February 2011, Volume 2, No.

1
International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering

Potential Development of Hydrogen Production

from Biomass in Malaysia: A Brief Perspective
Murni M. Ahmad *,a, Razol M. M. Ali b, Abrar Inayat a and Suzana Yusup a
a
Chemical Engineering Department, b Management and Humanities Department,
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750 Tronoh, Malaysia
*
Corresponding Author: murnim@petronas.com.my

Abstract
The future form of energy might be hydrogen which is a highly attractive clean energy carrier especially when mentioned as an
everlasting energy source. Another advantage would be having water as a by-product from hydrogen combustion to get the energy
thus reducing the pressing greenhouse issues raised from fossil fuel usage. The insecurity in fossil energy prices and sources further
heightens the demand for an alternative, sustainable and clean energy carrier. Furthermore, currently Malaysia produces substantial
amount of biomass in the form of agricultural wastes. Rather than the current practice of disposing these biowaste via open burning
that can aggravate the environmental issues, these biomass can be converted into hydrogen. However, the general public is still very
unfamiliar with the idea of hydrogen as an energy source. This paper discusses the potential of the development of hydrogen
production industry in Malaysia from different perspectives: society, government, research, and industry.
Keywords: alternative energy; agricultural wastes; clean fuel; prospective; perception

1. Introduction potential of our abundant resources, most specifically

We can narrow down the survival factors for
humanity to food, health and energy. In the current energy
scenario, a demand exists for a sustainable and renewable
alternative source of energy that is clean and environment
friendly. This demand is further made significant with the
dramatic fluctuation in the price of our current primary
energy source i.e. fossil fuel and its depletion. The future
existence of our young generation heavily depends on the
sustainability of the new energy source and even more so,
the sustainability of a clean and healthy environment.
The profiles reported by World Energy and Population
[1] based on the global energy consumption, global
population data published by British Petroleum [2],
clearly indicate that energy consumption level is closely
influenced by the human population. In addition, it is
undeniable that economic progress severely affects the
global energy consumption. A study conducted by Exxon-
Mobil in 2006 predicted that by 2030, developing
countries including Malaysia will lead in the world’s
economic output [3]. Driven by the population rise and
the economic progress, the increase in the global energy
demand in 2030 is predicted to be 50% of that in 2003
[3]. Furthermore, the energy demand in Malaysia is
projected to reach 18000 MW by 2010 [4]. Hence, there
is s strong motivation to search for alternative energy
source in Malaysia that should be secure for the years to
come to compensate for the growing population and
economy.
The interest and demand for this renewable source of
energy drives the researchers in Malaysia to exploit the
solar pioneered by Solar Energy Research Institute,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia [5] and others [6, 7] as
well as biomass [8-22]. As a major palm oil producer,
Malaysia generated abundant amount of agricultural
wastes [23], i.e. approximately 28.46 × 106 ton/yr of
biowaste in 2006 [12]. With the hydrogen global demand
of 43.2 × 106 ton/yr, 8% of this amount i.e. 3.33 × 106 ton
hydrogen can be produced per year from the biomass
available in Malaysia, based on the conversion factor
referred from Kelly-Yong et al. [12]. Moreover, any
production route emitting carbon dioxide that starts from
biomass ensures zero net carbon emission as the carbon
dioxide released is taken up by the plants to perform
photosynthesis [24, 25].
The idea of using hydrogen to produce energy is
indeed attractive – burning hydrogen to get heat and
motive energy to drive turbines for electricity generation
and producing water as the by-product. Being the most
abundant element on our planet, hydrogen is predicted to
be an everlasting energy source [26]. Despite a strong
opposition by Bossel [27], who highlighted that the idea
of hydrogen as an energy carrier is indeed unsustainable
and inefficient – parasitic to be exact as it takes more
energy to synthesize, store, deliver and liberate hydrogen
for usage, the appeal of hydrogen should not be totally
abolished as hydrogen can be stored in a more convenient
form i.e. as electricity. Consequently, producing hydrogen
from biomass not only offers zero net carbon emission
and its burning to get electricity and heat is clean, it can
also be stored and transported and used in the existing
 technology and infrastructure. Hence, generally
hydrogen economy can be realized and indeed accelerated
via further and advanced investigations on efficient and
clean hydrogen production from biomass.
