RURAL AGRICULTUAL WORK EXPERIENCE

RAWE – 2010-11

RAWE Programme is the implementation of the theoretical knowledge that the

students gain from the seven semesters in the field condition. This exposure to
field conditions boosts up the knowledge as well as the confidence of the
students.

RAWE gives way for experiential and the detailed study of agricultural subjects
as well as to get an insight over the rural lifestyle of the villagers. Randhwa
committee (1992) recommended the RAWE programme.

OBJECTIVES OF THE RAWE :

• To get acquainted with socio-economic condition of village

• To get opportunity for practical training

• To develop communication skill in transfer of technology

• To know about technologies followed by farmers.

• To prepare a action plan suitable for local situation

• To enable students for facing problematic situations and finding their

solutions

CURRICULUM OF RAWE :
• Activity at KVK

• Activity at DAO

• Activity at DDH

• Experiential learning
 THE ANGUL KVK GROUP
According to the new format of RAWE the students were allotted to different KVKs
of Odisha for conducting village activities / PRA. For accomplishment of this
activity we 15 students were allotted to Angul KVK as a Group & our Group
includes

SL. NAME OF THE STUDENTS ADMISSION NO.

NO.
1. PRADIPTA KU. SEN. 25 C/07
2. LINGARAJ PRADHAN 26 C/07
3. DEEPAK KU. NAYAK 27 C/07
4. CHINMAY MISHRA 28 C/07
5. BIGHNARAJ KAR. 29 C/07
6. RAJKISHORE SWAIN 33 C/07
7. SUJIT KU. PADHI 34 C/07
8. SARAT CHANDRA NAYAK 37 C/07
9. DUSHMANTA KU. SWAIN 38 C/07
10. SOUMYARANJAN BARDHAN 40 C/07
11. KHIROD BAREN CHAND 43 C/07
12. ADITYA KIRAN PADHIARY 44 C/07
13. RAJESH KUMAR MOHAPATRA 45 C/07
14. SITANSHU SEKHAR BEHERA 48 C/07
15. SUKUMAR TARIA 13 C/06
 VISIT TO NUAGAON, CHHENDIPADA

On 06.11.2010 we have visited to Nuagaon of Chhendipada Block. We met

with Sarapanch and APEX Chairman.

This villager is irrigated area through Pani Panchayat Project. This Project
was sponsored by world Bank in 1986 . Total Area of Nuagaon is 4500 Acre and
net cultivated area in 2000-2500 Acre.

 The soil is sandy loam.

 Total Population – 3500 – 4000 ( Approx)

 About 95 % people are engaged in Agriculture.

 Main Crop of that area is Rice. They are also using HYV of Rice like Puja ,
Kalachampa, Kanchan, Lalata.

 It is the maximum irrigated village of the District.

CONSTRAINTS :
 Lack of Agriculture Officer, VLW

 Most of the people are uneducated.

 They have low risk bearing ability.

 Most of them are traditional farmer.

 INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM AT KUSASINGHA
On dt. 11.11.2010 we met Binapani Rout, who is a leading farmer of
Kusasingha having around 5 Acre of Land. She has maintained farming system
having different components, such as

 Agricultural Crop.

 Horticultural Crop.

 Floriculture Unit.

 Vermi Compost Unit.

 Diary Unit.

 Poultry Unit.

Agricultural Crop. : -

By growing Rice in Kharif & Summer she got around Rs. 40,000/- annum.
Arhar, Blackgram & Greengram are also cultivated after Rice.

Horticultural Crop.

She has grown horticultural crops like brinjal, Tomato, Banana , Cabbage,
etc.

Floriculture Unit. :

In previous season she had cultivated Gladiolus, tuberose, Growing

tuberose was a great loss for her due to soil problem. She had also cultivated
marigold , which made good profit.

Vermicompost Unit : -

She has maintained 2 tanks of vermicompost unit. Foetida sp. Of

earthworm is used. She has got a profit of 6000/- by selling one tank of
Vermicompost.

Diary Unit.

She has 2 Jersey & 1 Sindhi cow & around 10-15 liter of milk is obtained
every day.

Poultry Unit. : -

She has a poultry Unit of 2000 Capacity.

 VISIT TO BARGAUNIA VILLAGE
On dt. 12.11.10 we visited to village Baragaunia . It is an adopted village
under KVK, Angul .

