was begun, chose several. high visibility srutes around Ithe dlty for new modeisoFtt.1d~tioml mosque .trclli~ec~;I;!(e. a.ddil:ion!o pIQvidio_g places o:fwomhip, <II] hl of these mooel!s·wereint:eooed ~oexhuMt method.> of W.ldu~:no.oa] OO!:lli~:oti:on, snd toshow ili.oaJl. l:iuuldi~~ wa.og these methods were acihiewbloe on a ~ imn~:ed budget, To do soeeneennenalfdeas of ~Zling,asweU as stnct air oondnlt:ioning .requirements ~I;so had to be d'1"ainged, whi.ch
Ministry,
W:flS

perimeter with a semi.-pubflc .intermd 'street' ..A.s.the can" cept developed.each efthe corners oFlhe synuuemcai. mangular Form weee expressed 38 [leady separate eill!~j[~es related to dle three pI'Ograntm.a:ti.c divisi.o.nso:f politic,d aff'a.j[S, cultural ~!ld eOO!10m~, .. ff<iks, <lind <l1dm.in.isu"ortiof.l (iJfJidf!OO!lce (ha~: ~w~;;.. . ith:in [he .Min..i':inl" Thee..lluy to the bu:nlding ls ~;,1!nk~ b'""yeilemef!($.~1:l<1!~a~
COJl)mOlrl ro alii divlsiol1ls

and thus comprise

11 ftmrnh

'z.o:rm'.

There is l3!puii)]icl"eoephon

h~l] here with a orne hum:llred

far from ,easy in thjs hot, humid [egton dut has con"

8r1idflfty seat auditrni.Ufll and a seventy-"five thousand vohnne lihmry, wtJ!ich i;s I.:l:Ilde.r the ~uspJces of the

32

on the history and development

Dipikm.1OlliClo~iu,lIl:e,and ls p:riin:tiarily stocked with books cf'nanons and diplmnacy., as well as havjng its cwn.bookbtndmg (';ap!lbi~ity,rare
also participates ina "M.ahad' progmmme in which

mauuscrlpt div.ision and slide .U.bffifY.TIle Foreign M[nisUl'

I3mde ...,~rd s~ , Germain, and is divided i1]~OtwO ~¢[i()ns d1<'L~ruIe ..n:ed.b}' a sql,1lare c¢mr:J~ court, l'hecurrved, sep~ scimii~ar.1ike ooa!onr~cing [he quay contains ·miibilion ha]ls :,jJnd11 museum. of Amb an: and cNilisminn ,.while (he
second, ..reC[iI~neilr block, whkhm~k.es.

post-

the transition to

graduates t~.lrou£11iOUllhe kingdrn'll can enrol ina two-year

course in dipioma!Cy, and tim ]ibrd.ry·.uJdi~rnium ZOne if) lhe se~r-oaJ1taiillieclliiphere of activity far lMsprogr;tntme. The monumerual image or the bu ilding is irn~mion<iJly meant ro be [ernirri$cenJ!: of ~_.ledder, Najai sTyle of Riy-.a.dh, specificall)1 the ffi1il!S$ivf;:waI1$ of [he his[oric MUS1Th1.k FOil1 l1oearby..lars~!l has chosen roextend d'1€lhermal adwnmge t
of these thick walls by inrnxlucing an mtermediere cavity that acts asboth addatonal ..insulsnonand

t].1eorthogonal city grid behind it, houses the ]ihmr)'. ABa <.,'oopemtive effo:rt: bet'(li.i'eent'r.tm:e <!ndtt\A'em~' .Arol"b couatries, the building re ..Jly does :~ep.l'~m what "lTChi~(;l jean Nouv(ll has C'J~~OO dia~ogue between c~lIItu:~s·_In. it.'> 'a
p;~ise andpohshed
1'l:locl~m~li}r,. I.I'IS'lluu€:is.liIJnapproth~

:a source of light.
other-

.nIlsdlouble Vir.ili diffuses the direct gla ee thatwoukl

wise eruer lhrough 'tJlle 84.1.mJl punched WI1"I!OO\V8 uses, he andabsorbs :n']uoo of the heal ..s well. Iarsen speaks poeliC'.d~y aboutthe qu,dil:y of l(ghl eOlCring 1M building, an dof hisinruentron to make it a 'sundi<lil', which would track the progress dehe day on its [!lIenor walls, in til€: inner world that he has ereatsd, nuances such as [his, as well as rheexqu is:~(ematerials underfoot, take on added s:~nmrn.flre. Hissbstract, yet fundamental reading of ;this p'liltku~ar regbnal ,!:rc[liloct.ure, in lh~ case', ueads a careful p••hberween the vernacular fuamres of the Na:jid,on [he r one hand, and more inliernatio.m ..~forces On tile othet, tihm is roe arn:ngful to each. ligtu, of course.also had m.ysli~l qual.ili.es fur,lrcl'iJte<.l! tOlJlis Kahn,itod \'i,flj;i) one of the most lmportant c;unsidec,llions in bisd.es~2111. [h~ N:u:nooalA.,.~mbl.y Building in of Dhaka, Ba.n~adlcsh, which was honoured with an. Aga Khan Awa:~. In IDe same wJ:Y as larsen, ~i1.n has also recognised the needto mmm.1 the full glare of the sun in a region in which direct expOSUi1eaUl be fa~31 like the Mmistl;i' of foreign Affairs, the Nationa] A58e1'l'lbly .Buiidi:Qg. is momnnental, and rransceuds merely functional ..requiren'l.el:1!tsf! order to i:ru(iw~[on~Ll~edE:IDOCL:"J(:Y a n<ir~o:nthat i in has had. iL~fUllof .'>ldfeL \'('hileoome ha\i\l':l rj[ici.~M [he o
buUldingas beingfiltr too lavish for such a poor eoumry,

pri:H€:lyurbane Parisian building, coruslflnirJiy offer.ing a reAected commentary on its s.un:Gundings;,ltlid yet also presentsrrumy l<JIlltali8ingreminders OJ,l more obscure 8ens~biHr.y. III add!itkm to the p:ri8~1necalm o:f the open central court, or the CI'OSS referencebetween the fli.ptimmng 'Tower or BL1Okr;', arid the ramon", miru~reILof the MO!){ll.I!e of

Sa:nll!m:ra.he r
wooden

U1iOSl

percepnve (:if ~hese- is [he oom.e.mpo.rnry

of the[mdiHQTl<1!~

and t:ed:l!nologicanybrl[~i~n[ ~n~i(ion

mashmhi;ryra: screen ll'St1d[&lroughmu (he Middi.!!

East as a dievice for oomroUi:rIg sunlight and pruvacy In [he past. The southern flIC<ldie of the kliSlitutis clad wit:lll over ,I hundred pholO-~ns:utu\fe panels, cOnl'<liniQ£.rJie<lfiy smleen tbousand l:l:loving p<l~,~h<ll act like the diaphr<lgLl.l. of :;1
camera jn controlling [he amceru of sunl~llt coming imo

[he i:m-e.lior uf the b~liklllng. Pho~(jl\fo:l:~aic l5en~s ele<.lr-u:.rJIi· c<IUy 'I.dius~ ,dl of the movlng pans of~hese p,1 nels" whiich ~1r~ m<ld~ up of fl!polygnna~ openings that echo ~:slamiic
geometnc forms ..

In splte of several questionah~e aspects in Us design., the

Ins~~[llIl du Mende Ar-abe has managed tn

fll~fiIits ~me'nded

purpose, and has. brought about an increased aVl.'<Ireness. of [SJ.>Ilnicsociety wnh.~nthe city as well as establ~~l1Jingthe CUltlll.<II. bl'i.dge it 801Jght to build, Because ef thiism<ljor <ld1li.el\femel,]~, 3_8 well a 8 its ingenio!.15
ing of (he r~"{.JgJ]ition

hi-rech tr<m8fOl.~m<ltio.n

of t~dition;jJ deniJ;eni~, 1;~ U projectis m0S[cem.ml~' deserv-

It has reeeived,

The (;omph~r~(m th~ :foor1;h of cycle, o(mcl~!d~d <l

decade of ~aoching and c~ue.~lion~ng.and the Aga Kh~ln
Awa.rd for Architecture seems to have come orag.e. The ·w.ldet'fmge of flwa,ds presensed demonseates the CIli:!11l:1C-

of Bangji.adesh a natlonal symbol to be-proud of, as well as a ree~ing of selfworth taut is beyond price, Unlik:e Larsen, Kahn dId not ,oopy elements of regicnal a:rd.liteOtJU re, but has submined to the s.pectfic 10Cil'l1 otl!d£riom and coasuucuon .~t~erM of o Dh<:ik:n.Tile resultls ~L b!,iii~di!lil thOiH both unive~1 '"lnci is place s.pedfi:c In its expression,
Kahn has sucoeededin
giving the people "rh!;' same 1'JJa"y also I~ sakl of'Dhe Il:'lSliru[ du Morde Arsbe in. Paris, which is

t.e.istic .off unity in diversity in the t'I'lusUm. world itself, .m<lking it a more accurare-rellecrlon of theculsare it seeks
to explore. As therecord a~l:1ifJiug tVQtl"rl of the fifth Cyde held :in
.,oj rcIJrl¥X'~~lejQ.,' ~

S<:i mrurk,-Ind in ] 992~,and presented in

d:emon.s~r;i,tec"" the ul!t~~oti~ deflnedjn

Ca iro have !'lin"", become the frsmework by which fUTure Awa:rds are calibrated, The di.rec~uO:["Is taken. by ju,ries may
differ from it,but. It rem~nns
i1I

precis.el.yfiiErod.o the curve of the t

definitive

example by which

left bank of the liver Seine, neal' the opening of the

those d:ilTe.re.nres<lreg~uged.

heamh1e lh~ iM::lS![erJury for th~ 1989 Aga 'KhaJl:l.Award foit A1rchi[(;;"C~ [IH~ me:[:[;Wki(l, [['I j'anmuy,u~Gonsid~red (he 241 :proj(lC:~:S
~mbmiu:ed. by ~beAw3:rd's. Nominatcrs, end of and selocted (li:lny.!twO wbe studied .in depth by Technical .R.evi.ewe·.rs.TiI1I.en, at (he

only culm ml orgunis;~n which I:ru~y ~~~(ts. ai]l h(! !)ul~-cuhmlf!> of ~:h~ .Mus]lm worM ,nis, is, a we.~com(l ItveIliI itll.&ed wi,th
ro[l$kJ!e:rab~(;l long-ru Ilig~ :iIllpomtltt~ forl.n.e Awa.ro,The

l;econd polnt .is that the p~p~:r

schemes andprojacts
fOII 'to

~'!'ahl atioa or some of the new

hU!Jsi:[1Ig pgrutling requires u

longer

JIJ ne;

the tb.irt),-lwo (~.I'Ia~ were r~",:ue\"l'ed on the:ur ists

LIse than thllt :neoo~d

the 'Eas~\'qahdat

evaluate single buildings., As,:J resulr, ttlm the next Ju~l!'eun'5~.{JleTallew to the

Gwn merits lind :unterms cf the issues they reflect, t'rne 'lJl,lel:i(uons they pose', and Ihe'1!l1essllge',\l they send. 1.'be

we s.pedHclllly recommend

scheme i[l Amm:m muJ~'lh.e~nCI·e~lem3!

dec1!!ro!Ji~ w!h ich follow are ~.u.afl~nlOU(:i. becOluS!e the Jury agreed to make m: so, but U~_Al!li~l~~.y not reached f"()r was every p~ec~at'ld .sharpdifferenoes re~laifledto the end O~ projects which are prejluia.ted and on, some which are om, 'fh[\oughout:its deHberil!HoflJs,he Jury sooglu 'to listeu to al ~ t vlews and ~o :r'ee~[\esp~c[fu~, ·of the p.rojectS nm:nil:l<l!ted as well of i~s own ¥,ell')1' varioo o!piIlLons. fU[i[tu~r.mo:re.,asit discussed I[Im<l [l.o.llnn.l1J;ui.ons,It.mutlJlUy becameaware of needsand opponunlrles fox the arch:ul:eCllJ.nl llffe<.ltil"lS Mus~i:m5 everywhe[\~ whlch had not been as [uUy visible Aw.anfu. Th.e differences
3.
~.I'I

Oe'l'elopn1e:nl Scheme .in l-Byderablld .6Qth ~e~led to have co.m:j.d!e~blc meril-S whnch need
11

Nil'

few rno.~e ye{!~ to he prope:!'Iy IIpp~i~.ed, since oocially related Sioc'hitecuu:e Meq~lil:es a nexib~e Hrne frame for the deQier.~liInta[ionf o 8~~CCe5'S. fanufe. o lhe jury's d:ecisioil1sreward ;'$~v~:ral of Ihe direnions visib]e .in mdl.ly's ar(.~~il.eCllIre j n (he Muslim worM., These dtlc1Sio.l1JS shimJld not 'IJoe~~.m lIS an endom:;e.me.n:~of 1111 [he
.impl~c;iJtio.rJ;s f the projoc~s i:rrvo]ve<l,llOr do the:yiirnply lhiC:l o mj,ec~.ic>nof values expressed
:i,[l p.rojocts whi.cli!J were nat

p.revi.m15 in

within the

JUI ry

and the new sense of

:prern:uated ,'rwDe·x1Imp~.es, .iI.]ustf'dte ou:u· poiTM ,We

dliscus~d

universal

MllsHm cQOm:tnun:it:y ave been incorporated h

four ::m<l~ments d1eJury wishes to make before pre:&ellting the Av.rards~hem~e~\I'esAs in [he past:, the §U[l/' coagratulates the s[aff o:f the Award whose dedi.catkln, endnjsiaslt'l., humour, ktndness and em.da-.nqt made thC!'§llry's labour a pleasure. ft also cang;rrtmlaws the' T~.hni.C!iIRevi.e---wcrs, .nof whom undeaock d:U;li[ ~ uni.quely .respon.sib~e tasles w~trn. .re~u:iV(l e.mtrusi.asm., T.ney c ha VElan contributed to the riebness amdsopbis[ic1Ui.an of I[%e information. available to the]1J ry and 5l'Ored in the offi.c-e-5 oJ
the Aw:a.rd., No· segl:nellil of cOl!'ltJempora:ry ;ar~ffiI.itectu[oe anywnel'eis
SD

as !I. fu~.~y thoughl-out ~eC3s~ingOHOi":iillS ereared aod usedjn the paSI 01" if) ve:l'ni1!c,d";~r"dJi~ions. The'prei'llialedpro1ec~s indude o:n.iy some examp~es of dun panir;~da, poln~ of v.ie'i"'. ~lncllit behoves the Award~o ilcknow]edge ilod ilion", I searehes for
ofre'l.'ivalism g,el:llline, iIl:~elligel:ilt

~u g~eat .Iength t'!m.essue i

:t

Rne! uIstefl.l.1jJ·eviV'JIi::;fIiI whose

:med'l1tnisms and vah.l!eSare I:lO[ ye~ f~.Hy und~tstood in II rI lsl:amicQorue,u. 'Ihus, this JU ry 5ilhue5 rtllt! t.'£f'Ort.'> of NadC:lJl Arua.13nwirh lm:n.u1'lrl ,rch:u~:ecmre;Jnd of Sergo Sllj~.ylllSilil, ith ~ w O1lrura.1 A.sia:n,lIrdilirectur·e wm.o m:e fir have heen ]n"'fi~ved with 1I:1iTI. i:l:!I~erp.retadon o:ffor.malvlIbueswhic.1h should
e:nliglnen. our muil.ersta.llding of the-past of the .f~lr~1Ll re, and shape lhe KDrm>.';

wealthy

i:n dam and so wen. caredfor.

Thecverall dln1en~io~of
Muslims have Chil~g~

theaechneeuee

a~fecrin!i:

e:l'lomlloll&~Y since the A wiliocl

was

creased twelve years ago, pard:y pe:rhilip5 uncle~ I:heim.pi!c~ O'f t~e Awa,rd itse~f. P~Vl1: speas of these new dim.ens;Lollssuuck a tl1toe~1fy:benoer qua.liity of the fillJa~. :roduas and of the J p precesses .Ierudimg 1[0 t:iltlIT!, wmp.h:x~lry ·of the p.n:-li's:~cal., oocill~, and eco:n.o.mi.c·oomporwnl$ of seclal and wmmJUrnity b(li.~dI[lg, f[JHe:rco,y·eCl,g~ of eonrlguous Musli:m Iregi.o.fi5;awareness of the largli1l Mu.sHm.eommunlries withi:n. no.n·Mus:lim worlds
and t'h.e enormous aspects deserves increase !Til. the qu.antity and qua.~i'ty of We onlywis.n of several
fOf Tedmi~

The secoad exan1pJe of !lO'l'e~~y in the efforts of liell illdivfciua] pm.l'Onsand of noa-governmentel orgimlsmiow il1l prem~il[ed Pli:ojcCils and in :iUilIlY .:hm 3re not, We 'want ~o

emphm;;ise how mnchthese ·effo.m'!l a welcome componem jlrC

in th.c r'IlOS;'lj,r of COiI'J:Lc.rIlpGnuy urchu~.~nl1lre which, e~pecildly in its soclal i"ls:.pec(, was <luminfLl:ed by g,ovCi:mm.ent Or imema[ionlll~ bUF·eaU('mcies;, We are

,aware, of c:ou:rse,ofUiI.e'

dangC:l.rrsof 5pecld:at.iion l.I.nd P.rofil:eCo1:1fi:ng:aS50c~:aled w:i,[n, 50m(l

of thesepr.Hvl1t~1IC(ivities"
eamio.!l private

1I1Ji.d [his is why we adell! rmt~ or of the socuety is mo..... hellln:.'w:a.ITllIill£:" r

O'U:~'Jeci~'~oi1S

ncmmared project'S built by Muslims" f:.a.ch one of these ns ow:n. lel'lgth:y elaborsnon. eo stress t'i',io points" One is that the appearance

lo Our s3.tilsflllctiollJ, 'l::mrl~henew emilrllsjaSrrl seE;tnr fm j mpmving

Fina] Ii'. we ~\'i:;:h ~.oaJdd .~ the nl;e~ge h.~~

flomi[la~1oIlS .from .he Cem ... I A~i;ln,lRepubl1C5 of dl.e Sovi.e.

Uni.orl

(ol'leof

these

filorninaUoi'ls· W'JS
AWIU:dliO

sho"Ais~ecl

cal. Re\l'iew) iliU()'i!.fS the

consider

itse~fnow as the

sends Is 1'101 ol:le of conu"J.dicti.ofl~.,bUI of sim~dm:n,em.ls and pilr~J~el aCli.viUes which ]de.l:li~:ify' ~ome, certainiy nm i.lll. o:l"~he ~"spin.lUons and b~li1l.ror.i:ns o§ MllsJ.im, comm~Jnir~es mday',

These com mllllVl:i~s ar~ ln so m:JillY' places andwith

so

~
~1iIJ

IbJlik Hnus~B:~.

vatitIuil,

rO(:~umns,.

many' hopes and ambldons (li3t the sohni.om

3J'e

to their needs

bound

tohe

differe.m: from each other, .A [ury's dectslon of their qU3:lity.

[lj[)'t

is a juilgemem ideologies

neces~a:rf~y of the

they impl.)'.

Jury 'CiIltatiOM
of the Great Omari MQ5que,. Sid(f,n,Lebanon Pa.nly destroyed a.nd damaged byacts ofw.,l.r." the' !llQlKjl1e' of Sidon,originaUY;li good example of the complex arehee turnl history of the tebanese coast, was .'luccesllfully re...tcred a n.eI rebutlt thail'ksto the' g,efle:ro8:i1:Y of 9. nati've sen, the phYlii,cal and ,ern,otiona~ eflions of its users aud thetalents and cempeR~krranO'n renee ·of a '~eilJmof a'~chi~ect:Sii.nd smderil'S fromBei

The 'Gr'.trnJ:."eu BSink Hou~ing ]':~ole>Ctaltfac!ed the JUI~l~ aue'll;(:i}onf:rom d'l:e begin~in;c hy the llencSiU'II'ity snd brimai:l!oe oJ its, lmder~yl ng concept. For'here, in one' of [he pocrese and most popuJouscoui'Ui:ies o.f tile woeld, lhec·ompassion of Jslall1, 'tbe :l'esiliience of Bangladeshi rueal MlIlslims, and the dediC" uon of [he personnel of the Grameen :&Jnk, <.'Onlferge in a creanve lind skilful way eo improve the lives of millions, of people ..TJiu~Gmmeen Ba nk, a cooper::uive non-governmental 3ssocia'li:on" sterted a 51l1lall credit progm rame W [h.e rura I POOI1:, :iia:iloll[ coU~Ut .... f,(lr the P[I rpose of inithu ung w d. :ilflcome·se'n(.irJ:l.ungschemes, The ini(ial success of this
modesr

!j5C!a1> refM~

ro accept

the

R.n. The !lui kHn.g of 3 n!u~ mooqlJ~and ...

world
lllUiI.

plli,ogm:mme

W11S

.imJlicanIDi by

:1

:rie"d.1 :uise :nn the i:n.L"Q.me cledillo Its

O'.hhe Ixmmve:rs :..11

and by (heir reliabiUty j.1) p'd.ying blldk loam.-

prefenrtld to :n.4::m,iild [h~ir shanered those places in the MlIIsl:im. wori.d been maimed the restorauon
team

wlrh a monument example

(0

'Thi~ 'en_ro~l,ruged the ·G!:".Ul1een Bank to extend

ohl:'U~k pasr, ]n doing so, Ihe'f giv,e a row~dul elsewhere

which have

by the horrors 'of war. 1:11. addition, the head of rebuilt the'
n101}1;[ue

with sciennflc of one el'!.peri-

sl:!elterles..~ members - ei,ghty·four per cent of 'whom are women - to 'blli]dnewei", modest bUl he3lthier houses, which are 0000 andwater-resistaJ1it The' small housing loans average US S3S0 each and j ndudle the provision of four
concr~tecol.1ll rnns, a pre-fa hric~u:ed sanj:~ary slab ;:und twt!m)l~ six, ,mr.mgmed i:li'o(l wo.ring :s:l'l~~'i!S" The re-Sl. is leF~.'~.O ,ea.ehJ

precllSi.Q.rJ, and with the taste and intelligence 'co:nlbil:la~~Qn Qfln~n~afl ~teadfastlless

enced :in u~d)ef.'lt<l.nd~f!g the momuneilWls of the p.. M. Thiis :in the face .of tragedy, 0'.1' restorsnon talent and invenUveness in pa:rUcubrly' difficUllt circums~ance8. and of dedtcaeed nathl'e pan-ooase and sa,criifl.oemakes d'le recoil ~tn.lC[iOin of the Gl'eat Omari MOl>c;!I.ii!a beacon in a ronur,ed land aad a :sign .of ho.pe ror Ih.e mbl.liMirig, afwar-wm narlons,

borrower
fi,veyt:ars,

IJO

proc,u fe en

~1I

~.ntreml;l'm:ll bases, In the ccurse of

ofFlImUess rill ral Ba.n,gl8J.

mmnd[eds of thousaerds

deshis benefited

:[rom the Om meen llous:in.g peoject, rellultinli:

.RehabIUtati'll.n.m
[1'1 the area of

AsWh, .ASUab" M~,

town of A.~H~hin MOrocco stand~out

rehOlhil:~D:aUon,renovanoaand (~pgr ..di~g, the as an ,e%Simp~e gue!t o.l' success in the ,Mu~lim work!, from a modest st~n hut wlth ambiUoils \'ision"i! few native sons 'Of AsiLah took it l! pall
upgrade

iilemseh"cs w
of dleil:
IO'WIl.

Ihe

physicil

and ,culltul1denvi r,Olllnt:ru ;l.Illd s!km, dtey mal:la.g,!.!d((j

With perseverance

diverse hut eqlJl:;aUy beautrful houses. More i.mpofl8JfIt :in thic:;r~spect is the socio-economic process whiCh has accompaniedihis.l'l.om,;ing lO9Jnprogralll_ille'. Men, women and chJtldl"e'llihav been Involved in !JoIn. tncome-generatlng :;J,CI]V]ljes and housebu i!.ding, lie,aJth col"llcn~ion8i 9.mJ education have improved ~.Il1f1l.ensely.'fhe beneflda~ie;'$ of 'I:h~ prog.ru mme lii3;\I'!'; pa id bf.dl,lheir ]oilii'l5,indudilli,g; fiv,e :pe'l"ce.nt~ i11l.hl'WS~, at 3. ni.'I:e of n:linry-eiglu pe't CeiL'!, Whm stiin~d as a housing·loan ~heme has turned .inm an oiiferall i.llu!,grmed deve]op.ltlenlproce~. The previously .mafg.una] homeless poor in 'Bangladesh.
especildly attennon women,
are now socially

in some 44,;00 si:lnple, healthier,

mise tb~ (;"()iiScio'llllsn~ss of 't!'l.e p~~plE: of Asilah and moh:ili.se I'l\u.~m impL~mem dlis v.ision. A SiITlJall ultura] festival was tlO c held, in Mill.l.h i.n the summer of 1978, aumcl±ng same' one rnous.:Jl'ld v.i5iJtms, lillOSt~y·from nea.rhy modest as it was, gave (he people
and IJifide, qU:i.HI:ies whic.h

empowered. has attracted

The bl"iJ]ialll the

success of the Grameen

Blink project

aF serious development

planners th.r'OugllO'~]lthe

100000d.lhfes. This event,

wo~~ld:in 19S;,ltiJe A11I1e'rican state of A:l'kaflS9s asked the (;-r:mtee[l Bank to send s ml~~ion 10 help

of As.ila.hs.elf·{."onfid,ence
:IilOW

plan

3. sImHa.

have grown Me'.i.di.ly Oyer the attracts some

OtM!

yea'rs. The AsHall ·Pellliv:a.1(the musirn) hundred and twenty thousandvtskors WQJld;, it has become

from all 'over!ht.: event in Moroc(.:O

pm.gr.u:mne to 'u.p~ra.cl!e the I Mn~ cO'~,diliol'ls oE itt: nli:'JI :1'001'. The less'On of this success lies In the thoughtful. concept and the parlidpatory process behind il - whic.h could be emulatcd, nm imi:tated, 'il'lmugliOl.'!Il the M.tlslim. and Third \\foild's.
Oitr.'l, Niap Urban ~pDl.ent"

'the Iligge.st cultural

and one or the !UO$t irnpovml1l:i in file Amh wortd and A!tiric'l. Tbis success is all the mere remar+able as it relied exc'lll<si\l\ely on the parti.cip,nLon or rae town's i:i'lllahi~an:ts. induding dilldren and women, with no or minima I goverJl'JJi'II'I.etltalor mnside supporl:. 1h(;: rnlt:1l who. in:i~:ijlt~d ~'h~ ~toce.'>S. and ~lave' siltl.C'e reml.l ii'U,jld u:nnlilli:t[!dllU lI, anmch:d wkhlS'pn.'1idi.iU:emio.lil i:m MoroOGo. Afr,~l'a and the Amh wmM,
willi! one
OIl

Samarinda, East and

:JJ

Indo!im5ia total comn.liJtment to'

Thro'Ugli:t persever .... ce, deciiclltiOIll n

I:he:ur task, the (y]loje'Ot's,par!,ucip;anl$lrrIa.'I,I'eoonvincllngly

dem=S:I'rll~ed t'he viability a[);d [e<B4libUily'of PQrliclpil!to~

pJllInn ins at ho~'I:! esign d

o.f 'cnem

b~co:milt1S l.I.ppoiruoo a~ Mi.lilist!:.r of CU.llUll"C:

1'eS1Ili is

de",'elopment
by

:Ili~ own ('otQl~my,

be<en :shared

{kacl.:llll'lui),lne

allidlil'iilp!e·!ne:ll.~atton ]evels_ The whe're the bencnUl bave all pa nie~ifl the pil',oce~: 'the Mr,e..:t peddlers shop-keepers .and 'Ihe 'loc3'11overnment. !'>1m. g
w.ilh equity

only

has

the

p.ro~OO[:achle~~dil:5

socb~.a[]l.decQnomk and

CO!ll5:ider\'iib.~e and sopb.isti:ClIteci research grow .in the [~giO:[1111ldwhi.eh donot

11 fadrcaUy

and an accurase

obJoc['ives, i( has also. CEea:t:ed avibra m, we.U.•designoo

1I1l3.~ysisof d:ufferoemtypes of ~OCll~. pl!ants aad trees which

well~imegra~:ed u rba.l1JceJ[[:rr'e hich has become ~~.e pride of w the ~O'w:n.lI'l1989, SlImarLndllWa,s 3W3.rdBd the coveted
Ac.Hpurll A!I1Jard by theIndonesian President
3~

