aati cteristi Chabacteristics of E- Oe OBHECTIVE é sy the opera “The aim of this THEO y LEDs LASER diodes ‘exe the om usioation’s whether the ta ary t0 use igh quality ronsity wrodglation & Mi ies output with relation to tinea opti repion of operation, * PROCEDURE 4) Connect ower supaly sure thi ecto onverter enteD. 2 1 conly used ‘sources in optical nsmits digit or analog si el t0 Optical con siog iransiission svster the forward current oveEXPERIMENT 5 a Study of Bending Loss. onmecrive The objective of this experiment i to study bending toss THEORY ‘When ever the condition for angle of incidence of te incident light is vi introduced due to ition of fight. This o to bending. Lower the radius of curvature more is the toss, PROCEDURE; . 1 Repeat ll the “steps ftom 1 to 6 of te previous experiment No? using cable @) Wind the: FO,Lsbe on the msnéet and obser “tie conspening smplitier output on CRO it will be gradually reducing showing loss bends. (Diagram 7A) when fiber is subjec:eDiagram 7oe _ snsawB Sho hulpof paiva por WA © Amp bose, Not this ampinade 5 : it, ao scviou.O. ‘sable wih 1m cable without disturbing. ny name it 1) (7) Now repiace | preious setting,” (8) Measure txe amplitude atthe reccivet side agein at cutput of amplifier 1 socket tp 28. Noté this value end’name it Vo ‘ ® —catculate tze prefiasiion (attenuation) loss with the slp of following formula 8 na( L1+L2) wing = 6 Where ais Joss:in nepers/ meter toy Lneper = 8.686 4B NSE th Li = length of shorter eable (0.5m) @ x 1,2. = Lengthof longer cable (1m) tegur , whittle « ptr O:6ke Ig) ee n SCIENTIFIC SALESPRO’ (2) Connzet power supply t0 board jown in Diagram 7 ), maeedions 2 23 Pouelion Goneretoes IKE sinewave ouput © Inpus 1 socket of emitter a Jeiveuit va shore ita y b.Connect'a.5 an opie liber bees erate ou 5 : A ir input Socket via dni lead 2 @ channel L fo £2. V/ Div And adjost 4 - 6 diy PP ie ampliiads By usin atnerstor Blotk at inet’ of 8) Repeqe he tps 5} Adjast the amplitude of the zeovived sigee ee 812502 WB 1, exPERIMENT 7 Study of Propagation Loss in Optical Fiber onsEctivE i The objective of this experiment js io messure propagation or attenuation Joss is naa br. THEORY Acienuation is Toss of power. During transit light pulse lose some oftheir bh thus! reducing’ their émpitud.* Anebiltion, for a fber is usually so decibels per kilometer. For'comimertially availabe fibrés attenuation ranges £ 4B / kan for premium smallcore glass fibers to over 2000 4B J km fora large core plastic fiber. Loss is by definition negative decibels. In common usage, Aiseusions of loss omit the negative sign’ The basic measurement fr loss in fibre is made by taking the logarithmic ratio ofthe inpat power (P,) tothe output power (Pe), ‘SCIENTIFIC SALES. 6 j872502 WB aSa sr2so2 we i (b) Connect the fiber optic cable- beiween emitter output and detecior input (©) Derector|*s ourpui to comparaior 1°5 input (@ Comparator I's output to. ‘A.C Amplifier 1's input (4) On the board, switehemiter 1's divert digital node, | i (5) Suiteh ON the Baer. : @ (8) Monitbe both te inputs to comparator 1 (4p. 13 & 14). Slowly adjust the : oe bias Bree until DC Level on the input,¢ pls : Dylivs mid wa | Detan the bipand ow lvel of he signal onthe Pentbepi(tp 14) i (7) Observe the input fo emiier 1, (cp. 5) with the output fiom A.C.Anplife i 1 (4p. 28 and note thatthe two signals are same. sosmemmemee SCIENTIFIC SALES ara st memes ments to tba ‘aif 650 nm fiber optic Digital tigic Padjective of or wo bs Ly ig 39 shows a simple drive it j| ransmission consisting a scurating switel, ‘Conrect the power SBpply to the board, 2s pasure du ll $itetiod faults are off Maske the following eSnnestions, (a8 shown in Diagram 2 (2) Connoet he PG, LF sqimce wave outpat to emitter 1's input y eMENIVYL SOMdO yaaa a 2 a 6 @ 4 Diagram 1 SCIENTIFIC SALES: 6) Si WE Sree witch ON the power (8) Observe the inpitt to emitter (cp. 5 with the output fiom A.C‘Amplifie: Hop 28 ) and note thdt'the (wo signals are same,ee 872502 WB. The Fiber Optic Link Emitter and