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Solution
Assignment No: 3
Q 1. Find the absolute extrema of the function f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 3 y 2 − 2 x + 6 y on the
square region R with vertices (0, 0), (0 , 2), (2, 2) and (2, 0)
Solution:
There are three steps of finding the Absolute extrema of a continuous function of
two variables on a closed and bounded set R.
STEP 1: Find the critical points of f that lie in the interior of R.

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STEP 2: Find all boundary points at which the absolute extrema can occur.

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STEP 3: Evaluate f(x, y) at the points obtained in the proceeding steps. The

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largest of these values is the absolute maximum and the smallest the absolute

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minimum.
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si at
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st //vu
Be tp:
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Above figure shows a yellow-colored square region R with vertices (0, 0), (0 , 2),
(2, 2) and (2, 0).
STEP 1:

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f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 3 y 2 − 2 x + 6 y
f x ( x, y ) = 2 x − 2 f y ( x, y ) = −6 y + 6

So all the critical points occur where

2x − 2 = 0 − 6y + 6 = 0
That is: x − 1 = 0 and − y + 1 = 0
x = 1 and y =1
(1, 1) is the only critical point inside the given region R. You can easily see in the
above figure that point (1, 1) lies inside the square R.
STEP 2:
i. Line segment between (0, 0) and (0, 2):

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On this line segment we have x = 0. So given function simplifies to a

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function of the single variable,

ud
f (0, y ) = −3 y 2 + 6 y 0≤ y≤2

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Say f (0, y ) = u ( y ) then
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u ( y ) = −3 y 2 + 6 y 0≤ y≤2
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u′( y ) = −6 y + 6
te .n

For critical point

si at
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u ′( y ) = −6 y + 6 = 0
− y +1 = 0
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st //vu

y =1
Be tp:

which corresponds to a point (0, 1). (As x = 0 on this line segment)

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The extreme values of u(y) may occur at the endpoints, that is, y = 0 and
y = 2 which corresponds to the points (0, 0) and (0, 2) respectively.
ii. Line segment between (0, 2) and (2, 2):
On this line segment we have y = 2. So given function simplifies to a
function of the single variable,
f ( x, 2) = x 2 − 12 − 2 x + 12 0≤ x≤2
= x − 2x
2

Say f ( x, 2) = v ( x ) then
v( x) = x 2 − 2 x 0≤ x≤2
v′( x) = 2 x − 2

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For critical point

v′( x) = 2 x − 2 = 0
x −1 = 0
x =1
which corresponds to a point (1, 2). (As y = 2 on this line segment)
The extreme values of v(x) may occur at the endpoints, that is, x = 0 and
x = 2 which corresponds to the points (0, 2) and (2, 2) respectively.
iii. Line segment between (2, 2) and (2, 0):
On this line segment we have x = 2. So given function simplifies to a
function of the single variable,
f (2, y ) = 4 − 3 y 2 − 4 + 6 y 0≤ y≤2

ts
en
= −3 y + 6 y
2

ud
Say f (2, y ) = t ( y ) then

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t ( y) = − 3 y 2 + 6 y 0≤ y≤2
el m
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t ′( y ) = −6 y + 6
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p
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For critical point

t ′( y ) = −6 y + 6 = 0
te .n

− y +1 = 0
si at
eb nn

y =1
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which corresponds to a point (2, 1). (As x = 2 on this line segment)

st //vu

The extreme values of t(y) may occur at the endpoints, that is, y = 0 and
Be tp:

y = 2 which corresponds to the points (2, 0) and (2, 2) respectively.