'one of

<I.

group Clf dties wh~ch have ,slm:;essfully develo\ped been achieved Qr forel;gn through

~!h.ern'·

selve(i<, Thir> is. all the nlQJ'~'re!Il;l"kaMe asthese results

ha ve

prtv,,~~' and co~lm.uni~y invdve~lle~t,

need :regular .infitl;lhon, new lind ~l ~olllHy geflu1[!!e envif'Qflmem WJ(i. created for .. 5eJf·()\~stili~ed t'ool,Qg~clll. ,\;iy~t:em]!'l thee%te!'l~!v(;' landscape are,as afJId even ~~ch ,l'lllWe'1l5.lh15 unique e:lJ!v~ mnraent has OIuracled Saudi and Ar<J!b.f'<!.ndHes Ri,yad~ on in' Fr:idays "tid hoHda.ys and they have beoo.me recu~~~ol:la~
<J!reasfor 50c~al gl1llherl og pwv:iidin:,g

witl:lQ1.l!t financial o'r'tech:ilic"lassl~t<l!i1.£e

fro..i1l1 thegovem:tue'nJ~
eae, culmina[~

denccs, been
3 demeeraue

tmditiOl'lallslam,
convincing ~he.~r oncepts c

Finan)'. this

the privacy requi.recl of sci:l~me pla.yecl Si major ro~e in

The w~~.ole prooess has ~:h~ imeresl!S of the Mitt $hop,ikfltlptlrs,

rna

[he govemm!l':ntili~and

in,g in the es~ablish:me,n;[: ofa manaS,elil'l~n:[: hOQ:rd [~presetn.Hf'lg

pub.~ic se(;mrs l'O chmnge on I;:!ndlsc!!iptl" 10 ilil.ign Ih~rn w~~'h .~O(;ill tile

lima (~~Irousha

coop~rmi.'!i\~.

the

the ~.ocalr~mm~m
I[!l!te pmlec~.

amd (he eonsuhants, ThHS

i:mL$~:inJ(ioniil:is;uiol1J of ~be psocess guarame!3;S conJt:inui~[.yaJnd

imenance .for
"ftl.e cunoeptis

g~l'Ile.ri,'un n3~!L11eand is beil'l,g repHcated! Ln r other citti~'S.indi,ldi!Ig the capitll~ .•J;Ilka!fit a, U. rna yeAAance sceial dteoUven.ess In facing increasingly complex .sl!tJU,n~OI:lS

future, where commerciJJi!:l~ei'eSts must be harnessed inlheprocessof urban develcp!l1enl in more equ~t~ble ways, U caaslsc be cO\ooeiv~as a oociallean:limg process,in whkh 10Cca,1 g,ovemm.ents ~,rlicreasifl,g~yncourage acuve e public partlclpauon in a democrane pil'oc~ss,prep3,rii:l1ig urban con,nnlu:1:~ti~s~o face th~ im:p~mU¥~s ofsocia& ~:m[1;s.f\orm:l(i,o.rJ.
in~he an,d, 1il'I~r.rniS~Hion"

enviWil1lme:llt, ilIlld d:J:t~S lxmefi( fro.nl MI:U,m] sU'englhs. to Tfue .AJ·Kindi P'];.IZlIHll1Jl8Jrt : ahhe main pub.lk sptHnewili,oo fo:r.ms,an e,sSe.n!~:uaJ~. P::JUefthe n.up]ornatk QUlIFI:er" ]I co:!Hains aJ P~llb~ic SqUillr~ (rnaid:m) nea.f to (he cemml rn~queof the D:up:]orna.trc Qua:rl:er"1I'he~ comp'le~es can be co'.osidered ~I~ i,dieal rnooells fo.r clt:re~ inl.sbmrc lInd Arab soc.i~~ies,. They have a~~f;lIc~iveh'pJ'eserved~he u';ld~U;omll hnk be~wee'n~he rn.osque OIndlhe othe~ DubHe serv,ices of the ci~)'. The success oithe W:hole ls demOiflstraled by the lively p!.:!bl te eveats which make place 0.1"1 the: Square on Fddays, U is the se:n:sitijvH,ym the envi,onm~liiI,t: on sueh ili gg"afld scale which disl:insu~shes ~:hisptoj~C(. d~~p.ed and j 1il'Ip.~~mel1[edy a b
I.oral firm from. Ri.yadtl,

Gune)f:1lJ!IdIy :S~vReslden.oe,{:an~.
Throu:Q:n a sensirive,in~elligem this summe.i "e&~de:noe constitutes

'\l'Iadrey

M e.(,A1buJi ..PriimBy SChool. 1i'IiurI!lS, Th!llisbl. The Sidi e]·AJJoll~P~im~.ry School jspremlca~ed fo;,

]~:S:ccura-

lind ul:lpre~:entio'Uls appeoaeh,

an awchil[oCtMrni dillJog~e

geous

explo~tio.n

of

tmditio<llli

arehitecwrol fo:m18as an

where landscape and building are of equal impofllillllce. Th.e flln.otio.I'IS o.f H",:tng have been div:lded i:(JJ[O oompol:'I,em parts,

each

ofw,ilich

is se1f-coru:~I:~necl, and bot:' house and 811rde.fi

11:00 posliJio:n.ed w~t:hci1i[eful (hought, ,on a. bc::.itmifUl :S:U~!e o.vedooking the Aegea.l1Jseasllare,.
Th.ese p'rillcup~es of juxtaposing (o:rJ~nge s,paoes. economy of
~8

eiliegl!n.t ~. and eco.noIl1;ici!~, - :~~spO\l'l~ !o. C:Orl~lem;porary ed~lciuiO\rud needs, The desig;n, of this school,. deve]oped by a citirens' StOUp as an il]~,ern~J:ive to s:mmlard govcmm.emflltype desig~s, :represen;~s .::1 protmy,pe of consMcmb]e villne to d~v~~opiIlS oocicl~cs" Uti,]ising 3fiarell ]efl: OpCil1m, by an earli.er pEojern" i~dillllffll.op:s, 3. unique rel:illtion:Sl\i,ip '~o dlie su rJTollnd,ing
ud'):;'In senios 3ml espedaUy to :1.pu h.Hc pillrk a·d)I~ae!ll~ it. h. to

rn.eJn~. and s<irnpHcilYof ~.oca~.ooIlMirIlC~iOtO can be a. model 'of u~es and a vartety of place-s, T~isreside!lce of art I~ wh~lCh nature and n;uflliInis.lu l!l.deed awo~k the :f!~Stplace. Hayy' Assatfan!.t ud whkh
ilL'C' M.Kin,di

has become not simply a school h1JJ~: lIpla.Cle also

nl:~y activines.

[Qf

COlmln~U~

OCCU·PY

T.he cQ.!1cisellfl@ ord.er·~YPJuer.~ofi~~elassreems geeerOItesll slm;ple volume, d.l,~creetly e:l'llh<lnced by the ]~didolls

use of omamear a rid

Phua, ~
:tQIi!:':
.110

hi! I]dj,e~i!fl. Har,m,ocrl:isjn.gtJ'nob~(l,l.si\'ely and nal:.row ovemn fabric

Saudi A:rahia AI·Kin.di Pbza. enHglue.~ed

wi.th the Old blJildings

sneeis anhe ohhe

ell)'.

medina,

th is

"The lanciscaping ohh.e HaY)' Assaf:1rn~and is pan of .it,were made po,,~5ihle by eHe'ITIit, [he mYllo.h De\i'<lloprnenl
quested

school cons~imtcs a rema rkilb~yurbane

arid r,espol'Is.iib!.e

bu~ldins-bl!Dck 1n the
CO.FIilidu~ M~.J~,
h its the arehireet's fOHns.
1'h3~ is (Ii:!

.AllItho.li<ty . The d~,em. re-

higlb techm:i~9gica~ G!'U:::iJuty as weU as ami

anil heriJtage and hl;s the :arCfui~ects·and plal'l.flefs wih,Q woik:ed represesssa [ef!listkall.d

SandllilDabia
skil~ lin comli:lilrm.ing ll~torucaHy detrived

ul1cler$t3.f1d~ng ,of the IQC:II environment relat:tons.hiplO lhe' project was e",eilIl(:l'l<l.ry.

T,~ lan.<ioca,pil:lg

im.a,g~nati.v,e ~bes[[e's :t1a:[;i,j m1

undei:'s~:and~"gof the n3tu['al and spa~i:al. org;JJ~:isa~ion bO'[, in ;lind addreg;~ons, U ulik.cs into consider..uion llUr-.:u:;-tlve siul'S il:rnd p.rov.ide co:n.ditions and enriches (hem wilth .new el.em.enffi to cte3~,e

l'he l.'I1!ain basis, fDr tile Ju~":s dedsiofl_ Siting and ~eChROIQgy dk~~'ung~ui~h bujkHflg f!'O._~lthe g~l'3a,l !}llliolJ'ity this of mosques built todaY-The Coa:fJJid.e Mosque is one of three se~. s pa v.iI:ions al.olllg the comicbe of Jecldillh, an llnCOIl'lVe:lJ!" a tiOll'l:llJ bm v1sually i!ruc's~:ing ar.nu'lgen:lei:li~:thJi!J: lends spl:rinm~
streng~:h ro th~ en.Hre ~er,rimiJ:Ynd a

p.rodai:ms

~o the olJJt$Me

themwirrh

c.ii:ma.ti.c prcmeclioJ:1.andl

world ~he p.resci:'iI.ce of.lshun.

Techno~.ogicill~]Y, th.~ mO'Sqt]e is

dl'iU dle a rcililmc[

soc.i8J~. pltivaey dliJ'Ough. arti:fieitd :il:!l.nd:1.nd ~tO'me hi~.~5" After

b:u~I[according

1'0 methods

tim:. d!~ve~.op~'<1

[hro~8Jil resaaaeh 'i1'll1Otheways used in rhe >(}OnStlmCliolll of :mos[~~'Egypti:!l,nraosques in splcuous

;:!

sioll'llswith

'peQP~,e fwm n'l1111myd iff~1ieTilrrgJ[~lIpa

l~~

lasaclety,

It[adlil~omd ~,i1,~gh t;U~[11Jreof

IBe¥{~jl~ (hm o:...e,~' ime ,il has come to enjoy o¥eTwhe,~rn~ng t

lslaen 1'J:H~sebeacons On (he ,coast ha ve also become eonplaces of piety 1I1rn.d rest [or the popu~::lI~io'fll, of lh~8 'be cited as
;I

appsoval, thst

stands

1I.S, 3,

sy,mbo! o:f de:mocr.-lcyinl~.ngla~

CQl.lI

desh. and has ~[l"uem;ed def~ve.s~fl pa!1!f:l'Qln

thJt

i1itryin

:11 v<!rtety

'Of

eit}' ~The ;m:;hit:ec~ should

proponent

f\:lr ways dlat b,~m~·

~">enefki.. 1wn,ys, The .m::hH:ec~:~ro]potency

of this bru~Icli!lll

~[![lovatt"'e' sit~ng. fOf rethifll.k~ngdasliical .. ~d for the effort to ro~l~'le~'O"nal :lJ.esj:leak thepre,senl<J.nJ
iWU~ roH the p"~~ [slarnh::socleues, of 8a!]l~

methods ,of hujkn~"

e~e'nents~n

time n~necq;the

the d"rity of l~~avera ncompo!5;~tiaitl and f,,·orn,it.s scale, oo~i:Iccnnreyi~;s,the ce'n.lmiily ..nd~rnpOl'llmil,ce ohhe a.ctivity o.f "s~mbly lh<lt lies iU lhe hear! of a democrane and p.ulk.ipatoi]f
"'~lruCnii'e

off gov~mance,Reachin,g:
of th~regh:m.,. ~mong

beyond the ili'cl'iileC[l!Jrreof th~ knlnl~cliaul:are;], Ih~ blli~d~illS M£aifs, R:iJyadh,. SaNKIi,Ar.;iJiJ.la Thbproj(jc[:~wa5 :I]Q[:edfor tts il:illdHge.[iJl ~1.5C= nd .im~rp.r,e(ll~ a
Milriiistly
Itii.o.m ~l1!ld,UI:io:rn~1~ rchli[:ec~:~I,re lInd of gern.<:lr'..!.1 ,of 1;s1~ rlli.C' ll,rl:J,a,n

01 P~Jp

llils 3ssimilalJedim:po:rmrut:s"rcJflelypes

otber ~"yl>~t1r<Yugh Ih~ ex~:en:5<~O:Ilits pllrk and Wm~l~poOIl;. of BrtH', £~.bas also drro;;vnupon an::.hi~~(:nmtlIdeas of buaing val:tlle frrom. m1.llnydv'ul:i>51Itiom I.moulm.d thewerkl. [hmlgh~iJ)u~and ~.ru~:e[~ige.l:Ul. searchfor Thsough his, fDrm. the lII[~i:lite>Ot has

concepts,

lhe

irn:[J!uen(le of vem:!l<"ul:u a ~chiit.ect:U1 in it is re

..hSt:r;olC~and at t'he ~:;U:lle Wne fu rJ,d1l.1In.ellt'I~_.llt is a ccnrempo-

rllry

work

or .. rchitecW[~
mal n-stream.

~[1

h;lrmol:UY w~~h

the irntemahonal

clarlfled an lIppmach to ::lIrchu~'eclurnl dles,ijg[llh,1t doe~f)lm

.uchi~ecwral

The hl.!.i~.dingt1illlS~ is iSQ.~ated fmt1il

CDPY

elements

of regiOIJ:la.1a rc;bi~:ecmre, and that does f10~

its "'l,Ifl'OUI~diflg!,! a.ncl de.si;l',llJ;led llke J d~det .as the function and nature of ~bls Mi!l~~~lrydiO:<J!tesuch ~e:grega;tion. foOr reasons of security and pn,'!!'",},. tn oppositi.o.n. ~.O(h~ bh"niLlhiand .r'Orb~ddingeXl\{ll[io:r. the inmr.i.or spaces are volu metricaUy ltively, ~~.ctting, spectacular ~.n(1hi.ern[d'llt1IUy
t1.5~

]rnP'O" either CQn:~em;pora.ryo~hiSitwicaU:y der:~ved voc.<lblular~ tesof fi;:lrrnffOJ,u o~herp<l;~S of theworld. The area i~ect has

o:rgmlis(ld 1.lwmli.d ·.stru~ts·"The e,~w~iv,(;l

illrn.GenhHIll::e.5

re.,iflte':l'pretedana tWl1sfonned these ldeas l'I1 mugh a p.rocess tha~ applied concepts ef coasauenou technology eo COiI'lclilions ~pecifi!Cto the Dha ka locale. The resu h:is ;'Ii bundi rIig ~hat! Wll~~e llnji\l'~rsa ~un ±~:Ssources of :forfl'l!S, aesth~t lcs a n:d
t~hno~.ogi{l-s,

of wa~e.rjJ Il.d !law m~. ght softens H

i:rnspne

the
I

could be ilfil no other place.

qu:~.I~Jt}' ~,nt:er.lor .5p3ces" of

of less,than sueeessfu

c1eoorat~"e seh~me~" Si!illp~ic:iW and QOl.np!exily are outstandiog f¢lIWI[~-S of !the de-Sjgl1.• rhis. lavit:ih and e'xpens,ive bll,Jildil1lg

lMdJWit,d'u .Monde Alra'h, ParJs,. F~

oon;veys a sense 0.1' ecoitlQ~ny

N~tion~J ~seM_h.lf:BI1~ Bangladesh

and dS!~ily,

SheF-e.:Ba~g1~.Nagllr,Dhab,
ill one ,of the

a1:!d provided wilh a be"~IUful sj;~eil1l Paris, the ]nsrihlll du Monde Malle lollI showcase of oof!tempOIl'ary iHchHec~~re which has ; became a popular :aJ.tmcliol:l ln Pa~is iltlda souece of pr.idc among: dole comn.n.!nities ()If Amhs and other MlMSlim:s. II:
asp~res in i:tSili"c.hJiteou.l]'c to seNe as n place ()IFc.nollglu 1lbolill: lsla:mi.c cultu[{i a.ntl admimtion fOE ~nial'iti.sl:ic l:iJ.er.ulageand, a~oiJ]e oumside of rhe MuslUm. wo.rl.d, it has giv{il"l impolr[3.IlJCetD oo[Jj[cmpornry a[t[s .from Alrab lands. A~thoug:n ..not successful of its, design and at
t~,mne5 (w,ed.,. complex [0

B.~endi,ng harmOifl.uOlI,Isly with the banks ocrthe Seine

'. , . ~bemos: [)(lm,uifu~.1i[,ehiteetJU'm

poorest
cit~.;:~[ls.

oounmes of the 'Wtlri.d. ,\'fe are so proud.' This idea has been voleed over and OV'er b~'ordin3.ry goveromel1l na!1g~ade.'lh- Faced wil~h b:pGsLrJ:g~rCbi~eclUr-ill sn eouldaot oftfilcia:L5 at1ld p~o[e.'i.i.llo[lal.~rChi~ectsa~ike in work

of

.unaUaspect5

lise

e:.x~r~ord~!'!ary powe r, cla!'Uy Qf rOml ilnd be.;JI.uty.,the ~~.ry

wliJl:iJJ ease and cX:U:llfo.rI:.

the geometry oJ it~, facades lIln.d the (he Arab worid ,,~d
CiU ~tm'es,

help

b'Ul~ que~non

the

compillibility

Bi!nglili N3gil~ with the needsand :l'tspinuioitl.$ of

of sher-ea. poor

'lilumerous lIctiviHes, ul houses h1l!vesueeeeded .in mai:[jj~ ...in~fl~

c'u~t[lraI ex;c.h:mges
~nHia[ors of the

ccmmry-, Ye't, rev.ucw of Ihe hiSilOiry of th~ I::mi]dins's desigill. and cons..:ruCl[:ion, plus OCi:-sil[(; .-:;mdJles,s!U fj,Ieys, and discus-

~~.oaec~. F.e·nci'!~i1dA~.b, have made both

betwe~n

france;

~he a

s:~ooes.~Mbridge berween their

RESTORAnON

OF 'lItE 'Gm!A1' OMARl MOSQUE

SIDON, LEBANON
Client: The .Department oj.lskm1tc At.flqaj; Sf,don, Archfl~dt

$alebLalnttl MQ:$t~fa,Cairo, Ji,fJ14J"" Patrr:m: ~q P~}'!$_ Compll!tioY$ da/~Ja'nua'ly 1986,

al·H4riri,

The Great Qr al·Omarii Mo...'ilCJj~I:e lslocared ifl the old ci~.yof SJOOfi hich is ~iWated abQ1Ilt orty-five k~lo:~ne~res omh o:f w f o
l3eii'll,u. Thi,~port ci~yhas a sijg!lific::U''it ill:ldaIlC,tel:l~: ,ilI,i&tary

O\l't~ s.(grl!fic~nt

~/'

of the w,U(J\i'1'iiUtm t~ ojr1MjfJi:n/s 8clliiWIi

Wds ,~hI2' n!f¥l.I;ri~

td'

cm,ks ~rld re!JQiJltl~ig

tbc s/(R,IAA' OPPOSl'TE'

which goe.~ bock m the secQiI'iI.d rn,~n!emiLium Be, USIIJ(fered aumereua d~st!mctianSiU the h1lirl.ds [be Assyr.i;:![1,S, Per·of

'roe J1;!teriCl'~QuF!)'fird I>bQ~l)ins' ~~~ hiS~ $l(,!~Mkwd QJ ~lQrlmwli:Sb~p cuittrmt l~1liJ!c mas~ml)'

s:~anls.Greeks

llnd :Romf!ns. I~~am WilS i.I1I'rodlu.(llld

6;6·37. 'fh~ Crusaders [oar. the dl:yin the H~giol'l see..sllwed, a nd Ir continued between Crusaders &estmyed by t!h.e MQnguls.~rn.

noo, but

~o Si.oon

lin

(he PQlk~Cll of

tn 'chll[ll;gehands

and MILIIlll:imsnntil 1260 when 1;t 'was b'a:dly 1291 the Bahri Mamh:iJl.cs t'l'om

bin Qala·~n."invaded and wdk thecity, U.remai:!!t!d u !:lder Manl~~k inAueflce' UflU~ Il,gypl, und~.r the S'U~t;tnN;u;ir Mohammed

Ott:o!1LlanS, hose I'II,delaSit:ed u<J:t:U w WOl'ldWar 1. The-mesque l:~&e~f on a h~~l Illound m d~Jt! est of tih.tl ltes w olel city, o\l'~rlooki~g the Medile~ro nean S~a. Rest]Iu., 'OJ ~h~ oo:illl:n.a ~ysison th~ part ,of (he "hin' whi.c-liL slopes towlIr:ds the
the arrj'll;!]J~Gf

sea-from, and on whk.i:I thc:lwesm.m. riwaq'MtS bullr, s:rn.owed.

U'I1U i(

was an:ifi.c.~aLihe mo\Sitli:k.ely i,rnt[erprer.::u:uoll is that

it

o:n.cefo.rm.ed p~Ut of ~iliI.e ffil1i1tpll[i[Sof the CruS'ade.r fo:nress 011

w!hi.dl the mOS)q[!l];eM~~ ~;a~:erbuilt. Onl}' 11few waiU rfllgmentll r,ernll~:n [his Crusader fo:rt~ess; these indmle of rihhed '!lau~t of the 110[i(hemrlwrl,(J wh~ih
parts, of 11

buttress on the south facade, a few pOi'llted arches, :;Bndthe

.slill stand,

was brU.i~'t:, and named after C:mi!~ ibn i]~,-Klh.a:~~ob.Is the oldest: standing U mosque il:! Sidon, and .it was 5ev.e:re~y d:iUin.ag(i"{] by bo.mbtil1i& aad g~lnf~~ dtlf,~ng thel~nH:li :unvasi.o.n. ofLebll non in i19'B2,hi> rus~on'l(i()ll1 wasoonceiw:d ll,nd executed. und.er ~ihe~smeli. O("(upl'l(i.o:n., thus, :symhoHs~.fi,gme polU[icll~ will and resistance [
of ~Ile local rumrn.u fiily who eommissiened thework 5u.('in uy.ingcin::u m~mru::eli. under

tn .he origiJ:lill Ji',efec~o.ryof

tills f01't:reSl> a :mosqll~

Named :m.CI. uman catllMroph.es have caused many h

dlla:rnges" and a:;uiJ1agoolhe ,ellrthqj~Hllke~n

buiM~ 1'l8" Se<l 8to:~m~ ~820. I~

1851, and

the bomnbal'drnem

anne

porn

bv the

an

nritis!h-A~,,,t'rian Heel In 1840 have all takea their ~QUon the on the mosque illil ],870 and '18<}l5'e5peot~vel)' caused the reor.ieJ:1Jml~iIon o.f the w:~ndO'W !
1iJ10i!qJ~H~"M.:od!lf~ca!io:tl~andrep;lirs

opelli:ngs

aswell

as the demohnon

of

an

eild~erablmio.rn

f~w!n~i!.in" ReoonStruCillon of tne Yaullts of th~ p['ayer reom, I[file

tliL<l

Ihree domes o:f I[h~ soutnern rirvaq aad th!.i'C!"J.s~ doo.rwa y~\() OO'urri::r:arCi. were 3:11 UI ndefl.3kie~ dur.il'lg the 189'; reps irs.
[0

Jud8Jing by its ;!o;lyle.the mil'lllr>el m,1JSI: be~ollg

tih.~ bui~.di[1g

phase of Hl4fi·49_ The lastre~H:onllklns

0.1:1

th~m.osque wen"!

C".I rrled

out .in [979 w.henreinforc;e~J

C".l.I!"5e~

concrete-roofs
1'i1Dt:lq

we:~e' bui~l the Omarii

over t~'!epflI}'er han and thewesrern Many varied Mosque.

led ~o dl.e deteficH.-:aUonQ[

Sea.wi nd~ bem:il:lg salts and sand damaged the

escertcr face of the stones, especl al~y those on the west:

f.:l£.-ade.C~.1!lrli,gesin seasonalterapeeaterea ,especiaJ.W d!iumal ext:~e'rnes, resulted hil, d,efonm;il.l:ial1l .of t!is$ures in I~,e wuUs. A lack of funds m.ei1m [~l!lit: Ilh.ere WIlS no proper ma~ru~nalil!c~ of
I[he h~ikli'l:'i8, cracks in the

roor we:lli tunrepaired,lllld

i

di~
The
rings

ensu iog seepage' and .~e-aka,geuf\\V'~u>e[ amaged d :rni.n,1l suffeeed ret

the walls,

masonry and plaster, fu rthermore fllillgi. developed, stu ned to (lonnd,e.Lea.kag:es

when itswrougrn~ .• ,.i[Q[I M[t:'nglhening

from the modem sewage

system

encou f1lgeJ.\V:1l~er i[jmt1<ili~n_ When the' Awqaf

f:trmUy .gm

31'0:1,11 (0 rep11uring the I:llO'$QUle in 19{9~heir use of rein· nd

fbreed cemeot G!l~¥ ..ccelerated the de~ertQr.I~~G!'lo:rthe :I)ui~dllfl_g_ UI!'lere ..sed dl.e load on theo~!gil:l.d ~mlct~lre, and

weekened the fabr~r,;;, Wherever ~h.etwo materials met, d1!1! original and the' new cement, I~hedifl1e[\ellces between their pooostry. h1l,rcllle~ illld ,e:Xp'ans~'ofi ates caused flln~er crocks r [0 ltPi)~ r in the mesque.
The fi:rml srra
n~mlri Mosque
W

was the 198:2.bombing

and ~hening of the

against

port of Sidon by the lsraell oeeu patlon forces. Kince the a'mal was the main ceutre of resistance the
15f'd:e~i:!>. became t'heir fN"3.1 shelling point from the sea, ill Ex~ens~ve dllm~ge wascaused, i:n.dud:ung lhepan:iJ~. 'co~.~Jp,se namdy d~,eV:llu~t:U!'lg of dle

of ce.n:ai.n pans of thet1ilO~~e, p~ilycr h~1~"itsi1on.hem.

w~J~, nd a

Idle w~llhemrlumq wHh i~$

~h_~edomes, 'fhe minaret beeame deeached

fronl the w.a~~, lan,g;HUidit:l~1racks l'l"ppcared, a ad a numiber .of MOImoCS were c diS:~od:B,'-(J.Th.e soutaern andwestern facadesalso developed numerous II nd deep craclss, Even [he hill. itself \VaS s(;a~d, pi![[G,(!',and spHt by the impact oEtne shdl:ln,g.
FoHow.ing the destruction of the
lI~ Oma:rj ...

.Mos{!jlll:e'i Mr
~.I'I

RlIfi:q al·H:lI.r~ri, 3. native of SidDn Hviing 1I1:lrlworking

Saudi

Arabia. offered to bl~~!dthe town decided

3.

new rnn'lque_ The~wn

olhernriSie:;~hey p'.referoed Ito r~bu~M and

Ve~«:O~e' d1.e~r'

old mosque _The pre~),Jrn~~,onf tt.erc~tQ,ffitiol1J pirogeot. was o

entrussed eo Prof lamei Moom f<l, ami work eemsnenced imtnedialely :afl;e~approval was graured by ~he De'pammel'i~ of
Amiqu iUes providcd[hi(l

a ad

the Mi.nisuy

ofAwqaf

in Sidon. 11I.c CCHlS[[tlC:;-

non ("Qn,lpany, Oge'.f LUbanwhi.ch was owned by Mr Hari:rit (oord.tnari.u[l . .Photogm phs,and :m(l3SlUred
to, prevent

drawings were rna.dle (llIirl:i:tl[by d''Hlarchit~c( and his students, The aim of't'h.e iBeMoratiollJ pm~eetwa.s
ltD reconsteuct

the

colll.ap&'f!of l:beBemi~~n.ung iand shU maooung pafts 'of the u~ue', the secnons that 'had been destm~'ed and Ito C'iOnso.Ud~~:e damaged the areas, TIM:enlJ08~l!!Ile was ~o be restorII:SFonner rU!'IcUO!l as:the F,id;lY Mosque of Sidon where it CQuM provide the local oom.tm.ll1iry wiltla.a gmhening place
Ito

ed

for socla], po.lilicaland

i:digiocUlSaC\i.vi~~es, raodler objeo~lt\le A Lebanen, feam:r,e of part of the' old town

was the revim,l:isa(ion of (he tradlrtonal buHding cruJ[S of (his

econ.orn'li.(1aUydep.m·ss~darea of sourhem
The Omarl
the
.MOSqLHl

is the domi:I'II.::Uuarchlreetural populated

city.