The common processes in Malaysia to convert
biomass into hydrogen include gasification, pyrolysis,
supercritical water biomass gasification, biomass based
biological water gas shift reaction, fermentation and water
electrolysis using solar and wind [28]. The major
drawbacks of these methods are the high cost and the low
conversion efficiency. The processing technology can be
further made cost-effective via utilization of biomass that
is abundantly available at low costs in Malaysia.
Nevertheless, the motivation of any search for
alternative energy must evolve around developing clean
technologies to produce clean, inexpensive and
sustainable fuel at a competitive cost. Needless to say, the
search should not violate the terms for the continued
existence and survival of human beings and humanity
itself. Consequently, the development potential of
biohydrogen as an alternative energy must be viewed
from the perspectives of society, government, research
and industry.
2. Perspective of Society
Unaware to the society, the most influential
movement originates from us. Any doubt, any worry, any
confidence translates into wave of human actions that
triggers changes in the scenario. Hence, it is important
that our mindset be geared towards creating sustainable
environment whilst developing plausible routes for
sustainable production of clean energy.
For instance, the dependency on fossil fuel in
Malaysia is so extensive that the rude awakening
experienced just last year from the sharp incline of the
crude fossil oil price is still fresh in every person’s mind.
The insecurity felt within those volatile weeks put
awareness in every one of us that we need a secured,
sustainable source of energy, that we need to work on
finding the one that will last even through our children’s
and grandchildren’s time and way beyond.
On top of the energy insecurity, the high frequency of
haze occurrence and the poor quality of air in our cities
raise serious concerns for the sustainability of clean and
health environment.
However, to introduce another form of energy would
definitely raise serious skepticisms among the common
users. However, if we retain the familiar form of energy
i.e. electricity, the utilization of hydrogen as an indirect,
alternative energy source would be hardly felt.
Nevertheless, a lot of studies have emphasized that
hydrogen powered or electricity powered vehicles offer a
clean, carbon emission free method of transportation [29-
32]. It is aimed that in the near future the technology is
inexpensive enough to allow a wide usage of these
vehicles by the common people.
Another worry among the society would be whether
hydrogen is safe to use or handle. Like other fuels of high
energy content such as gasoline for our car and propane
46
as our cooking gas, hydrogen must be handled properly to
be safe. In general, hydrogen is inherently hazardous
similar to gasoline, propane and methane. Its safe
handling can be practiced via knowledge and
accommodation of its particular physical, chemical, and
thermal properties.
The next course of action is to promote the utilization
of hydrogen as direct fuel or hydrogen powered systems
that are currently fuel-based [29, 32-35] to our society.
The society must be equipped with proper knowledge on
hydrogen properties and handling, with the assurance that
hydrogen has been safely produced, stored, transported,
and used in large amounts in industry in accordance to
standard practices that have been established in the past
50 years. Other public concerns in Malaysia can be
studied and identified via such a survey by Oak Ridge
National Laboratory [36]. Based on the findings, strategic
campaigns and efforts can be formulated to address the
public concerns and consequently prepare them for
hydrogen economy.
3. Government Perspective
There are impressive efforts by governments around
the globe to reduce the greenhouse gas emission and
dependency on the fossil fuels [37]. There are a number
of studies that have reported the feasibility of hydrogen to
fulfill the clean energy demand [29], in recognition of the
reduction targets for greenhouse gas set by the Kyoto
Protocol.
Malaysian government has initiated many incentives
to promote the research efforts in the development of
green technology. Just last year, in the Copenhagen
Climate Change Summit 2009, Malaysian Prime Minister
has pledged our commitment in reducing carbon emission
[38]. Moreover, the 2010 national budget has also
announced RM 1.5 billion dedicated for the development
of green technology in the country [39]. Most
importantly, according to the 10th Malaysian Plan (2006-
2010) [39], biomass based cogeneration and hydrogen
will be expanded in the Plan period. Efforts to promote
the utilisation of renewable energy resources will be
continued under the Small Renewable Energy Power
Programme [39], that was launched since May 2001. The
5th fuel policy included renewable energy as the fifth fuel
was highlighted since the 8th Malaysian Plan and
hydrogen fuel was specifically mentioned. Moreover,
Malaysia aims to produce 2,080 megawatts (MW) in
renewable energy by 2020 and fulfill 5% of its energy
demand from renewable sources other than hydropower,
by 2050.
