Sta301 Final Quizz by Sarfraz

http://vuattach.ning.
com/
http://vuattach.ning.com/
FINALTERM EXAMINATION
FALL 2006
STA301 - STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY (Session - 1 )
Marks: 50
Time: 120min
StudentID/LoginID:
______________________________
Student Name:
______________________________
Center Name/Code:
______________________________
Exam Date:
Tuesday, February 06, 2007
Please read the following instructions carefully before attempting any of the
questions:
1. Attempt all questions. Marks are written adjacent to each question.
2. Do not ask any question about the contents of this examination from
anyone.
a. If you think that there is something wrong with any of the questions,
attempt it to the best of your understanding.
b. If you believe that some essential piece of information is missing,
make an appropriate assumption and use it to solve the problem.
c. Write all steps, missing steps may lead to deduction of marks.
3. You are allowed to use the calculator & Statistical tables in order to solve the
questions.
4. For your convenience we are providing you the following symbols,
∑ ,∩, X or write Mean, s, σ or sd for standard deviation, s2 σ 2 or sd2 or
,∑
log x
variance for variance, ,for square root or whole square root.
**WARNING: Please note that Virtual University takes serious note of unfair
means. Anyone found involved in cheating will get an `F` grade in this
course.
For Teacher's use only
Question
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total
Marks
Question
11
12
13
14
Marks
Question No: 1 ( Marks: 4 )
Statistics as a subject, in which two of parts is divided? Expalin briefly both of parts.
Differentiate simple and composite hypothesis.
Correct the followings:
µ ± σ contains approximately 50% area.

µ ± 2σ contains approximately 90% area.
µ ± 3σ contains approximately 90.88% area.
Question No: 4 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The heights in centimeters of 5 students are:
165, 175, 176, 159, 170.
The sample median and sample mean are respectively:
170, 169
170, 170
169, 170
176, 169
The characteristic which can not be measured numerically is called:

Quantitative variable
Qualitative variable
Discrete variable
Continuous variable
The expected value of the normal distribution is
0
►
►
µ
►
σ
Normal distribution is
Uni-model
Bi-modal
►
Multi-model
None of these
One sided and two sided critical regions are based on:
Level of significance
Sample size
Null hypothesis
►
Alternative hypothesis
The rule or formula that is used to estimate a population parameter is called:
Estimate
Estimator
Denominator
None of these

The probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis is called:
Level of significance
Type-1 error
Type-II error
None of above
The value of chi-square can never be

Zero
Negative
Greater than 1
None of these
The grade-point averages of college seniors selected at random from the graduating class are as
follows:
3.2
1.9
2.7
2.4
2.8
2.9
3.8
3.0
2.5
3.3
1.8
2.5
3.7
2.8
2.0
3.2
2.3
2.1
2.5
1.0
Calculate the standard deviation.
The mean lifetime of electric light bulbs produced by a company has in the past been 1120 hours
with a standard deviation of 125 hours. A sample of 8 electric bulbs recently chosen form a supply
of newly manufactured bulbs showed a mean lifetime of 1070 hours. Test the hypothesis that mean
lifetime of the bulbs has not changed using a level of significance of 0.05.
A random sample of 200 voters is selected and 120 are found to support an annexation suit. Find the
96% confidence interval for the fraction of the voting population favoring the suit.
Fall 2009
STA301- Statistics and Probability (Session - 1)
Time: 120 min
Marks: 70
Student Info
StudentID:
Center:
ExamDate: 2/24/2010 12:00:00 AM
For Teacher's Use Only

Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
No.
Marks
Q No. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Marks
Q No. 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Marks
Q No. 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Marks

10!
=………….
► 362880
► 3628800
► 362280
► 362800

When
E is an impossible event, then P(E) is:
►2
►0
► 0.5
►1

The value
of χ can never be :
2
► Zero
► Less than 1
► Greater than 1
► Negative

The curve
of the F- distribution depends upon: http://vustudents.ning.com
► Degrees of freedom
► Sample size
► Mean
► Variance

If X and Y
E ( X −Y )
are random variables, then is equal to:
E ( X ) + E (Y )
►
E ( X ) − E (Y )
►
X − E(Y)
►
E ( X ) −Y
►
In testing
hypothesis, we always begin it with assuming that:
► Null hypothesis is true

► Alternative hypothesis is true
► Sample size is large
► Population is normal

For the
−0.135 1
l 0.135
1!
Poisson distribution P(x) = the mean value is :
► 2
►5
► 10
► 0.135

When two
coins are tossed simultaneously, P (one head) is:
1
► 4
1
► 2
3
► 4
►1

From
point estimation, we always get: http://vustudents.ning.com
► Single value
► Two values
► Range of values
► Zero

The
∑( x − x )
2
S2 =
sample variance n is:
► Unbiased estimator of σ
2
► Biased estimator of σ
2
► Unbiased estimator of µ
► None of these