SiUl3tiedi.n

:I. densely

'W.iI:hthe sea-shore rtln:n,ing a ~o:ng:~~:s west. si,d,e, ir has heuses,

a school a nd a bath-house through
3 13,"~

'l'1.te. il10!i<JjJ(l arrd 11Iim;wctprlor.w

tm1om'({OtJ,' OPF()SfR5.: .... sfrllpliJ'. 1

bOlrdC::'.ri:rn.g [lIunh and east .ils to the

(Thmdes. The ma in access 'to lh~ mO\S.<illll~ h, from thenorth which .~ea.clisrom 'the bath-house f mosque. A. second .and morerecent rhe eastern rlmaqwhic.hcon.necti! The~-qt31gwu!'ld~oor e.nt-r1lil.e'e<ln be foued In c H with Z"bNI~·I!!Ini" .street

ti!lthIJr ib(i71 Om~:i'e' 11linalW ~(.1Ir/~m'5"l .. milh "I del'ff;(Me wt'{l\I'~~bl lrorr mj'lfl,g oilml t.lIO'f)(ffm !XlN'G/)1 to form ~ ~·ltl.8ijl~r kmtJnMtb itl S(doPl

<I~1eaof the' buUdlngcomprises 1.")00 $qjulIlie metres w'bi!e the total ~i~e are~ I~ 1.97S squ a ~eluCin:e!'>, l'heplan of tale mosque is a ...j);np~e i one, ~rut:rnnO! lis possib~le~hroush the f'lo{[,lhem rltuaq wh:lch :in tum leads i:n[Q

an open otml1~yarcllhathas nwaqs riwaq which ,~as frrur cross

riwaqi!i ha ve foUl r cross-vau
VIHJ

on

an sidas.

Enny

imo the

IOills,reO[(li['iJ8fU~ar pray'er tl~,n possil:.lle is

thn';n.~.gml ~he sourhem

It5 ~~laltsp:rill'llg from

I.he WlI.U:s,

and wh'k,h ~Nl supported hy ex~~riar buttresses.

The other

~tso¥e'_r poi[1lrred ;lI:B~he.:;ilhllt 111'e

5U1ppO.r1!~d ypi.ers - only the central sectton of the S-QWI~hem b ril~q:i.s cDve'.red by Ihme domes. "[i)l,e d.eep~M,alld is wvered b'lllpitched
C'eru~:r'<I~]' pQ..~itioned in ~he nonbern I

wes~em rlwaq Is the roof. ill,e !nltlare~is

wa.U of the' pi:ayerh,~IL

Tlle Ino,sque is S!huoS'!entteel y coasuucted of~oca~, sandsteae, quarried fJi'·mn Q3.s~]ni.yanear dl~ soudtemborder ..'fh~ same nmn;ar"a mix of I~mll~and sand, W35 used thwughoult,
the orlginal biiJndil'lg. However,
50ln~

of t~e later

OU:om11r11.

work reveals I'heuse of 'black pan mortar' made .of Iime, .mllJd
aadash, ~specbUy bC:t.liHlfkb~. agai.rnsl humiclUw. LimeMone is used Q,nly as an :infill,

The p.rirn.cipa.1Q,o'QelCncS (;if the c

lI:'es-~o~tiQfl

D'.roiea were the

i[s,

co!n(jlOl~dalio~ andreinfb~·ceii'nem of coudi~io(~of

t~

mesque roprevern

coHapse, [f!\l\esHga~~of!swere cOI'n.du,c~cd dlt: St'l'tlCUlrol on, the buHdif!g to de~er,ini:nethe irnltefV\em~,Qns~ih.tllt wO~11d necesss ry, AiMJyses .of the soils, menar and seeaes be bad~o be oom:ple~ed 'prim: to ~,hecommencemeneef work. Doell! me~til~i,of'l,dra;"vings and phm:ogmph:'> of t.~e b!JI,i~.dilrng fllhric prior to restoration 3.100 had l'O IJe made, 1'.niswas 3.11 ~ssem~,nltask, [1e~d.edbmh fo:r dl;e offidal reeordsof the

p.roi(.lC(

aswell as fOi[d~;l;ting(Jishing and dilleren:tiatirllg the.

restored parts from that

reconstrueted 3'rn.d

of ~~l.e o.righl:al.

AIIl the eleruerus thllt had been destroyed were

l[tJofof

rebuilt
the

These i~ciluded ,"vallis,pie:rs, afd~les, V3.ul~s,domesand

the mosque. The' I[!Ipper.cylind['i.cail secuen of the' minaret was dlsmu'llled, thesteees were brouglu dow~rn. narnbered and resrceedto ~heir orU:g;i,nal place's. An. small crackswere m~edif'l, (i(mcre~e was removed from ~h1,e
V'.a~llli[ilg and wasreplaced
:UUC't ;lidditio:ns

w.il h a dam:,P-p.roafung raortar, Sa,lt off t~.1.eu ilding, b [ep.bred by a door s

li~,es,were

acerenens, fUII:l:gJ,[,Il'id dus~ wclt:cleanoo

suchas

I[~liemosalc

rna rbl.e pav(:im~.[liJt wfuicllreccreated the simp~.egoolil.letlric designs a.trendy found ln I:he prayer hall, Newwooolell and :shiliU:ers, glass (a prululype SY,PSllnll, lanice Wi:l.1.dJOWS w:ilrn. tn laid coloured was Iil13C.e ~gypt 1I1'l1d reproductten.was in a
(l(

ma.CLe site), and metal Iattlces for the lowerp,,!)~s 0.[11 wlndows were srec.i.a!~ymanufactured were the ehandehers and the lanterns. designed. to be speeifica.U'y appropri<ue for

the
ilS

themosqae,

All 'of these were for~his hi~~orfjc

Slf'tting, Tille wooden ~iu~~:~er:l;Woere made of 'kau'ani.' p:in~

41

,coU.ecl:edfrom old tmi,ld~r'lgs.and des,~gned wil:h mo~:ifs preserved orn~::ds[ [fig doors,
I'i:n,~.n.y, l:hehiU
on

1'}{OM All'Oifli:

lit~~riJ~ mIffs. f-'l'ml~l

SfJOjC(1

(l

J~~l&ir ptlUt!nt

af &r!J'rj,~"lj'()rk,:

,'Ib 1)(lu'/I$~/l(jfll

loY' j(m~stmli(jm

o'PP'OSlTE" FROM, ABOV&

()Ji~

wbi.en

the

l[Io&q

ue lOla ndswas

COIlil.5()~j.

'fbe .~la"'!(J',p'Tu'?r pI(,jte&!U ow1'loo!rirlJi,'

~irt!(l,

Sh(l!~'hi8the jlMri'·fjW'p'.l~m

t.t'(}(){f,(NI c(.iil#~e .tuld b~

ltl'Nlf'S; l!JiiI.MOSIj!u.' in CQm~~/, O~,I blnIJ a

dal'ed." i~(l. cracks and fissures

W(;::Be

.m~ed iawnh

a llIil'UJoI!tme of

the sm

H~ne', !!WilA~I,1I'111, 1I1:ildsand, and the foundanons adj:J.e.;ont to ash d~ RO:I,.n'he~nac<lde we're' st:re'.ngd:u~ll!ed_ A. reinfuBGed conf crete ret .. inl!1g waU ... built to su PP!)~ and conra in the soil. '~as Duri,,,g~herl;:'srol"iuiof! wo'rk allY stones found Of! the 5i~e

were re-used, Wheit'ilsiones had 10.be replaced, Mones from adjacen:t old bu~kHng:swere flOUl:ldto nd'Qethetr place. Only a f:ew Df the ~ars~r ~1~11'I~'n:t'S as lirm~ls and dm in SpOUH. such
were niI:!I.de from, n~w
wilh ahammer
s~lOn!l,,[,hey

we.re t[~,d~:[icl'mlly worked prepared, based

andchisel.

N~w flru':m:arW"J$

'on the amdysis, and mix of [JH:lo.~gi,m'l~, using a mix[ru re ef Hrne. day and ash, Km:!.~irl.was :Rkle>!':Ii or neK~bH~tyin places f

wi:!:er">eeKpansuoll and

corrt'faction

could

oecu r due to over the v:JllIlti.ng.

~m[pel';Jtl,ll re chal'!ge~~_ G mw':!:! was, placed

and over an j:n:m~of Jime, gypsum,

ash and coarse

sa ad,

Tmditioml~J ~echniques were e!llp~oyedwh,erever it ""<IS feflsibkl m do so. Ihis W2I_,$ especiaUy true for the rebu ~Iding
'of (he (_"OU,ap~d dom.es,\I'au~ts and ar.che'sof [he raosque. Tlradi[~.ona& bui,ld~ng WI~[S had
[0

be relearned, As in other

pans 'of dl~ d~v(doping wo:rld •• he imrodllC[iofL of cement and .m:iinfo:rc-edconcrete had taiu~d lielclllliqlles vau

most o.f

t~~l'~ ld btlild~I1i& o

1'0 be ~.:1id aside fur th,!,'l new . .R'!I'en (he ,era:f[ ftlr be r-etallghl; Ihey were made and remade
unt:ul

marnuf:a,ctLil the woodell shunedng for the domes, and riIllig

~t,~~lad ~o

Ihe destsed qu'll.ity \\',;!,sanstned, lhe seones were cleaned ,~,.'Uh brushes ,Ind pO!<I.MeWMef_
No eheasea Is or mecbanlcal devteeswere used, De~~i~,ed

reeommendauons
liemm.cc ohhc o.rniya used
\V,~.S [0

were specHiecl for the upkeep and matnbu~lding.indlld~ng specific soaps fo., dea:tting

~U[ftK"e~t and fOI:.rmlHn wh.icll was to be used 3g:!l,i[lst f~ngi,

few neW 11I111~etill~sWere im.md,lK·ed .imo Ulf1

epO:K)'

reszoration prnre,~s, An a lisa used to provide

resi 11'1 l'IiI.ixed w.ith sa[Lei was conseltdate

course,

f~ in the cracks and therehy n a damp-proof

material

the wal ~s,' h Another

~(lI~r~l£jve'tnodern

was bars of slee-i, utlllsed [Qr

rei!:lfQrcing, A~'I !!'Ofl :Itil,chor, covered wUIl lead toavotd

corrosion, \V;!! S a lso i[l~l'Oduced ~~tn~he~liml,;lIre~ il:ilorderto sU'engtlhcn i~, An averu,ge of seventy-flve work:e[$ camsrim~iCdth.c work forw. Dru zcs Sll['l.tiI.i M lQsHms and Christ iilns. some brot1.gh1~: frum n~ighbo1J ri.rng meunea in viUag(!'s, wo.rlkt:d togc~hetr on
this pro~~C(. lhe
COI1:sJLI I:~nl ~

Chru$(iu.5 hlld eo ~.al'er l!.l'aV'(l SkJo['l,

The archnecrs. and Civil. engl aeers, the eonrracror 1lillid[he were all local pm[e,~sj,ollaJ.5" Tille lItr.chiteots were fm:~ler studenes of Prof Saleh l:JJillei MOr.~rn[a ~lsel[ (mined (hi inardhuleclura~ resrcrauon <l1.AlIchen 1J1.~~\lersulyinG.emlllI1Y). and {he G reJ~ .M08qi.l:r;: of Sldon wa,~ the'urfirst pMfe~inF'l3.1 experience ..

Wark coulunen,ocdin FebNiH1' 193,3. bur d1:e(l,ml!J~1 resicratlon work beWJ_I'I ju Iy of dl(ll vear, Ute pmae<:~ '\'\.'95 jl:l

com:piet.ed bvJamlflty

1986, ili:'i.d Great Mooque£"'iLs ihe

o:f[lidaHy inaugliJ.mted on F!libruary 21st 1986,

"The ItDta ~cost of lheH~'MI),F.;IliO[l 1I(>,se¥e'!l minion W

leha-

Floor'p-/Qm
!;.~

OPPOSITE:
,~i m(J~j~~

'To OIJC~"C"o,'fUl' the

~1Qm!

difftcl,jity ofb/~/Mtng
(ilud
j~~5

(;)!l: ~'

nese Liras, o.r ['ougM}\' about LIS $.2:{4.,000. Th,e CQIOt prov~d to he bighe. th<lnaflW:;~I,..~ed because of d~ h:~gh f<lre of il'lnario~l,a~_,d ifficuk wQ~king oofldi~i'o!'ls under the [s:r:il.e~i d occupenon, Upea closer itlspect~,ofl (th<!t is, onee Itbe

#0fX!.

1(11'[,(f!;(1' W'(I$1njm

hm, b(!llm

s~nmgI1Ml'lcd

~c,afl\aidill£ was ereeted), it was dlsecvered thil~the buHding ~...s ~n faJi:wcr&e !l<ltnIClurn~ cOmldiliorl dla:n, had been prev~,OU$~y d1(H.llgih~,T,~ entire budget was elenated by Mlr Ra,fiq
al-Harirt. "flte Great Oma,rl. M06qne of S:idon~vas r,e(UUllecl. to irrs

onigiml~. functi.on 11S tmdi~~.onll~.siymool of t:he C'~ly r. now '~'rn.e •. 11m ()[I~fserves 11S a galhc::'.ri:rlg place for :In Mus~i.ms b~l;~ :dsu it
houses 1111 tih.e poIH:icll~. and social mee~illgs of the town ..

.1~e1igi,o~Lll ~,ectures and tea."hifll;gs are also pallt of i~~, I'lclion_ f~

StJUcle~~s, it ..sa place to study thete homework, bel:leflUn_g use wOfn~he freee~eclr]city andns qu leI spaces,
D~,e eo dlLe PQH~:icili~ sa:~iUi!"tio:tl.in .Leba,rlel'Jl i[ has not been possiM!e re mskean on s.~lesurvey On~,l~mesque s:in(;~ i[nru

received th.e Ag~l Khr! n. Award" U is to be hoped (hm now Ihe pol~.:icalsiluarioI1l has~l'I'iI:prov~d Leibanon. i( "'I'm be possib~e i:rn.
for (he .QlllskJie '!'-'DJ1.d Yisi~~:hb impre5~}~"'~ monument. to

specua~.I'nltn:ll\(l mus( 00 pald mosque,

ltD

thepeop~~ .of Si.don, lheir

IIJ]

sheer lI~dllch.y in not beingw.im.l1!,g to give a.l:laHenoccupying C'olnlIw.ncled,

p on their or

.reeonsllilJ]~t:i[lgll[ld res~.oring it even in theteeth

foree. 1"ih.eirsense 'of enl'e"pfi~e ~~to be

....,_,
G l

<16

Rf.:HABn.WT:AnON OF A.SllAH
.ASllAH,. MOROCCO C"fifml: [oc'('ll PrJptlla.~l('m mrtd .Muuictpc./,l{lyCf! Asllah_ Cul#~ftjl $$(}r;iaUcm (M,(Jha'j~1cm~d A Ben{fii_~l (;m<il obamrltlld Mti/chi. j6tmclfug lnemb(f;J"s). M Asi/"lb, Compkl'ton d~te.. 1978 mu:l()I1[;roi,~g
P(U~OIt$: AJ,.JrIi{()uhit

The town of Asi tah is st ril~~gk'-. y :llocated Oil rhe shores of U It~m.A~;~mlie Ocean, onthe l1.onh·we5~.ern:J I.ip ,of Murot:.:o,. :I[
~i.e.~ [m~.y-l~"o lk:ik~,ln~ln_',,~ SUlI,lh-e'dSI ()fTangier.;, in [:[I.ilriy Hllit d:,t~.illg used ~LS :J
"OUI nlr}'.~ide _ U is ,LIl ok! tnwnwlth

1'l{OM ABO~l~~ ,lit mktpWutJ!_' dll'lrm#til'l(ijll'rK!.mfqJwS;

&ti(.>,Pltm(}f.A~iJ{;~h' ..nh:llwg ~tlriar,~g r

al!l'f(i.lpi'fJ~'C«'T«pb (if Il.slu.·b; O.PPOSlTlI:

wans alll1j ramparts

~!i)oa t'w,insmmt>nUii~

Ckf.,j wh'/~?u,'(tc~JN:c1 .m"ff.{;~~· m:.rwpFf!:~/mNi'n(J~ ~l~ !b#~h m~d m~!.ko;o' 8~'1ISjJ. heJp"tlg (W(J'rior::J ,t\\) !i!~'t',P (X)~/.: 0 ..... "1£11:· If.AF~ l(jf;a~ftm pI".,j; !!iN!! pJ(~N Q/.~'~ f¥j(/(iSbl".; I~(/ ",r-i.,ipf,"·ad~.s
l~ltimf: Ili{~tn ,lhV!ro~tgbfil~S nmlm1!1 u)Ub ~Ju>It:Ir~h' ~~~' I/)(! Imild'I"I.{$ 51'#/ hl' tooprot:V.iSS oj robal#W'allm~
!l,.jt;)M!!(Hlflt

Ito tt'h,ePOUUg~I,~;s'~

O(_"ol'U1 pation Hf AS~.~lIh.

when

H\V".iLS

of

'tl!<Ldingpol<!t, l1here ~s il ~","l~lm~ h,uhoUlf 01'1 the nn:rttl.;weM side ,nW the to'11l.'O_[fl~ude~he w .. U;s, the ~nwl.l.funDW~ rmlrern the

.of most old A<llh ~nedi!'lM' i:o the MedHerr<LIlC'<L!'l <afe'o\, ~'lU;1L coun.yar<:1 houses lining the fl~I'!TI""f .d~eYW"J:Vs-Some Spm:t~$hillnl!e~ce J,~evident on. the racade,~ ·of I~hehouses especla U., ~fI .he ~I:y~ef the bakon tes, o

rh~ prnjeci
ItO It:l:1I is,

b(lgm11 dl~r lilt! rrl:litll'rIl of Mohanlililtld

Bena'l)ssa
for

h~.s hUmLl(l 'town, in. 1.'968,He ~.lIHI beenabsent

yelllrli.

twelilt),

He

bought

II

house

Iin

Asil:tlh. renovated

Ul,and

hegan to Ilive i:1] it. The town, by aIIIIL'o[:"{.mnt5,wHS a mess. h

"iN,IS fit'hy.,

!h~' n~'~l( )V'.!I <andd isposal.of the

~()wn'~

g:lrbage

'W,I~~ it:'l<adeq~I.I~~e, :;(Jlu.il!~e s(r~ets were not

p~'Ved_ Asi'lah had no p.h'~.i'maq ...or dnc~or,1~nd .~ dec~'rjc~ty J,i:l1Ie'" <lnd "'''<liter h,e !nll.~ we're lnsu fficiel'U a0,,1, !iJ~or d<lte,Eleclr~c c,~h]es h,u:~ as a been insmn~d hV the SiP~.lli!IroS in 1926.
To irnpt{wt: h:L~ eown, Moll:lQ,l1.lmed Bcn.a'jsSl.lill:'id hi~ f~le,i:iId

Moh1Imn'u::d

MGtt.:J,~ p-ttitl[.cr i,ll

~nd (he

M.on:)i[C~ n, Pll i.ru.'tll'.~ AS8m:i~~lion.

Prcsiclc.c:n:t of (h(;:" deciJc::(1. It) rUJ n fur uffike.

(nuL

As

~.eon ~s Ihc::y wer,c:: '~~(:'Cl\tld m ~lH:: M~ln~djXil .

ill'itial~d
:J Mud}'

neil. II1c:.l"

onrha

Mate of thetown's

dl,e:lnl:illiess" They

discDv'elr.:;:d ltih3~t tt:il,eele~(:l'!"g3.r1Xige donke),!; and ask ill£; peel/pie togive

oo~leotitms wH:liillhei,r on pE::ople's doors

s.rel~t ~nnM of!rn.ei r time knocki'ng

them !tiheir ~arl:lill~~,A~ there was

~!O

th~y decided ~h.u fheiflh,lI)it~nts nr~he ~Q\'I~l to be' mvolved had

no mnn~y in ~heM~I,n~,dp ~roffers .. p,lr~icip1L~~ ill~!:S
j

ch,lrlge th~' system.,

and madeto

~lprovement_Riesidenlll were

~skJed u_) pu~ ~heirg:;:a.rl)OlgeQ.u~&tdef~)elr houses, re'J;dy ror collect lOll; this they dkLn, W<L1l rom '~h f isillll,!wble' be·girlfl~ng ~h.~I~ rehi~b~Hm:rl(mof Asilah Sl~.fIl,,,,J. the fht:l:1IcX[ step was [0, intilpro~t: th.c external ~pp~a['..tnce of I.h.etuwn. As bm~~parrons of lilt: p["Oj~C(W!tnt ii:iI:"'OIl\l'~d Ihe in \1{()rild ,of ;H'I:nnd n1.lul:r'(i ~h~li' invitt:d I:~~eli.r ~UtiM rril.':'nds ~n come and ,f.l1llim some wd:s il:1l. 1:n,Cl !tOWn...In 197'8 ele'O"en
paimer.;, ~!I:t't'(:ll!ted mild p~.nicli.pa~~d i:l:1I. I:!:ih{lxe[dse. helped,
'beauty' Crn.il.drelli

arnd they too, \1,'ere lncorporared

and tille cleanllness of the town
g~\'e'r:I.ID

i.n!n 1"1i13.iIlt11~ni.rng the

by eompenr

k~ns i.

prtzes and :gi:ftswhichwere

those who showed (he

moISt pmm.ise _ al:de~peolPlew~tI'e

'1lso il1l.vo~ved, and "",,,utni!] :I.

49

short s[M;ce of I'im.~ thewho~.~ popu la[ion of[l1e rownwas

i'lift/i'dt?NU!Uf'!;

iI' 'btl ti!t:Jip:1j' h(IW

hN!ll'

~Wtt;!jji"~1' j'n/~gml~~l il.rlo

j"~,

activared. The
pllvi:tiIg,

ll'fLext .rn.'lCwewas 1.0 COli:li:vin('(l lh~[I

dl~ Town Cou:rndl pHu:ern of

c.\:/M'f!l;g j«br'ic;

OPPOSJT!I.

/,,'JU2:M .'I.BOni~,r..'(]w mmsJj~g half

~o ptI;v~ Ih~ ~m,t'i!.:l~:lO. ll.ml rather

have lhe nOlm:1l1l pbin ;I [Ial'tiSlic

~jIJ1J)k~lll;mI(/CfI (/;JI.''i.~'hJ1~ "'/Hl;.k: t:fjl(/~

Wld.hJlI.mm.ed Mel,ehi. developed of the

~OWIl

.m lmpoYftmtjJ,U'/.oJ

mid Ib~~ht:jM!S, Jill" P.~iUf;j'l;y, (lj~'

I:!J~' I,'f!ra# ~"Wl~'~'PJ1I~>d I'n jh~' Im,l'n ,Pitm; Q

curved lines tonui:rng a series or waves, H.iisreasonlngwas thlll the ehiklren

alrnd (.~~r-,riecl ut. o

should

have somethi ng h~;I:U1 ~.i" d~ili:glllsw~~ ;Idnpt~L

[1I~. ,~'om~mp~alii:l ~n ;I.nd w,I[lk ou,

Tn,r::se

O~'f.Rlr:A f', f'ROtIiI Ii 80V-F.: It~ilah pnm!lrisfl im(jfl.!d mId 'f!lpro~:::1lt'{' t:l'fiP'!C,I'1<>fib'<! _~""; {tit """pm'l,wi fi.'{#m'<;!' of jlJ~ A"~il,,,h !'<;!lmMMwim, .~r:hum(J",~/00 ~"m~rlll{(m (if {~'\:L~,Jnlf antI nt'j~'mIMfIW' w au { u.ru,jJJlm,;-Jw (~~~r

WHh~hi~.~~t~~ce~~f~~lly l')eb~nd'[illem,the '[WO p"~r(m~ decided Ihat they should (Jrgmilsean annuill summer :art l fC'&ri.v'ltlt '\,1V'JS I'm~ned 'Asi lall 's CU~'[iij Fe~liv1J.~ 'and an m~
assoctsuon, The ~'l.I-.M:Ollhi! Cultural k~soe~;lu:io',n, was estab~ tshed IJO Q(rg:[u'Iire H, No sooner were these il~~sodr,uioilll> founded
UKH1,

dl,~yinln:l!.lldiaudy clashed wiUl tnvesrors who

bu~.~dling tcmr.usl hotel~, 1Ind cumnp:.l~'xe5 and
:JI;,~

wllir'ti 'urlleres~(:iil hil

!1n.(l:JlU'ilgli.fign <In:t.enrm:tuumll F'~M~Vll~,' biri[1;g ~he lmlri~l~ to a lo A:!i:i,llIh,Bemlls511 st:~o[lgly opposed thi,~ poHcy
b&":JIl1I1e

:inl:msu".-,e and

di:l;rup~.~veof the cll~tJLm~~. i:flI'legrity of Asi~<ih_Thecontllct

:;1 llI;1rthm:J:I om',:', and il:l~H1L~c;:d debOl~e 011 tbe ex~e'nt a til,Lt ,L :sndety ~hH~lld be 'Wi~iin_g~ogn generate i!'l!~1n!nC ~n frmn ~nuristn"Bena~s~a ii1~is~ed all aloilg tha~ .u'Iy'pmjiecl th~lt

dtd not tnclude the local

people's fllillpai:~icipation,.and

whkh did not ge r:te~.l~ an. lncome lorthem, w<>"U Id not benefi~ the town, Only dlerofeign Investors and Ih~ir ~o('a'l
~'lil,'kers would models,

betiLefi~ frmn such a I,roi«[,

T~1Iero[e of

~~The

local popru~i![i()n wOllkl he rnll.::,glu.t:d Itil.1m(If phu~o,gr1IpIM!llr,~' n~ Lh:l.ch~l:c~mJl)in!.l:d IJrltS5l!1'I.:l [irOfr~.[h~~'l':Ledktalild local
:;~a:;()I1,

popubnuoll., Ih~ Um riis~k hotel ,rroj,eci f1Ililed: In g~t a start,

B~[l:l.'i~~lI. ~:mm.furun~d the [e:;liY'.l.1 .ulno, a. ~mils,im, or

thus .relb,uillg The Spanish

;it

to rel,igimls, and L'LI.lh~I"'1"f.~U\i .. itL~t;;of the town.

g~~\'~ ~lI i~OUllii p,~ the lace to ~he project, <Bndl}ell."f~8<Irestored H ror use as the f~'sH\I"~'~
Government
he.lidqu,lrtieffi_

.P".arlici.p,nui' nr

housedm the paJilce. ~hi<lkers <Inc!:paimernwere invHed for the

the re~,\j:v,i'lwe're als() 10 he 11'1 978 the l'irsl:gmup of writers, 1

i'til~,t~gmll~ fllil1tief !\\Ji

0{ euuu rat 1~c(jvi(ies In A."ih~,h. '11C fo~low:Ll"Ig yt'Hr tmte Khil:g

giLve

his

ble$s~ng

llO the

prolect,

and officrnl:ly n~~k!t.ld~h!t:

government !lge.nd~.~l~u['l,(em(_IJto :h.d.p A5iln.h. 1.1'1

Benai!l-:.'>ft i)1.'c"ttm,e lhtl President of tlhfJ Mll nidpall

1933

Cou:rn.cil of
lIirll.d

Aliilah, WI!th .M~Dhamml~d Melehi as h i,~ :ls:;iM:l rU:, The main doj;eClive of ~:h~projectwas the
lit c"L1illj],F'd.~ aLlt~vilti,~s

tlhe renovation

eehabilirarion of til!:! [own of Asn:lh_ Tlh.i.~ \\i'I'~ ,0 he funded l1y of the f:es[i'V,~~ hiCh were ~o he' :dIi:IIH~d w a. Mm1:oc:.m :1I,lIdience', he fe8l:iv<'l1 ''iA'o!}ul~I'LI~ogerJ,er.He T for the 10'" ~pornl ~<lliofl. BV p!'Hvi(J.i~g the

wQlr.k<andincom,e

~,Lbour fon;:e '0, PIlOdUC1ifig ~he nl,L~ciri,lls" l~~e people a:rn.d the C:hUdl:'e!l of Alllbh were made [0 Hc.:iv.e~:Vpi!iJ'i~~dp<l~.e aU in <I,~pecl:S (lnhe!!i: town's developmem; Ih~ pil'0ie(.'11·~hope fOil: [be Mure W'l1'" 111"'1: pride j,fI their ,~~.lf-relir~Il.t:c would mOl:h~uc [he-people of Asllah (0 become :rt:l\pol:il,~ilJ~t: the f()r

upkc(;;',P.
1!1:ii!,.-:i:r
~t}WII1.