We met to a leading farmer named Mr. Duryadhan Sahoo( Ex- Army). Now-
a-days he is a good vegetable grower . He has grown cauliflower, cabbage, chill,
French bean, rice, fruit crops like mango, Banana etc.

Mrs. Meenakshi Prusty (SMS in Soil science ) guided us and showed us

about the application of Boron in cauliflower. Boron application is done to
increase the curd size and curd diameter . The dose is 10 kg / ha.

Soil application of Boron ( Borax) is done by mixing with FYM.

CROP VARIETIES GROWN

Rice Puja, Swarna, Pratikshya, Indrabati,
Kalachampa, Sarala, Lalata.
Chilli Suryamukhi, Gedi
Banana Champa , Batisha
Mango Amrapalli.

Constraints : -

 Problem in irrigation in month of April to May

 Attack of leaf curl virus & fruit borer in Chilli.

 VISIT TO ODOKAPA VILLAGE

On dt. 19.11.2010 we have visited to village Odokapa, Block Chhendipada

to organize a training programme on mushroom cultivation specially oyster
mushroom cultivation.

Mrs. Sumita Acharya ( SMS Home Science) discussed about how to grow
Oyster Mushroom to the people of Odokapa village . In this village 6 numbers of
self help group ( SHG) are present.
 VISIT TO THE VILLAGE KUMURSINGHA

On dt. 25.11.2010 we have visited to village Kumursingha situated in

Angul Block. We met the leading farmer Mr. Hadibandhu Dehury. He has total
land of 9.5 Acre. He has grown a Mushroom unit in very good manner . He brings
spawn from FCI. He harvested 700gm. Mushroom /bed.

He is also growing Bittergourd of variety Chaman & also Hybrid. He has

planted the Banana, Coconut, around his farming unit. Pumpset facility is
available for irrigation.
 BERHAM AT A GLANCE

Village : Berham
Block : Athamallik
District : Angul
No. of Families : 200 Nos.
Population : 1500 ( Approx)
Land less familes : 35
Marginal Families : 55
Small farm families : 120
Big Farm families : Nil
Total Geographical Area : 435 Ha.
Cultivated area : 399 Ha.
Forest Area : > 400 Acre.
Gochara : 2 – 5 Acre.
No. of Bore well : 10
No. of Dug well : 20
Farm Pond : 6
No. of Self Help Group : 10
No. of Primary School : 1
No. of M.E. School : 1
No. of Temple : 1
No. of Farmers Club : 1
No. of Cows : 500
No. of Goats : 350
No of Sheep : 300

As Berham is a large village so our KVK extension SMS instructed us to

conduct PRA in Berham.
 RESOURCE MAP OF BERHAM
In indicates the resource available with the villages so that we can go for
action plan in future for the development of village.

Different Resources available in the village : -

 Land Resources.

 Hydrological Resources.

 Crop Resources.

 Man made Resources.

 Possession Resources.

 Human Resources.

Land Resources. :

 Total Geographical Area – 435 Ha.

 Total Cultivated Area – 399 Ha.

 Forest Area - > 400 Acre

 Gochara – 2 to 5 Acre.

Hydrological Resources. :

 River – Nil

 Farm Pond – 6

 Canal – Nil

 Dug well – 20

 Bore well – 10

 WHS – 3

 Percolation Tank – 2
  RMS – 2 Watershed Project – 10 Nos.

 5% Model – 2

 Farm Pond – 1

Crop Resources :

Upland : Arhar, Sesamum , Cashew nut, Mustard, Black Gram, Green

Gram , Horse Gram,

Lentil.

Low Land : Rice, Sugarcane, Potato, Tomato, Cabbage, Chilli, Brinjal,

Manmade Resources : -

 Educational Institution : 1 Primary School, 1 M.E. School.

 Religious Institution : 1 Temple

 Organisation : 1 Farmers Club , 10 SHG.

Possession Resources.

No. of Cows : 500

No, of Goats : 350

No. of Sheep : 300

Dug well : 20

Bore well : 10

Water shed project : 10

Human Resources :

No of Families : 200

Population : 1500 Approx.

