Queen’s University at Kingston

Chem 112 Midyear Exam

15–DEC–2010
Time: 3 hour

Michael Mombourquette, Nick Mosey, Gregory Jerkiewicz

INSTRUCTIONS:
You will be given the exam paper and a computer–marked sheet on which you will answer all your
questions.
 You must use a soft–lead pencil (HB or softer). The scanner will not read ink no matter how black a mark it
makes.
 Do not bend or fold the computer sheet in any way or it will become jammed in the scanner.
 Write and Code your name and student number and on the answer sheets in the appropriate spaces.
(Be especially careful to code in your student number properly.)
 Do not mark the computer answer sheet in any way except to encode the answers. Stray marks can be read
by the machine as incorrect answers!
 Make sure you’ve coded in all the answers. No marks are deducted for wrong answers so DO NOT LEAVE
BLANKS! There is exactly one answer for each multiple-choice question.
 All Multiple Choice questions are worth 1 mark.
 There are 47 Questions in total.
 You are allowed to use any basic, non-programming, non-communications-able calculator.

PLEASE NOTE:

Proctors are unable to respond to queries about the interpretation of exam questions. Do your best to
answer exam questions as written.

This material is copyrighted and is for the sole use of students registered in [the course] and writing
this exam. This material shall not be distributed or disseminated. Failure to abide by these conditions
is a breach of copyright and may also constitute a breach of academic integrity under the University
Senate's Academic Integrity Policy Statement.

Good luck
1. A chemist prepares a sample of hydrogen bromide, HBr (M = 80.91 g mol–1), and finds that it
occupies 250. mL at T = 65.0°C and P = 500. Torr. What volume would it occupy at 0.00°C at the
same pressure?

A. 0.00 mL
B. 204 mL
C. 200 mL
D. 198 mL
E. 202 mL

2. What mass of ammonia, NH3 (M = 17.03 g mol–1), will exert the same pressure as 12.0 mg of
hydrogen sulfide, H2S (M = 34.08 g mol–1), in the same container under the same conditions?

A. 6.00 mg
B. 24.0 mg
C. 12.0 mg
D. 17.0 mg
E. 34.1 mg

3. The density of a gaseous compound was found to be 0.943 g·L−1 at 298 K and 53.1 kPa. What is
the molar mass of the compound?

A. 43.9 kg mol–1
B. 44.0 g mol–1
C. 44.1 kg mol–1
D. 43 g mol–1
E. 40 g mol–1

4. A vessel of volume 22.4 L contains 2.0 mol H2(g) (M = 2.016 g mol–1) and 1.0 mol N2(g)
(M = 28.02 g mol–1) at 273.15 K. Calculate (a) the partial pressure of H2(g) and (b) the total
pressure.

A. PH2(g) = 2 bar Ptot = 2 bar

B. PH2(g) = 1 bar Ptot = 3 bar
C. PH2(g) = 2 bar Ptot = 3 bar
D. PH2(g) = 2 atm Ptot = 3 atm
E. PH2(g) = 1.33 atm Ptot = 1.67 atm
5. In an experiment on gases, you are studying a 1.00-L sample of H2(g) (M = 2.016 g mol–1) gas at
20.0°C and 2.40 atm. You heat the gas until the root mean square speed of the molecules of the
sample has been doubled. What will be the final pressure of the gas? The sample volume is
constant.