[bt:' it:'.neru,1 welFbdng. nnJ fultU.r,e~Irn:p['(~n.wn:tsof

Ute impnH'e'.mem
nlnni,~

and e1>tet"iJ;ion ofi nfrastructure

~.ndudillg

warre.r, ,~~W\1TJge and ~decl:r,idt~· '~~~ W (~rne of the m:iLny

fu liLui.o.nalN~qLl,inlments

of the riI.ewtown, as was the !'ell'om." the

tionand :r'~~.l:lbiHtatiml. of hisrertcal bllli.ldings sue-blls

52

53

PI.j,(,·tugu.;.-!!Se tkalior:J:s. the .K~IIllf'd Tower a nd the RtII issmllni forti

.i?ahIlt'e(e~.rJ.y rwenrierh cenw.I)'}.r.he coru;lmetiun ofnew

Tffld.flfmuijl,

U1SUHl sDulI;s, 1~1)icb fMjt>'I: spnm~

up (lilm~ itftlJrst,IWifj'/

¥MCft~ bW,r'!''''''''ll f(,.t~lL5~lrd,fi!,'n;mp ...qfbt;m~big,

crmrfliM/( W (be soJidUJ'

housesw salvanon,

ilhin t he old city were to replace those he}IIQlld

0/ IJ(Ji'liIGtl/

t'fflvide

~ !!:o.Jmufu/

:mt;ftlCt'iS,:

OPPOSITE, FROM

while the puhH,e "'p~K"es,~'lrer-e 1)0(:;' to re-.ur-".[I~ed activities" such

;;liS

for
W,1s

A fJOV!?; ,"!\f(lsm'njl If)oJml#.~ pwu:11mre the lrnlJJ ,'iCOj-u;all,' StlUI.fl (ltW~fls, sucb l'M &J~tl ~·on~ic!.'cn.!.'ldlflii(m$ !~ml 1T!p'~mh'lJI,
tjI'C.tI1tr!'S.

oommercial
10 becreated

a market place. A new port

P''fJ1JJ.ifcaseme

of Imily Ibro~ji'lh()ut th<1 tOII'~~

and

decoranve

IXl\'~!\I}~ and

mumi~~designed hy uded [he transforan swdi().~.

kl'cd an:i~l~ were to he in~I'(Kluced. lhe rehahi lilmHo!l progrn I'nme il'lsoind worksuops
!i:tl'[

ma[~on of the Rnis,<;'olUl~ Palaoe roacccramedate ror ch ildren, I]cring;>; I[h;: buikling

I,aborru:od~s and a 111:1f()r {,'JJ hural n

of [I]{l

H~;>S:JI:l n eX.hihil.iOrl(l~,[1I:tlr'~

and I[[he creation

~P~l{~ fo:r

of un 0iP~n""dill' theutrew

i~hln the old :i nd :1n exh.ubH ion

rornl~lI!t.~ew"'d [Is. ~ h:IU for [ihn shows,

the plusttc a rjs, people, and their relatlves who had l}mpe!'llY in. \vi'fb An~at emIUl~ia~rn by M:oroc,cans came

The eHill~:Xlign h,eg~n by c1lII.llng ,011.. n pl.'()f(!i-ii.s!ot:'l,;'!.I.,. educared

AllHah to r~nHvate it, k~epi rig wt~hin the tf3di~~oi'lal methods

and modes, Thj(olcal ~wnsanswered and artists f1'Om elsewhere.Even

t~nl1i~1 ruction

the ~o~<.!1 house OW'fleri as \,"enas hy Moroccan i!iltelk:(um~s expaerlate nnd.;;in~,~o AsHah IO huy, and to renovate. A:.~ .re-Still 11
~ A~i.hl h has almost dou hied d II ri n~ ~h~ l.aM n. resu ll.ing. accord

deGl(.h.:.

:.q ke1ldy

ing 1'0 I:klmf(:;;~:l. 'in the

~.'Of~neen

renoval.~on of :ihmll sixty per cent of A.5Hah's build i,nga. Omcia I,town records show that ten
renovated

dwdl~.I'I,~;s1tf-.e

each year. :1mllh~s ina town. rhat 'Oll'ly e'Qrllp.ris~s

..

twe~v-e hu ndred houses withi n ~tsoldwalls

Mil,lh's
W.iil~Sro

!1lfQw~h h~8 been very liglnly cumrolled. No hotel

!"C,~Clrl

~"oOrnll}lr:::x~,~ nr

;!re~.~

;Irl,;

:.Blk:~wed~ the

10""'"1'1prefers

ilild

re-use rhe cxist~r\g physic,1 erwlroruueru ion h::l$ ;uilnufLUy renovated

by n:s~,or-·

iill': and l!.pgmding: il,. Since ]981 ~he AI-Mollll:i.~ Cultural Msoci,n rhe Mill i~tl.ryfadliltit's of ten h01J~t:~he~ongiIil;g [0 rOOt people ..~d'l house cosrs NIDr::~ 940 ( US S:l
GUt rcnlout

= 11.1.01-1 8, 2'i)

[~)iJ.np.rove. In su Il:1IITHl[ ~he owners

their houses w\l't~iwrs or rourlsts for about .MDH

2·3.(JOO pe:r mmtt:1n. while they 51:aYWUlh relatives. New houses in Asula h arenow columns and
W:I
be:11II1~,

butlt of reiI1[nrec(;1 concrete

:J IIhaugh

some use ~oad-he,lri[lg hriid:

US and partirions ..'['h~~'JC ~e~,lso kli'ld"~'lea!'ing srone walls, ;1

~~~tnFnrt:ed,hoUo\'\I'~:He,~ Ul"leJ [or ~he floor s otnew 8.i\I; huill.di~J:~, GOil~'rcl'Cami hollow bricks ~re ~he most
iHHli~r~~ll~

co.rnmon

the ~:j!C'JdC'l>~1re g~,t'iLCf'JU:y rendered "",'ithoem.em covered whh a I~Ill!.: wash, The fiil~~hi~l': can ill.lc.luJe C~(hH woodwork, ;1$ well ::1$
~rl'lJdilion:~ I cera n,lict lles {ZfjU/'J, Ma.rb~.c nd other exp~.n~~iye: :1
ImLlIt:r~a~~~ rare, These are

used

I'~~r w~~~ 1&,\:Vh~ le

new 1'lOllSC5:l r,el::mih i.n,plots

~,(lft

empty af~.e[ the demolit ion dO(:n"\";lY.~, indow w

t'kllllt:m~
fI'llIITH:'~

ohne oni.gi,rm~.old
and arches
:J re

houses, fhe),

fn.:<irucmly illlWMtrate clcrnl(:fi[~5~IJV:lWi:d from.l [he ru ill~the most popular wn~ 11l,ISbeen collected, and restorarion
methods
,],8

MoM of t he renovation
tr".Jdiliotllll tech r:I.ology construction

O(".Jni,edour by local. mllJlI'e~~ rnat-mm~ and \'1oriker,~ Ul~i[lg a ~d m:;:uerusl~, he T the ~:own JoeSrl,o' possess

is .['la.irly sl mple

ilkililed labourers,

55

56

The pruj~ct staNlf;ld in 1978 and ~;\i o/n;go.ung;the ~ot<llcost is thf;lre.fore unknIilJw:R_ Haw~~r. ~helQWfl·.'l bud.glel iacreased .f~omM[)H 1.000,000 IJefo;e 191'8 tolQ$lOO'.!QOO~fl 1939. Th~s give's some ±de.tof theecsts since the lncrease :hl.dude's .~U lthe m ..-i!'l~eoo!'loe'costs Q!~he town plus the salarles of the employees_ lhe town is ,oomi~,uQus,~lI'~ookingfor ,e:>::liemal
~1j)(mey to help Wl;~[1ltine resto.ratio.ffiI, proces. .." Por example. th€t

A&itk'f~~n' ~~, '#gb ~~jbj1.j(y ""!~iI'lfj1'll'~S. ",1mi'~'(/1:Y "Q'l'S~~1'M cQmk-.e if 8(J'igbts OOlllrt.{}!WJ 10 an OIfoil'mli tmp=t.oN of am.~i)om(jy Ibrwl£,b(Jtl~ Iflt! (~nJfj'i (ir.!/{j,: OP'f'QS1TE.; 'fbI! !1Jfnml;'t {If th fo""M€()llI1os'qu-t! Is a
lFt'Omt.mml tl(jmc~ll,milmam. 1iJ.a1 hJ!lp$
t)i~~~'()r:s.

~~tl,ii~la;d) ~

dJ~f:lffjfUlI rcfimm"ffrf~ Ibe C()~If!aCJ' c-orl/.r!Xi ()lilSm~b'

Portuguese Govemmem fiil'liln,cedsorne of ther~ooV'.-lltion work: on th.e oM [ow:tm., nd Sh,eI~ OH oolllfm 1'1)" &tl'!'e~:~~ I[OW:rn, a
~wo bundred gilrba,ge barrels, T.t\t~wbo.~e[nwnof

l\;Si~;ah bene.fil-ed .f~om i~s~~;abilk:l'· liias

~~.on.ln 1982 the PQPu~.a~io:rll. f the trnvn Wll1> ~ig;hitlf;len o

:maybe as Ih.igh lIS twenty-five thousand, Olll ofwhidlo:rlllyfo~r to fiv~ ~1;i.Q~;slInd i!~habi~lhe old town. lh~ average inCQ",le per r...uiJ!y was less th"nUS $50 a month ! in the l$l7o.s: todl;~y it j8"ppwx:irn_a~:ely US $]400, Moo~:of the ItmY!l'~people are qutt:e psoud of Adah,:l!.lld of the fact that cl~ring ·~he decade il has become weilimowitl. [OiliU oJ Last Mmocco andeve'u:i,in~ema~~Oflili~ especla Uy flftti!lr Wimtrli[i)8 Iy, the .I\ga K~n A~'3rd, TilIJeyare pleased ilrid f~el~w::lky 1118.( ~heyhaee mmer"Y;iU~r. e.loo[lt.idi[y.and oowage systems ~~:'UU'l bef\Qfe, l.i:m! il[:eleplh.on~ne(worl\; 't.hal.workl;>.0;)]. rme utih.er ,nand they f~elinrimida~.ed by (h@:Sumi1l1~.r cultu FJllllc(ivirries.,. 11nd saJyll1eyare tOO soprnisrrk".u:tIdfar them, 'abo'i'e Ith~if .~~lffll"in rhewords of <I. 1.0C"<d.inh:ibit1~[1Jt.Othert'Qmp~;i.i[1~~ raflge [lfom dU:l Q~dy pfi.~ of~~,~ fe-Stiv:altickets" to dj~~ of ike
ilt

thousand, todll}'

[he w.lve p:lt~erns o:f~h..e :!rlurals. 0.' eve!;! to the un-Isbuuic

..speets oi some o:frn.e cU~lur.d evems, and Ute loss.of I:hc']r

Ibeaches~hro'llght'h.e bw i~.dlngof'a new pon, Th.ese fi[5t charges 'Hereru~:ed by the Town Gm.!niCil who !l3:lI'~~~H; l~hey

distribwte

s:~xImndrecl

(QUi

of

("NO U10l!iSf~nd)

tiicke(s ftree of

charge t'O those who

really

canner a:rrofd~obuy them"

The m.ost,serlous c::har,gc aga ins[ [he p.roi~~1!.saems wb~ l[hm p.rr~s(lnt~d hy 1il11l:rn.yofdll<:l [mower re5ia>ellts of tbe old
/[().wnwho ~call1se
51l}'

I:hal rhey ha¥(l been fm'oed to move out

of the higjh. eests (~f11lp!ke>l:lp demllll110ed of thenl fe)! the c.re<lHo:n of the :!iummner [e5~ivaliOl~d !'la' one'

l[heif oklliftollse£" T~leland value was n'>'eMDH per square'

11I.l;~ne pr.io:r to

was bl;[Yling" Now 'title bod VII!h.l!t;lshOlvt;: risen 8.h<lrpl.y and

peQPl.e ;ire h~n,en~ing by seUinJl;~1:!!e~rl~m~se5, ~e~ or lin,g small plots wj~bifl their property I~Ohelp :rc's~o.re resr. Beooi'ssil th.e defendsthe ~dea8<1:fid policies of the Assoc.i~lll.orl by sayi:rng: "we changed the poop!1e'sil:l.cowne wi"hom ch.a:nging (h~if beha v:i.Ol.~r, p.,e:&ervi:ng the oxigi"" of the soul wh:iJledev~.~op.il:lg '~he appear .. 'ljQC:l·"Hcal.oo stil(~S [hit( .Ai-Mou.h.il giV(lS, finllrn.cb~. u sJd IJO help thosewho ClHilnm1lffo.rd the renovluioJ], of theie property, HO~\I'~r, typ.lc:8.I.W. andas Jn o[ffiI.erde¥e~.op.~ng wum[~es" (he people o:f AS~llIh. esped~ln), rheyoullig. do not wam ro (ili,lty Ulei:r hands, T,me},wam ~o have 311 office job or WOl"~.in a .I~u.~.,e[facto!)" emu lad ng whllt they think is the ooul],(lois Eumpe-an thtnglo do. ",[,.heydo not wa~Jt W accept maaual jom" Each summer Asibh ~5llllumJated w~~h,~hmls9rJJd8of ~nUl:i5ts lI!1dvjsi~q.:r.'l. 150,000 gnhem, Th.ey sl:ay in the hotels and rent tbe houses, they eat in lhe :re~~m,~rn:ms, boost the a nod

-- ....
,

,.-

QOl'lHnejjciil:l~lC[ivi[ie.~

hy

I)~iying. It!he ~('jcl'tl emil;;:, It. multinld!t: I:hest:l $un1l'I:H~~'

T1Jebt,~"!i(/,~fJ{'f!a~'(.'b, u"hl,!) l,~ Idf!ntffirtd

l!Jnmf!.hwtl

wllh Ow
lJWS!

M~1"j!;I't..J",

f,~ r~brlN.l

ofservices arc g~n'l1lnu~d hy thi.~ y~a:rl}' in"'ll~im]. ofwh lch th,", kK~11 pC(j'pl~aru th~ ,chid hcnt:lfoirciarit':'s. During mmnfhs Iheyaccumubne survive fur :the rest of Ihe bund,
l"Iumths
:J

pu.l}ii~· .(;jm/p'rf~YIII! !iJ.)(,~~;I,!:o;; QPJ'OSffl['

rh~'

CtmrlJohlliW"f!jl

'"if

r1ii0i~1 ;WD i"(;";.

an(,j

(J

hM,. (is,,,. cll"I(;j'f(.> .

~!lb{»~q,/j'_ r

Ih:~ r'~;S.~mrc{o'sthat :t~.elpthem to

}'~:.I when r

/1E'I",,·bNi~.lo· Wf.!.t(' t'P!(IU

,~t"f!FUJ"

mt'an;; that IJ)I!n!' m'!i,'fl"(!fl~ff.'~l·.fl"r Sf!iti:w.:rj/(:II' ,~t~ Il,~[N(f; lM A~iltjh. iNth pi,jkii.l.!J-retl bUt":!1If"(msJh~f[HI.tF!: f~' n4t~UI'f;' lif wh,"1o:! !i¥rH<:

(he ,~umlom}'~,~ orim

,U;[~

nd the people f::J n. back on their ,okllw1UY);_ m a few P

'~:J.cm.year

the ~own., irr~,IiI.lUlrll.~cipH~ ,I nd p~oplt' it~

\fi~:i.oll

dm;g~c;:dmil of 'tlhei ~ !.elh'Lrg'l by l.h~~em'Lrk::J:hle

Be 1~,tII'i~s.tII.Mdehi and :th.eir frtel~1;I;s"

nf

By pruvidlng the infr-J,~.,rucUlwe sound economtc h"ts~~~. ,J

lbJene~1I!~~~J1' knn"""":ho~·. und the p!'Ore~sinm..~knowledge

and

g{l<xl

sense uf us

Ineiuhers,

(he

I'\J-M(-~uhi,1 Cultural the

A$~oC"latiorthna)e~ ~o k.eep (~n.he~p.Lngill1dcduC';tlillg

people, ,e~pecl-aHynile yomh ~~hhe (Own, TmhW. the I.~lwn is

dean.
work,

il,~ Stro(!:~s

are pl,.v'(!:~Hnd
~h~rrohl~11"I

deClnidty and (~~~:rlmti:li~5

w'i.~lifllh.~ :i>~w~lge has not

iEV4.'ln dl(mg~I

been cmnpl.eI.~~}' [·~sn~y(.~d,I.h~ pi:. n,~[or up,~r'.l(i~ng it are tmer.e_ Hm\'ev~r. people to sel

d~n~r
I_

is ~liU presen;

in

,th~ shape

of the

specwl,la1tmll and bu i!dr;:r.~ who kee.r up the 'l1hey

'W"'''I11~

pl't'SSUI

re

.o!,!

'ttlit'

~n take ;,l~h""'''.IlI~:mg'{;' t h,t;':u nique of'

.'liWat~mlofthe lawn I~O hu~kl new houses, w change and ftlQde!'l!lise~h,e ~ow:rn.lin fact ~a urb ..nlse it, Th,u. of COUI'.'<!e,

wcmld destroy' Asi~ah, It is, therefore, of the ~HflI1OSJ[impoj'l:anoe lhal an ul'banren!;tbm[alion plan fGr A~~ i~~:lll')elmlde hy
So s:peciahed team,

This ptan wouldthen

under
ItHl ILhtl

~1a\fe10

1)'1::

a(:t\':p~~~1

by II n pa:rl·iesaol'lc!tm~d. in{'llud~r'liS t ~le [owl'll and [h!.:! M'inil>try of

A wqat [ll1id l:h~li:1 placed

julriscl.ktim"l ·of ~ht:'

Milrl u:;try of lmil.el1i:DL X'Vilho'LIt an otfIRh;ia'l.pnl:i-cy the mwn of

Asi I.a 1'1 cn~ ld cas,il), lapse irun

S(l~I1:lrio~nal

:>-afl1enli.gJ:at:illlari,5h
);0

has afflicted
~~111.area,

:1 nd

destroyed also jU~l

man}' scenic

spots
nom

Oil!

the .M:~d il:emlmmn.

Tourism can bri Q:g. gll"-eat eco-

tc

benefirsm

n can

:I,~ e:1,si·I.~i destroy,

ki~~i rhegocse FiI£,

'C".,;i

Ih~l~ ~;~lyS the

gpldel'l egg- II hM;' ~n be

refill Uy reg~1 hl~ed ,IIUJ,eon.mlled,

GRAMEEN ,BANK HOUSING PROGRAMME

VAIUOUS LOCATIONS, BA.NGlADESH

Client:: i..allii'/ess
ii14el'1.lbe1':s qf

Gramerm Bt.imk. P/aJ1IU'!!r.

Yuuus, Ml~mag.{.1:lg D.il'eClrxr), D/w:/.:4. Go.mplrJl;(QJ~ Dal'fff: 1984 an,a QJ~&J.Qi,nJJ

(il~;m1qen .&1,I$k OWoban~med

Biilngbl~l~~!h. a I~pin.l cou lJ:lt'rywil.h seasoaal monsoons, b d~l,rLngwhi,C'h. a bigh f'd.inf:..n occues. M50ci::llI.'!:ld willi
rllOIlMXms,

Apt:l"Hi:.fptlW

m ,~~'(1fJl'Og''tllllm(1pl'Oi~a{y

the
.frol:U

are lid .. t ~'UJ!.~s,and th:e north of ,h~

:11"1

~ncn_>.ased

I'UI

n-olf

~hll
illll

!vh'fr:/) made IJerlumse f!t).'i{j.N.J/e; OPf'OSrrli.: y,lul\ tm whi'(;b ta i'milti, Mft all efKln/tilUS wort/) ~nillnnm;m digtl#Y

4Ispi"j)'s Ibr! jJeJym'Cw lxJok II de~m ~~j:S(/.d j;W!';''eW

WIJMict Otl

hyg(tmtl,

S!Jlf~

!lilOUPIW UflS~O

COl;] ntry; these can "lO,u

do"

('''~Icile diMII,~trcl'l,I,~l1oc)cis. Cyd.nn~,,, !;~()fmS :1Be also rmquem ~he seurh, It is a poor and popu ~o'U'"and of se'Ve:my-eijgtu l rlllilHo!:l ~nhahitants, e\gtu:y-f~ve' per cern of WhOi1il cart be

constdered rural. Of those, sixty per cern can I:J.e elasslfled as

landless. ln a, OOlllUl)' where dote n.atiotll!lJ illcorne pe'r cilpi~,ii~

,es~irllla~edtabour US SU per 9.llmHlIl, rne tncome level of a 40 the hl.nd~~ssrural POpui:lt'LOIl is vin~any U1~,t of the desttnne,
h is[liIis land h;rss rural popu liuion .:ha~are hil[ [he hardest by
I.hi.~annual
filuru;oo:l:ii

nOClcling a nd the cyclones. 'fh~ir

dH:l

sllff~.~i:rngs are augmented by

fiR'L Itll:a~l't'h.l.'ly~I,$Ull II)" have 10

live on :l:warginal lands, in [mH, f~ebl.e s:helwr:;, or mab:.'shi:f[ ho~nes dmt le••ve them, exposed to ,e\'eryris!c

Although dle landless poor provide the bulk ·ofthe ilgricuItural labour fQ.!'OC~fl[l'.1 flg~lIde~h, 8U!b~tOl!lU .. 1propor.11! tion. of them ilbo efl~,ge 1" a ~'arie~yf o.her ~ctiviUes o such as wea v:ung.rniu making. slRaU seale mldilltg" f'e!l:ring go ..rs or sheep, k~"ep~ng p.~geo'J;ls. sewi:ng, [~celw ski ng and ia:lilkg,ng
rmn~iI:y,Ekaltise ~:~y lack.~lle f~n,a[tchtlleoollrces
that
11Hl

I~~lei:r

tim.e is

[1m used prrx:lu.nively, I[ta.cy {~nnm bi,jY [he rnarerials or 11:ii.~ed~dIto allow them
W (lxpa:rnd

eools
thl.tl

;llmel.

ru~~ nlJ()I~e

p!J"'~Tly ~ine.

The GJ':amee.r:II.BlIl'IIk Programme \'ill:a~ or j,oh~ilhy[}r MoilamJned the Rum I F.oofiomicsProgr:1i1l1me, cred~Lro

was started in 1976 In the

Y~.H1US,

~he then Dlreetor of

or the De'.rmrt'fnellll~ of
iI'llCOI[lle' gefle'ratin;g,

EOOOOl1l1ics in ChiUii\gltJ!1g Un~ve'r8Hy.n set owu~:o pffivLde

the

r~Ir.ll,~und

less pooe ror

<loU:vides,alld offe~ed II tc them ,I~ the ~GW ~!lTere.gl r:JITe or sixteen per Ce,tlIIL, Because r~~cy lack {me co~kHe!"lll, .~ ponx bJe arenorm ..

ny ba rred f~()m,olmiiniflg

credH from

il'ls(i(mioirns. They are then forced to borrow

offi.ciil1. rrom theprlvate

s~cl.or ar ex.o.rb.im.m.ime.reSL roles ..

iffile sLgmlJfi.cJ.m arid Itlmly OC'volu(ionnry
Gm.m~ellJ Balm]"
fl'Cllllil

aspect oJ ~:he
no C()Ull!tm111

l>rnglfarn1rn.e was 1:11,1[(lit.requ ilred

its poor CIJl.~lD.lI1er;s., Th~y h3.dln

rep~.y theilr de'hl: was I:hal people

~ICI ill

liiI.fOugh their mvn, commerclal

ol'gllll~:!ie

Ol[ lIn i,5al'll:l.~ ~j:_jt~\I'~!ti,~s,rli'H~

Qondit~nl'l of (he 'G~am,een Banik Prograrmne

themselves

ulna s,r:nll~ groups ~

who could

concert and w~th di8.cUp'l.im~_ Thegrou

p:unctU'I~.

p wou kl oversee the

p;lyme;nl:.o;: otf the loanInstalmenrs

of

:I.n thd

62

m~:lHh~.r~ - if notthe

gl'Ollp

had

jo

~Xly.,Tlns eIlSiUIn.",I,~um·

1¥'WJ'j\(!~'1II'(,~f~' pJt'V~,d

(!

k",;~' 1vf~ ru Ib~

.:r~'{,'f't'.'·,<

f1llh~' /of.'!ucliug

ei~ilM p~~r J')n:);~ur~ I~I'(IU wilhi n, )

prr~rUfJ'm~D', {mff fl(.J1·'!:.' ar$'-j itt't',j dh't'(.'Ir,., bn~.,i1, wI 111 bl,j~s!!.·

"wl.~,·Jm,·lhm, O!'¥"OS/Tt!; A If:g~,r !m!:'cptm.~in!

l'hr! G rameen Bu nk 11}~'(.~gmm.!1!.le U"J n~f( ~i'!w."oI.~irHOa!1 W-J!'~

n'/...-b :d!~"n.~~'r(,tP1X!d

~mh:pl;'ml~:t:nli:I,Lnkw~lh rhe name ~_~t' Grnmeen Bunk ifI the !9~3· Tho::Gm'~mine~~~ pmvkl.;(1 '~i,'ay per cent (C,f Ih~ ini.c iH~ paid up .~har!.': lpi,t:.~ I v.' I~ fm~y pt:lrct:I:iI'~ ""~$ held hy ~~1't: n ik bonx ~wt:r.~ ~~f HI! nk. Rt:{'cm It' Ihis wtLS :r,t::vi~d :.! ml ~cl~U the
[wt:'n,ty-fiv,t: p~rr'nm~for ~Ih\':' ovemment G ~\,"Cmy-.t1\1l.:l per cent
if:! Inilr~'

tmumd J'fj{! f2;t1m"rR~

wil:h du" rcnrmhliil~~ :llfIif p~:r.~(:liIwh.( )~e l

11)I;:lm'lg~u I.ltt: h~jrr'nw~rr;>;, The Bm)k:.~

(nmli~~m'lN fnllllfl~n'ilh~I~~hi IJl ar,t:':!$ l'dUuw~:

mvn~

'I,~~~ Ih~Ln 0.;

~lt:ll·,~S of

t'uh i',~l hltl 1:1d.and wlm~e n

assets tngeth.er do, nn~.'~'Jw~ed the market va~.u~ of OII1.e I'~ of a~:

med

~um qlm

lily

bInd

in the

~re~L.i~,eHgihlC:lf~ )r~(:>:l as

I'm
,~

~nt'( )mc.g~[lfer.Jlt.i.ngH('I.ivilie);
nt~lIll.he;L'_ ~,t'~~. loan To ljlk~-mlmh:d

from (he G:f'Lni"f:.'~:n Um'lk. On~y is

~n,~~\\'~dl~n become

O[f:~ r~IS( ):Il. from~.u.:·h Iml.t ..ehold

h~

or

she

IiIluM rm~n,~ gwup

·of t1ivl;'

p~~ )I)~e frl)m..,i t'llj'lar ,t:~{~tlu!n~." and

,'1( )(,;~ ..

IYt"kg~ouml~. lh!:y elect achairman and S'-"01.:'!\,'~"~~'. a~d huM .. w!_"d:dy Inc~ring.~.~~~ Im!;:~ifl!1.e,~ severu ~group~ ln <!i. viI ~~~g~ g~r [og~,tht:r and :fo~m.~, 'centre' wilh an. elected Cenrre C:1;l~t:L.IUKI
1)~lr)lil.y

Chl~f, The C\':'nw~Ch id

[WtHU)t!

I hen

('( mducts

t h.(lw~t:ldy

n\~!t~i,n~~. and i~r.t:)ipOilil)i,ill:l(i or [h~ ob~rvHllnj' of [~u;:! f rules or th,t: Bank. B~tw~n

ren sru~p~ ean ~hrlliil u::n,~m, ~

[he avem&~ b!.'liilil~six .!illUliP~, 1E~~I~'l}'.fou:r per {XlIU uf [hie G;rmrm:~n B:lrlk fIiI.tllli1~·~rii are women. hl. fau. Itlle beH~f of the
!tolnk ~~~ IhalWU111~11 urea P( )I.elM~;~.1 and 'I",:~,I,i:lhle ·~enn.om~c

:fome ~Inumg.."t Il:h.ermor. Over[h,~ past decade nh~l·t: n~!nk

~l<I'V~'

evolved

.1 m.mift'.~to,

Ih~ members

~:<.!n·eJ fh'i!! 'Sixtee FiI

ne~:ikOio~~'" '~',!hkh i~ 1idhere:t::l1 hy ,~II.I 10 thegroups. br,Hl~ :m: gi\l~fI l( ~iflJ~\lldua I members ~ liO the .gW1J P m~;~ ~r

whuk

each

toatll h~'ifig

\,~I~d ~'(~rO'J:l~yoear (~[;dy, IlLis p'Li.d had

l'![\(~(~Pl~l~lnh~r
1~~,

in \,\i!;.'Cldy ~nst~Lhm!,n:[~. each heing I[\VUp~r (:cIU .of the t~n:::L1

~ UlOUi:1IlL
pt:T

ln atlJit[;on.,t:vt:iI,'Y

d~po.;~it~ Uf'lt:: ·talfl.a i,~

W(llj,'lk{l"K 30 ~ US :Sl )

pew,..nrl:lll ~;:J\I'li.lli,g hi.d\ w

pl:K~'d imo (he Group

f't.Hid A(nmnl.

When a g;r·oup m.!tli.lhtT of five per ·t'e!.mil Ihe of

li.~depo.~i~ed i nto ~~.e

ru![:eive~ a loan :H1ohl igal,o:r~'deduction

10'0111:1 ~uwmnl'll. known 11:0. a '(~ mu.pnu(.

the m.emhers.

-Gnm p FUln.d Au'( )Ul1't w~J'i:llre i;1can be used for 't ~~.e beneflt of On :I.Piprcyv:al fro.l.n the gB( )Up. Inen~be 1C:l n ea

then borrow
weeldy

frmu lht.. fum.L .1 ~~dcl,ilio[l" mtlm~~~ payi'! [I ;I.

I'li,m,d" \vhtch is :;.c t

,I

sum inl'o an. 'Emtll'gellJcy

,~ta r-,I~~ of
Th is is

one-fou nil or~ hi!! ItO:t:I:I int~re,ll' heii'!:!'l p~.~(,1 .he B;lllk. 1:0 aeeldenr or (~d'tf!. diS'JIll~Cj'_~_Jh~ m,lxinUlm '

h,L~k"lI~ly ill'~Ulf'ln(.~ 'lgHii'l~l. ~k·r"'~lk death, J~~ahm•. ,. an ~ ind!v!{h.II<J!1 .~nan IS

TK 5000 (LIS ,$."J 66), .~Lllt~lUWlgh. l\/CfI ~}(u'lx~\l>'r;r.~ Pl\i can gel, IInOn:.

'I~h~ sin aUest loan

E.l.Kil.(;,'Cti:1I[[,CUS

01'1

rccoJ)(1 was for ortetu kM,.

k)Oik~'(II~lf~t:'t

hy

a Grameen Bank Bralld~1I

I.h~~

A~~i.~m 1"I~.whtlaUt:I(](I.~ l:ht:fV(;c;:IliJ,]" IiIlc;:cl.ing~ ~ ml toUCt'IS p'aym~.I:ii:t~, H~ lidt:m~fit:s fmun: CU~W:lrWr.~, i~[dhllW.~ <II
~UlUl~. )mp(;tr~·ise.~lhCil grmlps

Ih~

under hili .chlllrg~. and ~nMllf~~

lhalat't'ount~
bCl.lI1e

:ne kept ami paymears

p:Jud

loo,ck.o:1lIHme_ In

is illily·o~~'~>!II, limmy el\qen,~iofl acti.vit~.eNwUlh his ln

grmllp..~" ~.·dil G.r.1Ul1i.e~,1lI Banik Hrllllu:1IiI A~N,i~l:ant ~~i respons i.Me tfo:r up to ten O~II:nI'~S, m.d. wilh : centre,
a"I~

:Hvemge otf six gro~lpi'> per

that

.L1lii:l:HiI~~ eei ng up s

to 11m ree-hundred

p~orle l'lO!llr

week. He works out of abn. nell Ten branch offic~.~

is supervised an lIvemge
11[~

(~Ifuoe th~n supervlses

I[W~rll:y

and

f'ROJlI AOOil:l:': Sl:rif{'Ir,mjl s}'cf/cm (iftJafSU' m.rll~,: qm',".I!I)''''')'ir,g

t,JlIrltf/&jrM" C~.oji·W' Sfl"l,fClmf!:
I;/llri~lli(Nl Rtf' (~I'ld

mml fJw

serv leas seme silx!ty oeil:il[res~oGl[(.;;"(l ln about

,t'Oviiilr.Ungan area uf It\vo hllmhei!1l sqmue

vi~ lage.~. 'i n Hln"!

d4!~~tmltjl~mHc;.fim,.!$

IN

~r,~~h

su pervlsed by o',l'iIci\'N.i:a .office'

rniles which

ctm:crol,t' jJO.<;/&

IIR> boueos

"'~lb~' lxitIn ,Prt'.Jai»'iCt'f/(J(I.

lfl.'ss (;,r!f!~.,.jm(!j~'sj'~'(! j'(,W_Y, ~/~'m'tl~g I'~ .~).ijibfIlN'f/,~ rif lWflroprtm.e 1&'o'.nw(IW!,' QPPOS{fJj'~ On,l'~ ~l lKCj~.~ "~Wn::I!.ral !n:m.rtt ts
,'J! ~

AjF

by

:l

Zorm~.Office, ~d\

ZUIlIllI, om(:O;!Iooks liner

P.mddcd.

indivIdual

"IW'",YS

a....flMe W "'l'(!{;l "(!tuUf)' m'alkIM~ '~'(J

ofeiglu

Are11 Of[k~~" Th~stl ZomlI om<-'(1~ have 11

Ji@mA~

high dk::gr~e of 1I1JItOnOm)'11Il1i1l1Hr><' gh'~'.rna [B~e hand lio

admin iil;l'~[ their II reas, T1I1ehead uf:fit,~i~, ased b

ht I:Mw.ka, and

'mr;;/o.W' Ib~i'l' hfN~.W.'i; .0 ifI1R~f',.,IIP; 0ItI.1)o,mif f)~'f!tJ,uwM~ .j~"C{Jmm(j'daU! ~~u/tj'll OJII:a'Rr! IndusI1',I'L";. $U,~1;J' 'j~~ Ihr! c I~'t~ul"g, u'lJit'fi!' bmJf! 1w11N1:1 ''f!Sf,dr,mf!/i tml)mw lhf!h' ,~t,~mdm'lil(if Iklrzy,' mrd I~J~~'!~(.'
It)

btJl~.t:ll()m~

it o",ersee.~ the who~.e proji;lcL B'lI' 5p~e..~ m,_I~ ove:u' 11, 793

M~",hl9B9 the GrameenB ..nk had 53.5,]"70J:nembers vill,lge~ in nine ~nne~ or Han;1J;!.,Lde .. ... h

T1hereare ',7 'l branches in operaeon

look ~ng af~e:r2l ,612 cenrres, Of these centres, IS,S:,] are ,oo!~prise(l of fe!1l1a!le groups a ad on Iy :2, 7S1 are of malegroups, IEXiCluding the Housitmg,w:ilns •• h~ .om meen Bank has CUI'n=nitWdiSl~l:ib1jl~ed
jUS( O"'~I T.K 4.013.536,000. Or US

Sil33.7ti-i.533. k~of JI.il.n~

19.88 (h~ ~5lonishi:n:gm(;uli'C::ry mW~"'.1~ 9.8,35 per (-eIU. The HOl.lllli.L1g Loal'l P.rogf',i.lume ",,"'m.l1lilill~ed in Ot'IDb~:r i 19M Hf1~r H Nat:i.on1l1 \"for~S:lm.opduring wh~.ch Gr1Im(;len Bank wQrk,e", ~):dl,lI1Iged, the:ir pr.u;:~~.{. eN.r~:ri{;'ncc;!s and ideas" ...1 fro1m this 'e;l;!chao;g.ei~ hec"~nede'H lhat as~he im;mne gltl:llewti ng C'.t!.p"c~~.yf d'lc G~lnf!e~ BanJo, po:rum'!l'efl'; o improved the'if demand for beuer hOU~~flg increased, decision was .hen made ro ~rarl ,~ Ii;ou~ing lO:'Jfl

~rhe'

Progrnnune as

a specfflcand

impQ(mun pan of the G rall1ieefl

Bilt:1Il':operanons, and nm jusr as an.adiuoctros,llother IO'Jn. Us a im was to I1nake funds a V"J ihtb~e for Grm,neen 13iln.k
fIlI.ember.o of good sl.and:i.ng for iblli.ld:in.!1l n~w hou~s,o[ ruhllbml:tlling lhc::ur old ones, O['lly
1~.,tlSe loans, Al.ld 1iI'1C1:,l1Ilb~w;

w:l:iio regula.rly
SWims

paid 'tih.ei dues on lill;n~.,1II1d who :.I.dh~·t,(!iCl. In the rules, Wtlfe r '(\o:n~idered for b~!C~u~e d\Hl illv'DI",~d the
W~:B~ ~lIluch l!lIrger th:l[l those Ihllt were avu ihi.ble lhrmLgh

g\elleml ~mm pmglf'.iI.Il1IIle, new ~em:li'l.~g icies II nd pm.cepol dures had to be' set up- PrefeiBeiFliCoE, 3"~ the'
!lJloM
:1

~w"ys,

W:lIIkl

gi'i'e.FiI in

:l'lIeedy"

A (wo Her svS'[em was estobhshed. lhe huger 100n, ror mnm~l'llSup ro lK '18,000, was (.~lled the 'S["['lo(.lard Housing
wan!, while the si'I'UIU!Crloans, of ~p to J!KW:OOD, were
6i'l~led

"Ba,'>it:HOlis.~ng lAy I'Is'. Onley were ..

eo be

repi'tidal, a

:i1~te

of 'Til<. i,Goo P(i[

Y'4..'ar,
:,1.[

SO (IHi( a pt:r:;o.n

I;aking: om a bUl

of 'JiI<.

15.000 ha.d up to fiot[~'ell yc::;ar.i, LOpay ~[ hack. '11C housl rig ! loan
[5

dl~rg~d

fiV'(l 'p(l,[ oe[1[

imere.')[ in~tead of Ih~ :;iXl'e~r1

regtll~J Or S,~]OI1! ~C:l.m'il. 1],$. IcYJ
IIIUl1leCO""~[5 11

per <-'(lilt ~r'lEltlres( ella

rr,g{ldfor the

T~.l.eGmmee.rn Hal] k 11:ousil1lg Loan P'.mgm wii!1l.egeograp:j] iC1111. zone which

t~I,1"'d1 Myle.ll_ M:ost

ill.1.dllde.~a r;Jlnge of archlrec-

of the housesoccupied
:U

by the poor the most, and

3R;': 'iN

of

single storeys with one or two rno.tns

i!h

the' o:mkil'llg

"fe'.J '~l1Id1L!lii'il,ll

sheher clustered around the

house spat"e
11

hOl.ll~'1er~:nmil]g a valid or' OIJtdoor work a fe<l- lhe ~srau i':H)ul'pose and 1IIC($ ~.•s a sleeping ares. and

,'t~.orag!:

space for all l~~e utensils

d1!U 'fh.e nnuilll'

:1$

(JWflS

for lncome gen~.l:lllitil.g a<:~~\I'liJit;:,s SUCJ,l freqw:mly

:~m,;hJldit1g, tbose wt:wI':i,ngiill.(ii •;;~'W:l"g. .

A u:ilil:lg:~e\l\el p.Lmfonn, blli ~.:ll~;ing Ute base

ohhc

roof lru,~~"

acts as the :Deposi~Qlry .for vatuabte objects" .A

nu i1,lh~r of't£lC hcu ses hilVoC~me[iot alm!"S,

,66

rh.~ a rrhei[ypa~ hcuse fQnl:l.oonsi,~I]j o:f~, recl~,,,gulll

~,re 511im

on (h~ resources
UOOIlJsheets,

U)

hiltild. 11m 100n ~lUO'",,'S Ih~ .oM ~~.IOI)' for

market of eiglll<een co:rrug,m~{I,

builldhilg, wu~hl a pi[ch(;"(j roof, and ~\ipp(y"(jo:r&'.tbll;l ends, T.~(ly

Il:mrcnme (1Il lth,e ~Qc~,1 open

n, II ad

C1I'n. measu

ITColfrom

:2 .N 3 :mColtres

wll

metres

measu rin~ 2,438 x 0.820 [l,u~'t:rr~s '~aC'.lil. :l nJCI

a sj[np~e pitl;'h.ed .moL hF awooden orbamboo roof frame

in size. MOSt.pOO.u.HII.n~el1 Ba:rn.khouses

seem to h:;p,'f:l been

s~lffic:~em to cl]iver the baste lhmllsewith This

C1m. be' SUppolrtl!!'d
~~I

smaller than. those built with the loans, A.Uar:e bu i~Jt on raised

eanh platforras

1:0:;1 p~e:;;ef!il'e

them [rom

~heriisillg

Hood \v;;Rter:s
to'

w'hich, i[lWrJl • .Lis

pporred b'lli'le .four cohll mnsanel .my

of th~~m.i.n:y sellS.{lnJ" Some houses hllve w:i.ndO\vs. others do no~_ n{)or:\Vay~" made of b<lmboo m<lUing or' woood" ~e~l

