Terms Definitions

universal phenomenon influencing the ways in which people think,

caring
feel, and behave in relation to one another
Transcultural Concept of Care: care is the essence that distinguishes
Madeline Leininger nurses; stresses the importance of understanding cultural caring
behaviors
Transpersonal Concept of Care: suggests that a conscious intention to
Watson
care promotes healing and wholeness; inner healing; spiritualness
From Watson -- nurse-client relationship influences both the nurse
Transformative model
and client and promotes healing
theory of caring with 5 categories: knowing, being with, doing for,
Swanson
enabling, maintaining belief
Swanson: 1st category
knowing Striving to understand an event as it has meaning in the life of the
other
Swanson: 2nd category
being with
being emotionally present to the other
Swanson: 3rd category
doing for
Doing for the other as he/she would do for self if possible
Swanson: 4th category
enabling Facilitating the other's passage thru life's transitions and unfamiliar
situations
Swanson: 5th category
maintaining belief Sustaining faith in the other's capacity to get through an event or
transition
list 3 of the responsibilities 1. being patient's advocate
in relation to the ethics of 2. solving ethical dilemmas by attending to the client's relationships
care 3. giving priority to each client's unique personhood
presence person to person encouter conveying closeness and a sense of caring
task-oriented touch used when performing a task or procedure
caring touch non-verbal communication == holding a hand, etc.
protective touch used to protect the nurse or client = ex. preventing a fall
3 steps to listening 1. taking in what a client says
2. interpretation and understanding of what they say
 3. giving back that understanding
right of self-determination; right of competent individuals to make
autonomy
decisions for themselves
the duty to do no harm either intentionally or unintentionally; take
nonmaleficence
due care
beneficence the duty to do good and promote the welfare of others
equitable distribution of risks and benefits -- ensuring that all patients
justice
are treated fairly
infection entry and multiplication of an organism in a host
when a microorganism is present and grows and multiplies in a host
colonization
but does not cause infection
an infectious disease that can be transmitted directly from one person
communicable disease
to another
infection where the pathogen multiplies and causes clinical signs and
symptomatic infection
symptoms
asymptomatic infection infection where signs and symptoms are not present
infectious agent bacteria or viruses; pathogen
reservoir place where a pathogen lives
portal of exit place to enter another host to cause disease
modes of transmission the major route of transmission for pathogens
portal of entry place where organisms enter the body
host's susceptibility depends in the individual degree of resistance to
susceptible host
a pathogen
interval between entrance of pathogen into body and appearance of
incubation period
first symptoms
interval from onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms to more
prodromal stage
specific symptoms
intervall when client manifests symptoms specific to the type of
illness stage
infection
convalescence intervall when acute symptoms of infection disappear
localized infection infection that causes symptoms at a single organ or part
 infection that affects the entire body instead of just a single organ or
systemic infection
part
protective reaction that serves to neutralize pathogens and repair
inflammatory response
body cells
nosocomial infections health-care associated infections
negative nitrogen balance not getting enough protein in your diet
WBC Count 5,000 to 10,000/mm3
Erythrocyte Sedimentation
up to 15mm/hr for men and 20mm/hr for women
Rate
Iron level 60-90g/100ml
neutrophils 55-70%
lymphcytes 20-40%
monocytes 5-10%
eosinophils 1-4%
basophils .5-1.5%
asepsis the absence of pathogenic microorganisms
medical asepsis "clean technique"
separation and restriction of movement of ill persons with contagious
isolation
diseases
surgical asepsis "sterile technique"
core temperature temperature of the deep tissues
mechanisms the regulate the balance between heat lost and heat
thermoregulation
produced
hypothalamus part of brain that controls temperature
basal metabolic rate the heat produced by the body at absolute rest
shivering involuntary body response to temperature differences in the body
nonshivering vascular brown tissue that is metabolized for heat production in a
thermogenesis neonate
transfer of heat from the surface of one object to the surface of
radiation
another object without direct contact
conduction transfer of heat from one object to another with direct conduct
convection transfer of heat away from air movement
evaporation transfer of heat energy when a liquid is changed to a gas
pyrexia fever
pyrogens bacteria and viruses that elevate body temperature
hyperthermia body's inability to promote heat loss or reduce heat production
malignant hyperthermia hereditary condition of uncontrolled heat production
heatstroke a dangerous heat emergency
heat exhaustion profuse diaphoresis with excess water and electrolyte loss
hypothermia cold that overwhelms the body's ability to produce heat
frostbite occurs when the body is exposed to subnormal temperatures
normal temperature range 98.6 to 100.4 degrees F/ 36 to 38 degrees C
ADPIE
Assessment
Diagnosis
steps to Nursing Process
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
adult normal pulse rate 60-100 beats/minute
tachycardia abnormally elevated heart rate >100 beats/minute
bradycardia abnormally slow heart rate <60 beats/minute
when an inefficient contraction of the heart fails to transmit a pulse
pulse deficit
wave to the peripheral site
dysrhythmia abnormal heart rhythm
ventilation the movement of gases in and out of the lungs
the movement of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide between the alveoli
diffusion
and the RBCs
perfusion the distribution of RBCs to and from the pulmonary capillaries
hypoxemia low levels of arterial Oxygen
normal adult respiration 12-20 breaths/minute
rate