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iv. Line segment between (2, 0) and (0, 0):

On this line segment we have y = 0. So given function simplifies to a
function of the single variable,
f ( x, 0) = x 2 − 2 x 0≤ x≤2
Say f ( x, 0) = w( x) then
w( x) = x 2 − 2 x 0≤ x≤2
w′( x) = 2 x − 2
For critical point

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w′( x) = 2 x − 2 = 0
x −1 = 0
x =1
which corresponds to a point (1, 0). (As y = 0 on this line segment)
The extreme values of w(x) may occur at the endpoints, that is, x = 0 and
x = 2 which corresponds to the points (0, 0) and (2, 0) respectively.
STEP 3:
(x, y) (1, 1) (0,1) (0, 0) (0, 2) (2, 2) (2, 0) (1, 0) (1, 2) (2, 1)
f(x, y) 2 3 0 0 0 0 -1 -1 3
Thus
Absolute maximum value of f is

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f (0, 1) = f (2, 1) = 3 (highest value among others)

ud
Absolute minimum value of f is

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f (1, 0) = f (1, 2) = -1 (lowest value among others)
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Remarks: My advice to all the students is to first draw the figure of region R
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according to the given points (or equations). Seeing visually makes the solution
si at

easier. Also, revise Article 4 of first chapter in the book ‘Calculus with
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Analytic Geometry’ by Howard Anton, for equations of line.

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Q 2. Prove that
Be tp:

1 2 2 1
∫ ∫ ( x 2 − 2 y )dx dy = ∫∫ ( x 2 − 2 y )dy dx
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−1 0 0 −1

Solution:

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2
1 2 1 x3
∫ ∫ ( x − 2 y )dx dy = ∫ − 2 xy dy
2
−1 0 −1 3 0

1 8
=∫ − 4 y dy
−1 3
1
8
= y − 2 y2
3 −1

8 8
= −2+ +2
3 3
16
=
3
2 1 2
∫∫ ∫
1
( x 2 − 2 y )dy dx = x2 y − y 2 dx
0 −1 0 −1

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2
=∫ x 2 − 1 − (− x 2 − 1) dx

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0
2
=∫

ud
2 x 2 dx
0

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2
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2 3
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3 0
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2
= (2)3
3
te .n

16
=
si at

3
eb nn

16
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1 2 2 1
Thus ∫ ∫ ( x 2 − 2 y ) dx dy = ∫∫ ( x 2 − 2 y )dy dx =
st //vu

−1 0 0 −1 3
Q 3. Evaluate the iterated integral.
Be tp:

∫ ∫ ( 4x )
1 2y
y + y dx dy
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0 0

Solution:

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∫ ∫ (4x )
1
1 2y 2y
y + y dx dy = ∫ 2 x 2 y + xy dy
0 0 0
0

(8 y )
1
=∫ 2
y + 2 y 2 dy
0
1
⎛ 5 ⎞
= ∫ ⎜ 8 y 2 + 2 y 2 ⎟ dy
0 ⎝ ⎠
1
7
y2
y3
=8 +2
7 3
2 0

7 1
2 3
y y
= 16 +2

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7 3

en
0

16 2 48 + 14 62

ud
= + = =
7 3 21 21

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Q 4. Evaluate the iterated integral by first changing the order of integration.

p
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1 1
∫∫e
x2
dx dy
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0 y
si at

(Hint: Yellow colored region in following figure is the region of integration)

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Solution:
First observe that the leftmost integral has limits 0 to 1 while at rightmost we have
dy. So this means that variable y varies from zero to one. Next integral has limit y
to 1 and dx is before dy, so this means that variable x varies from y to 1. In short
we can say that for each fixed y on the interval [0, 1], x ranges from y to 1. You
can also see that in the yellow-colored region of above figure.
Now, to reverse the order of integration, see in the yellow-colored region of the
figure that x varies from 0 to 1. To express y in terms of x we can say that y varies
from 0 to x. So, this region is also said to be enclosed by

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0 ≤ x ≤1

en
y=0, y=x,

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Thus we can write,

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1 1 1 x
∫∫e dx dy = ∫ ∫
x2 2

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0 y 0 0
1 x
= ∫ ye x
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2
dx
0
0
te .n

( xe )
1
=∫
si at

x2
− (0)e x dx
2
eb nn

0
1
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= ∫ xe x dx
2
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0
1
1
Be tp:

= ∫ 2 xe x dx
2

20
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1 x2 1
= e
2 0

= ( e1 − e0 )
1
2
1
= ( e − 1)
2

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