Var(4X +
5) =__________
► 16 Var (X)
► 16 Var (X) + 5
► 4 Var (X) + 5
► 12 Var (X)

When f (x,
y) is bivariate probability density function of continuous r.v.'s X and Y, then
∞ ∞
∫ ∫ f ( x, y ) dx dy
−∞ −∞ is equal to:
►1
►0
► -1
► ∞

The area
under a normal curve between 0 and -1.75 is
► .0401
► .5500
► .4599
► .9599

When
a fair die is rolled, the sample space consists of: http://vustudents.ning.com
► 2 outcomes
► 6 outcomes
► 36 outcomes
► 16 outcomes

When
testing for independence in a contingency table with 3 rows and 4 columns, there are
________ degrees of freedom.
►5
►6
►7
► 12

The F-
test statistic in one-way ANOVA is:
► SSW / SSE
► MSW / MSE
► SSE / SSW
► MSE / MSW

The
continuity correction factor is used when:
► The sample size is at least 5

► Both nP and n (1-P) are at least 30
► A continuous distribution is used to approximate a discrete distribution
► The standard normal distribution is applied

A
uniform distribution is defined by: http://vustudents.ning.com
► Its largest and smallest value

► Smallest value
► Largest value
► Mid value

Which
graph is made by plotting the mid point and frequencies?
► Frequency polygon
► Ogive
► Histogram
► Frequency curve

In a set of
20 values all the values are 10, what is the value of median?
►2
►5
► 10
► 20

If
1 3 3 1
P ( X = 0) P ( X = 1) P ( X = 2 ) P ( X = 3)
=8 , =8 , = 8 and =8
Then find F (1)

Write
down the formula of mathematical expectation.
e=(w * p) + (-v *1). e

Discuss
the statistical independence of two discrete random variables:
http://vustudents.ning.com
For given
data calculate the mean and standard deviation of sampling distribution of mean if the
sampling is down without replacement.
N = 1000, n = 25, µ = 68.5, σ = 2.7

Elaborate
the Least Significant Difference (LSD) Test.

State the
Bayes’ Theorem.
 x , for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
Factory Sam
f ( x) =  2
 0, elsewhere http://vuattach.ning.com/
The
means and variances of the weekly incomes in rupees of two samples of workers are given in
the following table, the samples being randomly drawn from two different factories:
A
Calculate the 90% confidence interval for the real difference in the incomes of the workers
from the two factories.
Question No: 28
B( Marks: 5 )
given data n = 1340, x = 723, p = .54 and H 0 : P0 = 0.5 against H1 : P0 ≠ 0.5 .

Carry out the significance test for the stated hypothesis.
From the

Given the
Probability density function
.
Compute the distribution function F(x).

1
f(x,y) = (6 – x – y), 0 ≤ x ≤ 2; 2 ≤ y ≤ 4,
8
= 0, elsewhere
a) Verify that f(x,y) is a joint
density function.
 3 5
P X ≤ , Y ≤ ,
b) Calculate  2 2

Let
X 1 , X 2 , X 3 be a random sample of size 3 from a population with mean µ and varianceσ 2
Consider the following two estimators of the mean
X1 + X 2 + X 3
T1 =
3 http://vustudents.ning.com
X1 + 2 X 2 + X 3
T2 =
4
Which estimator should be preferred?
Fall 2009
Time: 120 min
Marks: 70
Student Info
StudentID:
Center:
ExamDate: 2/24/2010 12:00:00 AM

Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
No.
Marks
Q No. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Marks
Q No. 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Marks
Q No. 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Marks

10!
=………….
► 362880
► 3628800
► 362280
► 362800

When
►2
►0
► 0.5
►1

The value
of χ can never be :
2
► Zero
► Less than 1
► Greater than 1
► Negative

The curve
of the F- distribution depends upon: http://vustudents.ning.com
► Sample size
► Mean
► Variance

If X and Y
E ( X −Y )
E ( X ) + E (Y )
►
E ( X ) − E (Y )
►
X − E(Y)
►
E ( X ) −Y
►
In testing


For the
−0.135 1
l 0.135
1!
► 2
►5
► 10
► 0.135

When two
1
► 4
1
► 2
3
► 4
►1

From
point estimation, we always get: http://vustudents.ning.com
► Single value
► Two values
► Range of values
► Zero

The
∑( x − x )
2
S2 =
2
2
► None of these

Var(4X +
5) =__________
► 16 Var (X)
► 16 Var (X) + 5
► 4 Var (X) + 5
► 12 Var (X)

When f (x,
∞ ∞
∫ ∫ f ( x, y ) dx dy
►1
►0
► -1
► ∞

The area
► .0401
► .5500
► .4599
► .9599

When
a fair die is rolled, the sample space consists of: http://vustudents.ning.com
► 2 outcomes
► 6 outcomes
► 36 outcomes
► 16 outcomes