ather .'le(:nndll!1'

P(')SIS_ type~ Bank

W<ll~s QUI be mled~fI wH~ m:ly miilJ;eriill chosen and hotlgh~

provide

most

of (he

i~t:er:ior IlglM and usnal

Iy open

lm:va~_

hy the borrower who also dectdes O:im,~ he~Ul,flllherand

ohvindows and doors he or she require's.
Grolllt'll!i1

]n {he ceflitra~ srea of Ball;s~~de5h the houses are mostly

built with a bamhoo or wood frame I'hat can ~ll~,pon a ~ightweight wal I made of either bamboo roofs are l1iiIadJ~ ofgmss,
re'placllld

Itlauing or jure &ticks. i:mm.boolllliluing o.r

The .r'l)Jc~Jdes~refr,equemly p.~;l,s[en;;:cli"'idl rlmd, Th.~J:clilLed '

rlce
5H::'[I'I~,
ilJ[~

sra rr r~WOll.rdoors and shuners that open ini!;\~rds because they are not exposed to [he sun and rain. and ';]Ii1, [her~fon:: stlrvive~onS~f. Hdgh~ or pJind1snnd floors, are l(lf~: p ~o[1'1(:: u
~)Or.rr,ow~'r;'S" The GromC::l.:ln '&I nk has 11 pia n fo:u (he b11sk

~[~cks. An. l:h(lJSie m::H:ed11~;5 !l:r,(l nm durable,

ll:lil'lOSt ever), two

and ha ve W be

!house, and makes suse that atleast us :lchieved. Howeves, the boerower

(he minimum.

ret~lI!mme:n:t

ye8i['5. Ye'.Jriy [iJ,ocxHng mJG;5 to

is b1usl~caUy re,!;po.n5ib.~e thelocal a~l;'hjtec;:·

't:i1ei[' beref lives. S'O lha~ched fOOJ::; :lFC;: dispe'.[1];5c;:dwilh as soon ~;5 the owner can afford to buy co'rrug1lteocl s~u.'~ti.ng,Sumewith !lhee~ing" matertals to buHd the cheapest times even th.e Willis are replaced Uamboo :lIfld Jute sttcks.are

fur the re11~. design of ~:he.~r ouse. And even thmltgh they h
'LlSUlIHy cheese ma~e"ill],l; that ~Jekmg within

tural ,sly1.'eur their roofs :lnd as fiUers. no two IlQ~I:lle'~ eve. f ~e,n the s <I me ,
iii

w~~h.lhey are also I~ghi~iltld carl be removed

a~d carrtedto has tobe

lIS lon<l1l

new

loeauen .111lood f

tilne,i!.ndlor

e<ls]ly rep~aced. someumes not hiS( lhe

Bm:nbco is now in short supplyand impoftoo

from ]ooia, rbus i['l.c.r~j}si['lSu[:s p:rri.ce, bm:iu~~is st un

~:t

th.1,:J chea.p~5~ fIl.au~rIi:al, ~lo~v'(l!r.

banrllXlO and is easii.y auackad

do~s

as
:l

S:~m;:e mid-l~88. the pmgr.nnme has ilL~o~eqtl;ired t']J,e bcrrower to blli~d fllmrine for the house, uslng a hnuine's, base widl syphon and cen.leru: Hn~rs for [he p'~~.h~s~ are l IIIl!'lml rtlc~Jjr~d by lh~ GrdlJ'ilt1!.::n Btlnk preduction yrm;fu;, and II reglven w'ilh (h~ resl of the m~u(lr.i~l.s the smn of (h~ il~
house, hm I.n(l ura rnb"'<il1Bank (;1,o~5 nO( advise o,n (h~ur placement.
Ifelllltio[110

by ter,miw~.

Aoors, ~ re
~~'i

n5ml~.ly ,of mud, land .fr~q nllT'I[ mud <'"0111::; gi.y.es [h~hou~e5

'nw CF1Lrn.een

'BilrJ

Ik doea not iinvulve

iilsel fwith

neat and clean lonk ,.Nott h of nhal<lI where nood~ng common the houses have maslli'~'e~llmlliled

such delai.~5,as the lllJtilng of 3. house" its. orientation, or its, nelll'l:Jy l:mild~ ng:_;;.They :lliso dio natpmvide!oi3nil [Dr public fil,ciHlies; h()we'~'e:r, some ceerres are lIsing their sa \dngkl hmd fQ!rsetti i1Jglip !.lc;hoQ~s.or the yO~lflge~~ch~~dre~,. f

ea rrh and coh

walls, h~[l il1l 19(191he floodw;au;ers rose so high that mlIllY of ~h,eile houses cOUa.p~ed_ P'eople ilOW prefe:r 10 h~li~d ,Ifmlne
house with

light \'J,!aH~, else Irndude cdhlmFil_~h~the corners or

ve rn<l~er:i."II.I~, such as

to he~.p !'iu.ppon: the roof. Moreexpeflsl

fired brlck and lieirliForced concrere, bll[tdi:l'ij!, miu;e~i31s by the poor;

ih~ Gmmeen

~m~rmelYUlsed~ts

The'~e'il1fo.eed cOrlcrel;epi]l:us 9 nd the hU:I'im,c kim.tl'e inan1Jl.IllcruuedS!l thhtY'-fmir diffe']'c't'H s lresacross rhe ermmry" lH:.iUlg: :rnm.dds, whi.ch are ea s ily ~rnnspon:ab~e ti,ccordillS to. <tem:am;J~,rhel{)C;l~ bmndl office Oildy needs W sPG'Cify th(i
3n.lOu nilS roquilred.
rr"t:>l"(;liVll

BIl.r1k Hau5i.~ .1.'rogrtQ.l:tllfi{l p,ro.ro~e$ a ba~k by th~ Itmr.rower5uf

HO!J,:;eLolln~'ouM. of ['em;[!l.illl the

Til!! masons rUlfII.n,ing (he pr,oducti.on

GnHTlb"e1l.

umiiu;
.rnm

house whi.dl Can be Itm,il~: wi(h II B11Sic Hou~~ loa n, and which ca n IJe I:tl.odifu!ed and e.lmmded lil.ei'r resources
permit it, A St:)rndi:ud

a loan :f:rr·om'l:ti:(J

l3ianll:

tit siXI!t:lttl1J ~[

umc::'.restto hdp tliJ.ern..fina nee the wCl'.rrk.. The bOI.rrow~r has to 3.rrange tlil.e transport.
ri.clkshllw Each C'o~umrl i:s TwopiUal1S, ean be moved
Gin carry One :i.11J ome

COIJII":S!e, providJ~ a. la rger house hWI:ltn.,e ITl!a~erillt~

sllm.e. 1he basic hOUl5e has, a. usable

'lan, lIrli[:lJ.or~lIueelimm.

pHlar a~ 3. ~ime_

noar area of at least toea.ch ~u:mse's

3.3, metre);

~ong lI:r11dHL~cent:~me~Jes incnme geflerllliflg u nit_ A

~Ire'!n;lde wj;~h "tni:>;
IrIi~SO!ll

twemy sq~lJIaremet:~es" Four rei:rnforced ,conc[;e~e columns,

m3I11Ur:a.0Iu~ed by th.e Gramee[l na~k, a.~e supplied

sqmmed ifl crrn;.'i Sect~OIl,T.lneprod[I:C~:EO!l'lof lhe",ep'illa~ll oper'llte.~

118

:omindependent

bOI:~ower_ The ,early G~ameen BlIl1kHO~Is:ing

:nhlifl

!Inc! h\le laboullers

e<lch .'le'JII~for TK

CaO p~'Oduce!:wentY"fli~,e

CO~Uill!Jitl poe,

d"y;

had

wOOod'en pO~~8

but the~ proved

to

be

.'lusoep,t~II:;IleQO

32'5. The)!

ohwo

1'X1fl8

~ermi~es and lII!'I..:!O!:<!Me ring {he noods. A nlOJle &ecur,e dIU ~n'.lct~l,re WS8 needed,

C'efllem, m rou. pons ~ rid,

colunm
3]SO

has fO~I,r~efl

mn ~l:lne~re di~Ulle~~.l' ~"11'Sand d'iiil'leen,

pays ~he \Vorke'n,·,

~,O (\\'0 P~f'IlS of

brick ch ipes E"o'iJch ..

FleinJol"Ct:-cloI~~m;tlS we"e~ntrodt1ced and ,ha li'C p.roven t.O c be very ~~1100ess:f~ I. Th.cy provide :l sec~ realttwhm.em pOilU
fot th.c WllUS, an,]! ~hc.:y hold up UlC roof lin S!LQd:! 11sr.abl(;l
m.tliil.ll(ir
ifou[ thlU: ilri. [urneS

~inks. The person who lakes om ~he loon

The ooncC'pl: iln.<llhe (i!Cs;ijgrl of th.c hOl1s~s ot.igi:1i1I31ed:un Blilnglad!~slh:. Ma.ny of (he .mm~.riah are I.O!(_~I! 1~1Iilm~g;h 1

of floods (he

poop1~

('3,1"1

Sllfd~' si(
:,1:[

01l1l

th~m .. "['n,~ co~uml1JS ~(iinj.;IJ pdgh[ i:mitt) [,~.eground 3:r,~

(iOmel'S ,of (hg hO'!Jst:l, [:0 11 (k:ptJil ,of 0.50 :rfillW-t5.,

th~

s.h~e'[,unB is~~m~3.1l:r a[l i.mponed proc!llct. um,em co:rn.es,[wm loc-al :[a.Ctllrii.es, a.s wen as fr,orn l'ndo.nes:l,a,
C'ui'nllgllled

a.nd ~be smelforre.unfo:rdn:gus

AU the Grmneen

milled ~nlBa[jglade5h.
to d'le Him I

.A:c1didnnal poots, made of wood, co:ru::rel:e Ilia.ve 'tD he pmvWed

bmnboo

,or reinforced and dI.epend

Bank tIOUSii;f1g loan~, 3.regiveil

by th.e

~lOl'[g\%',er,

poor who ,e:i~her Hve in mmll seMlemeIltR", Or Qllpl()i~~ 'of J and

sited

hy

road ersbankments

Or nel.d5. There is such a great (If tih~~e Spl1:!(;!i.fic;: built wdh hOll,I()'i~g for

f'NOli'f ABO liE:

me pi~il'h~

qj yu&il
cl~

&fdh!8,

ret"ifbtcf!tl

;Wflb l;amoou

"...Ir.i.~ly .in these houses that they e:.ulnut be de,scr~becl in g~ru~rul ~~:rmS, The foUowing descripnoas loans

sml).\:

,'5 (j!;bfw~d wNh &~:ro,'lg {mit

Qr'e'

hlXl!'~ g~ME? M'e'elwf~,wbJ,',b

d'Nmhlo,'
.II00'V,Ii';

makes tiM

SI'lrpri~fn8I;y

!IMb ptJ<$Iff,S(ill#ury

~'(Iil !mi/g,fD.~
(!

W.m

su f1fli~'~ eX:lmp:I,~s of houses ;1$

<l

,r:.f .. h h-ou~'

:I/sopyifaln'fr:area,

UJb{~b !Nilshelped hir:ulNn.g

C"mi~1;! yJm~le.Fj'(J/"!~#i~

~¥J$I!t; OPP06'JTI!~ fROM

loans :g)l"'.a.nt,~dy 'ttU;! Cf?~m~e[l B<lo.kh

AAy.aBegum has beer!

rnembe r of I~helx.nk

ni.ne

S1J1t,IIjI,r;arl'l dif/cl'rmco {n tbi! .appMmm;,r? '~"Q.~l (J/ ear:h ~~~ )ifhJ.llkjl'

oj

etl'Cb

ti!~/Ung.

[}j,/~ ,~hf!

ye,~! .She '~ook out a house ~mm allier her bouse was de.. ~ ~~rO'yed by f100d!s. i:i:er new house sl!i!"nds 01'1 a higbphuforun, fO'\!I:'~eein, quate rne~res, which. rises sec"'e'm~metres abov,e I[lae s level of nll~paddy f~:e~di$ lil[ surround it on, ~:hre(lsldes, T,I'a~ U [)I1iI~ka-Tafl,ga.n rOMI lles iI~oi'lsside the fiOunh. side. The house consssts gf a si~ngl!t room ~nea.~urillg x4 nl(ft:r,tl~.~Indaim. 6 m![hU'Llding. :2 x 4 nliu,m~s hil size, t h:IH h~nui.Qn$ JJS11k u~:(;~e[l1I, T~]e two s~c~io:l'lI:saru PO$~lt:~un~d11tlrigln lI[mgRes, '1l3.C.h. U) ,mher
11[1.d crearea smIlllU ope'rn'11~.rspace .ha( ;IIL~o 50 :l.e~s ,l~,an

ourdoor

ml~s~.d(:l latrine on the sue _H,~trhusband

ls al~o, inH~:rndil[]l;g, hui.~d:In to and Ith~ee elnldren share the house. .~:t1I. tnjs, );[Il"n llP<le~ siu,~.lkr:ep$ go .. t~ O!mJ

eCl{lk.~ng lI:B~ll,Sh.e

ducks which

.h1el.p to

a u.g~le.t1IJ. in(,"tJrne, Shehoughl he~

the

I.md f!'Ulitl a lee ..ll;alldow~r:::f widl a. IO:llfl front 'Gr.trneen Bank Kamala BeguIn I:Uves wi'~h her husbililld i:ma new Bi,ll:l'k~mm house, sltuated some r.ftll'L'lIle~re~a"vay D:hu~.a;-Tungu,il rood. in squllr~
!I, small

Grllmeen from Ih~ :Fm.y

compound

wi[h [hrc::!.'l ther e

househoids. Her ~:rlJshil:l:iI.d owned .:he (l~g;hJ[-.h;und[r~d and

WaS Ultt ,Gntfl'il!..'ell'll.

n.l~tlr(iS, whkh (hey bUli~.~ on 't'h.ei.r~.t:mse, hUH. 5i:I'lI.<:"e!ihe Banlkrrnc:::[nb~T thet ill~ deedswere
hmfif' :l ia.r.g'!:lOpen,I[~lI
:1~IDye

(1,"..1.1'15·

f~ilTb-{J, .~) her .nr,trne. The houses

between

them, and ...t :high i

the level u[ 't:lme paddy

fields around

them. ,She eams her ~ivillg hy sewil1g, witl~a '[,mm

fr·O[nlhe' Gl"o;II!11et!1l

using
Ballk,

,I

macihune she bought

f.mm. her S;lVil[]lgll, she bought her h~lsbmld a rickshaw. Rahiss.~Bel!l;~~llil hm;.a twc-room,

's. x 3 metre house wh~dl

v[i,n,~g(! of

was

bu ill~ wUh

a Gr-Jlueen

~,flk

hOll s~l"\glo.ll1'lIn the

Hab~bpuu'. Mum:.n.igalli LJpaziht Dis~ricl. Thevmage coaslsrs of flmltil,,¥ eluseers lea \fing Iiu~~ mom fOI[ expansion. Ht.':r :hml,se face:l\ 'the river IM1~k. on oae side ao.d a ~mlln[rn.(li;g~.lh'l)l~d~l()od open il:r,~a on (h!.:l,mher Ih[ee. Silt: ~.a~ 11.kilcl'ierl AI[[huug~l it add
:I.rI

~b.el[ter. Her

hush:-J.ml oWlmed ~h{lland and lrwas n:-'.m5ferred m ile~' name,

t~dii.fficll~[

expand

s.~,e W:I nl511llutih,er

10:1.1'1 ~n

extensloa

for her fou r :snns and one dli.ughler who,

I ~".ewi.h them. Her i,noollil.e comes fro.~l two mill k 'cows "",:hi ich she bought with C .... ameen B'3nk loans,

lhe' 'Gr..lJneenBank [ioill.!lifl~Lm~n Prog:r.iu'Ilme :muted ln Or;tn1"l<ef 1~41;\'ilh ,I pOlenH,I~ hOLlse~om:tof up to TKt5,OOD,
ll[]l

1934 these

c.. meto

"

~{lIlal :3]7 loans, The' num.ber of

rose

i~" 1985 eo 1,264, but .hey decreased in 1986 when there were

Oiil~y ·Uti fie"'"' .hiOt~8in:g 100,H)s give:tiL om. Af~lCr ~~lle isasttous d
floods of 1'987 there was a S[l~rp imLC.rt.~scin [h.e nu mber of bermwer s, 21.366 ill 1987 and 2] .J'iS ~n 1988" Tihis .incrom'lil coin.d(b.::dwith above, (he
tWO

I.i~r

~~Im]'l>(: 0'.1 1 n~y.~ll(lltlnl~[iJI.iO:l1l.~d

1.1'1 1'988 rhess loan pltal1swc[(i :l1Il;Dd:i.fi~: lI[l'lI.dll :mew, .. d

IJ

S~.'Ji]~.n :olls,ing 100.11 Wll~, imrodllcc.'ci fo:r amounts H

P ~()TK

8,000 11[[1.<:1 rerlii.Il'il.(!d ~ht:l''BlI~ic Hm~s:i.ng [.oll.n'; the SIJ~l was

later ralsed to iK 110,000. nat: 'MrKt(l!::'u:e HOll~,i:ng uiIl!n: was,

[iJK-r,(;l~;S.edw TK 1,8,,000, Tha Basic I~mlll is, taken :rnill€' limes

70

nlOl[{l ofwn

lha~ '[h(l Mod~tlil~e,

[['I

all CilSC$, i[ b not necessary

to w k.e the maxi nnnn arnounr, The Bask Hmlse

!~ei[[fol'(;f.'d LCm't],of TK 1,O,OOOwinich has W be:: rep11kl

b1~CI<at five per cent interest beenks down ~5 il"OUOWl;; concretepill ..es each

add anmher lwemY-Two rn:Ulio.n US doJl~r$ to thelr fund by 1992. Gmmeen Bank a Iso plans to expa rid the areas it serve's, bm only a Rer i[ hasmlufled~he n~ce~smy sl:aJfto carry Out this work, The s[ilff ~Ul;'r declicmed
Gl'ameen Bilink hopes re
10

the

ObiOCtU\1I.1S

o:ftheBank.

In fact, th~ are ~Ily

wul:hoUI

[he ones

airlK325
']'I;YQ

rK
sheets

1.3'00

who. ~ re responsible could

110t

fOIl: Ihe;: success

oh.l:1.e o:pe;::ralion,. II fit! H. lhe;ir hard wOldt. Studjes hlls~rif:.\d to

bu nt:lles of ool"lf'~~Jied~ron
~t\('

IK 'J.,OOO
fK;OO

ha v~ been achieved

Sanimry rl.a~rii 00 Other :m~,I'tl[i1I~s, mof f:mme lOl~11 13)'fh,e end of ] 008, the Crllmee:nl3ao

The r-ellCliO[l of the users hOI:> been dimelcllt to me1lSlIJlfe. Tbe B".!'Ig~lIdeshInst~tuteof a~ss ".f1K eccuplers, Development

rK 3.20Q
irK

10,000

k hl~d diMrihl,llt:ed

3;7582,6] 8w 44,556 hQrrowers, alt <If! avei'a~e of TK 8;058 per head, P"·YfI'U~m.~re made Q~l a weekly ba5i.~ a~a rtlinj· .. mum rare, hm if th.e borrower Wishes, the repaymenl;;~ can be

the reaction off the GnuneenBard;; ]i.ous:ing Loan house From ;I ~lIr.:'ef cOi~d~c~edin the Tang:;;l.n, Dhaka <1110 Rangpuf Zofl!es. Of!! n sllmple o:f a hu fJidred a nd ~i}!;tie'e'n cases. {h.e benefns f:n:lIu rnov~~g imo d~e new houses in the ord!er of theif importance i"'Sivel1 as foUows:
-~.billg$ aresavad from da m3gecallsAild
lnt:en~iH~:~1 di:s;e11SJeS of

iargoerand the

time

period

shertened,
~iO

by rain:

But the 'i:llHXiII.llUm period :is f~ xed in the ratio of y~ars thousu nd~. 50.1K

- things, ~re S1I'If'eUfrom thieves, - a decreased - tncrease in the qU3.l]ty Oil' '\\'01"11; - tncreasejn eoclal dilgnlity' -capldJi:l
W1~S

[EI.oon has W be

repaid ~ eighll(l(tn fi

yeaws.

l.'h.e [~IXlymelll f'.u:ei 5 mnn:ing close to a 11m ndred per cent.

l'iundiing for the p:Bojept hag p"i.!1i.lll:ri~y come B'I[:l£~, .desh .

from the
indudin;g

Cen~~lll Bank and fwm

fmeijgl'l donors,

ill( of do.~ng more

1LS,

men;WI srrengdliincrc;jJ$(ls that

to

and U'·AD. The ltlaime:['iI,UlCe cost for lhese houses i<'O very low. It Imsicai~}' lncludes (he replacement, every two Oirthree yea.ffi. of [he jUlie l.! rid bamboo fIiIau~ on the walls, rherr·e~nfo.l'oed n.,g
NO~hlm, SmA, CIDA,GTZ

Th,e mo.s[ sjgn.ifk3.n!~ faetor seemsMJ be lha~ e¥eryo:ne

vislted had plans to .gu Gin addung

their houses .. Many by a.dldi:ng or even

PW\i~·

have ~.IBead}' el1Jlar~ed their o!rigln,aljnveMments beuer w~f1dQws. cemented

~ddiW.'1fJjal rot1i~lS, However" o'ne

HOQ!rs,.. roofedverandah

concrets

pillars shouid hl~~I: ,e~8ihl[C'{l1l years lnilixinulllil. For

~~:ill't

c"n~D~ <lOGshouldnot
hOI,s een b
T,~!C

lllth.mll!i:h the conugateel iron sh!.l>tll;hIl8 illl1O't survive w

d~s,,&S!oci;ue~hephy.~iod

proouc~Qf a house a:!"ldthe

:1,o11i!il,fenlliw anacks and hllm.id:i:t.y cause !:h~ deterlorarion

the
OrglLIl ic

of

ston of il!~o.m from the filet thil!t Gr.uneen l~flk jn!ilfi~livitics

materials used lin the

'7)l:ll~~S'i nd l:neS€' a

have to he and
II)'

prt)vidinli!: gcncrJ~ ];cmnsfor the prornmi.on of fIInm:u;egeneratamong rhe (i]'am.c(;:.n, B~:nk borrowers, ~rt{iLlmadiy Hous,~ng I.oo n. and il:5 end :rcstllt, is, an crrICcl:ive II rid successfu~ opeT1uiom, b(,·CUJISt{I:n.coorrowt:rrs cngas~d ill 3Clt.i"it.ues S~irrl!![I,I:ated 11gene'.ral. Grnm.ee:n. BlIllk~OiiU1. hi.d1. by w

repl aced :mil intervals, Smne fami Ili.e~,have experlmented

used (he poison a~.dri n at the b<3~ of bamboo ..e lim ul: the I:ermut,e attacks, others liquid bitumen, T!;.o,chl'li~'lny, these hcuselcsnsare have coated

posts to

to

these posts w'it:h

sound, The houses' ina

enllb~e5 Ilil;em [() cope w.ilh the rupl1ff'll.em:s on [he house, and emhellisb
it w.ill.h s1.lvi:ng;s, made fTOrtl

prctecuon from the r'J in is good, .111 ImpofllilmpQim

thetr self.ernployrnellJl.
ijllfll

monsoon, c:mu:m:y" land for most households i~is a s~gnifiC"Jn:~ .irl1p.rovern.cmoll thelr fmd il:io,rnal.housing. They also w~~hstand the &ulk

The twop;lll~al ~e'~ aspects of the G~ml'leen. wh;l~ makes Msnecesslul.Jt

100M

are

'vould not have been po~~ihl!e[or

;I

nooo~ bt.,tn':.rr.A([:er

tbe 1988 :t100d5 ~:h~Om meen ruP;I.i.r.il"lgdtcdr houses

cydm:l!I:~s

poo:r people

ee tllke'OUl

" 1000lfIIfotr

house wHbo~II' <In lncosne

hOUS(l oWQ.e[SSp(l1U

~!CS$il'lD:n.ey

to~e'P!lY ~he~olln. The' income gencrilHng 100""$provide rhern wir~h I:he whe'JrewH.h."tl to do thar, Tbe vjsiOll'l,of Dr Mohiimmc·d
YlJnUS in cremi:l'l.,8, 5l1Cha package is to

than those who had Emd,i[iorn.alnotls(ts. . Th i~ was also appJ:l ~elliltlytrue for the disastrous
GF.ltl1een Ilarn.k house owners ~ stmrn,g frame for' the house C:l1"Ibe removed ~nd

be commended. h is

that h~1theB:~.nglad,esh. coastl ine i'F:1 the spring of 1991" The fared much better, and rhey
!UJiI

[mly ~Il exmuJil'din.tiry

pmjcoL

IOeil~es~ lheir he~oflgingl'l .. The retnforced colnmns proVide of

as ~,ong ~~s soil erOS~D[[ ls

g,mUlld.

a.

malor pfo~)lenl, [f erosion becomes sertous then the columns

tnmsporu~d ~:osafer
fo'r

'file
~'ll ni i

level

of

~ec'h.nolog,yrequired

building and

rna inAI~ the

ng

t~.i.C'":;~

hm!:;,es i~perr:e,dy f~d:lp~ed ro dt~

U[$C.rS"

n.l~l~cidil~.~ fmni~il.lr,l'lnd ;lIre

~"q tl ilred, Th(;l UWI:5 h~ v,t: .•

n;o ['Ie\1o" cd:[I:lIicfL~ iI:'iI nO\ilJ'[ lOll b ~

f:.l idl

~n tilt: m~l[cr:lals lIsl,.'ld in thdr S'IJC1:"es·s:f'IJl OPPillrJ7i, .FfK1# AlllOV!~: ""'("flail roq(s
til'(!

hOll~es,

~.n,of wh ~ch !lave

been [I".Ledand pron>d

rnllova~:i\l!e ~ed.l:niqlJ\l.~ 1I.l:1Id rn.:n,er.i:.:ii.lswoukl p.robably not be

ropul:lrrwit~lpeop~.e The respo:nS'e

to,

of such :rllod!?Sl ne(1l(b" the pl\ogranulile has p:l\oved Lt<~ lJcccess,and S

of hOfBoweril is iincre@.s~ng, and Ihe

lilt, {is

(1/;bW" 1JOlt~i§ ~ M1,~

IlCC'l' ~jU()mcfl! f~'C O~mCC'l' .B«'l'k I:fcmsiJ!g ,Prog''a~imc f~t:!$ sbow~~ OOW mWJmal mmilS CliIJl iiI.{lkt> tii'l Jmportrml dljft!rt!'lH::f! {~~Ib~ lit:t!&

gre~ltl'le.'l8" Tille number

OJfJlIOPJf1Il>'ho

be{fltn'v.ru/'O.nlsly

lJ,t>fd oW UWe hop!]for~, bell!]¥' lifi~

7]

crras KIJAGAllBllAN

DEVELOPMENT

SAMAruNDA, INDONESIA
Cliem: M,wniclpal Govemme,u, Samarinda ..lJfJl)fJloptJ/~ IT pal'ldurrJ;~abu;iab (Didik.&xluMl.~uli. DiroclOl'J, &1m(;lr:i,~ctda_ Art;bllec,{:s; Al1t;ortiO ismae~PI' TJ'iaco aJ1.d IT G~'-iJxl~71am

lustilu/ttlor' De~l"(}p~nrtm Sludl~ (NGO).JalMJt't~. UstfI'S: Kop.m~s.i P'"'t.lu-IJ,;'ung m-nr P (the i''rifm~~lal s;rlctf»-';r){_)pr!/"lliveJ,Samarimk~, CDrnpl(!UOl~ Dale jr(/:y 1986
Ai'(.hi./~S"J?llImr:t(J. S[Xmroi;

Sllrnnrintill. is SlltmJ'ttltl (l,n t~H~banks of ~h~ .M~habmWiver Bo.rncm is one of the m:Jjor hlilber .f]~u:h ft)~l.nded the
c,L~lyfur

..

;I

U:ffHll{> of tucbJlt'ClUral

tll;li'k~ll.!Nibin

em mi(!~jlllm.rfif~d

!!if;b~'nlr:.

111rn,d the pmvilrncua~ eilp.u~:;df iEaM K,L~im<lll'lt<ln in Borl1l:o. is o

f.~f/flid~1illbm/~h~jW
,M tll)jJ~

li"w Sa~I·Uj/'t'jdaJ'mft.iM;OF.POSm~
Ni(fI,;',I:j lm.~ ~jPl

P/roM I~OOv:iN:

t~nlre); ~~foc:.hmes,i.a, and l

j~tilbjjl a UI'Jl.c~~, Cilui Il,rm pyram#f.tff

.'d(!j'l.~'n)' (ff.fl,~ ()wu,-

Sam'lf~nda ~\~~~~~ ,ls~h!l!!tnai n depot fo~ H:. reg~ol:l, h~, r'act. the
~lJ\\'[1

l,jllmwt"r..:
lot;'proi~t:l

mfJJ.~ pIYlj1.telt.' fj' (1t&1/#~lJt,'!! ~tI{imil)'filr

irt Iheni!le~it:em h,{,,1el:Uu:rv ",pecifi-

dl,U reason, and l'lube!' logswere

shipped down, I.ht::

r~\1'erf:l\nm it~ PO!!"l.More ~h;1 ha~f the 10m I [~rn1I)erof lndonefI Ri.. ise~'\;poned. rr<nu the' pCH:'rof SUlllilwil'uil:a. lhi~~ a:s.Sl~resthe cnminued prosperity Qlh:l:letown CV(;n a~~ il[~n("l!lrS a dc::'Va~mt· inJ!, eff~ct on, ~he fore.~~;~. other ~"(_"on()m,ic Iwt:i:'!Iit)' of :th.e lh~
region is orr-.~hor~ oi~~xp.lom.[~on, r.h~:loggung. oiil.c:l'xp~om. (ion, and cxp~oim(iort ~lIilpll,oym{lm lue:lwilh
11['(l nmMI}, linl the

hllrut,;ofJ~.pIl.!H~s.e. h I);. therefore,

:!I.

SOIj'[:!1 Ko:r,c::a:n.or Taiwanese

COliIl~~1 nies,

high

II (_'OnlilnILm~lls~y grmvil'lg

popu ~,~tiur! of

d'lc::)'ourng and the pour, .:;~I<i.ngwolik Sam,lrtl n~bh~.~ become a fOC;li1 '~O'WtiL

in these t!<Ldelii.

ft il' imrnl~:gJranlS, The town did not h~ve ~~il,nt~~ing s~o~k lha[ ,ocUild ~jtA."QI'liI:~noda[C
I:his iI1Ifil~~)I:. theim ~1igr .. nts SCI lUP",Ilaciks ~fld squauer so seuleraenes, <Idding eo the 1:itcldu5rrt:and (h:tl,n.c~~rles~loo.lii.of

the

town,

'I.he ~ropkl!tl, Imnnid

d~11,11itC. W~[]]

its

uncc::-.~s1~m:l fiJ

heavy

mil'lfal~ (1,850

mi~.I~.ll:'I~~res l.I.rInU;JUy}. W1UCitr'~.o.gs I:h~

IJ

land a:n.d~heln, rorles i[" and rnla,!,;cs an e :ir

m.eru: K~ Hve ~rI. H:ow~'V(;:'r. S!!Jlh{wes:i
1l1l.d [ti;!U

n,p~ell~m e[;l~'ri m:n·

11].0"'"

dces

11m.

seem W s~:op dle

GI

O'filn,lm~gmlrii.t~wlito(ol1i;~ in iFr()ni1tF.lIM :1 nd Cel]lm~ J:I\'1L. Soulth Smnh Kall

im:l.I'II:l!IR

Si I.H_"ethey

nnot

1i~.1 f~nd

otffi.clalwork they seek .hiuLd!:lll em.ploym,enl' ~n, !he'

lrxll:lil f:acillities or as hllwkers_ These pavement

tHIi!,,·~J. ~n

h<llwkel"~ or
~Q

fI,'(;jki lima have grown in.nurnber.

lllil.m~ ,J.(''OU r.~teflumhe~' woukll

rroiill ,.1ihnu~uul il'll9'B3

If~.v,~·thou~ hy 1985, These are the regLlltered figures; :a .. nd a

~")~nbobly closer be

IQsil(,-

thousand, This is rellecred in the rise of thetown popllhu.i~~.n,

whidh mile fromU7,9UI!n 197110 343J9-8 by 1987, l;t",]93·S the M~miC~IMliIY Sill.n:;qrll'lda began I~Oconsider s:pt:cli.~,1 or p~ogr-,~mmes mmckle .~.h.eprobh:111S of ~iILC ~'>trecl:IMlwl!:eo:rl5

who w'e'~cdlJokiltlJ!,l~h~~il[y's streees,

All.hmlgh

,x.",.mp!u~g, (~r

urban sh:!m, impro\lelllcn~' schemes had bC±:!I.:ln go:i.n.~ lioil'llce 'DIl 197'5, th!;:Ciu'a N~~LgH ProJ(;l('t~Va.~ ~h~ nrSt omfll1Jle.rrd:d, nd a
'n.Oin,-iniOusitil.g 111e sIn!},
:l r,~a~, that

:rr,~lll.abi.l,i[mio.npitq~rilimllitle mtde.lJI::;tk(_>J1I by ~he' oily_

()f

the project is illll:ere5Iirilg.

Mr Soet\'<Indi

,lltl ex-

GOV'(lir.fiDf of E11MKal im:lnt:Jn

wllswolirie;:;~ ,Ihom

~pr:lwl,ed across the Of!IMI;e

i

hls SOll1,D.i.Ji.k who had

~w,~ mecl retu

~'h!elum s of l'i1L!llIOBri .., fJe a~ked nd

from ,qlUldying m

Ber~e~.ey lJ.niversity, whether he couki nnd a

col ~nbommr

ilild

73

d~v~ln:p

11

~cheillle for atown cerare, D'.~dU;: eoruaeted his :PfOj~"': illil. Me:.>:i.co.logelher, thJey ecopted Deveik~p.ll.le'.n:r I[itle IXlilll.Zti:: of
~~1I~[WlI.Sa~lruadywor,k~nsin, '

A ,·(:m.W~iN,1ii't~,(){)!!!il :thfdt,;:..-r,

wb{'Cb

S(J.rtJ(jg tl~.:iI:

m~~'Ir~,g pOWI

{;!l

tbfl

If:ri~ficl.AlnnHii tolsmael, a Berkeley arc~Jitect who was wmkif!;Il OI1;lJmmmun.ily Sitlmilies, lh~y
lUI

mfds~

tile s(:il'\!':tm~s Ad i S~son()frOiln ihe InstimterOf of NCO p~~p<lredascherae H['I.d ~.ook[[: tip I[itlrough

~,!d SJfijJed F(~1 fl'rm~ (.dd ~ ml:d/~ro1i~1 (I,.~t:1 ~. Ib~ lugh' teJ!l'~j' u.wtJ·as tl &mdmark ~'f'l tIN! d(J®lojJmIJii·t; 0 VBRtlDlf', fROM .tI.BOVl\:,
Sile pkm,: deN,!mj's

of fix! p~~~

OProS1T1i~ C~~

!l!'f)fXl Qr-rl~a)QltJfi!'Jf;~lftglfrt!~

Salnar.ino:ia,.

'thegm,\'emm~m bu r~.u~~mcy,Ieve~ afn~.r~J~V«'itl,niH ~IU was fin<lUy pl)~senl.i!::dtn and approved hy I[:he Mini~,,[er of [m~rlior,

lhe decree WMp[-Hm~dg;lIted milJully 27, 198:;. Tillie arguments used Ito pu~ the Wl!ea:> ;,LC!:(lSf; ,tihe GOY~I'rn· W mein~officials· were the fonowi~lg: - :Mtlilla[in.d<l is tile cap~I[ld c1i:ty of East K.3J1m.. n;~"fl and should show 11 moderalsed from fOil: ;aUsectors nf theeconnrny _New d(lv(lI.opm.~ma{~[iviU~~ :~ttdro be llnd~fimken for lhllt
purpol;tl.

- the peopk~'s p,,'r~id(l;1,uinrn, IJit all leve.ls,

.<!p.. ~be~ic amwdellnd dyn~.filk and <lc"U\I'e b~»fjy;

WO{li~d

:~rn:p.r-ov~ l[ih<!D'rr

shoukl Itrnn~fbITlil dllem inro :1 mnre

WorR~ slum,,~asof the Ciity. Rhmuld be' eMab]ished~'m~re as

- a Sl'iU'i[ shou]d he made ill. the

andn.ew
pll:rI:

cornmerci;.d

r...eil lties .

of Ul~ U)WIiI:~ [mltil,~r\Or:mSJtiOitii peocess.

TheGo¥~mrn.en('~~ approv::i~,wh~ltiI. i( Cilm~, was

stlb~e<."~: m
I

the cmldi~i.on5 that fitm!il finallc~s

not to be used and that thiny P~[t'(l:r!I[ of th~ space at C:i~:m N~ilga would be alllm:;a~e(jI,lD Mrn~[ Ihaw.k:erS who wowlldJ. oonsrlrute sb:ry per
W~fe

ce'miit all the shop uw:rners ·of ~h,tlCellJ~:r,e..il"h~ uf

a!pp"'ml'a~.w.as. neoesslIry

ffia.sOIJl'tl~,1U

[imm. the Cem.ml ..Qio¥etmnlLem was

because IhJeproje~~I:equired r (iove'rmnent proPO$Diil:g eo

~h$e

the

~IISe

of ~;and he~.ongirng to tm.e Also

dil,f;l

fm: I)'.rivate development_

pmject

W;1[S

newlue;thodls (~furban man<lge:m!lllit 'i\lffiI.ic1l W~~e~ll'1i1CCC'plableG the 1()('1I1 MWl.f!idPil·~l~y. ~alhe,r dwy ~ or
co'!.dd ['il(.n aC~: them w.ii:hGut poor lII"pprov.al. on liiu![ihonl~liei\illJak~llta, Ihekey

rro~n the

hi:g~er

Ito lilLis Itypeof~lulna:ge!ineru~

wm; [hoem()bm~~a(in:t1lof

variollsk:ey

resoutces,

no~ only the

lotalli fill C~.n:~_r~l~. Gove'.rrll'Iilent iI['ilcl ~:hepr.iV'J~eet.:'~m·, but, s most i:mpnnamly.mind~liC1C1:[[h_caO'[~\I'~pill:'~:i~i.pmi.ol:l the I of ~oclli. i[1:I.l~.bi~ll:['iIrrs,he low incomt: f~mi.li.es wh.o iUe~n.y t n~x-'upiedthearea in q~lleMii.()n. he prc~~l't: d~sign T wus not
only
In

be a S-ellf~c"o.~~ret·oyerylse~f-fli.n;:ulGOO alrl.d~eif-

sustaining em:erpricSe bl~la~;!;o·to b~ :I. p:rofi~lIh~eyemlll.ru,

<L1~ngeth~ir"mhiliol,n1-i ul'lldernalldllig.

1m

fhe C~I:mNi!!ga site ~~filllt. and ~Wlrl'nu~,d·r:)d :1n sides by on ~·()llI;nllLen.::La1WI!i)3J11 devdop![len~. and "'elhiCU~<lr~()Illdsthllt are ' crowded widl a wid..e V'arlel~l of mob!'~erransporrs. Buildings in. I[h.einlm.edilne Ileighbou~hood !Ire g.efiier.allytwo s~Dfey~·in h~~g~![,Be"yr~.n.d le ~~i~ctse~f. w.i1IIerethe land Pf~oeS are d i hii:gh~r, the bu iklings areconcrete 5~mctllre$, Fou~lI!nd five ~~orey~ .~.igh. h'l1lm~d~at(l~:y U1CS()UU:~. D!> N:uaga-Sel~il[l m tbJe dIJ1i.lc11rrill~cw~ty .crellt~d ttl: I:he time .of the p.roie<.'Il, The designe r WlIS de'.ir in theo!bjecl:ives of his scheme. ·i'illiey indILH.dJed:

- the creation (lit <II. p]<Ice whe;~e·~:h.e Iridh and pour could

m~u~I,..nye j~'i:~; x
~ the il(."OOillrnOOIllJio-n of aU economtc kvelt~ or~:hePQPl.II.lati.on

I[D!ethe:r i:l1l.d~"'ithno segregation;

75

01 D

.1

~J~G~

H~~r:s,'

StaUls

~M~hoo= ;Sltop~

16

~ the creation of innow!lle" ,oof.lex: ,financil:lg eeheraes ~hro\a:Sll a miXit'IJre'of 'cross subsidy', 'se~f finance', self ,genernUn;g: :ru nds', 'resource :f~nal:ldng'. a rid ba$ii['iJg ~h.efll .on a

coffee

and d~i:nk\S shops,

c~.nt shoes and leather

seventeen, per cern {<xxi, :o;i;;.;: poe. work, 'th.ree per ce:n.t. medicine shops

:iltl.dse'V~1:Iper cent others.

risk management basls:

- ~~.e creation of
il profimbUe

OI.liH~I acmties, ia:lc];tlded inl Ih~ design of the p.roj!.:.'lct.were; f

business which would :undud!(! de\i'eloprnerll
1I

symbolic

tower toact m.a fo;;a~pointfor the ~ile. public open s;.~mcefore"'en.ing glltheJ"i.l1!g~; Oil " co"e~ed SP3'Qef'Of pe:l'fQrmllm;e .s; a Cllr pa.rk;

~:i!t,(! s:oci1J~1Ind ,ecdJogical[ooMsij,

~oj~e~s; bale bale; oran ~pac;e'[f"me"

- the

crellW;;'11 or

a fl1.iK:ed

use ..nd~fltegrated

scheme CQllJslsting of h.Qus~~. comnJefcial fac;iHHes; - ~he d~vision of ~he projeot: il:lm phases fil:l<Hildng viiilib~e,
1[.0

and rec;reatiQrllal
raa ke the

and"
Oill

fleW

MeaJliWhi]e

~f<lmc!'Oad.foro;m~l:!'l.lction between fh~ J] IIftd JU_ 'tlle designer, A:ntQ~iolsmae~,. was i!i~o wO'.l'kin,g,

lhe Fl]nc(ionalrequilfemtlalts,
d~sigf'let discessions and ~h~ developer,

oJ~:he bl1~ef, for bmh dl~ were d.adfioorndy

W<lre

a number o:f different fronil\'l,imc£ra:~'ins aad cooiIH.:Ii.lialing the dif:feremils:pects .ohhcpropect desigiil, from creiuinJg a f~sr~v-e ilitm.osphere, and baziliil~·"likc pub]i.c squa:l'es, atrm
alrm and Imle bale,
fOil:

af~~r 1~I1iSilih.y that

11~.1

th~ c'OmJn~rdal
1.0

and :r~creaHo:l'ml

tlh.il!rlaS'l'oo fOIf [hooeyChlI1S,w.ith the users and the . classes

ben~'lw[of

dleCOm~lUrl:~l:y,

a p~d.es(ruan d~s<~gnke>!.'lp.~ng
for Ih~

'Gov.e[;llJmenl:. The pr.im:;ipk~s thar evoived

and

vehktll13:r [raflk to the piildp.n.ery. CIUSM:r devel.opm(lm

of users would I:riavelne sarn,e r.igl:u~,l1Il]d use m:W1,sl rnuH:ed" be

commercia.l ~tl'ee~ hllwl!;er5, and tile s~~.(}p.hou5es Il~.d to be design.ed wre:[lee~. 'the traditiona] go.ten,g ro'y\!';l~]~,Dr :mutulIlt <lid ~.ife$~yl.e" bll.d .sha~ifJg hlld to be worked O'l,ll for playillig spaces, :i:<Iroagecun.ection, fire ~af'elyas wen as n~l~ery radlit]es and pla.mi!'l£r PocketpSlrkin,g area,s had to be djstrib~t'ed to avoid 'pa:!'kin,g deserts'. lJ!'ib~fl art hadto be pl'ov.ided wj,th "" setting so fh!a~ the 3Jl1l'liie:l1loe was civilised andc,;!I~II.!:~ed. and refleeted ~he ~phi~ o.f the oociely.

!th,e de-slglfl.!lilUM~eaect local sw!.e, and be ,physicaUy attractive. f'lunl:ien:no.!'e the layout between the hui~dl.!'.lg:,<l should be $i,H.;'hthat lmegra~1o!'l fOJ" aU users will be easy. wbi~e ·~h:lW!'lesso[ design. should be a:vQ1ded, lhe developer defined [me fO:U..ow.inglypes of users for marioe[i:n;g: th.e com.pl.ex:: hous~shop()Wlleffi Oil,Sh aad i m:~d!dle in.oofll.e le",els).,kiosk-corJ:il~r shepowners (low i:n.oo.mel(tVCllJ.) andpr:lv~m.(lm m:u:J~r"infhITl'na.l ~c~Or Uow~S'!
i:[i).oome~(lY,~D, The pro,grnml[lewa~ cun,e;e~ved i:rnthree phllSJes,w:ulh the fi['s~ phase C'ol1aemr;:n:ing on <i~G~O'I.llly commerdal de¥e~,op'rnef!i~whQ!e sale' would fillanoe the second phase., thaI rela~~ng ,t:o the'i!'lfQ.ma~ sector, As rhe ratto of bod 'use' between the m~J'onn:;dectorand othe.s had S!he~dybeen e .specit'ied by' the GQvemmem,~he developer had to work oriJ~ the econo,lnics with great esre, .Afte:riliU, Ihinv percear of ~he built spaeein Phase ] ~"'ThS goil:lig~o users Jor free, whi,le sevenlty per cern of th.e users bad to purchase the prcpertles

area 'O'W~:~S 7 he,cl9r~s. lhe~~la,1 bt]HI:-lIP :2. phJas~s ls 18,300 sq,uare metres n,83 heetares) p~us ] .,;800 ~n (he i:trn:[o.ml:l,lliec[OT. Open. spaoa and
plO~e,ct, slre

The

area of aU Ulrree
f'I Wllys

pedesl'llii

mke lip 9,501)

s.qJ[]11l[(l

metres, 'whi](!

:rolldls

take a mere 1,12(1 squa.re me~res. 'fhe break dbwn

oJ the

built-up
j [lformal

spllce is as fdnows=

shop-house asea covers ']6,870

sq~;are metres,kiol5,1k8~ke 'up 1,4:45 .squa.re rne~:res, and the sector occupses 1 ,SO!) SCJjm1femetres" Therefore, in the flnal. sehene, the im.olI1l!a1 8'ector gets 8.5per cenr o.fdle tolilJ~.built"up area. The oomple:)l hSJs d!oub\~e~ i]t'ld sin.g.le~~o.re)'ed bu:il.dings, 1,11.erorm.er coaslsts of a. house ebove the shop and Js sold as si1lig~c 1[1lnil[3,Kiosks fl~e si~8~:e sto!t.eyed tl.l1Jdl:l3.ve pymmid3.1mofs,. TlI1.ebu.il.ding syste:m uses wooden p.iles fo.rrthe foulm.dJa-

;'In.dgc.n~:ralJe p.oofi~as thecooss-subsidiy, Tile bu il.dill18

progremme had tobe romP'"tJ:ller.i5ed~o tna[a and ['emrn was, a\l'lI.~liible.

now

;\O\J,ffjciemcash
ttl],f~

The p!hii~~i:rng thenumber or

tli'[pe~~ of

of retai] ollttetsfDr
]J

three

ti.ol1J5.TillLS is

11.common,

usess

W3S

p.~alln.ed. 3S foUows~ 'i[013J 27

to the .\lwlImpy soil

loc-a.lrra.tlt:~Coew.lTIi.ich~s 3.pp.rapr:iale c.on,dition~" Buuldl.ing supesstruetures are

;lInd beams", ",,!hile the kio&lks lIre
~~3Us

~Phase
Hou~e;~oops5S:

made of concrete

columns

Kiosks
Piiv,emem.;[mdesllii.ops
Prcorn. tih,e chan
WlJJS,

2S
224
lIbove

14J 79
2.24
~.!:LPhase'

made 'of t:lli1'~wOOtXl_ MoISt.of~he'mClifs 1If'l;!mllde of concrete ti1es~ Q.nly~he 8t:!'ee~ hawkers' are covered !,'vitll woodei:l i_hi!'l:gle!l~Ex;terLm: wal ~j'flfi'ltls are ofij~d Floors are made of both. concrete
SPilCe'S,

b;l..ck8. wh!le the Tbe ~lI:Iililiry

giiven itsf:adl.ities

an in. one

it can

be seen that the infomlll~ .seot:or

h"Jiter~m: f the residemi31 spaces uses pl'Ywoodpil!nJiUoilil~, o iU"IIdwood.

,go

U, and ;th;~~the

'!MIS win iflg ~o waut unU~ P'h;~se' IU. when the cornu1ileiIJCillill ts ~l~gi<eM, efore ge~Ung Ills nn;alretll,lrfls,. U r31t:to b was a r~sk he was 'wiU~ngl:o take' becau,se' he' 'W'<i,sure that s pfOif)el'ity value's wou~d ~ise aJfle'rPh.3ses [ and n. and hi8rn~es wO\I1d be flWc'h higin.er,. ]l paid off ooJ"ldso.meJy,. He was very particular abo!l,u the ki:ncl·of re~ail 9iOnvit,y thiu shcmkl be aUowedoudeliS. and only permitred si~ tYlPes of ac[ivi[ics·in

developer

system uses dmlble ch:a mber ~ep~:ictanks. MOSE: of the open the p]:lila g"ndthe parking sreas use COalc],f!te block pa vers iill.whi.clm. piH'tia] ra ilm,Wil.rerCilill be returned to the so~1 viii :oom.... se~J!agc, ]n. ,f'aCI,. [he enUre bu~l.djng [~(lmnol.ogy is d ~.ocal,~Sare the buitld:~ngm~l:er]al;s.
The :ri}roj,ec~was, cntlreived io]983,

ciwo yellffi~ater, in Sept-,

sale.

eJnber [98", the .~~.c:ence lbu~.~d:~Qg for '('DJmSEHCtiOllW3S g1i31lted, 1II.~.d by 1986 comlillercia.1 space-5 were lIhe::idy upfm
T01a.~ C~'t8

I~he in£brmalseotor.

Ow: of atomi

of't,W'Q-IUlll.dred ilnQ

Itwel:l.ty-,fUt.:i.f shops, 40,6 ,pe;,rCe:iWt. 'Were .gar.m~',rrut ,nd oowi:IIL,g, ~

for~heproj,ec[

1I!:e diffiCl,ll,lt~o c .. ku~a~:e hUl

th_,e

nin.e pe'r c~:rrutwere i.iiI ,gen.e.mt m.erchandise, 17.4 p~rceru

basic

C'QS~'5

are as fO:IIIQw~=

Ph~_s~1 'P,hfu~~H Ilffil~~~~ U[

'If'ot .. ~

Rp 1..1 bi'Uion us $I. 746,OOD Rp 1.3 billion. US $.2,063.000

R:.r 15 hinton US :$2:.'~lO.OOO

if!;p3.9 hiU~o!'lliiS

$6,189;000

Other costs, such a_\~ res€,~lt~,iIlg. those wiI1I.o did not ~ nl: II(~ s~"Y in thie project limere,~I:(,'in$[~ were

came to Rp 0.4 h~I'lion, Oil: US 5>634,:000, TI:ii.~ R:P 160 Ill'In.n iOlli!. or US S2'53.000. Wbt:ln One
for~&J.iN.}'.eighl per wh~le i~

.md c.. rt<J~Y8~. \f;i;;\!II!Iwhu ised the wh(]l~ dil:lv~l.up!n~Il~, need W be ~j:ngredOUt :fC)f pmise. Tille U~~1J;u~ll~''1!lt~mnf u,~in:iJ ~he co'mmen:ial pr.~oe of Ihe hig !lholpc.~ n s~l,b~ldiM: the~'n!lt;;tnucUo<n of the pliJhlk ~i'eil~ ~,nd ~ ~'he 1"11 vement hawkers was 8-oe'E§ec~ively worked om Ihlilt ~1~.1 ~!l'ie'~f,iprufi~edfr'(~rnll, Th.e a"hi.eveflllen& of a mil( illr~m~1
risk, and Anllnoin
[Sll1!~H~l~'h,e a~l;hit~~

mutle~:-;h<J!~lven the g
it becomes a complex

plmje<.1 sueh all, ~nOmlm~~ dytllal'liln~ml Ii\Jm

Il:llllik'et.

li~d~l.de"£ tl:lxe.~, the Itmnl~x!S'!MIS proball':ly ~n:M.md Pip 5.3 billion. ' In Pl\iili>~ [ th~s~l~ of Ih.~ 5ho[J;1S ~id [lh~~
c~"rrut. [h~ itaki .liU1:u:, or l:iThe of .illfunlll,:d sl:l~:~o:rf1I(:~.litues_In

A ~arglt chnk"(lUs a¥lln 11Ih.~e Jor

..,tll[~s,.

the visJi~ol1lwho carl choose :(tmn ~xp~nsci,,,~ re~llllmlm~,If) fdst food 'ou m:¢r,~.~rid from b()ll(iqm~~ 1.0pi.l"'~:liIl~:lfn dothes 1J:'hi~(_·Ol'l'ipl!.':K exp~r.i'em:.:e is I.md uliml.:d~;y"Il!d :i,n!:n:ncsicaUy a ¥,~:ry A5i.~ I1J o:.IIil.e. and shot! M hl:l enc;:m.mug~d_':IJCoon,,!:!)' fle\\' u t]:cvel.opme:nts

'1IIh~ p~.r't'C~:rnt:Jg.e came to eigh~een ptllrQe~t,

ptm;:elIt:Jge

Pha~ In the
i:lli;)!)ur

rose

W f()lj!)', •four

pf:,r eent. Tille l,nt'al

ex~tlm nf crc:>&~ suhc.~idy was 15_2 per cenr, U w,a~ :fh~Lfld~b.<l~:

:un. Asil.l

are looki:ng

tnW'J rds~'lne

A~le'.i(. .. n

<lppm..\;i~.m~e~ywe my pel' cenr, wi~h Ithe It ~if!:S.ei:ghtyper cenil. l}!'!lfes..<;iorm f~\t!:>'Were 6. 'Sper cern, wbile pmjeorluililagemeru: fee.'!came to 4.50 per cent .e~pecUvdy'. O'ft'h.epm~e,~ cost, TI.l~ developer ,sm a rare of I)etum of I[Wt;n;~,y-seV!ilnpc:l[O~il:il'[ b~f(~r'~ ."u; 'Whichi~ hiSh. de:sp~te the 3l:os~ .~ld');liidv~~ of Rp '00 mmioll (US .$l,U ]'000), l:i:e borrow~"d Inon~yfrolil'l. [htl StaHl
~o materi:J I cn....t._s mOllkung up~~e~em<!i

{;H5t,~ Clime

Iffmdel of a shoppi:lIilg rI.mU wh.u:;e nr~~:n~ ~io!'l iesmere~y pn:i~t .. lhi;.\;~xac~rl~te!l the "heu.dy exiM~!li_g dh'i~io~, between the rich and (he POOT. or the sub~url"}afl wealthy fron~ thetr own (;.u~y'~ ~h._I!'l'!! "fea~- In Citr a Nia~. the dev~.lo~.,~ hav~ ,~lICC~S$-

fuUy m"!'l<lged recreaee a fI enlv:iroi:lmenll:thcat refl~l:; ;lind efl(;Onlr>;JJs.'i:e~ the lm..dlii!!> an aspe"t~ lind (Ja:ss!.t.5 achy, of {~r and j fIj il pl'()fit:ab~e linilinner, whirh h~t~hvjmlsI)i'nJO lll<lllm, fel.lt.

Bilnlk wihich
'00$(. lll[

ll'['

one 'tUl'Ile'ext1~"tld&1 h~rr~:y pti[ ,tl~till of [he project per Ctll'i( ill'lllteru51: mite.
iI Ilt'.wm:ph·

a [~my"one

fh~ {:"(),,~I: sqmllBI:l metre ofbuilr-up per lIr;ea.W"~.~ 289.000 .Rp ,nr US $4,,8. l'wo y~1I:r5 later the' eost rer squ .. ~e metre for si:mi~arh~lliklings m... w Rp 425,000 n~'us .$;674. ~ rh~~lll~nJ~:e!'laIl!.(""e f~u' the projet'ilL18 onf,ied om hy a ,'1e~f!1!.l1l!Ja;geci rd wi!!;t repre~lltativesfrnmaU bot! dl~ users, Th~ $r.:~vi(.\:dUl;rges, purki.mg f'Ot.:'.~!~n.<II~ni~.~t f~~s g(;tItt:Jt'.ult!3.n
anm!a~, irwQm.e 'of Rp l2.<ioS 11idl:llio.rn (US :H9t.!,OOO)., whereas

(if tile ~"(jl~tmflll t\a:!"llc'ly (ifs!.u1fM {jlchtd~'ll' ht tl!.(!' "f,ht!~:

CWf'O$:f'1'H: "l'i!-!1' USf! o!Uled ¥f1l!f~ (j~1 Ihl! Interior q/Ia!'J!,'('r sJrucWro:..:, u'iJlif.l U{,)~ fj'jm:uMlaJiyllN!(~l~'Y, {u1ti~~ UJ,I'b.!iir W,ll(~~lJht qlwl!~r

H1Cl'Rtlilltt.::n:ll,nct!: ~xpcflldil[illre (·Ol~i;lc.~o Rp 1]4.;, rnulli,inn, (US r S181,.000),l~l~ s!;lfVi.(;~(I'I~rges rl()!" ['tIi,~ .kaki Um" uf dil,e il:'lfntliLla~,.s!;."{'[or cOL'Db~1[0 R['I1,500 WSS.2·.5) ,r~,rchiI'. 1l1.~5,
when hrdken dow~. wurk..,
OWI[

as .Rp 200 f(~r the gu~emmtlm,

Rp 7:2 .for rem, :Rp .200 fo[e:lectr~city.

82f! for dil.<:lM:JollgeUTttlllltl:'l.mLr'(jl,.'ihis

'Rp 200 fm water ;lndRp

is\i'ery fllvoul"'.aMe ~n,the

kaki Nm.{,l, W&J.obefore (he prolet.;~~, ere p,,:ving ~;p 2,000 ~ w ~::If~)I'untl.Kmn:ioUl fee .....mel afl;nl:tl~r Hp : ~""'~m'l~i~.AiI<B i~b;l_s beecme ,i~,d,
it{l<WIl,

l,OOO.~ (.kl;yfur Wal~~r,

the

Th,e Citra N~,~g:'J. p.ro~eoti~ \~iUliltl."(.l, in I:he centre (r.f

the

fGCll3 and pride of

U i.\~!!. Wl:n,"~1on.~.);::ived,\"WeUp.lamLl1i~()l:ilnd at:JMill~liGa~.ly plannil'lg, li~h1lis ~llGtleedoo i.n,giving

h.t:!OIUlifill! ~ cO\mp~lex ·of hWiilliding.~ wi.:h a ttn~qu(:: di.lll" ..k·~:er and

s~yh:. iL~:er:msof h
I~beynumglookil'l!il

S'J1iIl<I~indilaC[~y C~.iiI:~'re, P~lpXe gj.l~bcr ,~~ruun [he~v,eil'll:ing~, for ,e[l~(l'rt'ai:rn.lIIlernr[, [he street hawkers

~Uiltl:S dld~ warns, Tln.e

...bible

~:m~hops, s

~ Itt! the h(j:U~~ alll.ge['lem~e

~iO[lVi~yI[ihil~[:~Ui[raC:I;~ 11nd diS'[rnclC.~. ;![diliH,:c·nu;al achitwelll.'1en;~: the pm';t:lct is of

i~lmedi,Hely

~n thevisltor,

Wh:1t isnnl so ohvlous

I:>Ihe woolYthe

pn:~eot gll~\I'lIllJ1.ised thewhole oom.IiIUll1uly 10to ~~.fl!'lllf!!.gt~~e pmjoot. sl[!l!~1oeSt'i<fW1.IIIV. It is n,~t we .. \'Oyil'l the develqping

wo.rld

tn dht:ll.un the~'ooiJ)'er'.,I~tml of I:he dJiffe~e'm, and di3'para~:e nlellit~1<ers nr a c()!:IlImtmil~Y. ,lmJ ~bc fact dUII[ they did ~ou~ ~be nl0sl iil.ll!pre~l'ii\O'e ~ch~eVe!'llent ()f [he Cilnt Niug.a pro,i~ct. 1ilteom'l1Uni~lnent of ~he people who e"oi~d ~b:l5p.rojecl: is

evidel:lt Ihe de\l\doper,

D:lcJik Soew~ltdi. 'Who uI'ilJde:[[Iwk rhe

79

IGUREL SUMMiERRESW,EN'ClE CWf\KKALE~ WRKEY Client: Ouzitt oa~~ l$t~nb.~t[ Arcbflect: 5&lat GU1:rJl, Comp!.t2J.t"ti.·July 1971

The summer resWence of Ihe Gti,rel famllywas buIll by [~~ hue Sedm Geirel for the en~o~nnen~ of hi~ fami~y and fr.iends.,

tbrut! qf l~(ll
firot~"(l Ixm!1 of

Whll!:l !fr~"'Jstalulb{l) cl)mcmpora,,~ lhe jcor1frs of·~'hc IM)Use'''''ho !le!'lI.j·C!fkjl' ,,~h~1«I~j.r"e; Q},I>OSJ7'l:: 8"W i',jfNrlid1~fI"
tI fiwp'ClW, c!mlYiEmttl ,~l:l/b(il {t~J:cm'

decIded in] %8 th~[ du:y wou Idii,k,e a ,,"YI'Ilillle'r ~-,~",ce the 91.fl"ldj;a~eregu.Gn" in 'fhey had spern om.oy en~oyable hgHdaY8~fl that ~egi(1rl aod
hUll

fhe fmni ~yrlorilll~~.ly resldes i!l15ta!'lbu~

tV{iiltiJ(J r:~mlral

the (;flroJ .H'ow.:se 'is jfm oUldoo~'P'(l!;mii: OI!I1!<J.!tA f: ~"'t.~f;m; j1ool'phm'; (I simple f;tJlJ!Jl ''felli'$, (wet: CIte' pmw ajlfu!' Clilr,~rl CJJ{CltJ;[!,'(Jg
tb~ cbamct!S1' oj.tbfs pa.rt oj OJ wlallfwlJI smt:11I sp,t;Jcc

wa:rnJt~13 house the region

W:!iS

()!f I~h.ei.rOWlll., '['he

diiuS!le and seUi!l:l':l suited siresifl

rheen, and the wealdl of historic

and <lrcbaJeal,ogiclll

an add~d ilnc(il'.n:t'~ve th~ fOil:

nlLl:ffie,r()US

ftriel1ds and [~~.::u:ives :f:r,eque['lUy ca:m~ to

Ih.ou15e had tD acoommodete

l'alni,ly. Since SI:ay', the stlmme'! ftuli'I:iI:ies and 'Ye~ be

o1.imtH<:l and concelved a 1"1

..ble to provkle privacy and sol:r[:ude .rorindL"'I~du1l1$. eda~ S Gi,lif~1 acquainted hill1$eUwith l!h.e ecology. CQ.rJ£lfUCW:U1Jtechn ique.s Of t:he local anm,1~nd "['he ve macular :archi~ec!ure
wesll(l[nQOI1S~

.. ~ch~tecw rnl de,~ignco~iMi[lg of se\!'e'flI1i.ndepe1].d~m unlts,

of d.e A.t::gean and southMedi~ei!'ro;n,ea~., rnQS~ofsen wHh "

oJ Turkey i:t;oollcepwilUy

Wihil~was!l1ed Slo.~ nouses, cube-shaped, flat

[lU:n(l[

~:hal'lasloped roof, are the nerrn. Today mQ~~ .., and havea

houses ilre ron:su1JJot... ofbrjd . '<i stmCtu,re covered w:i:trnri~.(;l!L

wooden roof
hil,

l'~iki;Sh I~.ouse.!l havea great deal of i.nlmHt elem~[t[s dtem, [loomS;ire p~ovided wilth alcoves, cupboards, 'Of these evel)'dllY

siJ]eIV{lS, lIliHti.es

UlJiciles, laUiced w~f!idow~ and sofas, lIlI.1 oh ... ~.dll1re b~l.i~rimo h

I~h.eS~(iJIO~lI.m~', rhei!'lco:rporalio~.

.lnd object.s~fI')O rhevernecular ~F]eai.ol'llof the aesthettc The objcKl[iveof

It:n.OL]S;iUIi.d

ar,chi~.ectlLl:re is a d:~rect:

andfWlflcUo.l1:a1 c:cuwenience[h,a~ is

asscelsted with M~dd~~B1~~iernheuses, th~ G~rr~:trestdence was ~o iliccatnmodale t~.~ fa.mHy and friendson square manes,

a single sit~. on an. il:rea of about a

.1ll0iSil

of whi.ch slopes down and rt:'stlm:bHng

~Q

the smi'l!,i

~e3.C'.h. Seven s~~pung 8ind HV;LQ& units W~il'e des,~I1Jt:d, grouped a eound di:ff'eoom cou:rlYilros,
·11

vil~lI!ge'. The fLrst two ~m~tsWeJ1Je the i!1illM.ed~a~:e for fa:mHy of

th~ afdlil!CC[, ll.n:cr his dei1th~:hey WC'.l'COocllp<ied by Ills wife. Un~i[ l coaslsts of 11~Ie~pilig ~.~, wi~~1I. pr,u\":lm bathrcern its 1I11d. 'Outdoor sealing area, whi[I,e)I.mit : comprises the i~doo:r 2
8H~iflg ~nd di[lung rooms,

ki:tchiCl'I!
twO

Unit: :5 ls equtpped
barhroemUnlr been used for

~.o house

baloony ltliLdopen g{[J~:5t:S,andhas an

:oo\u:tyai'd,
3U3dll.('ld

.:I is much Hke the above, lind was l ntended

For~he use of Swat G~rel's parettts- Since the']f dlei.~bit has

gu:es[s, linn!> :) and

6 were desigJ[1ed fo.r GlJizi n;

C£lI'lS,US[S

Gur,cd's slster ll:rn.dfilmi~r,lInd are sim.uI3.r to' 1 and :2:e'.xcepl

that I(h,ey can ~Jeep four people, '['be ,Ii.ving ~!ni[ (6)

o.f

An:hiu~c~ure ]Slllintiic Sooieties for

<I

sitJ!in_g land di~ung room it

<I

plus kitchen,

h1lk'Ony and Uni[ 7

mairnlenallOO areas,

M:ailfl[el'l~nru

COSTS

are

very

low. The residence is onliy' used

iful: is need
to

Iter~(,'Ietnilldng

totally i:n.dJependenl residence.

during the 5ummer:;.1hllTefo.r,e.~h~'.m are no h~milligcoStS, P.irepJaces p'myid~ hmHwh{l:~,an.d There

j;l;

houses the common ~el'!l'iceJl. garages:and

n~ce~smy.
be whitewl.Ished
or US :$4:5

At~oge{he,l". the to~1 floor area ofcOI'lMn.!lcrriof!

oQcupies 12:5.:) 5e~f-

no ,rooJ.ing s~'ste:m,~h(;l w:und[mru I:he S~ll Ib~ing Ih~

lIn:iil:S

square metres,
:l!ach

moot effective coolant, The

ohh~ UJ:lJ,it$ wasdeslgned aril.d~'.L'iI,visa~ed he ItO

b~
ti!~(,;"d i~.d~IP~Il.d!l'lmly.Pr:ivacy

ey'ery tWQ ye;!l.~, at

(l989),."!ld~he

a cost

o.f some T.n. 100,Qoo,

suffi.d~:J]t!. andtD
ensu red,
bUll:

wss

w()oodwork hll~ to. be pa imedllnd

vamjshed

'(lIl,Ol:I\gn, '001'111 IIImml I: areas "w'~:r,e~nc();rpOirated imo

Itllilil

the o'o'(l.mUpbHl so

i(

"",,;IS

still possiMe for the f;l:lni~y ee

'[,0.

every seven years .. Ih.l,rJflg ~he winte:r !nOfl!lh~.tile un:uu; 11f1e docsed ~~ptmt they can be opened, deafIJed and ready for use
in .iUi~l a few
hO!.llfS.

meet and ga:t:~,(lr'[:og',H:h,erwh~'I'1I!~1{(lr eyw'amed 'trl .. can feel free' t:o come and go as Ih(lY will, and t'hei.r hO$13 i.n lhernl1ln), counfl1:Bds"

Glle:ll[S w:ith

eo g1uh~r

All d~e members of the fllmil'V anedthegnestswhouse t'b,e

residence seem m be very satisfied w:Hh its pe'~flJj'man.ce. n p'Jlo\!id~s th~m w]tb. a phtMilm holidilY seuing which OOf!ln'3S~S wi(h[liJeir normtl.Hli' ~.nb:ilrl amd bllsv'~ife in dl~city, For a few w'eeks o.r months every yeilt the,), are llJlowed