Malaysian government studies on renewable energy
have been initiated a while back. The establishment of
Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (PTM) in 1998 by the Malaysian
government to investigate for any possible source of
energy including solar, hydrogen and fuel cell to fulfill
the increasing demand of energy is one initiative that
should be applauded [5]. In 1999, the Director General of
Economic Planning Unit has reported that there was
requirement for the intensive development and promotion
 of renewable energy in order to formulate policies and
strategies to address the existing challenges [40]. In the
event to launch the National Green Technology Policy
and the Green Energy Office on the 24 July 2009 [41], the
Prime Minister has renamed PTM as Malaysian Green
Technology Corporation with the added responsibilities
that encompass the domains of energy, green technology
and climate change. In the Green Technology Roadmap,
there are main six sectors are under focus in green
technologies projects i.e. energy, building, water and
waste management, transportation, manufacturing
industries and information and communication
technology. They also identify the barriers for
commercialization in green technology applications with
in Malaysia. Green technology Malaysia also announced
several projects such as Roadmap Phase 1 formulation,
Green Technology Financing Scheme (GTFS), Green
Technology Communication & Awareness Plan, Green
Township of Putrajaya and Cyberjaya and Green
technology labeling, rating and standard. Specific
activities that had been initiated included Biomass-based
Power Generation & Cogeneration in palm oil industry
(BioGen), energy audits, National Energy Efficiency
Master Plan Study, Clean Development Mechanism
project management, GHG inventories and Second
National Communication (NC2) project [41].
More recently, a Green Technology Council, chaired
by our Prime Minister, has been formed to coordinate
government ministries, private sectors and key
stakeholders to effectively implement the Green
Technology Policy. Five working committees were
established under the Green Technology Council: the
National Green Technology Industry led by the Ministry
of International Trade and Industry, the National Green
Technology Human Capital led by the Ministry of Human
Resources, National Green Technology Research and
Innovation led by the Ministry of Science, Technology
and Innovation, the National Green Technology
Promotion and Public Awareness led by the Ministry of
Information, Communication and Culture and the
National Green Technology Transportation Council led
by the Ministry of Transportation.
In June 2010, Energy, Green Technology and Water
Minister Datuk Seri Peter Chin has announced a
Renewable Energy Bill that includes a feed-in tariff, that
will be tabled in Parliament in Oct 2010 and introduced in
the second quarter of 2011 [42]. The tariff is a mechanism
to encourage Malaysians to adopt renewable energy
sources in which utility companies will be allowed to buy
electricity generated from renewable energy sources from
any producers at a fixed premium and for a specific
duration. The GTFS has been announced to investigate
the potential of green technology. This scheme provides
benefit to both producers and users with the Government
bearing only 2% interest on loan and having a guarantee
of 60% on financing amount.
Furthermore, Mohamed and Lee [4] have discussed
energy policies in Malaysia and highlighted hydrogen fuel
47
cells as an alternative energy source to be considered by
the government. In a more recent review by Oh et al. [43],
the intricacy of the existing and new energy policies,
issues and challenges in Malaysia was laid out and
discussed.
Even government bodies work together to push the
idea into every layers of society, from the farmer that uses
diesel to work the tractors and agricultural machines to
the white collars that maybe well-knowledged on the
green matter however haven’t warmed up to the idea.
MOHE for instance have been tightening up the reign on
the release of funds to be only available to research
involving utilization of biowaste, with serious avoidance
on possible food to produce energy. Funds such as
Intensification of Research in Priority Areas, e-science
and Fundamental Research Grant Scheme, have been
made available for various aspects of investigations on
bio-hydrogen production.
Research agencies such as Forest Research Institute
Malaysia (FRIM) also take initiatives such as conducting
seminars to prepare a platform to allow mutual exchange
of interest between researchers with regards to biomass-
based energy [44]. Formal data collection on renewable
energy resources are currently being conducted by various
government research agencies i.e. Palm Oil Research
Institute of Malaysia on palm oil wastes, FRIM on wood
residues, Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia on rubber
residues, Department of Agriculture on rice husk and
local authorities on municipal wastes.
To promote the utilization of hydrogen as direct fuel
or hydrogen powered systems, government can gain
public confidence via investment in such systems to be
incorporated into the public transport system,
government-owned buildings and our road system.
Furthermore, the government can provide incentives to
jump start the usage such as providing incentives for the
purchase and usage of hydrogen powered systems and
vehicles to both public and industry. Many energy
policies covering aspects of energy production,
distribution and consumption can also be initiated [29,
31]. There can also be fleet incorporation between
government and industry for hydrogen usage. Carbon
taxation can also help drive the usage of hydrogen high in
place of the fossil fuels.