When
►5
►6
►7
► 12

The F-
► SSW / SSE
► MSW / MSE
► SSE / SSW
► MSE / MSW

The


A
uniform distribution is defined by: http://vustudents.ning.com

► Smallest value
► Largest value
► Mid value

Which
► Ogive
► Histogram
► Frequency curve

In a set of
►2
►5
► 10
► 20

If
1 3 3 1
P ( X = 0) P ( X = 1) P ( X = 2 ) P ( X = 3)
=8 , =8 , = 8 and =8
Then find F (1)

Write
e=(w * p) + (-v *1). e

Discuss
For given
N = 1000, n = 25, µ = 68.5, σ = 2.7

Elaborate

State the
Bayes’ Theorem.
 x , for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
Factory Sam
f ( x) =  2
The
A
Question No: 28
B( Marks: 5 )

From the

Given the
.

1
f(x,y) = (6 – x – y), 0 ≤ x ≤ 2; 2 ≤ y ≤ 4,
8
= 0, elsewhere
density function.
 3 5
P X ≤ , Y ≤ ,

Let
X1 + X 2 + X 3
T1 =
3 http://vustudents.ning.com
X1 + 2 X 2 + X 3
T2 =
4
Stat301 final term papers

For a
particular data the value of Pearson’s coefficient of skewness is greater then zero. What will
be the shape of distribution?
► Negatively skewed
► J-shaped
► Symmetrical
► Positively skewed

In
measures of relative dispersion unit of measurement is:
► Changed
► Vanish
► Does not changed
► Dependent

The F-
distribution always ranges from:
► 0 to 1
► 0 to -∞
► -∞ to +∞
► 0 to +∞

In chi-
square test of independence the degrees of freedom are:
►n-p
► n - p-1
► n - p- 2
►n–2

The Chi-
Square distribution is continuous distribution ranging from:
► -∞ ≤ χ2≤ ∞
► -∞ ≤χ2 ≤1
► -∞ ≤χ2 ≤0
► 0 ≤ χ2≤ ∞ 348

If X and Y
E ( X −Y )
E ( X ) + E (Y )
►
E ( X ) − E (Y )
►
X − E(Y)
►
E ( X ) − Y answr
►

If ŷ is the
predicted value for a given x-value and b is the y-intercept then the equation of a regression
line for an independent variable x and a dependent variable y is:
► ŷ = mx + b, where m = slope
► x = ŷ + mb, where m = slope
► ŷ = x/m + b, where m = slope
► ŷ = x + mb, where m = slope

The
location of the critical region depends upon:
► Null hypothesis
► Alternative hypothesis
► Value of alpha
► Value of test-statistic

The
variance of the t-distribution is give by the formula:
ν
σ2 =
► ν −2
ν2
σ2 =
► ν −2
ν
σ2 =
► ν −1
ν
σ2 =
► ν −2

Which one
is the correct formula for finding desired sample size?
2
 Zα .σ 
n= 2 
 e 
►  
2
 Zα . σ 
n= 2 
 e 
►  
2
 Zα . X 
n= 2 
 e 
►  
Zα .σ
n= 2
► e

A discrete
probability function f(x) is always:
► Non-negative
► Negative
► One
► Zero

E(4X + 5)
=__________
► 12 E (X)
► 4 E (X) + 5
► 16 E (X) + 5
► 16 E (X)

How P(X
+ Y < 1) can be find:
► f(0, 0) + f(0, 1) + f(1, 2)

► f(2, 0) + f(0, 1) + f(1, 0)
► f(0, 0) + f(1, 1) + f(1, 0)
► f(0, 0) + f(0, 1) + f(1, 0)

The
f ( x |1) =
__________:
f ( 1,1)
►
f ( x,1)
►
f ( x,1)
h ( 1)
►
f ( x,1)
h ( x)
►

The area
► .0401
► .5500
► .4599
► .9599

In normal
distribution M.D. =
► 0.5σ
► 0.75σ
► 0.7979σ
► 0.6445σ

In an
ANOVA test there are 5 observations in each of three treatments. The degrees of freedom in
the numerator and denominator respectively are.......
► 2, 4
► 3, 15
► 3, 12
► 2, 12

A set that contains all possible outcomes of a system is known as
► Finite Set
► Infinite Set
► Universal Set
► No of these

Stem and
leaf is more informative when data is :
► Equal to 100
► Greater Than 100
► Less than 100
► In all situations

A
population that can be defined as the aggregate of all the conceivable ways in which a specified event
can happen is known as:
► Infinite population
► Finite population
► Concrete population
► Hypothetical population

If E (T ) ≠ θ , what do you say about the estimator T, where θ is a parameter ?

What is a
binomial experiment?

Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis in each of the following.
(1) Average domestic consumption of electricity is 50 units per month.
(2) Not more than 30% people pay Zakat (tax).