A. 4.80 atm
B. 9.60 atm
C. 2  2.40 atm = 3.39 atm
D. 2.40 atm/2 = 1.70 atm
E. 2.40 atm

6. Identify the kinds of intermolecular forces that might arise between molecules of NH2OH.

A. Hydrogen bonding The molecule has O-H bonds so hydrogen

B. London forces, dipole-dipole interactions bonding is possible. It is also polar so
C. Dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding dipole-dipole interactions are possible and
D. London forces, hydrogen bonding London forces are always possible.
E. London forces, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding

7. Suggest which substances in the following pair have the higher normal boiling point: (a) NH3 or
PH3 and (b) CH4 or SiH4.
Higher boiling points come from higher intermolecular forces.
A. NH3 and SiH4 In the NH3|PH3 pair, only NH3 can form hydrogen bonds.
B. PH3 and SiH4 In the CH4|SiH4 pair, both can only have London forces. Since
C. NH3 and CH4 SiH4 is larger, it can have larger London Forces.
D. PH3 and CH4
E. The same boiling point in both cases
8. Iron crystallizes in a bcc structure. The atomic radius of iron is 124 pm. Determine (a) the
number of atoms per unit cell and (b) the length of the side of the unit cell.

A. 4 and 286 pm Bcc structures have 2 atoms in the unit cell (8x1/8 corners + 1 body centre). We need to
B. 2 and 496 pm calculate the body diagonal c = 4 * 124 = 496 pm = 31/2 a
C. 2 and 248 pm a = 286 pm
D. 2 and 286 pm
E. 4 and 248 pm

9. Calculate the density of europium (MEu = 151.96 g mol–3) knowing that it adopts the bcc structure
in the solid state and its atomic radius is 204 pm.
Bcc structures have 2 atoms in the unit cell (8x1/8 corners + 1 body centre). Body
A. 2.41 g cm–3
diagonal c = 4 *204 = 816 pm = 31/2a. Parameter a = 471 pm. Volume of one unit cell = a3
B. 9.64 g cm–3
V = 4713 = 1.045x108 pm3 * 6.022x1023 / (1x1010 pm/cm)3 = 62.97 cm3 = vol of one mole of
C. 4.82 g cm–3
cells. Density = 2x151.96/62.97 = 4.82 g cm-3.
D. 3.71 g cm–3
E. 7.41 g cm–3

10. Calculate the fraction of occupied space in a body centered cubic (bcc) structure.

A. 0.65 Bcc structures have 2 atoms in the unit cell (8x1/8 corners + 1 body centre). Body
B. 0.68 diagonal c = 4 *r = 31/2a. Volume of one unit cell = a3= (4r/31/2)3 Volume of 2 atoms = 2 x
C. 0.74 4/3 πr3
D. 0.78 4
2× 𝜋𝑟 3
3
E. 0.82 Fraction occupied = V(atoms)/V(cell)= 4𝑟 3
=0.68
3

11. Consider a metallic element that crystallizes in a cubic close-packed lattice. The edge length of the
unit cell is 408 pm. If close-packed layers are deposited on a flat surface to a depth (of metal) of
0.125 mm, how many close-packed layers are present? .

A. 3.06  105 layers None of the answers here was correct. One point for everyone
B. 9.19  105 layers who put any answer down.
C. 12.2  105 layers
D. 6.13  105 layers
E. 15.3  105 layers
12. A gas sample in a cylinder is supplied with 524 kJ of energy as heat. At the same time, a piston
compresses the gas, doing 340 kJ of work. What is the change in internal energy of the gas during
this process?

A. –864 kJ
B. +184 kJ
C. +864 kJ
D. –184 kJ
E. –340 kJ

13. Calculate the work for each of the following processes beginning with a gas sample in a piston
assembly with T = 305 K, P = 1.79 atm, and V = 4.29 L: (a) irreversible expansion against a
constant external pressure of 1.00 atm to a final volume of 6.52 L; (b) isothermal, reversible
expansion to a final volume of 6.52 L.

