TERM PAPER

ON

Global warming: Critically analyze the level of awareness of

your society about global warming and pollution and analyze

how they are contributing to it. Suggest some useful ways to

combat global warming and reducing pollution in Jalandhar

Submitted to: Submitted

by:
Mr prince vohra Navjot virk
Roll no:b63
Reg no:
11012249
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful to Mr. Prince Vohra who provided me with

the opportunity and guided me in successful completion of
my term paper. Under his valuable guidance, constant
interest and encouragement, who have devoted their ever-
precious time from their busy schedule and helped me in
completing the term paper.

Special, continual assistance while completing the term

paper was provided by the friends. I wish to acknowledge
my special thanks to them for their help and cooperation
in order to complete this project.

I am also thankful to those who have

helped me intellectually in preparation of this term paper
directly or indirectly. I am deeply indebted to the various
sources of information from relevant sites from internet.
 Contents
• Meaning of global warming
• Causes of global warming
• Attempt to analyze the level of awareness
of society about global warming and pollution
• Review of literature
• Objectives of study
• Suggestions to combat global warming and
reducing pollution in Jalandhar
• Findings in study
• Conclusion
• RefrenceS
 MEANING
Global warming is the increase in the average
temperature of the earth's atmosphere, especially a
sustained increase sufficient to cause climatic change.
It happens when greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide,
water vapor, nitrous oxide, and methane) trap heat
and light from the sun in the earth’s atmosphere,
which increases the temperature. This hurts many
people, animals, and plants. Many cannot take the
change, so they die. As the Earth is getting hotter,
disasters like hurricanes, droughts and floods are
getting more frequent.
There are many misconceptions
about global warming. Some believe that pollution
causes global warming, but the fact is global warming is
the result of burning fossil fuels, coal, and oil that
release carbon dioxide. Another misconception is that
global warming means that it will become warmer all
over. The name is misleading because in some places,
it will actually become colder. The majority of scientists
believe global warming is a process underway and that
it is human-induced.
The greenhouse gases are carbon
dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. These gases occur
naturally. The Earth uses those gases to warm its
surface. Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere
when solid waste, fossil fuels, wood, and wood products
are burned. Each greenhouse gas absorbs heat
differently. If natural gases did not occur, the
temperatures would be 91.4 degrees cooler than the
current temperatures. These gases trap heat and cause
the greenhouse effect, rising global temperatures.
 Human activities add to the levels of these gasses,
causing more problems. The burning of solid waste,
fossil fuels, and wood products are major causes.
Automobiles, heat from homes and businesses, and
factories are responsible for about 80% of today's
carbon dioxide emissions, 25% of methane, and 20% of
the nitrous oxide emissions. The increase in agriculture,
deforestation, landfills, industrial production, and
mining contribute a significant share of emissions too.
The gases released into the atmosphere are tracked by
emission inventories.
Global warming can affect
our future ability to obtain food. As climates change,
plants and animals will change, leading to a change in
the eating patterns of humans. An increase in
precipitation is one result of global warming that could
have devastating effects. First, the quality of crops
would be affected by an increase in precipitation.
Second, increasing rain could lead to an increase in soil
erosion.
According to the report given by the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC (2001 , a body
established by the World Meteorological Organization
and the United Nations Environment Programs (UNEP ,
global
warming happens when :
``Increases in the
concentrations of greenhouse gases will reduce the
efficiency with which the Earth 's surface radiates to
space . More of the outgoing terrestrial radiation from
the surface is absorbed by the atmosphere and re-
emitted at higher altitudes and lower temperatures .
 This results in a positive radiative forcing that tends to
warm the lower atmosphere and surface . Because less
heat escapes to space , this is the enhanced greenhouse
effect - an enhancement of an effect that has operated
in the Earth 's atmosphere for billions of years due to the
presence of naturally occurring greenhouse gases :
water vapour , carbondioxide , ozone , methane and
nitrous oxide .
To put it
simply , IPCC is pointing out that the increase in
greenhouse gasses lessens the capability of the earth to
emanate heat to outer space . Heat then piles up in the
atmosphere causing the earth 's temperature to increase
.

Causes of global warming

1.Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel burning power

plants:-
Our ever increasing addiction to
electricity from coal burning power plants releases
enormous amounts of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere.Every day, more electric gadgets flood the
market, and without widespread alternative energy
sources, we are highly dependent on burning coal for our
personal and commercial electrical supply.