What
is mathematical expectation of discrete random variable?

Why we
ˆ
prefer to use pooled estimator pc
x , for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
f ( x) =  2

Differentiate between grouped and ungrouped data.

A
population 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
N=6, n=2
After drawing possible samples, we have calculated sampling mean u x = 7 and sampling
σ2
a )µ x = µ , b) σ x2 =
variance σ = 5.833 . Verify
2
x n

A random
sample of size n is drawn from normal population with mean 5 and variance σ . Answer the
2
following:
If s=15, x =14 and t=3, what is values of n?

Given the
.

An urn
contains nine balls; five of them are red and four blue. Three balls are drawn without
replacement. Find the distribution of X= number of red balls drawn.

A
research worker wishes to estimate the mean of a population using a sample sufficiently large
that the probability will be 0.95 that the sample mean will not differ from the true mean by more
than 25 percent of the standard deviation. How large a sample should be taken?
Paper 2

10!
=………….
► 362880
► 3628800
► 362280
► 362800

When
►2
►0
► 0.5
►1

The value
of χ2can never be :
► Zero
► Less than 1
► Greater than 1
► Negative

The curve
of the F- distribution depends upon:
► Sample size
► Mean
► Variance

If X and Y
E ( X −Y )
E ( X ) + E (Y )
►
E ( X ) − E (Y )
►
X − E(Y)
►
E ( X ) −Y
►

In testing


For the
−0.135 1
l 0.135
1!
► 2
►5
► 10
► 0.135

When two
1
► 4
1
► 2
3
► 4
►1

From
point estimation, we always get:
► Single value
► Two values
► Range of values
► Zero

The
∑( x − x )
2
S2 =
2
2
► None of these

Var(4X +
5) =__________
► 16 Var (X)
► 16 Var (X) + 5
► 4 Var (X) + 5
► 12 Var (X)

When f (x,
∞ ∞
∫ ∫ f ( x, y ) dx dy
►1
►0
► -1
► ∞

The area
► .0401
► .5500
► .4599
► .9599

When
a fair die is rolled, the sample space consists of:
► 2 outcomes
► 6 outcomes
► 36 outcomes
► 16 outcomes

When
►5
►6
►7
► 12

The F-
► SSW / SSE
► MSW / MSE
► SSE / SSW
► MSE / MSW

The


A
uniform distribution is defined by:

► Smallest value
► Largest value
► Mid value

Which
► Ogive
► Histogram
► Frequency curve
Question No: 20 Factory
( Marks: 1 )
- Please choose one
Sam
In a set of
A
►2
►5
► 10
► 20

If
B
1 3 3 1
P ( X = 0 ) 8 P ( X = 1) 8 P ( X = 2 ) 8
= , = , = and P ( X = 3) = 8
Then find F (1)
Write
e=(w * p) + (-v *1). e

Discuss
For given
N = 1000, n = 25, µ = 68.5, σ = 2.7
Elaborate

State the
Bayes’ Theorem.

The
 x , for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
f ( x) =  2
From the

Given the
.

1
f(x,y) = (6 – x – y), 0 ≤ x ≤ 2; 2 ≤ y ≤ 4,
8
= 0, elsewhere
density function.
 3 5
P X ≤ , Y ≤ ,

Let
X1 + X 2 + X 3
T1 =
3
X + 2 X 2 + X3
T2 = 1
4
Stat final information

Total question 31
21 was mcqs and 10 was subjective questions.

2 was of 10,10 marks
2 was of 5,5 marks
4 was of 3,3 marks these question ware about properties and 1 was about
confidece interval
2 was of 1, 1 marks, these question were only about defitions.
1) 1 question from confidence interval , question was of 3 marks,

find the confidence interval for difference between two ( papolation means) u1 , u2,
ye question handouts main say hi aya tha, i think lecture no 35 main say tha.
2) 1 question from hypotheyes testing ( Z- test) , marks 10
3) 2 questions was about properties, one was, write the properties of binomial distribution.
and other was ,
what is the good point estimator?
4) 1 question was from lecture no 23 , this was of 3 marks
page no 172, 1st example was same to same.

find the F(x) of { 1, 2}
x and f( x) was given.
Definition estimate n estimator

: x is poisson random variable with U(meu) =2 find (x=0)(x=1)(x=2)
Q : joint probabilty distribution ka ta...bht ezy table dia ta find px=0/y=1
Q: hypergeometric distibution ka ta....
Q: confidence interval level ka ta...
or baki choty choty shy....like why we use t-value...,

.s^2 ia approx equall to S^2 how....
STA 301 All Definitions

(Muhammad Rashid Chishti)
• Statistics - a set of concepts, rules, and procedures that help us to:
o organize numerical information in the form of tables, graphs, and charts;
o understand statistical techniques underlying decisions that affect our lives and
well-being; and
o make informed decisions.
• Data - facts, observations, and information that come from investigations.