4. Research Perspective
Hydrogen is indeed a highly potential energy source,
however there are many unknowns associating with its
usage. Many researches explore the plausible production
routes for hydrogen conversion from biomass. Many of
these efforts have been reported by Khan et al. [28]. As
mentioned briefly in the Introduction section, the
processes of interest and ventured in Malaysia are
gasification, pyrolysis, supercritical water biomass
gasification, biomass based biological water gas shift
reaction, fermentation and water electrolysis using solar
and wind [28]. For each, there is a wide range of variables
that determines the hydrogen production performance,
giving a lot of room for research and development efforts.
 For instance for gasification process alone, there
exists optimum operating conditions in terms of gasifying
agents, temperature, steam/biomass ratio, pressure, space
time and bed composition [45]. Few attempts have been
done for hydrogen production in Malaysia using biomass
gasification with using conventional gasification method
[9, 12, 21, 28]. Ghani et al. [9] performed experimental
work on air steam gasification of Malaysian agricultural
waste and predicted gas yield containing more than 70%
of hydrogen. Moreover, there are modelling and
simulation work reported on biomass gasification for the
production of hydrogen [8, 11, 15, 16, 46, 47] and syngas.
Furthermore, much has been done to make the
gasification process a clean process to produce hydrogen.
As an example, having the presence of an adsorbent in the
system allows in-situ capture of carbon dioxide from the
process [8, 48, 49]. However, much thought must be put
into the selection of this purposeful material. Most
researches to investigate this possibility uses calcium
oxide as the selective sorbent, however, the common
method to produce calcium oxide is to release carbon
dioxide from calcium carbonate, a naturally existing
limestone. Consequently, the usage of this material most
probably is not in line with the general idea to develop a
clean production route.
5. Industry Perspective
Industry would definitely welcome other sources of
hydrogen mainly because many petrochemical
productions depend heavily on hydrogen as a raw
material. As an example, fossil crude oil is upgraded via
hydrotreatment using hydrogen to produce gasoline and
diesel [50]. It is reported that the hydrogen world demand
was 50 MT/year in 2004 with a 10% growth rate [51]. As
of 2005, the economic value of all hydrogen produced
worldwide is about $135 billion per year [52].
Therefore, hydrogen production projects can generate
long-term and capital intensive businesses.
Commercialization of hydrogen production will create
more job and industry opportunities.
With the renewable energy incentives given by
Malaysian government, local companies incorporated
under the Companies Act 1965 that generate energy from
biomass can apply for Pioneer Status for 5 years or
receive Investment Tax Allowance of 60% on qualifying
capital expenditure incurred within a period of 5 years.
Around the globe, a number of companies invested
efforts and capital in the production opportunities. Shell
was reported to commit US$1 billion to hydrogen energy
research and development and commercialization
activities in 2006 [53]. BP invested in the hydrogen
delivery infrastructure for transport demonstration
projects in ten cities including Clean Urban Transport for
Europe, a bus project in London [54, 55] and in the
construction of two major hydrogen production facilities
in Scotland and California [54]. Other international
companies that involve in providing hydrogen
infrastructure are Stuart Energy Systems Corp., Linde AG
and Air Products and Chemicals Inc. [54]. Meanwhile,
48
PETRONAS via PETRONAS Research and Universiti
Teknologi PETRONAS, has invested some amount of
capital in developing hydrogen production technology.
6. Conclusion
Perspectives from different background have been
provided to enlighten us on the drive to search for
alternative energy in the form of hydrogen to substitute
our primary energy source. In brief, in Malaysia, the
potential of hydrogen economy is attractive with most
efforts geared towards the development of hydrogen
production technology.
There are still many challenges in replacing our fossil
fuels with hydrogen directly nor instantly. Improvement
and enhancement on the production technology is
necessary to overcome most of the challenges. For one,
highly efficient separation and purification of hydrogen
must be developed. Due to the high production cost, the
production route has to be further developed to identify
potential co-products that increase the profit generation.
Moreover, the yield needs to be improved via the
presence of catalyst and/or other form of material that tilts
the equilibrium of the process to produce more hydrogen.
More importantly, the availability of biomass must be
sustainable.
All in all, the zealous to generate alternative,
sustainable and secured forms of energy can override
society’s sustainability interest. Developing such
alternative energy should not be at the expense of
generation more wastes and toxic release or even
aggravate the food crisis on top the energy crisis.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial
support from Petroleum Research Fund of PETRONAS
and Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia to
conduct the current research work.
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