2.Carbon dioxide emissions from burning gasoline for

transportation:-
Our modern car culture and appetite for
globally sourced goods is responsible for about 33% of
emissions of carbon dioxide .With our population
growing at an alarming rate, the demand for more cars
and consumer goods means that we are increasing the
use of fossil fuels for transportation and manufacturing.
Our consumption is outpacing our discoveries of ways to
mitigate the effects, with no end in sight to our massive
consumer culture.

3. Methane emissions from animals, agriculture such

as rice paddies, and from Arctic seabeds:-
Methane is
another extremely potent greenhouse gas, ranking right
behind CO2. When organic matter is broken down by
bacteria under oxygen-starved conditions (anaerobic
decomposition) as in rice paddies, methane is produced.
The process also takes place in the intestines of
herbivorous animals, and with the increase in the
amount of concentrated livestock production, the levels
of methane released into the atmosphere is increasing.
Another source of methane is methane clathrate, a
compound containing large amounts of methane trapped
in the crystal structure of ice. As methane escapes from
the Arctic seabed, the rate of global warming will
increase significantly.

4. Deforestation, especially tropical forests for wood,

pulp, and farmland:-
The use of forests for fuel (both wood and
for charcoal) is one cause of deforestation, but in the
first world, our appetite for wood and paper products,
our consumption of livestock grazed on former forest
land, and the use of tropical forest lands for commodities
like palm oil plantations contributes to the mass
deforestation of our world. Forests remove and store
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and this
deforestation releases large amounts of carbon, as well
as reducing the amount of carbon capture on the planet.

5. Increase in usage of chemical fertilizers on croplands:-

In the last half of the 20th century, the use of chemical
fertilizers (as opposed to the historical use of animal
manure) has risen dramatically. The high rate of
application of nitrogen-rich fertilizers has effects on the
heat storage of cropland (nitrogen oxides have 300
times more heat-trapping capacity per unit of volume
than carbon dioxide) and the run-off of excess fertilizers
creates ‘dead-zones’ in our oceans. In addition to these
effects, high nitrate levels in groundwater due to over-
fertilization are cause for concern for human health.

6. More killer storms:-

The severity of storms such as
hurricanes and cyclones is increasing, and research
published in Nature found:

“Scientists have come up with the firmest evidence so far

that global warming will significantly increase the
intensity of the most extreme storms worldwide. The
maximum wind speeds of the strongest tropical cyclones
have increased significantly since 1981, according to
research published in Nature this week. And the upward
trend, thought to be driven by rising ocean
temperatures, is unlikely to stop at any time soon.”

7. Massive crop failures:-

 According to recent
research, there is a 90% chance that 3 billion people
worldwide will have to choose between moving their
families to milder climes and going hungry due to
climate change within 100 years.
“Climate
change is expected to have the most severe impact on
water supplies. “Shortages in future are likely to
threaten food production, reduce sanitation, hinder
economic development and damage ecosystems. It
causes more violent swings between floods and
droughts.”" – Guardian: Global warming causes 300,000
deaths a year.

8. Widespread extinction of species:-

According
to research published in Nature, by 2050, rising
temperatures could lead to the extinction of more than a
million species. And because we can’t exist without a
diverse population of species on Earth, this is scary news
for humans.
 Attempt to analyze the level of
awareness of society about global
warming and pollution

Today global warming is no longer just an alarmist

concept particularly for India. A day Global warming is
mainly caused by the choices made by us how we
generate energy, how we consume energy, how we
transport ourselves... most of which goes back to
burning of fossil fuels.

The IPCC report on climate

change says India’s coastlines are the most vulnerable
and so are its glaciers in the Himalayas where the
meltdown has been alarming in recent years. So far work
done related to global warming is mainly confined to
research, conferences, seminars and workshops. But in
India, the general population has very little knowledge
about the burning issue of global warming. Efforts must
be taken as early as possible to create awareness about
it. Government authorities and NGOs should take the
initiative in this matter.

India, whose economy has grown by 8-9 per

cent a year in recent years, is one of the world's top
polluters, contributing around 4 per cent of global
greenhouse gas emissions as its consumption of fossil
fuels gathers pace. The urban crowd sure knows what it
means but the rural kind haven’t even heard the term in
large.
 Review Of Literature

There is ample literature from a varied number of

sources to draw upon. The National Oceanographic and
Atmospheric Agency (NOAA) and the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) sponsored out of the
United Nations are two of the largest contributors to the
debate on global warming and its effect on natural
disasters. The IPCC report unequivocally states that
global warming is happening and that man has an effect
on this increase in global warming. “Human activities
have increased the atmospheric concentrations of
greenhouse gases and aerosols since the pre-industrial
era”.