o Measurement data sometimes called quantitative data -- the result of using
some instrument to measure something (e.g., test score, weight);
o Categorical data also referred to as frequency or qualitative data. Things are
grouped according to some common property(ies) and the number of members
of the group are recorded (e.g., males/females, vehicle type).
• Variable - property of an object or event that can take on different values. For
example, college major is a variable that takes on values like mathematics, computer
science, English, psychology, etc.
o Discrete Variable - a variable with a limited number of values (e.g., gender
(male/female), college class (freshman/sophomore/junior/senior).
o Continuous Variable - a variable that can take on many different values, in
theory, any value between the lowest and highest points on the measurement
scale.
o Independent Variable - a variable that is manipulated, measured, or selected
by the researcher as an antecedent condition to an observed behavior. In a
hypothesized cause-and-effect relationship, the independent variable is the
cause and the dependent variable is the outcome or effect.
o Dependent Variable - a variable that is not under the experimenter's control --
the data. It is the variable that is observed and measured in response to the
independent variable.
o Qualitative Variable - a variable based on categorical data.
o Quantitative Variable - a variable based on quantitative data.
• Graphs - visual display of data used to present frequency distributions so that the
shape of the distribution can easily be seen.
o Bar graph - a form of graph that uses bars separated by an arbitrary amount
of space to represent how often elements within a category occur. The higher
the bar, the higher the frequency of occurrence. The underlying measurement
scale is discrete (nominal or ordinal-scale data), not continuous.
o Histogram - a form of a bar graph used with interval or ratio-scaled data.
Unlike the bar graph, bars in a histogram touch with the width of the bars
defined by the upper and lower limits of the interval. The measurement scale
is continuous, so the lower limit of any one interval is also the upper limit of the
previous interval.
o Boxplot - a graphical representation of dispersions and extreme scores.
Represented in this graphic are minimum, maximum, and quartile scores in the
form of a box with "whiskers." The box includes the range of scores falling into
the middle 50% of the distribution (Inter Quartile Range = 75th percentile - 25th
percentile)and the whiskers are lines extended to the minimum and maximum
scores in the distribution or to mathematically defined (+/-1.5*IQR) upper and
lower fences.
o Scatterplot - a form of graph that presents information from a bivariate
distribution. In a scatterplot, each subject in an experimental study is
represented by a single point in two-dimensional space. The underlying scale
of measurement for both variables is continuous (measurement data). This is
one of the most useful techniques for gaining insight into the relationship
between tw variables.
• Measures of Center - Plotting data in a frequency distribution shows the general
shape of the distribution and gives a general sense of how the numbers are
bunched. Several statistics can be used to represent the "center" of the distribution.
These statistics are commonly referred to as measures of central tendency.
o Mode - The mode of a distribution is simply defined as the most frequent or
common score in the distribution. The mode is the point or value of X that
corresponds to the highest point on the distribution. If the highest frequency is
shared by more than one value, the distribution is said to be multimodal. It is
not uncommon to see distributions that are bimodal reflecting peaks in scoring
at two different points in the distribution.
o Median - The median is the score that divides the distribution into halves; half
of the scores are above the median and half are below it when the data are
arranged in numerical order. The median is also referred to as the score at the
50th percentile in the distribution. The median location of N numbers can be
found by the formula (N + 1) / 2. When N is an odd number, the formula yields
a integer that represents the value in a numerically ordered distribution
corresponding to the median location. (For example, in the distribution of
numbers (3 1 5 4 9 9 8) the median location is (7 + 1) / 2 = 4. When applied to
the ordered distribution (1 3 4 5 8 9 9), the value 5 is the median, three scores
are above 5 and three are below 5. If there were only 6 values (1 3 4 5 8 9),
the median location is (6 + 1) / 2 = 3.5. In this case the median is half-way
between the 3rd and 4th scores (4 and 5) or 4.5.
o Mean - The mean is the most common measure of central tendency and the
one that can be mathematically manipulated. It is defined as the average of a
distribution is equal to the ΣX / N. Simply, the mean is computed by summing
all the scores in the distribution (ΣX) and dividing that sum by the total number
of scores (N). The mean is the balance point in a distribution such that if you
subtract each value in the distribution from the mean and sum all of these
deviation scores, the result will be zero.
• Measures of Spread - Although the average value in a distribution is informative
about how scores are centered in the distribution, the mean, median, and mode lack
context for interpreting those statistics. Measures of variability provide information
about the degree to which individual scores are clustered about or deviate from the
average value in a distribution.
o Range - The simplest measure of variability to compute and understand is the
range. The range is the difference between the highest and lowest score in a
distribution. Although it is easy to compute, it is not often used as the sole
measure of variability due to its instability. Because it is based solely on the
most extreme scores in the distribution and does not fully reflect the pattern of
variation within a distribution, the range is a very limited measure of variability.
o Interquartile Range (IQR) - Provides a measure of the spread of the middle
50% of the scores. The IQR is defined as the 75th percentile - the 25th
percentile. The interquartile range plays an important role in the graphical
method known as the boxplot. The advantage of using the IQR is that it is
easy to compute and extreme scores in the distribution have much less impact
but its strength is also a weakness in that it suffers as a measure of variability
because it discards too much data. Researchers want to study variability while
eliminating scores that are likely to be accidents. The boxplot allows for this
for this distinction and is an important tool for exploring data.
o Variance - The variance is a measure based on the deviations of individual
scores from the mean. As noted in the definition of the mean, however, simply
summing the deviations will result in a value of 0. To get around this problem
the variance is based on squared deviations of scores about the mean. When
the deviations are squared, the rank order and relative distance of scores in
the distribution is preserved while negative values are eliminated. Then to
control for the number of subjects in the distribution, the sum of the squared
deviations, Σ(X - X), is divided by N (population) or by N - 1 (sample). The
result is the average of the sum of the squared deviations and it is called the
variance.
o Standard deviation - The standard deviation (s or σ ) is defined as the