e:njiO)lLllIgll tlo!1l11UtifuII ha v~n 'unnatu re,
SIll mmer

ox 'Oil

Ithi.e

beach,

The 'Open a nd frOcky terrain around Ith.eunits was left in il~, natnral Ma~e. DotUnglhe~lI!).d$cape aBenilJmerCll,.II;l; p.ine, Q~i.\'e and oak trees, NaW<e 11;.15 been !fiCQ:fiP'Ora~ed~!It:o the de~iug!1 process, lhe se...and sky, and lhe~ocky la.~dscape are

Ih~

hnmry

or

im~8J1'amedimo Ihea[dli~ecU!ral fO!'1u.n: of the' residence. There ilre :L'ill~.lllero{jj'" nauu:al sea~~"3 areas. 'lmQ~ ~he trees and rocks, a:J:lJ.Yvistas of I'he sea alldn~uure abound ~lHIJUg~lout rhe si[~. Nothing is imrldSi.v~, rheundiv:idu;li] and courtyards off(ft (he
1.00

The G~rei
fUflOi.QflS·

complex,

wH.h its :mllod.f!-5t aspect,

welL

~~d~neJr

cakul:ated and

l'he he.igh~ lIm.l. slze of the i!IJJdjv~dllmllllnuls, des:~ned djS'pe·".!iallhro~lgh the site,

baleenies
S~

1l10r,~ roru'rOH~
II

ouedoors, b1J:Lhey [
11:r,~

help to im:egmte them lnte lhe su.rw~lnd~flg cou~try~ide. "file separllle 'lll'lli~s i~5y~;u;ed fwmeaih ether, file w 1fJ!d are

have been de~:i&[l,~dfur

illl~D

purpose, to {:un.nel (h(t

Mowing :fmm the sea masking air!mher

noi~es.

The

irregu

I",

breezes

(hell nits, F,oolp'onns and coumyards

MDnes,

disposluon of th.eunits offers iii diversilY of scenlcviewsfrcm

paved with

picked

from the

beach" Stone stai.rwa'fs.

rna ny 'Vil1fiJ'tag,t: POillts, The sp~uia I unilY of [he whele CO®lp,~e;<o;

is d!.1s!gn.~d (h;l:( il. seems 10 be in perfec~: hi1JnnoJiiJ,Y 00 w]lh mnur~ aroa nd 'ill.•

buill iruto the rocks, ~~1Id1 from the UJnH:s own 't:o I.h:eb~ad].es" d Ii h.jgh waU,,:!IIl.1;lll Hne of !iipeci:lll.)' pia[Med trees, h,elp to itlSl;)hiu:ethe' residence s~~ii,m~od a~ollg
Q~

fm!u the traff~cnolses of the read

skle.

it sim!pl~t:mdi~imla~ COiJllS~ ructio.n; sys~!Cm, $1ng u

brick as '~h!C

!JuHding materlal rhewocdwo:rk,

"'' ' J..$ u~msedfur the restdeace,

aU miljor bu il.rtling

EX(.--ep~ for

pal1ls were fjjbri.auod oa

W(l[\(l 00.11-

the sim, The u::chnoi.ogy V.msall local, Foun<hu:ioJ:'iJJS we.r,e

madle of local s[:one.,:;'Illd [he infm. brick walls

srrueted whH:ewash the l.oca.1 W:3f. T.I:!J.eoof was built r

0.11 a woode.n.

structure, :!IlIId covered writih terracoua riles. ROIJ;gIi:J.ly appHed

was used. to coat the ext:er.uo:r faclId.es, andall

the

floors: were Hied. Cei~il1gs,were 1.11Iade of tlmher, and wooden

shuttees were i:n.'l~3n,ed1[0poo~ec~lhe wooden
WiIlQO!W,iL

The mlu;er.illl<l used if! thts house were

or thie sim,piest

atlld

cheapest variel:y,and ilva:ibblc lo(,:~ny. he wooden fll.llmUufe, T doors, winclows and sJ:Lti~I~ers ">'ere made by a cClallpelcru: local atrpe~[er. and clisphl'llhc .-:>i:mp1eM designs, Un~H1971 there was ll.o~1cc(f.ici[y in ehe restdeace, llghMng was p.rovi.d-ed by candl.cs and kerosene lamps, Wil~e', is from, II
wen. and [rnere lis
n,ot~l.cp]TI.OI'lt:,

The Gilrel. f'am~ly prefersand

enjoys this natural Uf'e, and is, nota,( all di~turbg{1 by the lack

of modern facllltles.
T.li:i:earchlrectural
cCIi[lsl:mctio[l

phn

\.... completed ::1;8

i111%9.
r,

3 [ijd
1

began ~n.Sept,embef of thatyea o.hb.eresidence

h WlIS 001'1.1-

pleted iflJlJly]97I. and the f:amily moved in slmighlllW:ly.

The ~otalcost

orne to l'L 100.000, or US

5700, [he cost per square metre bel.ng TL 816,0< US :S5i

:l,ppeii.~tO

(971). A~~ funds carne from the Cl'Urelfa:rnily, T.he COS~8 have been be~ow av{;'rnge for l~;l,cl~HQmll cruempoc
rnry COil'i.$t~uc~:ions,

li(iriClj~$1N"1$

O!?,POSlr~.fn a i.ll'OV'I!! qf 1= 11m ~h(J bluff abm'C lb~ Ac£ean, tbe of the Jxm~ 8i~Ff!it <li ~.m(1s'(;'·Jn~' ,ut;.pt.";~

--e ...

,l

HAYi ASSAFARAl' lANDSCAPING

RIYADH, SAUDI ARABM

Client: RiJ;adb .Development Authority, Riyadh (Mohammed A1Sh.a.;kh, Presiden!).lntul$c~f>tJ A'lfCbJtects: [J6dekm~ BO}'eI~rV'W?nf€ld & lt~'11:WJI; {j~do'lj; Gen:1'1any D (Rid:u;ud BIJd~kr!randfIo1S1 U?:'"age-nj'elCl,prlncipals tn c:'htJrgeJ Co.mp/,rPton Date; RWrmiJry 1980

]:n1977 lhe $al]dI Alrabian Govem:metl'1rr d~ci.cled to create :J new di,pl.ommi.c q(lanl!ar [Dr ~I;l;new capital c.ity in .Riyadh. [tsUm\linjt~.on was to Iril['[J;5f'!'l[ an the di:.plomlltiC' mi5si.U[Jjl,j
frOlo Jedd:J.h to R.iY'ddh, 'once

M(;1j)qf tb'c m'ajor "fJads

~UI:i{).1i$biP

ft·1

the DipfomliiUr: QlIloji:n!er, oGbm.m':~ their

,to Ib~ "i~~'~m/iV(.jf/j SJ"S/~m'lMrhy,:

lCl~
mo:'ll{~l1/lUUl'I1CC

OProS1TE~
IhiJ

It.J(ti~nmf$, /)ij)lQm'(:!tif;

tnOlUi.riOlls, used rbroltB'bau,I'

theirnew homes were

Q"fjn~r~wwPFQllfde

a m'od:c·U<Q~ o~beys'W fflUO!lI

cempleted,

the fla}l"r,Assarara~(])ip\~Ol'll>t~:ic Qlu.H'lJer) res .of open de'&en~and si~u3J~eclOct thJet1LOnh-wes~outskuts of[.lliyadh, some eight k~~ometres from the ~OWIl centre. The si[~ stretches idoit1l8 the D:a;mWah road O"'~r 8i .h!i.ngdl of thr6~
of

The to~1 area

Qom:prises some f:ilve·hul:1ilred and ,elgtuy hecta

ki~>Qmeme:s. bounded by Wlildi H~,ni:f3b Itis Topo,gmphi.Ci.iUy,

'[tHi

llO

(h~

w~~L

areacan

be dh.:J,riIClte.ris~das a\>:JM eSC3rp~h.e

,expflnse of fhu dssen pliln"'lnJJwirr:h.lil. p,redpitOus te

l1Il~n~:, ravines,

:iI.fit!

Ule\>llHey of \'fadi. Hll:mi[lIh forming

only i.nJ[:eresling pby~~cal.f'eatu[-e~,.

The d~!llS!te' RiY3dh :~sbal~ oJ an and of t

~'lcantY~S1i[lfait a hlga rare of e\lapoi.:t~ion, eemperarures

desert ZOille 'W:i:t:1iL and summ.er

that

sear between (10m},~o fony-six. d!~goo~s acacias and palms wi~h

cenUgrnde., a cihamc[e:ri~Uc of dla~ ~ypeof e.nv~i.ro.l1i:m~:rn:[.

Vegelation is main~y scrub w~(h tanru,tJsks, betng the .only lrees Ul~U grow nflTu.mUyand
other cuhi,viuion and sustnin,ed w~[ih.irri8~ui.Qn.

ease.

An

and p~,aniil['iJ8has to btl caref1U Uy IlIJ rt(lred

,[,h~ d~:SI\gn.fox the Di,plnrllllltic Q'UI;afiter was not onJy to ~ncllJdi~:3. residennal clal, cull[l.i1rall OItlii landscapingof area, offices and dubs. b~!al:so comraerThe relig~ous f:;acillitie.s lfb~' '~he community, aU

the whole "fe.;g was ~~d.i!?ied be of equal to

value and as 8ig[l_if!c"]1J~.3S the llrChi~ecllJi:al coneeur and desj~ .. The arcbl~:ec';~irJ~ style of the cemiil.lre'gion of Saud,j A~abia was tIiIken as the reference fb\!' the sl~ldy of the m~,$te~plafl. Tmdi~iollia~, paaerns o:f Najcli. 1'lf(~l~lrecmru !]re eviJC1em:~nthe urban. design of the Qllanrer. Thctt~ is (las), accessibility between all pans WiUi no ,gn.~,rseparation be~:w'ee[l,thccomm.e.fCi:al eduaU:io:r1Ri, 'pub~i.c arid :r~!Hgifi!J.5
filciltr~e3, Bocause

til",. (Hl.: aU,witl'i:i.n

wall.kkag dist11['u:::eof each otlm.eL

of 1~'S riO.... l 1lp'proach the DIp~omalrc QmlJter hlls e

becorneene

of the m.o.~l:~igll1iJic:il . rn[new~y pla.r:J.Illed de\'e:lop·

merits ,~nthe d~y,iJ riot jin thecountry.

twenty,.five
categoetes,

Oecll.pying 3. tntal ofa hu mIred and flfty hectares, or abm.n percent or the ~a~:lI~. deve~op.ed area, 'fh.e landscapilrng uf the Oiplofnatic QU<Brte.r' was arranged in ~:wo major
intensive andextenslve landscaptng, Bmh~:ype.s Oif

13.11d$capi~g were conceived keeping the harsh desettchmare

87

well in m~!'ld" hostne nature th<ll had to be lamed and <I

'1)<'11 .. <iJoed,but nm deMwvedL ]mllrefl$~,ve lan.&capingcov.ers
d£s:iglTIi,iQiboth

A pl(j)rJld

Wl'~t.

wi~'h ml

(ir1~;!iJk.:pm1el'~~,!vea/~1 n

by ~wiffgl}l 1"1 rls

the Of ,hf.S

ImIJrior, J:S' a 11ghNMIl~ned &illiUro; 01'POSl"'fE:' A. Ne-jj~of ftl(l{8t.wJ'~~.

rheseareas tlil.ll:t: equh~ r

publ ic sectloas

tmfl ~·iajm"rwm;c' m'(:!terf:!/s UJh/{;,{iI OJFC used th"(mghfm~ .Df:Plom,a,~'i~Qtdatt.;'1i'; OVMlE4!I( 11'1(;11.1-111(;1«(1 cr{!m(J;n.~ illd(wmrms

irdgiuiorl (spriliii~~c:trr dltir) ~nd wli ich form, pilr[of tim air

~'be bkw/{/i1l8 qf rbe .mu'~1l"jl md' c

to lisle
~io\!l {s cbaracUJristi:C .u Illiester,tl'

[he

private

II

ltd

·of [he

project.

The area UpC::TlL thepublic [0 pla n:t~d

II!ld

occupies

sixty hectares of heavily p~.bHc

fonrmHy designe.d, g'.J.rd.ens., parhs, wll.lkwa y~ and some seventeen

,be Ibl!'! :QU'OIrt,l?Y' oW to Ihf:! W:at'it J:la'iffi~,.,{].(.,"'.iM/; ~t~7J;g fflM;lrmQ (be"j'{j/~j~f' stroj~ijic~/ff.m of rock ledges
(I.

(4'$'~'~i

t'iE'W'/J;Q''''

the "j'''l

W l!,n> escarpesen!

WciJl!Qj

l$ iFolC(l1p(l-'

pllly,grcnHiI.ds. There are llltogmher

gal'c1e.rnsv3.r:'!.ing ~n size f!['Om~lIrgif:l lleighbOlil rhood gaooel1ls to

~~.ny pl:ly,grmJnds" hectares

Ex~encsi\'e 11lmjsc;'lpingoccupie's !'l~n;ew

per.iphery of fhe huil~ aee a, a ~d wh1ch recel \\'e"~ mlaimum water fog"irrlgaUon, !Earth berms ..JlJcI "n:~fic:i<'ll~ycreated "'JUeys or w<ldics .. n,d basins collectand dl.an~el surface water and run off from the roods into this arid zone, These extenslve ~andocapedilireasare ~ lnked ee th.e rest o.ftl~ieo,p~n,spaces by a 11.~~:work green of ftilllg>ersan.d smali gardens; ~;hey also act as u"'IQisirion Zo:r!Les
ef land ma.inly (>nl;l1L~edollhe t txm"''ee:lCI, t:hitl plllm!:ld a nd fOim:mlgardensarrd rhe [l3't1l mUy

nJ,gg,oo hl nds(<l:pC:l which surrounds the projecr,

The masterplan established the overall Qr1el1l~Jti,o[j fo\!' the'

that the t'coIlQtrli()\i!lg of water Wat:i~:obe d1!e mainenviroj1memal ohjective of d~ project.

landseapl n.g, Any~deaof
U~ 1I1]cl

ceneluded

a green and 'Wes~em15ed' garden with i~!l,~~wish

cOfJlSldered m be OUit ofplaa. However, a 'green' eflViroflm.em, co:n:.5istingef trees, fruits and other specles, hardy sheabs, planes ,Hld flowers tha[ WOuld :tihrive in this arid diLna~e, was dl01tJ.gh:t [0 beessential for (~l!.'lo,ver'J,111.
OfW;<ll~ef~~as

~.mage of the pruj:ett. Street sym.erlls,. roads and pedestrian

IlC[,WOrnS were 'Gareful~y de~igned

to create II protected
:@.5

en,,,.uJo:n:mem, shaded .from noise, glate, dust and sand, UI1Jiafi fdnge areas were to be made to act protecove h:lr'rier;s

llgni.n5l strong w.inds and sand stonns, All the lao.d."lCllpillg d.e-slf:'l~swere made to coaform to the eCQ~Qgica~<lflclae$~ h,eUc~equiremefU~ or d~ ~."O!m;ls('<l.pe. M~crod ima~lcco[lditiot1swere crented by careflll groupings

of bu iWing,s and gardens. Trees were pia n&oed]an:g all a

sneers ,andpooes~riilns

dl~

were provided wu~:h11 ,Q:~(worliiof

w.aikwa.ys ~llalrwould oonn,oot UiI.C d:lfi'crem areas, Cll,r truffk was to be std.,dy Hmi~~d, ~I:rnd kepr Out o:fenvlronmenrally
se.nsiUy~ areas, The basic
cO.IJIC'.ept

of themasterplan

was influenced

by the

He of the l.alld.The of the laad became sies, The circulation. al ~ocatedare",

central spine "",,11 fo~~ows the contours ich the phYillC3.1:si,::m:ill£ [or the rnan.y embasroutes and the il1~jo~ ueban land uses

~'er;fj~eMric~ed to the J'lJt terrain wadls, 'which provide de'~igfl oi the i'<!lYou r; tand
t~~fHwas

and

surrounds

'of the

The escsrpments i1Jld edges of the ravines and such d!t';;lrn.a~ic \I:~St'l'i5 of ~:he sll.rrm.lno,ing in,

(Joumrysi.de., wereincleded

aad also helped

IJO sha,pe. the

iU:rnsui[ahl~ u rba nis.a:t.toll, land tha~ was .fur

poo.r s.]ope
II ad

subject: toerosion, condltlons

d ral nage,O[

bad soi] Shonage and gjljeen

berms

was s.e~ :aside [fir exrenstve

landscapmg,

.of

warsr resou rces was taken ~!'Uta oonstderatlon,

spaces were dumped ~oge[her for maximum

ver::s.'lHil.il)"

mil.Um~nllace lind econondc fe'3sibul~ly" Planted

92

roods and ~llgh.l\raY8- ere the means envlw sionedtoscreewand protect ueban area" fvom nelse, .a~.r.nd . dust poll,utiotl.
a~.of!(gside the

Wadi's edge. Mo~:hers and dl~.ir children use the p.~1'lyg;rol!l1ds e::'aeJTl:sivdy. 0 :fac~,it ~e'rllsdmMe ~ncoumer ~ee.trnseo be [
taking p~aoeootw~en [he people f:lndlh~ kil[1&C@i~of tltis new ccOflilmt~ni'[y. In :~ecovel1i:ng.ti:mnd:r~ds of plants, a nimals andbtrds on the endallge.~ed species ltiM,,;JJfl,o, H~.!o·wjng them to grow and have li:!e[~e!lL\dom of thies ];@udsca.ped e'.n:\'jro'n:!Ii~e'Ilt:,. thepiQf!eer~i1!il designerl!i. and C'Q,n~uharu~1ii this pr'Oj.ect hnve made ;l!1"sU~_g of and si;gnufkant coru!ribulinn to the .'l~abl~i~~io'n of the' .n~'glOf!'8. eCQ,~o;gy.Not Qnly hil\'e the~'ue"l.re:rsedthe' process of de5ert~fiC'<ltionhl that area of the Niljd, but, even more

The d;lite p!lIIl'1 [roe was taken as ~:herl'lain r~fen.1'n!(oeoint: p for ILh.<l iplomat lc Qml rl\(!r as ~he c."(:ologi.c~1 model synrulbol:i.S. D
itng ll~~.[n(;l IJrrlribu[esohhe

Nl1j(l Eventmi.~d~llig
11:pahn

heigh~:swe.re

not to ex:ce~i!lI the height of

tree .. NIIHI['e andil:ll

in. destl'oy.ung lIU 'livi:rIItl a round Ri}'adh.,

'ecdJqgic1l1 balance were W be .kep[ intacl by ,e~clJU.ditJ]g

:~m~Jml~. gr:!lZJi.ll!,gwhi,dh. had succeeded

plants

in 1m. area

of a bundred k:ilometres

S~tie subsidres had a!~owed Bedouins

poIJic}, had effeCil~:ve~y

W e}tp"nd~helf

he

rots

and ~o .illocllScr.irnunllte·~r dig wen~ and ta.[!ks; this ~ho1il''5jgh~ed i

re.'iulted

in de'Vs.MaUng Itille

lanel.

A,cl~'lsed by ~'he co.n~I:II~an,ts, cltent fbr the

lh~spm~OOl

impOIl'tamly for the :r~l.u.re.lhey b:ave rnade a posiHve impllCl on, "tld shJJned the aW~Ui'emess and consctousaess of ~he erbamsed pOl?~lbu:lon of [Uvaclh.
The
~;Il

agreed re-use :~heproject :J.,S a, Ciu'a.lyst for feSl:ruCllu:ring UU'l

nh OOr.1lI15 lutel:rock)l~mH:ll5caping

give a [I Ilge!e'5,';
this

eeologlcal bili~:anceof
amh~mic
ttl.•lkl.:lrl"and

dl~

area.

SYl>[elna[~.ceed ,o.U~ct:io:n of s p~!o'iC[. nllr511[)i'~'~~ perl to Il'n.d fif[), species .. Qver two from the people of Riyadh

and lastung fe::elUng the pll rks" 1II1I.d 11~.the ¥egetllt!un to ,co()nli:nJ:[lles~D,gre,w .ilwiltl help stablllse naruealleok, developed II ad made
whi.ng 11:tn.d 1lutl:umlicme N.iaterja.1s used (Of the pavemenrss

plants from the det:er.torll:tGd:r,~gi.o.1lJ underwas: fh.eir r~p~lIm~.ll(g ill

tt~l're{l Itn.{l

... ~e[-ean

mtuve:rr

more (han

hundred

loca ny by growing

].OCll~ irldi~l~trte~. Ij'he "

hundred and :fif~:y animal and birdsp~ci.e~ were 11Lsosaved lind regenerated ..'rhl~ response has been ,ovef'!.'\I'ihleI:lIlil:l;g, 11h,01;1.8111111]8 have IH::Uvely become atmched to the: projec~. (j.ee:ung~~as ares~o.rn~"on oK ,<I eode

'onlyunl:ru~ive ne\\' ll1!iUeri1l1sed by the p!~oje"l de~igi.L'er.'l is u

~hemewl
pllrk,

lI!ldmesh

for

the

roofing of thearcades In the

and is ps rucu lilitly

MaiUl1eI"!JiltlCeasto be h

COminil]()i1..!S,

their past w<lyof life_ The rOflrnJl aspecrs of the la ndscape designs, which ~!1duded ,,,,roUel lines of palm trees frnn.l~n,groaiCls, well aruculated ,earth berms, and rock fonnmiofi$ thae echoed ill10
exempHfyil'lg

essenual for the i~uens·]ve lafJ;dscapiUl.g areas. [( appea rsto be: ~nder good eenercl. Irrigation and ami f1ag~ sysnt:'msappear
10. be fl]ncti.ollimg 'WeU, andwal.tlr"va$ms~kep{
rnm['l. A :mk:ro-dill:lITtk ('1Jlldilion

to ll. mini·

has been success.fuHy cre.!Itl:."l[I ..

'\~1.s

npproiXitt.fi1tl'ed evo.ked

t~.e natural (l['lyi[,onn'lellt

of rhe

regiD.rnI. abo
of Riyadh

The p!JlOcess and success or [hj~~ pmje<:t do..'!.e wQ(rkingrel'lIlio:n~h~p

dll,e ro fh,e

II n enrhuslasdc response

fro.1iI1 the users ..]rnd!eed botlil.

t~l,eI.DCal.inlllll)imms
lise .il with enjo'ymem. Ifi.xrrlJ~eswer-e ca~efidy

and the ua:rIIsierH foreigners.

me'~l A~uho~it~lheaded

ot" the c1ief!i~.the Ruyadh ])evelop" by' Dr Mohammed AI·Shaikh, and the

Other d.e~~i;gjl1lfeatu[\es are 11:1.80 proving thought

out and made to spec~.fic1l11.ly

~~lek ,~UCCe);5 .. Porta ~s, seats, (ou nrains, arcade-s and Iighl lfH their location, The bench developed! marketed world-wide patternswere for the Qua nier is now P!lve,tI'Lerl~

~wo prinC:i.p<lJ,landscape desiglJ!e:l's,BMcker ,uldWagenfekl The experience helped in blliJd]ng lip I:he:O.rgllJi'lisil~ion of ~he
DC"I."e'klpmc'm AllthorilY and :in devclopiilg lts (~pii'Hy to dCi~~ widl cOJiuplel'!: Issues, In rac~,the espertence has f:I~.low~'d the di.em to develop 11 overall plogrJmm.c for nmi.onillllI1.d n
.reg:Lon~d parks .•now in .it<; e.ar~ySI:lJ],~ creatlon, [lance,
31lJd 1ll'lG

as the ']l.iyadh Bench'.

des.l.gned a reu rtd local themes and 8cf!sHi ""ely

of

im.pl.em.emaliCiI.n .• the

workiedmlt
II:l~e:resringlye:nollgh. t~heWillY dllfLt these sa~d~LiL!> 111l.d pa rks a ~e presendy being used has provi.d>cda mirror in11\~cof trn<:
soclenes tharmake way of li:f'e. Thus, up R[rya.dJI• Bach I1:l;[iol1.11~irryor ,group uses the IEgY[1[.ians, S)'rtans
Kho:~ 111.111 Park, designed

Anmh~.r l.utd 1;Mti:rn8 5")i'rn.bol f thiS p:l.l1r1er:slli ipwas o

'I:ne dis5ern.imlt~.on of knowledge [nrHI~~mamte-

oh

remarkahle

nuasery,

11 .repository

fO'f

the local

[IO'J::L Puml~ 1'1.the i:mponance the lIuthor:it~es.

thei'r em'im!mnem. the In05~ important

those pam> of tilt: parilli ot gardens dla( .:SUU~ refl(;i"{it,helr and r

and Palestin ian!> tend
likean

o:r opening

of educating their eyes

the local people

to,

the

rrnguHw

oJ

c1lrl'nm be llndef$t3ted_

11 wil~ pmlA!l.bly be

eo ro.n.g;r~gme in
can imer:!ltt

open oasis

~e§acy of the DiJ)~oil.1atjiC Q~I<li1er.

wilt.tIt ,g:ene.rc:us lawas and terraees, and w'l:ti.ere themfamilies

~.I'I11:fa.idyunmst[Ucloeci.

marmer,

How·ever. the

moretrad itiorn:ii.1 Si~ud:ifllmi! ies .go to Al Jaj,er ,Ga~de[j.s where

the il1lsanril. outs aft:l~,eBoclo::yli~.lestDne aud de~eri·~ilo::e

configlLlrations 'per'mit t.hem t:o ,enjoy lhem&elV\es, and ~lill

'he

ah~e

[0

gUl;ar-d the pr.iv3.cy ·o[ their liglll:ly.kn~;t .fa.i1I1lkes.

ofpauerru and beha v.ioms can be ob&erved !tlSlwe:o~.;:I vadel:V duu ma'iches and renec~s ~ he <Ii versUy, th.e <t~lTereI:lJ~ social ~ndcllluH··<il origia:'iltS the ,of population, ,of Ri),lldh. r::~mi~ypknics peop~e .pog,gi,I"IS. b:tcyding fUiliC~hiking cam be seen a~o:ngsldct:(lam;s spons. Or CCl'J:lte.mptali\l\e eople se~kil1i,gst:cltls~on II nd th~ ",Lew o:h~(l p
Ii ,rich v<ltiew ifI .hese
J.

OPPOSITE: ~
bas lMlp¥tl
I'D

~om~~'ibmW bclu'{;'{'r~ "ic~"'.;:md (!x!'MJn~ kl,uJJo"ms

i!ltIC6J\img<? li${i Of (#i~(}OO.r {~mjS;; Ij.ttFtlI C{i~ h~1fl" {jt!8,.~

ta.kcfl' tQ·'!Uiji.'f! maW.'iIY /caJ'IlI'CS

.Q/JPCa" t:1S rr.#~jmt (ifi& /XJ'Sstbiff

93

.AL·KlND'I.PIAZA RlYADtI, S.AUD~ ARAB~A

Cl.ient: R(yadb D3ve/opme:mAuroortty • .R,~dh. A.r:cb.itecl: .&eah Group CCmStdtaitlJ;Sj' Riyadb (AH Shu(Jibi cmd Abilu:l.,Ratnn.(Ju i:lU$;$1ilin4ArchItects). Com.p!etio." .Da!e." NbtNrnbrtr 1986

The AI':Klndi Plaza is located :in (he heart of ~hc Cel1ll.m~

gi.OIlJ.5, dm:in~s~.rPlliv·e and commercia] a fadH~:ie5 of the

1![(Jil

''f)!r.;> laYOJir

cf Ib~

.D.rpltmi(l.t~ Q~j{~rl,~r. (J711/f.'i:~ffit h~'i(;l!$f!e!;.'fir; ZOJig.\)

of't.rn.eHayy .AssaJ:arlU, [( comprises (he b1]sic cultu ral, re~i.·

commILHl.ity., .U 1I1so·unchll.dJc:!s Frid1~yMo\S.qllJle'. 11go¥~mrnent a

In kecp.fng wltb' tbctmailfottal NajeU SlylC. tli=lt;{! .wails .(fPP'rQXim'(:jt~~~ .~'h(Nfp~"(m'!;~ qfm',jd b~·.k bmp!jr."WOPr!f~~'l:gs. Oi~
opposm:, Itioll
tiI~

dl1CtJi.ral'iw

rritijUe!l/dj'

htm&

marfilflVJJlooF lf1ue~' OVBR~

se ....ice 'Qornple}!;, a.~lllidall or pllb~.ic '

S'qIl;IlIfe wttll

.sbopp.ul1£;

.l.fAF: 'IbIs :m¥lig/;ifrm.QfjY4 .rnW'.'Prn/~li(m (jfNafrH arc/)It'!!ClllnJ ~pJ'i(;(i,re$ .~hf! !>rid ~tm!i11'1l~HClr.l oj ~'he~I ~;'j' mg.!>!;, ~hjJ:(rbfe, ~Qlllt'i'mpom'Y matcrl(iil!G; two '1IJtI<l'irn~ ldol'l,tifJ' flM .Frldtliy fl'!f;j~fl (mto AI,Kimll Phlz(:!

m.~a

arcades around it, and

Oil

V3.riiety of g<lrdefls and restaurants.

twenilV thousand

Mosquolt,

The t:o'lal are .. of the sire coversabeut

square metres, while thetetal floot area is about fifty"four thousand ~quare metres. The blcekas 3" wlmlie.,is erganlsed arm.. d tne maklian, but each ~ndividual btli Ming is orga:ti1 isecl m arroun.da ceni~'rnlomJI:'t.yard. 'FW(~ comp~el\lsa~ew;)ys llnk U'n.e block wilth. dll.e surrounding boulevards, :F~I[eriffilg ~h.etraffic
through I:he .ni:gih[ chtl,nne~s- ped~~ri.a,ns (Iltrmlgh (he .ground

l'iIoorwl:liLe motor

vcdlid·e:s (lru~:r thrcnll,gil rhelo·w~r level

where pa.rki[]lg .us lIya~.bb~~,.

Th_,eurban archaeetute of the Najd was til k_,enas the pOi~fll o.freference'. anclihe M~5~er Plan deurly show'S lh,u innu" ence, Cha~ct:erlLsticNajdi thtckwalls, smaU ,ex~ierioi!'openirJ.gS, and the p~inctples of secluslon and pri:\I'ilcy are an evldent in the de'sign of the AHtin.d:~ Plaxa. Response tocHma~eii.nd
~opogLii.ph:lI" waselse atchi[~ill:re, ~1Il,Micsquares a madeso reflect d'lJemanner of local were juxmposed ln such T.h.c sequences of rhe ditfferom spaces, souks, ilrnd l:a,ndscap~darcas of alder seulemernt
pmH':[.1li5

wa:y

as to c['e:;ll(([l: sembtance a

but w.ulilout directly ropy.ing

them, There is rio doubt about

the moo.er.rn and ullh~,n rn.e"sigJrn.of the Mock. l1he Fr~dlly Mosque" built a.crmdjl'lg~Q a ll'aditd,Ol'lll~ Najdi de-llign, demlnares the rnatdan., fQrrnuf!gorne of Us srdes_ Two tal ~m.if!are'~~l"tk the ga~eW<l:Ys the mosque, Shops, to restaurants and other public facHiUesin arcaded buildings form one of !.he otaer sides of the ma~,lan, wMle the:governmeru service cO.fll,p.lex c:omple~es Iheremainillg defining edges., Th.ese offices :lire organised around ca:refl!JUyp.~:lin.[,'(j cen;t't'a~.atrit.:!msand 3, numoe:r of ope,ncorunYfl[\ds ..The atrlum ~ used as a cooHngspl1ioe and alsoas an aide i:r1Loom:mull:ica-

uons bel'M'lemL

~:he diff~.ffi.nt: pans of the bu ildli[1g,~IIIiSUdIlS a

dl£ m.assi.ve walls wtitrn dle~.r

rich II nd var.t~d inrncr l:iJebehind

na rrfOW ope.ni[igs.,
TIli.e ~a.llJdstapi·m1g featur-es ohhe shaded arcades, small fountains
AI·KiI:'IU],i P'~azaeonsist of

and other water elements, with a few Tl!."~d~Uo~aUy.

and planters ..T~]emaidan is p3\1'ecI widllll1arMe this pubh,c squar-e' is only usedm lhee¥enil'lg-s.

plllllts, placed along the sides. Ah.. sence of shade me"n~ that