NASA has concluded that the

average mean temperature of the earth across three
hemispherical bands has been steadily increasing since
the 1880’s.

According to Adler, H. J.
(1992), and Cherif, A. (1995) believe educators should
design new strategies to incorporate a range of options
that include teaching recycling and waste management
in schools to ensure recycling behavior and more
participation in waste management. Both researchers
agree that more education will make the difference and
that recycling should be a part of the school curriculum.
Cherif (1995) article lists major objectives in teaching
recycling.

Saunders, M. A (1999)
and Vega, M. A (2005). Saunders and Al Gore are
researchers that are very interested with saving our
planet. Al Gore created a campaign to raise awareness
and to address global warming issues. Saunders and Al
Gore are concerned about the climate change, rising
levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the
rising sea level. They both agree that greenhouse
gases are due to human activities and has started
effecting the earth since the 1700’s. Burning forests
down, fossil fuels burning, decaying rubbish are all
enhancing the greenhouse gases. As a result, we have
seen dramatic changes in global temperature,
precipitation, sea level and weather extremes.

The Geophysical fluids dynamic

laboratory states their findings on ocean temperatures
to be "The surfaces of most tropical oceans have
warmed by 0.25-0.5 degree Celsius during the past
several decades” (Geophysical fluids dynamic
laboratory, n.d.). They continue to hypothesis that “The
strongest hurricanes in the present climate may be
upstaged by even more intense hurricanes over the
next century as the earth's climate is warmed by
increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere”
 According to an article given by Naomi
Oreskes:- IPCC states unequivocally that the consensus of
scientific opinion is that Earth's climate is being affected by
human activities. IPCC is not alone in its conclusions. In recent
years, all major scientific bodies in the United States whose
members' expertise bears directly on the matter have issued
similar statements. For example, the National Academy of
Sciences report, Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some
Key Questions, begins: "Greenhouse gases are accumulating in
Earth's atmosphere as a result of human activities, causing
surface air temperatures and subsurface ocean temperatures
to rise" .

According to Global Warming and the Kyoto

Protocol written by Heather E. Lindsay(Released July 2001)
human activities are increasing the levels of these gases in the
atmosphere, causing an 'enhanced greenhouse effect' that
traps more heat. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
reported that the twentieth century was the hottest in the last
thousand years, that the nine hottest years on record have all
occurred since 1987, and that 1998 was the hottest year ever.

According to an article in national

geographical news december29,2004 .To prove a scientific
consensus on global climate change, Oreskes searched the
scientific literature for papers published between 1993 and
2003 with the words "global climate change" in their abstracts.
She found 928.

"Not one of the papers refuted the claim

that human activities are affecting Earth's climate," she said.
According to her review, the scientific literature indisputably
links greenhouse gas emissions from human activities—such as
driving cars and burning oil and coal to generate electricity—
with a rise in surface-air and subsurface-ocean temperatures.

Noam Chomsky(2005) believes global

warming is a major issue and that it’s being ignored. Chomsky
explains that Bush’s administration pushes aside scientific
inquiry on global warming. He believes that we can possibly
face catastrophic damage if global warming issues continue to
be ignored. Chomsky emphasizes that the government needs
to take action and acknowledge the potential harm that is
facing us.

An article from tribune india,jalandhar ,februray15 ,2010

states that steps has been taken by the cement manufacturing
units, a group of researchers under the UK-India Education and
Research Initiative (UKIERI) has found that innovative cements
with increased use of waste materials can help reduce global
warming and climate change.

According to an article in national

gheographical magazine by Tim Appenzeller and Dennis R.
Dimick, Globally, the temperature is up 1°F (.5°C) over the
past century, but some of the coldest, most remote spots have
warmed much more. The results aren't pretty. Ice is melting,
rivers are running dry, and coasts are eroding, threatening
communities. Flora and fauna are feeling the heat too, as you'll
read in "EcoSigns." These aren't projections; they are facts on
the ground.
The changes are happening largely out of sight. But
they shouldn't be out of mind, because they are omens of
what's in store for the rest of the planet.
 Objectives of the study

• To study Global warming & its impact on society.