positive square root of the variance. The variance is a measure in squared
units and has little meaning with respect to the data. Thus, the standard
deviation is a measure of variability expressed in the same units as the data.
The standard deviation is very much like a mean or an "average" of these
deviations. In a normal (symmetric and mound-shaped) distribution, about
two-thirds of the scores fall between +1 and -1 standard deviations from the
mean and the standard deviation is approximately 1/4 of the range in small
samples (N < 30) and 1/5 to 1/6 of the range in large samples (N > 100).
• Measures of Shape - For distributions summarizing data from continuous
measurement scales, statistics can be used to describe how the distribution rises and
drops.
o Symmetric - Distributions that have the same shape on both sides of the
center are called symmetric. A symmetric distribution with only one peak is
referred to as a normal distribution.
o Skewness - Refers to the degree of asymmetry in a distribution. Asymmetry
often reflects extreme scores in a distribution.
 Positively skewed - A distribution is positively skewed when is has a
tail extending out to the right (larger numbers) When a distribution is
positively skewed, the mean is greater than the median reflecting the
fact that the mean is sensitive to each score in the distribution and is
subject to large shifts when the sample is small and contains extreme
scores.
 Negatively skewed - A negatively skewed distribution has an extended
tail pointing to the left (smaller numbers) and reflects bunching of
numbers in the upper part of the distribution with fewer scores at the
lower end of the measurement scale.
o Kurtosis - Like skewness, kurtosis has a specific mathematical definition, but
generally it refers to how scores are concentrated in the center of the
distribution, the upper and lower tails (ends), and the shoulders (between the
center and tails) of a distribution.
 Mesokurtic - A normal distribution is called mesokurtic. The tails of a
mesokurtic distribution are neither too thin or too thick, and there are
neither too many or too few scores in the center of the distribution.
 Platykurtic - Starting with a mesokurtic distribution and moving scores
from both the center and tails into the shoulders, the distribution flattens
out and is referred to as platykurtic.
 Leptokurtic - If you move scores from shoulders of a mesokurtic
distribution into the center and tails of a distribution, the result is a
peaked distribution with thick tails. This shape is referred to as
leptokurtic.
Discrete Data
A set of data is said to be discrete if the values / observations belonging to it are distinct and
separate, i.e. they can be counted (1,2,3,....). Examples might include the number of kittens in
a litter; the number of patients in a doctors surgery; the number of flaws in one metre of cloth;
gender (male, female); blood group (O, A, B, AB).
Compare continuous data.
Categorical Data
A set of data is said to be categorical if the values or observations belonging to it can be
sorted according to category. Each value is chosen from a set of non-overlapping categories.
For example, shoes in a cupboard can be sorted according to colour: the characteristic 'colour'
can have non-overlapping categories 'black', 'brown', 'red' and 'other'. People have the
characteristic of 'gender' with categories 'male' and 'female'.
Categories should be chosen carefully since a bad choice can prejudice the outcome of an
investigation. Every value should belong to one and only one category, and there should be no
doubt as to which one.
Nominal Data
A set of data is said to be nominal if the values / observations belonging to it can be assigned
a code in the form of a number where the numbers are simply labels. You can count but not
order or measure nominal data. For example, in a data set males could be coded as 0,
females as 1; marital status of an individual could be coded as Y if married, N if single.
Ordinal Data
A set of data is said to be ordinal if the values / observations belonging to it can be ranked (put
in order) or have a rating scale attached. You can count and order, but not measure, ordinal
data.
The categories for an ordinal set of data have a natural order, for example, suppose a group of
people were asked to taste varieties of biscuit and classify each biscuit on a rating scale of 1
to 5, representing strongly dislike, dislike, neutral, like, strongly like. A rating of 5 indicates
more enjoyment than a rating of 4, for example, so such data are ordinal.
However, the distinction between neighbouring points on the scale is not necessarily always
the same. For instance, the difference in enjoyment expressed by giving a rating of 2 rather