Large Farmer : Nil

Marginal Farmer: 55

Small Farm families : 120

Land Less Families : 35

 VILLAGE MAP OF BERHAM
Berham is situated nearly at a Distance of about 75 K.m. from Angul
KVK. People of this village solely depends upon Rainfall for agriculture. Due to
presence of water shed project some parts of village is irrigated after monsoon
period. People of this village mainly followed dryland farming as it is hilly areas.

The village map of Berham describes the overall scenario of the

village as follows : -

 No. of family : 200

 Population : 1500 Approx.

Land Resources :

Total Geographical area : 435 Ha.

Total Cultivated Area : 399 Ha.

Gochara : 2 to 5 Acre.

Forest Area : > 400 Acre.

Water Resources : -

No. of bore well : 10

No. of Dug well : 20

River : Nil

Farm Pond :6

Watershed Project : 10

Institution

Educational Institution : 1 Primary School & 1 M.E. School

Religious Institution : 1 Temple

Organisation : 1 Farmers Club & 10 SHG.

 SOCIAL MAP OF BERHAM
It is the construction of a map of a village area for understanding social
structure of the village . This map indicates presence of various Institution and
various types of castes in the village.

This map is done by using Rangoli Powder and Chalk Powder on Cemented
Floor.

Institutions Present in the village : -

Educational Institution : 1 Primary School & 1 M.E. School

Religious Institution : 1 Temple

Organisation : 1 Farmers Club & 10 SHG.

1 Kotho Ghara .

Castes Present in the Village : -

In this village there are 5 types of castes present such as

 Bramhin :4

 Chasa : 120

 Gouda : 15

 Keuta : 10

 Adibasi : 51
 CROP MAP OF BERHAM

Crop map indicates different crop grown in the village and also the
cropping pattern follow in that village. The Crop map gives an idea about the land
situation and the crops those are suitable for the particular village. Owing to non
availability of irrigation sourece the people of this village solely depends upon
Rainfall. Due to hilly areas the people of this village followed dry land farming .

Cropping system of the Village :

Upland : Kharif Paddy - Arhar / Lentil / Black Gram / Green Gram / Horse
Gram / Mustard- q No. Crop .

Low Land : Kharif Paddy – Cabbage / Cauliflower / Brinjal / Tomato – No. Crop.

Forest Crop of the village :

Teak, sisso, Sal, Eucalyptus , Karanga, Ber,

Crops grown in Back ward : -

Papaya, Banana, Cabbaige, Onion, Cauliflower.

Other minor crops :

Lentil, Green gram, Black Gram

Varieties Grown. :

Paddy : Swarna , Sarada – I, Sarada – II, Lalata, Kalachampa, Sarala ,

Puja

Brinjal : Utkal Keshari, Utkal Madhuri,

Tomato : Suryamukhi,

Arhar : Local Var.

Intercropping : Nil

Disease & Pests :

Paddy : Bacterial leaf Blight, Blast , Brown Spot, Leaf Folder insect,
BPH.

Brinjal : Wilt, Fruit & shoot borer.

Chili : Thrips, Wilt, and Leaf curl.

Soil Texture :

Upland - Sandy Soil.

Low Land – Sandy Loam,.

Pentagon of Assets.

1. Human Capital

Knowledge - Mostly illiterate

Skill - Poor

Risk bearing ability- Very Poor.

Awareness _ Nill

Responsibility –

2. Social Capital

Planning -

Decision :

Relation with govt. Organisation :

 Partnership

Culture - Dulendi, Kartika Purnima, Holi,

3. Physical Capital : -

Building - 20 Nos.

Road - Pakka

Machinery – 1 tractor, 1 Huller

4. Financial Capital

Savings Deposit – Rs 75,000/-

Loan - Individual

Subsidy – Nil

5. Natural Capital

Geographica Area – 435 Ha.

Cultivated Area – 399 Ha.

Forest Area - > 400 Ac.

Water Source – Watershed Project – 10

Dug Well – 20

Bore Well – 10

Soil Type – Sandy, Sandly Loam.

