Quinn CP Bio Name: ________________

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration

9-1: Chemical Pathways

1. Chemical Pathways
a. Food serves as a source of raw _______________ for the cells in the body
and as a source of _______________.
b. Both plant and ______________ cells carry out the final stages of cellular
_____________________ in the mitochondria.
2. Chemical Energy and _____________
a. One gram of the sugar ____________ (C6H12O6), when burned in the
presence of _________________, releases 3811 calories of heat energy.
b. A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1
gram of _______________ 1 degree Celsius.
c. Cells don't “__________” glucose. Instead, they gradually release the
energy from glucose and other food compounds.
i. This process begins with a pathway called __________________.
1. Glycolysis releases a small amount of energy.
3. Overview of ___________________ Respiration
a. If oxygen is present, glycolysis is followed by the ___________________
and the __________________________________.
b. Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain make up a
process called ______________________________.
i. Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking
down ________________ and other food molecules in the
presence of oxygen.
ii. The equation for cellular respiration is:
6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
oxygen + ____________ → carbon dioxide + _______ + Energy
iii. Each of the ___________ stages of cellular respiration captures
some of the _________________ energy available in food
molecules and uses it to produce ________.
c. Glycolysis takes place in the __________________. The Krebs cycle and
electron transport take place in the ________________________.
4. Glycolysis
a. ____________________ is the process in which one molecule of glucose
is broken in half, producing two molecules of ________________ acid, a
3-______________ compound.
b. ATP Production
i. At the beginning of glycolysis, the cell uses up _______ molecules
of ATP to start the reaction.
ii. When glycolysis is complete, 4 ATP molecules have been
produced.
iii. This gives the cell a net _________ of 2 ATP molecules.
c. _____________ Production
i. One reaction of glycolysis removes 4 high-energy electrons,
passing them to an electron carrier called ____________.
ii. Each NAD+ accepts a pair of high-energy ______________ and
becomes an NADH molecule.
Quinn CP Bio Name: ________________
iii. The NADH molecule ________________ the electrons until they
can be transferred to other molecules.
d. The Advantages of Glycolysis
i. The process of glycolysis is so ___________ that cells can produce
___________________ of ATP molecules in a few milliseconds.
ii. Glycolysis does _______ require oxygen.
5. Fermentation
a. When oxygen is not present, glycolysis is followed by a ______________
pathway. The combined process of this pathway and glycolysis is called
____________________.
b. Fermentation releases energy from _____________ molecules by
producing ATP in the ________________ of oxygen.
c. During fermentation, cells convert NADH to NAD+ by passing high-
energy electrons back to pyruvic ____________.
d. This action converts NADH back into NAD+, and allows glycolysis to
continue producing a steady supply of ___________.
e. Fermentation does not require oxygen—it is an ______________ process.
f. The two main types of fermentation are ____________ acid fermentation
and _______________ fermentation.
i. Alcoholic Fermentation
1. Yeasts and a few other microorganisms use alcoholic
fermentation, forming _______________ alcohol and
carbon dioxide as wastes.
2. The equation for alcoholic fermentation after glycolysis is:
pyruvic acid + ____________ → alcohol + _____ + NAD+
ii. Lactic Acid Fermentation
1. In many cells, pyruvic acid that accumulates as a result of
glycolysis can be _______________ to lactic acid.
2. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation.
It regenerates __________ so that glycolysis can continue.
3. Lactic acid fermentation converts _____________ into
lactic acid.
a. The first part of the equation is _______________.
b. The second part shows the conversion of pyruvic
acid to _______________ acid.
c. The NADH molecule holds the _____________
until they can be transferred to other molecules.
d. By doing this, ______________ helps to pass
energy from glucose to other pathways in the cell.
e. The equation for lactic acid fermentation after
glycolysis is:
_______________ + NADH → lactic acid + NAD+
Quinn CP Bio Name: ________________
9-2: The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport
1. __________ Cycle
a. _______________ is required for the final steps of cellular respiration.
b. Because the pathways of cellular respiration require oxygen, they are
_______________.
c. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis passes to
the ____________ stage of cellular respiration, the _________________.
d. During the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is ____________________ into
carbon dioxide in a series of energy-___________________ reactions.
e. The Krebs cycle begins when pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis enters
the ___________________.
i. One __________ molecule is removed, forming _________, and
electrons are removed, changing NAD+ to ______________.
ii. Coenzyme A joins the 2-carbon __________, forming acetyl-CoA.
iii. Acetyl-CoA then adds the 2-carbon acetyl group to a 4-carbon
compound, forming ___________________.
iv. Citric acid is broken down into a 5-carbon
compound, then into a ___-carbon compound.
v. Two more molecules of CO2 are released
and ______________ join NAD+ and FAD,
forming NADH and FADH2
vi. In addition, one molecule of ___ is
generated.
f. The energy tally from 1 molecule of pyruvic acid
is
i. 4 ________
ii. ____ FADH2
iii. 1 _______
g. What does the cell do with all those high-
energy electrons in carriers like NADH?
i. In the presence of _____________, those
high-energy electrons can be used to generate
_________ amounts of ATP.

2. Electron ________________
a. How are high-energy electrons used by the electron transport chain?
b. The electron transport chain uses the __________________ electrons from
the Krebs cycle to convert ______ into ______.
c. High-energy electrons from NADH and ___________ are passed along
the electron transport chain from one ____________ protein to the next.
d. At the end of the chain, an enzyme combines these ____________ with
______________ ions and oxygen to form ___________.
e. As the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain, __________
gets rid of the low-energy electrons and hydrogen ions.
f. When 2 high-energy electrons move down the electron transport chain,
their energy is used to move hydrogen ions (____) across the
____________.
g. During electron transport, H+ ions build up in the intermembrane space, so
it is __________________ charged.
Quinn CP Bio Name: ________________
h. The other side of the membrane, from which those H+ ions are taken, is
now __________________ charged.
i. The inner membranes of the mitochondria contain ________________
spheres called ATP ________________.
j. As H+ ions escape through _________________ into these proteins, the
ATP synthase __________.
k. As it rotates, the enzyme grabs a _______-energy ADP, attaching a
phosphate, forming __________-energy ATP.
l. On average, each pair of high-energy electrons that moves down the
electron transport chain provides enough ______________ to produce
__________ molecules of ATP from ADP.
3. The Totals
a. Glycolysis produces just ______ ATP molecules per molecule of glucose.
b. The complete breakdown of glucose through cellular respiration, including
glycolysis, results in the production of __________ molecules of _______.
4. Comparing __________________ and Cellular Respiration
a. The energy flows in photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place in
__________________ directions.
b. On a global level, photosynthesis and cellular respiration are also
_______________.
c. Photosynthesis ___________________ carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere and cellular respiration __________________.
d. Photosynthesis releases ______________ into the atmosphere and cellular
respiration uses that oxygen to release _______________ from food.