MODULE 1

DATA COLLECTION
1. Define Primary Data.
Ans. Original data compiled and studied for a specific purpose.
For example, a structured survey might be conducted for the
purpose of discovering current attitudes on a particular topic;
raw survey responses would be primary data.

2. Define secondary Data.

Secondary data is data collected by someone other than the user.
Common sources of secondary data for social science include
censuses, surveys, organizational records and data collected
through qualitative methodologies or qualitative research.
3. Define sampling.
The process of selecting elements of a population for a survery
4. Define census.
A census is data that is collected from various amounts of
people and then calculated into a percent.
5. Define questionnaire.
A form containing a set of questions, especially one addressed to
a statistically significant number of subjects as a way of
gathering information for a survey.
6. Define schedule.
In the theory of sample surveys, schedule is synonymous with
questionnaire
7. Briefly explain the different methods of collecting
primary data with merits and demerits
 Direct personal investigation:- In direct personal
investigation the investigator personally visits and collects
information. It is a face to face investigation.
Merits- The results obtained are more reliable and accurate
- -It has to be cross-examining with other persons
w who are closely in touch with the sources of data.
Demerits -It is time consuming
 -expensive
 Indirect oral investigation:- In indirect oral
investigation the information is collected from the source.
In this method data are not collected directly from the
persons concerned but through indirect sources.
Merits-
 local agencies:- In this method data are not formally
collected by enumerators but by the local corresponds or
agents , this method is used in those cases where the
purpose of investigation can be served with investigators
estimates it is less expensive 
Merits-
 mailed questionnaire method:- In this method a form
containing a set of questions is mailed from one addressed
to many people
Merits-
 schedules sent through enumerator:- In this method
questionnaire is sent through enumerators to help the
informants in filling the answers
 Merits-

8. Difference between primary data and secondary

data
Primary data
1 primary data is original (first
hand)data and its quality is better
2 primary data is updated
3 Example:-if you interview
someone and write a book then that
is primary data
Secondary data
1 secondary data is second hand
data and its quality is not good on
comparison to primary data
2 secondary data is outdated
3 Example:-someone uses that
book to write a report, the data is
considered as secondary

9. Difference between sampling and census

Sampling census
1 In sampling investigation on 1  In census gathers data from the
takes a small part of the whole group/population
group/population, a sample

2 In sampling survey investigation 2 In census survey investigation is

is done to limited group of people done to get an answer from all
people in the population

10. what are 2 advantages of census over

Sampling
 census can provide such complete detail of all the units in
the population.
 The greatest strength of the census is the provision of
detailed population figures at local level.
11. what are 2 advantages of sampling over census
 Sampling saves money as it is much cheaper to collect
the desired information from a small sample than from
the whole population
 Sampling saves a lot of time and energy as the needed
data are collected and processed much faster than
census information
12. Examples of internal secondary.
· Sales by territory
· Sales by customer type
· Prices and discounts
· Average size of order by customer, customer type,
geographical area
· Average sales by sales person and
· Sales by pack size and pack type, etc.
13 .Examples for external secondary.
 Government (federal, state and local)
 (2) trade associations
 (3) commercial services
 (4) national and international institutions.
MODULE 2
 CLASSIFICATION AND TABULATION

1) What is classification?
Classification is the grouping of related facts into different
classes and this process can be repeated as many times as there
are possible basis of classification
2) What are types of classification?
1) Geographical classification 2) Chronological classification
3) Qualitative classification 4) Quantitative classification
3) Explain types of classifications with examples.
1) Geographical classification – In geographical
classification data are classified on the basis of geographical or
location differences between the various items
Eg: - When we present the production of sugarcane, wheat, rice
etc for various states
2) Chronological classification – When data are
observed over a period of time the type of classification is
known as chronological classification
Eg:- production of industrial concern for different periods.
3) Qualitative classification: - In qualitative
classification, data are classified on the basis of some attribute
or quality
Eg: - Sex, color of hair, literacy, religion etc
 4) Quantitative classification: - Quantitative
classification refers to the classification of data according to
some characteristics that can be measured
Eg: - Height, weight, income, sales etc
4) Define discrete variable with example
A discrete variable is which can vary only by finite value and it
cannot manifest conceivable fractional value.
Eg: - no of no of
Children families
1 100
2 400
3 800
4 700
5 250

Total 2250
5) Define is c continuous variable with example
A continuous variable is capable of manifesting every
conceivable fractional value within the range of possibilities
Ex: - Height or weight of a person or weight of a product

6) Define Exclusive class interval

The upper limit of one class is the lower limit of the next class is
known as exclusive class interval
7) Define Inclusive class interval
The upper limit of one class is included in that class itself
8) Define frequency distribution.
Tabular representation of values of a variable takes along with
corresponding frequency.
9) Define cumulative frequency distribution.
A chart showing the number of animals that fall into certain
categories, for example, the number of fish caught that are less
than one pound, less than three pounds, and more than three
pounds.
10) Define variable with example.
Anything that is not constant is known as variable.
Ex. Age measured in years.
11) Define class boundaries.
If in a grouped frequency distribution there are gaps between the
upper of any lower limit for the succeeding class.
12) Define correction factor
The amount of deviation in a measurement that is accounted for
in the calibration process. You can either add the correction
factor to the measured value or adjust the measuring instrument.