Detectér circuit on board form the fjber optic link, This sect, provides the light source for the optic fiber and the light détector at the far the fiber optic links. The optic fiber plugs into the connectors provided inthis ofthe board. Two Beate links are provided ‘The Receiver: : oe a1 shy ‘Fhe ‘Cohpstaior eigeuil, Low, Pass, Filter, ‘Phisd Locked Loop, AC A Cireuits form reesver gn the bod, tis able to undo the modulation process order o recover te erigina information signal. nts experiment the rains boar is used to iusvate one way communication betwen digit transac PROCEDURE (1) Connect the ‘power supply to the board. (2) Bosure that al switched fais ae of (8) Make the fllowiig connection, (as shown in Diagram’ 1) (©) Conectt P01 XHsing ave oupaio emir 1's pu Wyconnect aE. O. cable between emiver ouput and detector np (© ater Pouput ko AC Amplifier 1 input (4) « On the board, switeh emitter 1's dri ‘SCIENTIFIC SALES 39 i: age) SERIE awe ye sical powe 49 De opal sure "Fnay, Ge opieal some cones OS cal current to de lighienergy with the same pattem, Commonly used"optisal sources are light-emitting diodes ( LE D s } and Laser beam. - Simple LED ‘ireuits, for digital and analog trasmissions are shown below. + RMee ate, - : Q fea! Snows “Pryas conductance sitive circuits for analog iransmission-corimoa otion gomprises of ‘requensy modulator & Ise width modulator block. . ne fueron generator generates the input signals that are going to be used as ation ‘to tansmait through the Aber optic ligk. Tie ‘output voltage availble 2 sinusoids! signal of adjustsble amplitude, and fixed amplinds 1 Kite ii, ‘The modulator eetion accepts the’ information ‘signal send arme wave 4s it into suitable form for transmission through the fiber optic link.A : Shilpa. 532502 WB : oe EXPERIMENT 1, : : | Setting up Fiber Optic Analog Link OBJECTIVE meiist study‘an 650 nm fibe? optic sufalog is: “ie objective of this exp 1 this eaperimest,you will stud the relationship ‘Between the input sig and received signal. © THEORY é i tink canbe ysed a receivén, The wansmiter module tabs the ieput foren and then. yeahsforms it into optical (light } energy containing information, The dpiical fibet is Use medium whick takes the energy to she rece At the recsivor light is ‘converted back into electrical form withthe same 9s original fed to the transmitter. ‘Transmitter = "Fiber “optic transmitters are typically composed af 0 buffer, driver and optic source, The buffer grovides both an electrical connection and isolation betwee ‘raitsmitter 8 tho®,'electrieal system supplying thé data. The driver go \ SCIENTIFIC SALES, : oe i ' i |ue vue buUue u u “Table 32: Meade Daan Catesaton of aati Freq Sw tradi | oi a6) ee : 1 (3B) JN (dB) (6B) ps ; | | | | 4 Las ’ L oA Detention of Poe Division Using the Caaion Gaphnge the comeced aes of Ad@Blunmn 2) 06 Table 5.1 an record them as. P’;(dB) in column 5 of the same Table. Simi, et the crested vals of Py ant Paneer hem a (QB) and PCB) in tolerns Sant 7, sepesvely of Table s division {loss} from port 1 to port 2 = Py (dB) (4B) 2 (GB) and er solu Gof he Fels ro on is) am poet wom 5) Py (dB) =-20 logis D Syd) and exert clue Sar Yabis dt 20 logis, Denote this this 8 Graph, get Yip borrecte values of Py (column) and Ps (colo 3) of able 3.2 and reco hess 0s Py (@B) ond ?3(9B} in column ¢ and 5, respectively, ofthe same Table, Isolation (3) = P3NGD}2-P', (GB) = - 20 logit Denote this as So(@B) and enter at column 6 ofthe Tables. 2 Pot ower dividigh Sy(@) and S(2B) ai a function of iegueney. ‘ely the Values of both these shuld 5B wt Fe oem fequeny. Into acta device gg ‘oeause of to Loaaee fa tho connsctors end in the cresyl de steeped loss wl be slighy'higher. Comgare the variation inthe loss characteisc with We ideal response piven “ing. 54. 