than 1 might be much less than the difference in enjoyment expressed by giving a rating of 4
rather than 3.
Interval Scale
An interval scale is a scale of measurement where the distance between any two adjacents
units of measurement (or 'intervals') is the same but the zero point is arbitrary. Scores on an
interval scale can be added and subtracted but can not be meaningfully multiplied or divided.
For example, the time interval between the starts of years 1981 and 1982 is the same as that
between 1983 and 1984, namely 365 days. The zero point, year 1 AD, is arbitrary; time did not
begin then. Other examples of interval scales include the heights of tides, and the
measurement of longitude.
Continuous Data
A set of data is said to be continuous if the values / observations belonging to it may take on
any value within a finite or infinite interval. You can count, order and measure continuous data.
For example height, weight, temperature, the amount of sugar in an orange, the time required
to run a mile.
Compare discrete data.
Frequency Table
A frequency table is a way of summarising a set of data. It is a record of how often each value
(or set of values) of the variable in question occurs. It may be enhanced by the addition of
percentages that fall into each category.
A frequency table is used to summarise categorical, nominal, and ordinal data. It may also be
used to summarise continuous data once the data set has been divided up into sensible
groups.
When we have more than one categorical variable in our data set, a frequency table is
sometimes called a contingency table because the figures found in the rows are contingent
upon (dependent upon) those found in the columns.
Example
Suppose that in thirty shots at a target, a marksman makes the following scores:
522344320303215
131552400454455
The frequencies of the different scores can be summarised as:
Score Frequency Frequency (%)
0 4 13%
1 3 10%
2 5 17%
3 5 17%
4 6 20%
5 7 23%
Pie Chart
A pie chart is a way of summarising a set of categorical data. It is a circle which is divided into
segments. Each segment represents a particular category. The area of each segment is
proportional to the number of cases in that category.
Example
Suppose that, in the last year a sports wear manufacturers has spent 6 million pounds on
advertising their products; 3 million has been spent on television adverts, 2 million on
sponsorship, 1 million on newspaper adverts, and a half million on posters. This spending can
be summarised using a pie chart:
Bar Chart
A bar chart is a way of summarising a set of categorical data. It is often used in exploratory
data analysis to illustrate the major features of the distribution of the data in a convenient form.
It displays the data using a number of rectangles, of the same width, each of which represents
a particular category. The length (and hence area) of each rectangle is proportional to the
number of cases in the category it represents, for example, age group, religious affiliation.
Bar charts are used to summarise nominal or ordinal data.
Bar charts can be displayed horizontally or vertically and they are usually drawn with a gap
between the bars (rectangles), whereas the bars of a histogram are drawn immediately next to
each other.
Dot Plot
A dot plot is a way of summarising data, often used in exploratory data analysis to illustrate the
major features of the distribution of the data in a convenient form.
For nominal or ordinal data, a dot plot is similar to a bar chart, with the bars replaced by a
series of dots. Each dot represents a fixed number of individuals. For continuous data, the dot
plot is similar to a histogram, with the rectangles replaced by dots.
A dot plot can also help detect any unusual observations (outliers), or any gaps in the data set.
Histogram
A histogram is a way of summarising data that are measured on an interval scale (either
discrete or continuous). It is often used in exploratory data analysis to illustrate the major
features of the distribution of the data in a convenient form. It divides up the range of possible
values in a data set into classes or groups. For each group, a rectangle is constructed with a
base length equal to the range of values in that specific group, and an area proportional to the
number of observations falling into that group. This means that the rectangles might be drawn
of non-uniform height.
The histogram is only appropriate for variables whose values are numerical and measured on
an interval scale. It is generally used when dealing with large data sets (>100 observations),
when stem and leaf plots become tedious to construct. A histogram can also help detect any
unusual observations (outliers), or any gaps in the data set.
Compare bar chart.
Stem and Leaf Plot