A. wirrev = +226 J and wrev = +326 J wirrev = -PΔV = -1.79 atm × (6.52–4.29)L ×101.325 kPa/atm = -226 J
B. wirrev = –226 J and wrev = +326 J
C. wirrev = 0 J and wrev = –326 J The equation for the reversible expansion is not needed since the two
values for work will be similar but reversible work will be somewhat
D. wirrev = –226 J and wrev = 0 J
larger magnitude than irreversible work.
E. wirrev = –226 J and wrev = –326 J

14. If we start with 325 g of water (M = 18.02 g mol–1) at T = 30.°C, how much heat must we add to
convert all the liquid into vapor at T = 100.°C? Cp(H2O(l)) = 4.184 J C–1 g–1 and Hvap = 40.7 kJ
mol–1.
Two processes occur here. q1: Warm the water from 30°C to 100°C. q2: phase change at 100°C.
A. +829 kJ
B. +136 kJ q1 = mCpΔT = 325 g × 4.184 J/ °C-g × (100-30) = 95.19 kJ
C. +46 kJ
D. +95 kJ q2 = 325 g/18.02 g/mol * 40.7 kJ/mol = 736.30 kJ
E. +231 kJ
qt = q1 + q2 = = 95.19 kJ + 736.30 kJ = 831. Closest answer is A. 829. Rounding differences.

15. Calculate the heat generated by a reaction mixture of 13.4 L of sulfur dioxide, SO2
(M = 64.06 g mol–1), at 1.00 atm and 273 K and 15.0 g of oxygen, O2 (M = 32.00 g mol–1), in the
reaction:
2 SO2(g) + O2(g)  2 SO3(g) H = –198 kJ

A. –118.4 kJ
B. –59.2 kJ
C. –92.8 kJ
D. –186 kJ
E. –198 kJ
16. Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of PCl5(s) from the standard enthalpy of formation
of PCl3(l) (Hf = –319.7 kJ mol–1) and PCl3(l) + Cl2(g) → PCl5(s), H = −124 kJ.

A. –196 kJ mol–1
B. +196 kJ mol–1
C. –222 kJ mol–1
D. +444 kJ mol–1
E. –444 kJ mol–1

17. Calculate the entropy change associated with the isothermal compression of 4.80 mol of ideal gas
atoms from 12.86 L to 4.80 L.

A. –8.2 J K–1
B. +39.3 J K–1
C. –39.3 J K–1
D. +8.2 J K–1
E. 0 J K–1

18. The standard entropy of vaporization of acetone is approximately 85 J·K−1·mol−1 at its boiling
point. (a) Estimate the standard enthalpy of vaporization of acetone at its normal boiling point of
56.2C. (b) What is the entropy change of the surroundings when 10. g of acetone, CH3COCH3 (M
= 58.08 g mol–1), condenses at its normal boiling point?

A. Hvap = 28 kJ mol–1 and Ssurr = –15 J K–1

B. Hvap = 28 kJ mol–1 and Ssurr = +85 J K–1
C. Hvap = 28 kJ mol–1 and Ssurr = –85 J K–1
D. Hvap = 28 kJ mol–1 and Ssurr = +15 J K–1
E. Hvap = 28 kJ mol–1 and Ssurr = 0 J K–1
19. A rocket fuel would be useless if its oxidation were not spontaneous. Although rockets operate
under conditions that are far from standard, an initial estimation of the potential of a rocket fuel
might assess whether its oxidation at the high temperatures reached in a rocket is spontaneous. A
chemist exploring potential fuels for use in space considered using vaporized aluminum chloride in
a reaction for which the balanced equation is:
2 AlCl3(g) + 9/2 O2(g)  Al2O3(s) + 6 ClO(g)
Use the following data (which are for 2000 K) to determine G and decide whether the fuel is
worth further investigation: Gf(AlCl3(g)) = −467 kJ·mol−1, Gf(Al2O3(s)) = −1034 kJ·mol−1,
Gf(ClO(g)) = +75kJ·mol−1. Choose the correct answer.