bradypnea breathing rate is regular but abnormally slow <12 breaths/minute
tachypnea breathing rate is regular but abnormally fast >20 breaths/minute
labored breathing; increased depth and rate often occuring during
hyperpnea
exercise
apnea respirations cease for several seconds
hyperventilation increased rate and depth of breath
hypoventiliation decrease rate and depth of breath
breathing rate and depth are irregular; alternating periods of apnea
Cheyne-Stokes
and hyperventilation
Kussmaul's abnormally deep breathing with an increased rate
Biot's abnormally shallow breathing followed by apnea
SAO2 percentage of saturation of hemoglobin
force exerted on the walls of an artery by the pulsing blood under
blood pressure
pressure
systolic pressure peak of maximum pressure when ejection occurs
diastolic pressure minimal pressure exerted against the arterial walls at all times
pulse pressure the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures
CO2 increases causing more blood against arterial walls causing BP
cardiac output
to increase
if resistance increases (vessels constrict), bp increases
peripheral resistance
if resistance decreases (vessels dilate), bp decreases
increase blood volume = increase bp
blood volume
decrease blood volume = decrease bp
elasticity reduced elasticity = increased bp
normal adult BP <120/80
systolic: 120-139
prehypertension
diastolic: 80-89
systolic: 140-159
stage 1 hypertension
diastolic: 90-99
 systolic: >/= 160
stage 2 hypertension
diastolic: >/= 100
ausculatory gap disappearance of sound when using palpation technique
A question you face while caring for a patient or a trend you see on a
problem focused trigger
nursing unit
knowledge focused trigger A question regarding new information available on a topic
Focused question getting you to the best scientific evidence
P=patient population
PICO I=intervention
C=comparison treatment
O=outcome expectation
A problem solving approach to clinical practice that integrates the
Evidence Based practice conscientious use of best evidence in combination with clinical
experience and patient preferences to make decisions about care.
1. Ask a clinical question
2. Collect the most relevant and best evidence
Steps of Evidence Based 3. Critically appraise the evidence you gather
practice 4. Integrate all evidence with your clinical expertise and patient
preferences in making a practice decision or change
5. Evaluate the practice decision or change
1. Conceive the study
2. Design the study
5 steps to The Research
3. Conduct the study
Process
4. Analyze the study
5. Use the study
abstract brief summary of a research article
contains information about the article's purpose and the importance
introduction
of the topic
literature review gives good idea of how past research led to the researcher's question
study of nursing phenomena that offers precise measurement and
quantification. It is the precise, systematic, OBJECTIVE
quantitative research
examination of specific concepts. Focuses on numerical data and
statistical analysis.
difficult to quantify or categorize. Information is obtained in a non-
qualitative research numerical form. Develops generalizations or theories from specific
observations or interviews. SUBJECTIVE.
descriptive research study that measures characteristics of persons
 study in which the researcher controls the study variable and
experimental research
randomly assigns subjects to different condition to test the variable
quality assurance activities that are used to monitor, evaluate, and control services
continuous quality a process in which ongoing analysis and improvement lays the
improvement foundation of change
overall management program to implement continuous quality
total quality management
improvement
is an active, organized, cognitive process used to carefully examine
critical thinking
one's thinking
anything written or printed you rely on as record or proof for
documentation
authorized persons
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
HIPAA
finalized in 2001 and took effect in 2003
type of narrative report that involves use of D(dansata)A(action or
focus charting
intervention)R(response of the client) notes
critical pathways multidisciplinary care plan
increase in nitrogenous wastes in the blood, marked fluid and
uremic syndrome electrolyte abnormalities, nausea, vomiting, headache, coma, and
convulsions.
renal replacement aggressive treatments for uremic syndrome/end stage renal disease
therapies that includes dialysis and organ tranplantation
nocturia awakening to void one or more times per night
polyuria excessive output of urine
oliguria a urine output that is decreased despite normal intake
diuresis increased urine formation
device that temporarily bypesses the bladder and urethra as the exit
urinary diversion
routes for urine
accumulation of urine resulting from an inability of the bladder to
urinary retention
empty properly
bacteriuria bacteria in the urine
urosepsis bacteria in the bloodstream
dysuria pain or burning during urination
cystitis irritated bladder
hematuria blood-tinged urine
pyelonephritis kidney infection
urinary incontinence involuntary leakage of urine that is sufficient to be a problem
urgency feeling of need to void immediately
hesitancy difficulty initiating urine
dribbling leakage of urine despite voluntary control of urine
residual urine volume of urine remaining after voiding
laxatives/cathartics soften the stool and promote peristalsis
symptom meaning infrequent bowel movements, difficulty passing
constipation stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and passing
hard feces
impaction results from unrelieved constipation
increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed
diarrhea
feces
C. difficile microorganism that is the common cause of diarrhea
fecal incontinence inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus
hemorrhoids dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum
stoma temporary or permanent artificial opening in the abdominal wall
surgical openings created in the ileum (ileostomy) or colon
ostomies
(colostomy) for feces to exit
fecal occult blood testing
measures microscopic amounts of blood in the feces
(GUAIAC TEST)