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    Laboratory Manual of Glass-Blowing
    Laboratory Manual of Glass-Blowing
    Laboratory Manual of Glass-Blowing
    Ebook112 pages1 hour

    Laboratory Manual of Glass-Blowing

    By Francis C. Frary

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    "Laboratory Manual of Glass-Blowing" by Francis C. Frary. Published by Good Press. Good Press publishes a wide range of titles that encompasses every genre. From well-known classics & literary fiction and non-fiction to forgotten−or yet undiscovered gems−of world literature, we issue the books that need to be read. Each Good Press edition has been meticulously edited and formatted to boost readability for all e-readers and devices. Our goal is to produce eBooks that are user-friendly and accessible to everyone in a high-quality digital format.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherGood Press
    Release dateNov 26, 2019
    ISBN4057664625274
    Laboratory Manual of Glass-Blowing

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      Book preview

      Laboratory Manual of Glass-Blowing - Francis C. Frary

      Francis C. Frary

      Laboratory Manual of Glass-Blowing

      Published by Good Press, 2022

      goodpress@okpublishing.info

      EAN 4057664625274

      Table of Contents

      PREFACE

      CHAPTER I

      Materials and Apparatus

      CHAPTER II

      General Operations

      CHAPTER III

      ELEMENTARY EXERCISES

      EXERCISE NO. 1

      EXERCISE NO. 2

      EXERCISE NO. 3

      EXERCISE NO. 4

      EXERCISE NO. 5

      EXERCISE NO. 6

      EXERCISE NO. 7

      CHAPTER IV

      Advanced Exercises

      EXERCISE NO. 8

      EXERCISE NO. 9

      CHAPTER V

      Modified Methods and Special Operations

      INDEX

      239 WEST 39TH STREET, NEW YORK

      6 BOUVERIE STREET, LONDON, E. C.

      1914

      PREFACE

      Table of Contents

      The purpose of this little book is to provide a clear and detailed discussion of the elements of glass-blowing. Many laboratories in this country, especially in the west, are located a long way from any professional glass-blower, and the time and money spent in shipping broken apparatus several hundred miles to be mended could often be saved if some of the laboratory force could seal on a new stopcock, replace a broken tube, or make some temporary repairs. Many men in physical or chemical laboratories have occasion to modify some piece of apparatus designed perhaps for other uses, or to design new apparatus. To such also, the ability to perform some of the operations herein described may be very valuable.

      No originality is claimed for the methods here described. They are those which the author has found most suitable and convenient in his own work, and most easily learned by students. The aim has been to describe each operation in such detail that a beginner can follow the process without help and, with practice, attain satisfactory results. It is, however, much easier to perform any of the operations described, after seeing some one else perform it correctly; since the temperature, the exact time to begin blowing the glass, and many other little details are very difficult to obtain from a description.

      It has not been thought worth while to describe the process of making stopcocks, thermometers, vacuum tubes, etc., as such things can be purchased more cheaply and of much better quality than any amateur can make unless he is willing to spend a very large amount of time in practice. For similar reasons the manipulation of quartz glass has been omitted.

      The author will be grateful for all suggestions and criticisms tending to improve the methods presented. If some of them appear to be given in excessive detail, the reader will remember that many things which are obvious to the experienced worker are not so to the beginner, and that it is the little details in the manipulation which often spell success or failure in glass-blowing.

      F. C. F.

      Minneapolis, Minn.,

      January, 1914.

      LABORATORY

      MANUAL OF GLASS-BLOWING

      Table of Contents

      CHAPTER I

      Table of Contents

      Materials and Apparatus

      Table of Contents

      One of the most important factors in the success of any piece of glass-blowing is the glass employed. As is well known, there are two general varieties of glass: Lead glass and soda glass. Formerly much apparatus was made of lead glass, but at present it is very seldom met with, except in the little drops of special glass used to seal platinum wires into the larger sizes of tubes. Lead glass is softer and more readily fusible than soda glass, but has the disagreeable property of growing black in a few seconds unless worked in a strong oxidizing flame. This may be prevented by using a hissing flame, with a large excess of air, and working in the extreme end of the flame; or the black lead formed may thus be reoxidized, and the glass restored to its original clearness.

      Almost all the soft glass on the market is a soda glass, although sometimes part of the soda is replaced by potash. Most of the hard glass appears to be a potash glass. The following qualities are desirable in a glass for ordinary working: (1) moderately low working temperature, (2) freedom from air bubbles, striations and irregularities, (3) proper composition, so that the glass will not devitrify or crystallize while being handled at its working temperature, (4) ability to withstand rapid heating without cracking.

      The working temperature of different samples of so-called soft glass varies a good deal, and is best determined by trial. The glass should become almost soft enough for blowing in a flame that still shows a little yellow near the tip, so that at the highest temperature of the flame it may flow fairly freely and thus easily eliminate irregularities in thickness. If the glass is too hard, the shrinking of the glass, collection of material for a bulb, and in fact most of the working processes will be slower, and the glass will not stay at its working temperature long enough after its removal from the flame to permit it to be properly blown.

      Air bubbles in the original batch of glass are drawn out into long hair-like tubes during the process of manufacture. When such tubing is worked, the walls of these microscopic tubes collapse in spots, and the air thus enclosed will often collect as a small bubble in the wall, thus weakening it. Irregularities are of various kinds. Some of the larger sizes of thin-walled tubing often

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