3 : ion the plot dolecmin the centre frequency. Pot isolation Si(d0). a a function of frequency. Compare with the ideal response and ‘pln te trees CCaloulaw the magnitudes of the scatering parameters from the measured Toss atthe ezntie Aequensy. Compare withthe theoretical valves.CUUTUU~GVUGELUUU Bs UE F ® 5 2 > Souree @2=S6H) 1s Need tenor Powst divider © >. Fig.5 Test setup for measurement sf power division cn isolation of irostip power divider ' : 5.2.2. Write-uj Ss Pi Sp fee Mable; Measined Det and Calcalaon of Pater Dion L mee TT] Powe] Piver VSWR net epdings division | dition Fa] Po | Ph] Phe | Fi_| Past toa | Port to 8) | cB) | cops | am | cad) | stam) | sya) | 2009, 00 Tednclony_Shileh ON" te VSWR mas, Meas Feces poiyer iE — SPOUSE CARER is be Rend capo te sore Pipe le iva Sasi BE age ay SD) Now landing sec ereéae Js Keguenay oF the cof i hems oh ‘Gis pW 28GHs od te ths Sapsaied sangha he VSWR mc Rey eens incon I ted “Rater oor as yin stn 2 oT 9 5. Do meature te power division propery ‘oso the powee divider between snd Q with inp por (port.Zeqnascted to # end coupé % por!2 to @, Terminate por 3 in & matched loud ee to .3GH», Record the veading of the VSWR meteras Py 23 @ i 5.1. Nxt, ingichange connstions a pet? and port 3, That is, connect poe 3 10 Terminate pons in mtshag fod. Racor the aeading of the VSWR meet 0 Py SB acaliannd of Tle Su Secahe ftequency ofthe so ‘Remove the powge divider lathe setup, Measure the refécnoe power level again et the sane frequencies by following"the proeadue given at SI. No, 4 above, Since the vues of i Solon a seh gh yo san ep te refsrence eval slighty bigher, (@) Set he ftegueney of he source to 2.3 GHz. Ioyease the RF power oxtpt ofthe source > ‘llthe VSWR mer hows reading Inthe 4088 range (say 48QB). Record the equency Ga GH) im cslumaMl and the VSWR meter raditys at Py! AB in edluma 2 of table 1 the fequénsy oF the souce tu stys of DAGHe,up Wy 28OK2 end note th corsesponding resdings ofthe VSWR pore divider befwwen P and D vi por Fonsscist! (A an oft} 10 G. Tervnele por Jin x matched load. ecard the readings af the VSWR nets Un sime Fequenciesas Pa, dB in column 3 of fab e 52,52! Exper ment woe 5.2.1 Measurement of Power Division ahd Isolation Objective "Tomeasu the power division and isolation charactratis of nlrostip 30B power divides > ou ‘Bgalpment/Components = Mierowsve signal source (2.2 3GH2) VSWR moe ~ jah detector ‘Racor pads (64, 104) Matched losd SMA/BNC connector ited cables ‘Microsuip 348 power divider e Note: XN reitorconeced between tho oust ing bas ae of 100, Measuring the power division propery jrvoWs measuring te wansmision respons ths put po pact) a ts to oust pos (fers 2 and 3) easing the slaton involves mpasuring the transmission espns betwees pois 2 ed 3. ‘Wihile measuring the transmis espoise between, any two pots, te tind port has to be terminated in a matched led ioaane. ey 1 Assemble the getup as shown in Fig. £5. Do not switch or the microwave sana sures oF the VSWR miter unl You read the insuuctions given t SL. los, 2 and 3 below, & 2 Proeatre for ovtehing ‘ON! the Mlromaye Signal Source ‘Hefe switching onthe signal soures, ate the RF power level knob onthe frost panel en- ‘locivise 1 minimum position Remember to comet a 6g (or 1028) stnssior pad atthe [RF ovinet port ofthe source as shown in the diagram. Switch onthe signal source in the following sequence: Fire Povier Soateh to "ON" position, then RF Power Sultsh 9 “ON” position, Set modilstion switch to AM and aodulationFequcncy te fhe 1 KHZ preset positon (lc. stexten le), (©, Go Tecictny ” CULCCUUE BUDO OU UE QUEUErUuu Bue UEE LEVON L u 0 function oF Faust cap be tives by i th loco engi oP the wessformgr secon a pois 2 and 3 28.0 instead 02 2. Sef saows the theoretical response of the natched ower divider a a fans sp fsoralizd with expec to te ene Freuency Note that at f=, =n wer vison (nor port? ) Sy (4B) 6 Power isin (prt 9 ports ) Ss (db) 6 ‘oteuon (por12 10 part). ~ San (ad!) = +30keso\Syoh . ge rehen es (pat). SnCaBi=Ategelal > 10) “ha power ier oes a eo eewith of epoxies 1481 Fri 22d leon of 208 betes he EEN o Os OSS th ‘Fig.4 Theories vacation ix zowe division (Sx (4B) soaon (Geel) and return os (S123) 0 tated miesosuip power iver (ig. 5.3) 82 fonction of normalized frequency