TRANSACT WALK OF BERHAM

It is a kind of exploratory walk which is undertaken by the team alongwith
villagers to observe and send in minute details and difference of an area. It was
done by walking with the local people through the area observing, asking,
listening, discussing, identifying different zones, soils, land uses, vegetation,
crops, livestock, local and introduce technologies etc. Seeking problems,
solutions, opportunities, mapping and diagramming for the zones, resources and
findings.
 SEASONALITY OF BERHAM
Seasonality exercise provides information about seasonal variation in rain fall,
farming practices, employment and availability of food and fodder, credit, fuel,
health, disease and transport facilities. In Berham we have done seasonality,
exercise relating to : -

1. Seasonality of disease and pest infestation on major crops.

 MATRIX RANKING OF BERHAM
Villagers preference and attitude towards a particular topic of interest is reveled
by this technique. It helps to understand farmers priorities and preference in crop
varieties, trees species, livestock categories etc. The farmers of Berham grown
six varieties of paddy and they had taken 11 criteria for judging the priorities of
the varieties. People were asked to give marks to these varieties out of five,
keeping in the view of the criteria, they have information about the varieties
accordingly we have prepared following matrix ranking.

MATRIX RANKING OF PADDY VARIETIES GROWN IN BERHAM

Varieties→
Criteria
↓
Swarna Pooja Lalata Kalacham Pratikshy Sarada
pa a
Yield 4 4 4 3 5 3
Raw Rice 4 3 5 4 4 3
Fried Rice 5 4 3 4 4 4
(MUDI)
Puffed 4 3 4 3 2 2
Rice
(Khai)
Taste 5 3 5 3 5 3
Marketing 5 3 4 4 5 4
Disease 4 3 4 5 4 3
Resistant
Straw 2 3 3 5 3 4
Upland 5 2 2 3 3 3
Condition
Low Land 2 4 3 5 3 4
Condition
Drought 5 3 3 5 4 4
Resistant
Total 45 35 40 44 42 37
Rank 1st 6th 4th 2nd 3rd 5th

Conclusion

From the above matrix ranking we came to know that 1st Preference of the
villagers among the above six mentioned varieties is Swarna followed by
Kalachampa.
 WEALTH RANKING OF BERHAM
Wealth ranking is employed to capture difference in the standard of living as
perceive by the villagers to gain insight into relative social stratification.

By Wealth ranking we can know the socio-economic condition of the villagers.

The villagers are classified into six categories i.e. very rich, rich, medium, poor,
very poor, land less

Categorie Criteria No of
s Families
Very rich More land holdings (20 Acre) Nil
Rich Having 10 to 20 Acre land, Nil
cows, goat and sheep
Medium Having 5 to 10 Acre land and 10
less livestock
Poor Having 1 to 5 Acre land 120
Very Poor Less than 1 Acre Land 45
Land Less No Land 35
TIME LINE OF BERHAM
YEARS EVENTS
1935 UGME School
1960 1st Cycle
1962 Primary School
1970 1st Radio
1972 1st Use of Fertiliser
1972-73 1st Use of HYV of Paddy
1979 1st Use of Pesticide and
Insecticide
1980 1st Use of Hand sprayer
1981 5th to 7th Class in Education
1982 1st Electricity
1985 1st Use of HYV of Vegetable
1989 1st Jersey Cow
1990 1st Television
1995 1st Landline Phone
1995 1st SHG
1996 1st Hand Pump
2000 1st Tractor
2005 1st Motor Cycle
2005 1st Poultry Unit by SHG
2006 1st Four Wheeler
2008 1st Mobile Phone
2008 KB Pump (Diesel)
2009 1st Pakka Road
2010 Upto Class 8th (Education)
 VENN DIAGRAM
In Venn Diagram the Institution are presented by circles of different sizes. A large
circle in the centre showing the village name and other circles are arranged
around it. Size of the circles indicates their importance to the village and the
relative distance indicates proximity.

List of Institutions

• Block Office

• PHC, Boinda

• College, Boinda

• U.P School

• Gram Panchayat

• Market

• Bank, Boinda

• Veterinary Hospital

• KVK

• Temple

• Anganwadi Kendra
LIVELIHOOD ANALYSIS OF BERHAM

MEDIUM FARMER

SMALL FARMER

LAND LESS
 SWOT ANALYSIS

1. Water Resource 1. Mostly Uneducated

2. Land Availability 2. Poor Market Facility
3. Labour Availability 3. Lack of Improved Technologies
4. Forest Product 4. Use of Local Variety
5 Primary Health Centre 5. Poor Irrigation Facilities
6. School 6. Undulating Land
7. Veterinary Hospital 7. Poor Awareness
8. Electricity Supply
9. No Farm Income