A. G = 350 kJ; the process is non-spontaneous and the fuel is not worth investigation
B. G = –350 kJ; the process is spontaneous and the fuel is worth investigation
C. G = –350 kJ; the process is spontaneous but G is not negative enough, so the fuel is not worth
investigation
D. One cannot solve the problem because Gf(O2(g)) is not given
E. G = 350 kJ; the process is spontaneous and the fuel is worth investigation

20. Consider the following orbital. Which of the following statements is correct?

A. This is a 5f orbital. It has 3 angular nodes and 3 radial nodes.

B. This is a 4p orbital. It has 1 angular node and 2 radial nodes.
C. This is a 5p orbital. It has 1 angular node and 3 radial nodes.
D. This is a 6d orbital. It has 2 angular nodes and 3 radial nodes.
E. This is a 4s orbital. It has 0 angular nodes and 3 radial nodes.
21. The fact that the electron configuration of nitrogen is 1s22s22px12py12pz1 instead of
1s22s22px22py12pz0 is an illustration of:

A. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

B. The Aufbau Principle
C. The Bohr Theory
D. Hund’s rule
E. The Pauli Exclusion Principle

22. Consider the energy levels for H and for multi-electron atoms. Which of the following statements
is incorrect?

A. For H, there are three degenerate states with n=3.

B. In H, the 2s and 2p states are degenerate but this is not the case for many-electron atoms where 2s has
a different energy than 2p.
C. For Ti, the 3d energy level is higher than the 4s energy level.
D. There are 5 degenerate 3d orbitals for all atoms.
E. For many-electron atoms, the 2s energy level is lower than the 2p energy level.

23. Consider the following emission spectrum from atomic hydrogen. These lines result from
transitions into the ground state (Lyman transitions). Consider the line marked A. Which of the
following statements is correct?
A

Increasing Wavelength, λ, →
A. This line corresponds to transitions from n=5 to n=1 and occurs at a wavelength of 94.9 nm.
B. This line corresponds to transitions from n=6 to n=2 and occurs at a wavelength of 410.0 nm.
C. This transition corresponds to transitions from n=4 to n=1 and occurs at a wavelength of 97.2 nm.
D. This transition corresponds to transitions from n=4 to n=2 and occurs at a wavelength of 433.9 nm.
E. This transition corresponds to transitions from n=5 to n=1 and occurs at a wavelength of 113.9 nm.
24. Consider the four Lewis structures below labelled (I) through (IV). Which of the following
statements regarding these Lewis structures below is incorrect?

O Se O O Se O
(I) (II)

O Se O O Se O
(III) (IV)

A. all four resonance structures are equally probable

B. structure (III) is the preferred resonance structure
C. structures (I) and (II) are equivalent resonance structures
D. selenium has a formal charge of +1 in (I) and (II)
E. all structures represent neutral molecules
Actually, structure IV is incorrect so it does not represent a neutral molecule, or any
molecule, for that matter.

25. Which of the following describes the molecular geometry at the C, B, N, and P atoms in
CH2BNHPH4? For this problem assume that the following arrangement of atoms, where the
dotted lines only indicate how the atoms are connected. Note that the specific types of bonds
(single, double, and/or triple) and lone pairs have not been drawn.

H
H
H C B N P
H
H H H

A. C = tetrahedral, B = linear, N = trigonal pyramidal, P = octahedral

B. C = tetrahedral, B = bent, N = tetrahedral, P = trigonal bipyramidal
C. C = trigonal planar, B = linear, N = tetrahedral, P = see-saw
D. C = trigonal planar, B = linear, N = trigonal pyramidal, P = trigonal bipyramidal
E. C = tetrahedral, B = bent, N = trigonal pyramidal, P = trigonal bipyramidal
26. Which of the following has a molecular dipole moment?