• To analyze the level of awareness in the society about global

warming.

• To study how society is contributeing to global warming.

• To suggest some ways to control global warming

&pollution.
Suggestions to combat global warming
and reducing pollution in Jalandhar

• Reuse, Recycle:
Do your part to reduce waste by
choosing reusable products instead of disposables. Buying
products with minimal packaging (including the economy
size when that makes sense for you) will help to reduce
waste. And whenever you can, recycle paper, plastic,
newspaper, glass and aluminum cans. If there isn't a
recycling program at your workplace, school, or in your
community, ask about starting one. By recycling half of your
household waste, you can save 2,400 pounds of carbon
dioxide annually.

Use Less Heat and Air Conditioning:-

•
Adding insulation to your walls and windows
can lower your heating costs more than 25 percent, by
reducing the amount of energy you need to heat and cool
your home.

• Drive Less and Drive Smart:-

Stop using vehicles even to
near by groseery store prefer to go by walk. Vehicles should
be tested for emission check.

• Buy Energy-Efficient Products

 When it's time to buy a new car,
choose one that offers good gas mileage. Home appliances
now come in a range of energy-efficient models, and
compact florescent bulbs are designed to provide more
natural-looking light while using far less energy than
standard light bulbs.

• Plant a Tree:-
If you have the means to plant a tree, start
digging. During photosynthesis, trees and other plants
absorb carbon dioxide and give off oxygen. They are an
integral part of the natural atmospheric exchange cycle here
on Earth, but there are too few of them to fully counter the
increases in carbon dioxide caused by automobile traffic,
manufacturing and other human activities. A single tree will
absorb approximately one ton of carbon dioxide during its
lifetime.

•Stop using plastic bags:-

Plastic bags should not be used instead
of these cloth bags should be used.

•Use natural waste:-

Natural waste should be used to fertilize the
plants instead of chemical fertilizers.
Findings

• Global warming the name is misleading as some

people think it will become warmer all over. But in some
places, it will actually become colder.

• Urban people knows about the concept but the rural

people doesn’t know the exact meaning of the term.

• In present scenario global warming is serious issue to

think upon.

• People are becoming more aware about the concept

from news,internet& television.

• Awareness program related to global warming must be

conducted in therural areas.
CONCLUSION
Let me close by returning to Global warming.
The vast majority of people including we need to
play our part in fixing this global problem and
inicatives must be taken by each and every
individual to control this problem.
Global warming is very serious issue
in present scenario and it can affect our future
ability to obtain food. As climates change, plants and
animals will change, leading to a change in the
eating patterns of humans.
As discuss in this term paper most of
causes for global warming like: deforestation,
emission of carbon dioxide, use of chemical
fertilizers etc… are because of human beings and we
can overcome such problems if awareness among
the society is given regarding such big problems .So,
today our great challenge is to:
“ save this world from ourselves .Our future is now in
our hands.”

REFRENCES
.

Article on awareness program on global warming in jalandhar

http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100423/jplus.htm#1

Article on awareness of global warming in india

http://www.ammas.com/ar/home.cfm?r=va&o=toprated&qid=142148&bid=0&topicid=375

ARTICLE IN TRIBUNE
http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100216/jal.htm#7

ARTICLE BY NOAMI OREKSESH

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/306/5702/1686

Article on global warming

http://environment.about.com/od/globalwarming/tp/globalwarmtips.htm

Article on climate change

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/1229_041229_climate_change_consensus.ht
ml
Adler, H. J. (1992). Little green lies. The environmental miseducation of
America’s children. Policy Review, 61, 18-26.

Cherif, A. (1995, January 1). Toward a Rationale for Recycling in Schools.

Journal of Environmental Education, 26(4), 5-10. (ERIC Document Reproduction
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causes of global warming

http://planetsave.com/2009/06/07/global-warming-effects-and-causes-a-
top-10-list/

Causes and effect of global warming

http://www.bionomicfuel.com/top-5-causes-and-effects-of-global-warming/

Gheophysical fluid dynamics labortary

http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/climate-change-variability-and-prediction

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_sup
porting_material

JOURNAL ON CLIMATE CHANGE

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/306/5702/1686

Khaleej Times. Retrieved October 5, 2008, from

http://www.chomsky.info/articles/20051006.htm

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHICAL MAGZINE

http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0409/feature1/

NASA
http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/global_warming_worldbook.html

Reasons/causes of global warming

http://globalwarming-facts.info/50-tips.html