(STRENGTH) (WEAKNESS)
SWOT
ANALYSIS

1. Drought Condition 1. KVK Adopted Village

2. Infestation of Disease and 2. Loans from Bank & Cooperative
Pest Society
3. Soil Erosion 3. Self Help Group
4. Proper Storage of Food 4. Watershed Project
Grain 5. Input Dealer
6. Forest as a Natural Resource

(THREAT) (OPPORTUNITY)
 PROBLEM CAUSE ANALYSIS OF BERHAM
After identification and prioritisation of problem we have to identify the
root cause of the problems. The causes of the problem are divided into
different categories like :-

• Socio Economic Cause

• Bio Physical Cause

• Primary Cause

• Secondary Cause

• Tertiary Cause

Poor Income of Village People is the major problem in this village. The
problem cause analysis diagram is presented below :-

Low Awareness
Undulated Soil
Surface Infestation of
Lack of Knowledge Disease and Pest
Soil Erosion

Poor Technology
Transfer
Low Soil Fertility Weed Problem

Lack of skilled
person Low Yield Poor Plant
Protection
Far Away from
KVK
POOR
INCOME OF
VILLAGE
PEOPLE

Conventional Low Yield

Use of Desi
Method of Farming
Variety
Poor Crop
Low Risk bearing Management Low Input of HYV
ability Seeds &
Drought Condition Chemicals

Rainfed Area
 Solely depends
upon agriculture
BIO-PHYSICAL CAUSE
CAUSE
 Weed Infestation
 Incidence of Disease and
Pest
 Limited Supply of Irrigation
 Poor Crop Management
 Varietal Factor
 Drought Condition
 Soil Erosion
 Undulated Field Surface
PRIMARY CAUSE
 Drought Condition
 Limited Supply of Irrigation
 Soil Erosion
 Undulated Field Surface
TERTIARY CAUSE
 Low Market Facility
 Far Away from KVK
 Low Input Supply
 Mostly Illiterate
 Lack of Technology Transfer
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
 Lack of Knowledge and
Awareness
 Mostly illiterate
 Conventional Method of Farming
 Lack of extension activities
 Poor Risk bearing ability
 No timely input supply
 Far away from KVK.
SECONDARY CAUSE
 Conventional Method of Farming
 Incidence of Disease and Pest
 Weed Problem
 Varietal Factor
 Poor Crop Management
 ACTION PLAN FOR BERHAM
It is a decision making process involving critical analysis of the existing
situation and the problem, evaluation of the alternative to solve these
problems and the selection of relevant ones giving necessary priorities
basing upon local needs and the resources by the cooperative effect of the
people both official and non-official with a view to facilitate the individual
and community growth and development.

ACTION PLAN FOR CROPPING AREA :

1. Training about improved method of cultivation for different crops.

2. Mechanisation in Agriculture
3. Training about IWM, INM, IPM and IDM.
4. Crop Diversification
5. Use of High Yielding Variety
6. Use of Green Manure and Compost
7. Apiculture Management

ACTION PLAN FOR DRY LAND FARMING:

1. Use of Low Water Requirement Crops like Arhar, Bajra, Sorghum etc.
2. Soil Testing and Reclamation of Acid Soils
3. Creation of Water Harvesting Structure and their management

ACTION PLAN FOR HOMESTEAD AREA:

1. Introduction of Enterprise like Mushroom Cultivation, Diary Unit,
Piggery, Poultry etc.
2. Training on Development of Kitchen Garden.
3. Demonstration on Vermi Compost Unit

ACTION PLAN FOR WASTE LAND :

1. Social Forestry
2. Development of Watershed
3. Raising of Plantation Crop like Cashew Nut

ACTION PLAN FOR RURAL YOUTH :

1. Training about Mushroom Cultivation, Poultry Unit, Piggery
2. Establishment of Youth Club

ACTION PLAN FOR RURAL WOMEN:

1. Training about preparation of various processed product through
SHG.

ACTION PLAN FOR LANDLESS FARMERS:

1. Vermicompost Unit
2. Mushroom Cultivation

ACTION PLAN FOR WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT:

1. Development of Watershed Project
2. In situ conservation in agricultural field
3. Renovation of Ponds and wells.
4. Growing cover crop like Cow Pea.