A. XeF4
B. SBr4
C. PCl5
D. BH3
E. C2H4

27. Using bond energies, estimate the enthalpy change for the gas phase reaction shown below:
(hint: you need to draw Lewis structures to solve this problem)

BE (in kJ/mol): C–C, 347; C–H, 414; C–O, 335; O–H, 464; C=O, 700; O=O, 498.
CH3CH2OH(g) + O2(g)  CH3CO2H(g) + H2O(g)

A. –6121 kJ
B. +688 kJ
C. –288 kJ
D. –302 kJ
E. –349 kJ

28. If 75.0 L of CO2 effuse through a porous partition in 25.0 min., what volume of CO will effuse
through the same partition at the same temperature and pressure in 25.0 min.?

A. 47.8 L
B. 6.65 L
C. 117.5 L
D. 94 L
E. 59.8 L
29. Which of the following describes the hybridization of the atomic orbitals on the C, N, and Si atoms
in CH2NSiH3? For this problem assume the following arrangement of atoms, where the dotted
lines only indicate how the atoms are connected. Note that the specific types of bonds (single,
double, and/or triple) and lone pairs have not been drawn.

H C N Si H

H H

A. C = sp3, N = sp3, Si = sp3

B. C = sp3, N = sp2, Si = sp3
C. C= sp3, N = sp2, Si = sp3d
D. C = sp2, N = sp3, Si = sp3d
E. C = sp2, N = sp2, Si = sp3

30. Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding F22-, F2, and F22+?

A. F22+ and F2 are diamagnetic.

B. F22- does not exist as a molecule. The bond order is 0.
C. F2 has no electrons in the σ*2p orbital.
D. F22+ has a shorter bond length than F2 and F22-.
E. The bond order in F22+ is 2.

31. The photoelectric effect can form the basis of an alarm system. A beam of light (visible or
invisible) strikes a metal surface, producing electrons and a small current. When the light beam is
interrupted, the current ceases and the alarm is triggered. What is the maximum wavelength of
light that can be used in such an alarm if the metal is sodium, with a work function Φ of
4.41 x 10-19 J?

A. 500 nm
B. 0.0015 pm
C. 6.66 x 1014 s-1
D. 450.4 nm
E. 225.2 nm
32. What is the deBroglie wavelength of a neutron (mass of 1.67493 x 10-27 kg) moving at 1.00% of the
speed of light?

A. 3.96 x 10-5 m no correct answer so all answers are marked correct.

B. 1.32 x 10-11 m
C. 2.21 x 10-40 m
D. 1.32 x 10-13 m
E. 4.68 x 10-11 m

33. The three molecular shapes an sp3 hybridized molecule can have are:

A. triangular, bent, T-shaped

B. irregular tetrahedron, T-shaped, linear
C. tetrahedron, trigonal pyramid, bent
D. octahedron, square pyramid, square planar
E. none of these

34. Which of the following could never be isoelectronic species?

A. an anion and an atom

B. an anion and a cation
C. atoms of two different elements
D. anions of two different elements
E. cations of two different elements

35. The quantum numbers of the highest energy electron in the ground state of germanium could be:

A. n = 4, ℓ = 1, mℓ = 1, ms = 1/2
B. n = 4, ℓ = 1, mℓ = 1/2, ms = 0
C. n = 4, ℓ = 3, mℓ = 1, ms = 1/2
D. n = 3, ℓ = 1, mℓ = 1, ms = 1/2
E. n = 4, ℓ = 2, mℓ = 1, ms = 1/2
36. The molecular orbital diagram for homonuclear diatomic molecules with Z ≥ 8 is given below.
Using this diagram, determine which of the following statements is false.

 22s 2*2s  22p  22p  22p  2*2p  2*2p

A. The electron configuration for F2 is z x y x y
.
  
2
2s
*2
2s
2
2 pz  2
2 px  2
2 py  *2
2 px  *2
2 py  2*2p
B. The electron configuration for Ne2 is z
.
  
2
2s
*2
2s
2
2 pz  2
2 px  2
2 py  *1
2 px  *1
2 py
C. The electron configuration for O2 is .
D. O2, F2, and Ne2 are all diamagnetic.
E. O2 has a bond order of 2, F2 has a bond order of 1, and Ne2 has a bond order of 0.