seer ren erSdududddo PuvvveueuoEs ° 2 “> 5 > 2 > > 4 : a = “She pone vider dnsienéd above is eiprcal Thats ito signals of equa ampli ‘uel pase ener por? Sn, he Wil combing and cons out of pon 1 However, signals So ok mee: this tequterment wil be reected and porto he signa wi lenk othe sss ouspape Tht on he to out ports ae aot bold om coch other Wider Bi, ha gE Miter Sod RES 23 tall mind 'power dive papular” Lnown elso a6 the Wikison pone: inte Ir ses gn olton estan Rf wah 22 tena ports 2 and 3. With ths eon, he Nis iseonpldely masted a al the tee port nd por end are olsted fom lhe cone equoney (0). 3 Suinmacing he love er nd cng te mmery ofa Zh. wit repetto ae ei oeauing rico ie maa per cer 338 ct sae theoeiatRespons of Matec 200 Aver Die | [rom (5.6), we note that when'a signal i fed to port I, te power is divided equslly be poris2 and 3. When equal-amplitude, in-phase signals are fed 1 ports 2 end 3 he device ats 2s {power combiner and the entire power pears a port 1. If power is fed only to port 2 por then hate power des to port Land the other half gos @sspated inthe isolation resistor Is al the ees, ports 2 and 7 are mutually isolated. ©2009, Go Tecmo 37bbs ech Ss gy, > COUbCbEEbdE OEE 6 ‘ct uy pop ot ben at ole nes we oF ree] whee [U] is aunt matic Applying (5:2)10 (1), team te shown tat, © Sa=-Sx A) and CG { Bai = al = bo) = Bo — — (a) > : ‘oe € IE Pots 2 an 3 ae oot mae nd the voinge reestion coe iens 2) Bauatin (54) indi Eine op ete Fathers tho cut end oer ee unt bes eeat t e teae ats he, ape oy come be muted at5 3 2 3 > “i ig: a> > . 2 Bes z"> —° x BS nag ooud™ vu ike uuoudy 1a XN Experiment HIB s ‘Measurement of Power Division and sbladon Characteristics of Microstrip 34B Power Divider o “The function of power division netrok so divide che input power into two or mare outs Ins experimen, we sal sudy the chracersis of agyo-viny3€B power dvdr. 5.1 Theory of Power Divider ‘Seaterng Mates of 3 JB Power Divider Figure 5. shows he ie dingram of unation avs poner li, Let port be he np port Sisto the so at int alan content Sy = atm eqs per evdr, pone eden t pata ied eqy Benes 0 uc pice 2d Eg perio npg = y= I. Te ae ts ofS SPS, ashe ete ep toss (lls of 300) consi eters aes a oe ‘Si Syminciden ih eapet 9px Pusher, ese eiposa Wa hs nna, esiemgmaciioatenters :fe : CCCCOUtTet ee ehdiuddéddu d ' + Seite tammy ete owceo22GHs Crna Pi>Qdeaty, | Zeca owe ouput ofhe oes thc EWR mt hows a of abou ed 5 Nessie ing resonate between and i ‘ovr est pe oot any op The VSWR mer ny xn shne sn nding ee an we mn ow os ' a Yogi fee fe ous dette 3 240K ete toy sie ie VWK ner eg ost po To pa ete eer ee ‘SVICRE fe Tie oc) om ee MR EE a (8). Me? Tet sales measing the resonant espenss ong eponator » a erité=ap 1 Race sobiremtlr pied nih omcinen, 2 ty v= Letom and = o:toan, “ht eval ote sed aon aguante a valucot “feet ne misvarip. fs TERI Mra or ert 45) and ae he tae dja ns wot ‘nbatate42 Experiment 42.1 Measurement of Res nt Frequeney omer 1 ne eew i ee rte of mort mene GREER tein) dtc can nae tee F ae a Sipcatie wg te ng w= 14 an Rs RES On oar was 1 nilpinCamponta cvs 1 iftmecemt oneée2-.6t4) a. 2 VSWR meter 1B tow . > 3. Detector: SERS Ea © eel Ge 5 Rast mea i 2 $n te j FE " ny 89 Teemicosrvsng sorter proved ta is ieNest oder eaeape (=I) ok 2. Ge dl 2 y “ 3 rrocoure eS Assemble the st up a4 shania Fig. 42. Da nots o 2 miconavs spl suse oe he VSWR meter ati 99 ea thoinsetons piven st SL, Now 2nd 3 oom 2, Procedugeforsifisg “ON the krona Signal Sours Before stein an te sige sour, rite the RF power eel nob on he on panel at locks ominieum positon dow per apt). Cnet Sl strona pad tbe ‘upg pord of source assbova abe dag, Sh ithe al sore in ibe flying sasece Power Sith 19‘ON" poston tas RP Power Sitch 0 “OW? positon, (CSsimodulation sich fo AMT sad modulation egusney to he 1 KI preset potion (ick *efecane lef = 5, Procedure fo svtehing “OW? the VSWR meter 2 5 3 > S > Sve VSWR mete so be ed in canantion with tbe casa cor, Rep the > > 7 3 = > Swish the VSWR meter, =] zl A i a S09, 63 Tonos 3 Heed