37. In which of the following molecules would you expect the nitrogen to nitrogen bond to be the
shortest?

A. N2 the strongest bond gives the shortest bond.

B. N2O
C. N2H4
D. NH3
E. N2O4

38. Which of the following species exhibits resonance?

A. OF2
B. SO3
C. N2
D. PCl5
E. ClO3-
39. A liquid cooled below its melting point is still clear and fluid. Which of the following events is least
likely to occur?

A. As soon as crystallization begins heat will be absorbed and the sudden chilling will freeze the rest
very rapidly.
B. As soon as crystallization begins heat will be liberated and the mixture will warm back up to the
melting point.
C. It may never crystallize.
D. It may be transformed into a glass.
E. It may crystallize very rapidly if a crystal of the solid phase is dropped in.

40. Consider the following data for the halogen molecules.

Element molar mass boiling point

F2 38 -188.0oC
Cl2 70.9 -34.6oC
Br2 159.8 58.8oC
I2 253.8 184.0oC

The trend of increasing boiling point going down the group is the result of

A. increased strength of dipole-dipole forces with increasing molecular size.

B. increased strength of dispersion forces with increasing number of electrons.
C. increased ionic character with greater molar mass.
D. increased hydrogen bonding with increasing molar mass.
E. increased ionic bonding with increasing atomic mass.

41. Judging by their structures, which of the following liquids should have the lowest vapour
pressure?

A. CH3F
B. CH4
C. CH3Cl
D. CH3OH
E. CH3CH3

42. A solid can be sublimed under which of the following conditions?

A. above the triple point pressure

B. at the critical point
C. above the critical point temperature
D. only gases can be sublimed
E. below the triple point pressure
43. Under which of the following conditions are the solid and vapour phases in equilibrium?

A. 10°C and 0.2 atm

B. 30°C and 0.5 atm
C. 20°C and 0.5 atm
D. 15°C and 0.2 atm
E. 30°C and 0.5 atm

44. What intermolecular force is MOST important between liquid CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 molecules in
a pure sample of the compound?

A. Ion-ion
B. Ion-dipole
C. Dipole-dipole
D. London dispersion
E. Hydrogen bonding

45. A sample of a gas collected over water at 10oC and 1 atm had a volume of 1 L. How many moles of
the gas were present? The vapor pressure of water at 10oC is 9.2 mm Hg.

A. 5.1 x 10-2
B. 4.3 x 10-2
C. 3.3 x 10-1
D. 1.2 x 10-1
E. 3.3 x 10-2
46. The critical temperature is the only temperature:

A. at which the density is a minimum

B. at which liquid and gas phases are in equilibrium
C. at which solid, liquid and gas phases are in equilibrium
D. at which the density of liquid phase becomes equal to the density of gas phase
E. above which a substance cannot be vaporized

47. The van der Waals equation of state for a gas is (P + an2/V2)(V - nb) = nRT where P, V, R, n and T
are pressure, volume, universal gas constant, number of moles and absolute temperature,
respectively. Which of the following statements is correct with regard to the coefficients a and b in
the equation?

A. "a" refers to the size and "b" refers to the speed of the gas particles.
B. "a" refers to the speed and "b" refers to the size of the gas particles.
C. "a" refers to the attractive forces between gas particles and "b" refers to their size.
D. "a" refers to the size of the gas particles and "b" refers to the repulsive forces between the particles.
E. none of the above.
 Data/Formula Sheet
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1A 2A 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 8B 8B 1B 2B 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A
Symbol Value 1 2
1 H He
R 8.31451 J K–1 mol–1 1.008
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4.003
10
0.08206 L∙atm mol–1 K–1 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 18.99 20.18

Kb 1.3807 × 10–23 J K–1 3

11
Na
12
Mg
13
Al
14
Si
15
P
16
S
17
Cl
18
Ar
22.99 24.30 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
NA 6.0221 × 1023 mol–1 4
19
K
20
Ca
21
Sc
22
Ti
23
V
24
Cr
25
Mn
26
Fe
27
Co
28
Ni
29
Cu
30
Zn
31
Ga
32
Ge
33
As
34
Se
35
Br
36
Kr

96485. C mol–1
39.1 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.84 58.99 58.34 63.55 65.39 69.72 73.61 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.8
F 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
–19 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 99 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
e 1.6022 × 10 C 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
–34
h 6.6261 × 10 Js 132.9 137.3 138.9 138.9 181.0 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 209 210 222
87 88 89
–27 7 Fr Ra Ac
mp 1.6726 × 10 kg 223 226 227
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
–31
me 9.1094 × 10 kg 6 Ce
140
Pr
141
Nd
144
Pm
145
Sm
150
Eu
152.0
Gd
157
Tb
159
Dy
163
Ho
165
Er
167
Tm
169
Yb Lu
173.0 175.0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
RH 2.179 × 10–18 J 7 Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cu Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232 231.0 238.0 237 244 243 247 247 251 252 257 258 259 262
8 –1
c 2.9979 × 10 m s 1atm = 101.325 kPa = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr 1L = 1 dm
3
0ºC = 273.15 K

3/ 2 mu 2
h 3RT  m  
h
E = h c =    u rms  f (u )  4   2
u e 2 k BT
xp 
mv M  2 k B 
T 4
n( A)
 BE   BE 
m ( A) w(A) + w(B) + …=1
w ( A)  x( A)  H 
m ( A)  m (B )  ... n( A)  n(B)  ... broken formed

n( A) n( A)  1 1 V1 V2
 b( A)   c( A)  density = m/V E  hv  RH  2  2  x(A) +x(B) + …=1 
m(S) V T1 T2
 n1 n2 
P1V1 = P2V2 PV = nRT w = –PeV = –ngasRT U = q + w U = qv H = qp V=nRT
pB = xBKH pA + pB + … = P pA x A PA*  y B  pB

1   x A PB*
yA  
p A  pB x A PA*  1  x A PB* p A  pB x A PA*  1  x A PB*
U
q CV  H
H = U + PV C  T CP  CP – CV = R pA = xAPA*
T T
  27R 2TC2 RT P*  H vap  1 1  Ka  Ka2  4KaCa
 P  a Vm  b  RT a b ln 2*     [H ] 
 2 
Vm  64PC 8PC P  2
  1  R  2
T T1

S o   S o (P)   S o (R) HTo  H 298

o
 CP T  298 H o   Hfo (P)   Hfo (R)
 K   H   1 1 [H ]  KaCa [O H ]  KbCb pH = (pKa + pCa)/2 pOH = (pKb + pCb)/2
ln 2     
 K1  R  T2 T1 

 K b  K b2  4K bC b [base] ( ) q rev H
[OH ]  pH  pK a  log ( ) √ S  S 
2 [acid] T T
CT T2 V2 P k   1 1
S  or S  C ln S  R ln  R ln 2
E
ln  2    a    G = H – TS
T T1 V1 P1 T T 
 k1  R  2 1

Gº = Hº – TSº G  G  RT lnQ G  RT ln K Suniverse = Ssystem + Ssurroundings
KE = ½ mv2 h = KE +  M = m/n G   o
Gfo (P)   Gfo (R) w’ = –nFE
RT  nFE  
E  E  ln Q Gº = –nFEº K  exp   Ecell = Eox + Ered Q = nF Q = It
nF  RT 
ln 2
[A]t = –kt + [A]0 ln[A]t = –kt + ln[A]o 1

1
 kt t1/ 2  k = A exp{–Ea/RT}
[A]t [A]o k
2r  L  a 4r  2L  2a 4r  3L  3a b  2a c  3a