A stem and leaf plot is a way of summarising a set of data measured on an interval scale. It is
often used in exploratory data analysis to illustrate the major features of the distribution of the
data in a convenient and easily drawn form.
A stem and leaf plot is similar to a histogram but is usually a more informative display for
relatively small data sets (<100 data points). It provides a table as well as a picture of the data
and from it we can
readily write down the data in order of magnitude, which is

useful for many statistical procedures, e.g.
in the skinfold thickness example below:
We can compare more than one data set by the use of

multiple stem and leaf plots. By using a back-to-back
stem and leaf plot, we are able to compare the same characteristic in two different groups, for
example, pulse rate after exercise of smokers and non-smokers.
Box and Whisker Plot (or Boxplot)

A box and whisker plot is a way of summarising a set of data measured on an interval scale. It
is often used in exploratory data analysis. It is a type of graph which is used to show the shape
of the distribution, its central value, and variability. The picture produced consists of the most
extreme values in the data set (maximum and minimum values), the lower and upper quartiles,
and the median.
A box plot (as it is often called) is especially helpful for indicating whether a distribution is
skewed and whether there are any unusual observations (outliers) in the data set.
Box and whisker plots are also very useful when large numbers of observations are involved
and when two or more data sets are being compared.
See also 5-Number Summary.
5-Number Summary
A 5-number summary is especially useful when we have so many data that it is sufficient to
present a summary of the data rather than the whole data set. It consists of 5 values: the most
extreme values in the data set (maximum and minimum values), the lower and upper quartiles,
and the median.
A 5-number summary can be represented in a diagram known as a box and whisker plot. In
cases where we have more than one data set to analyse, a 5-number summary is constructed
for each, with corresponding multiple box and whisker plots.
Outlier
An outlier is an observation in a data set which is far removed in value from the others in the
data set. It is an unusually large or an unusually small value compared to the others.
An outlier might be the result of an error in measurement, in which case it will distort the
interpretation of the data, having undue influence on many summary statistics, for example,
the mean.
If an outlier is a genuine result, it is important because it might indicate an extreme of
behaviour of the process under study. For this reason, all outliers must be examined carefully
before embarking on any formal analysis. Outliers should not routinely be removed without
further justification.
Symmetry
Symmetry is implied when data values are distributed in the same way above and below the
middle of the sample.
Symmetrical data sets:
a. are easily interpreted;
b. allow a balanced attitude to outliers, that is, those above and below the middle value
( median) can be considered by the same criteria;
c. allow comparisons of spread or dispersion with similar data sets.
Many standard statistical techniques are appropriate only for a symmetric distributional form.
For this reason, attempts are often made to transform skew-symmetric data so that they
become roughly symmetric.
Skewness
Skewness is defined as asymmetry in the distribution of the sample data values. Values on
one side of the distribution tend to be further from the 'middle' than values on the other side.
For skewed data, the usual measures of location will give different values, for example,
mode<median<mean would indicate positive (or right) skewness.
Positive (or right) skewness is more common than negative (or left) skewness.
If there is evidence of skewness in the data, we can apply transformations, for example, taking
logarithms of positive skew data.
Compare symmetry.
Transformation to Normality
If there is evidence of marked non-normality then we may be able to remedy this by applying
suitable transformations.
The more commonly used transformations which are appropriate for data which are skewed to
the right with increasing strength (positive skew) are 1/x, log(x) and sqrt(x), where the x's are
the data values.
The more commonly used transformations which are appropriate for data which are skewed to
the left with increasing strength (negative skew) are squaring, cubing, and exp(x).
Scatter Plot
A scatterplot is a useful summary of a set of bivariate data (two variables), usually drawn
before working out a linear correlation coefficient or fitting a regression line. It gives a good
visual picture of the relationship between the two variables, and aids the interpretation of the
correlation coefficient or regression model.
Each unit contributes one point to the scatterplot, on which points are plotted but not joined.
The resulting pattern indicates the type and strength of the relationship between the two
variables.
Illustrations
a. The more the points tend to cluster around a straight line, the stronger the linear
relationship between the two variables (the higher the correlation).
b. If the line around which the points tends to cluster runs from lower left to upper right,
the relationship between the two variables is positive (direct).
c. If the line around which the points tends to cluster runs from upper left to lower right,
the relationship between the two variables is negative (inverse).
d. If there exists a random scatter of points, there is no relationship between the two
variables (very low or zero correlation).
e. Very low or zero correlation could result from a non-linear relationship between the
variables. If the relationship is in fact non-linear (points clustering around a curve, not a
straight line), the correlation coefficient will not be a good measure of the strength.
A scatterplot will also show up a non-linear relationship between the two variables and
whether or not there exist any outliers in the data.
More information can be added to a two-dimensional scatterplot - for example, we might label
points with a code to indicate the level of a third variable.
If we are dealing with many variables in a data set, a way of presenting all possible scatter
plots of two variables at a time is in a scatterplot matrix.
Sample Mean
The sample mean is an estimator available for estimating the population mean . It is a
measure of location, commonly called the average, often symbolised .
Its value depends equally on all of the data which may include outliers. It may not appear
representative of the central region for skewed data sets.
It is especially useful as being representative of the whole sample for use in subsequent
calculations.
Example
Lets say our data set is: 5 3 54 93 83 22 17 19.
The sample mean is calculated by taking the sum of all the data values and dividing by the
total number of data values:
See also expected value.
Median
The median is the value halfway through the ordered data set, below and above which there
lies an equal number of data values.
It is generally a good descriptive measure of the location which works well for skewed data, or
data with outliers.
The median is the 0.5 quantile.
Example
With an odd number of data values, for example 21, we have:
Data 96 48 27 72 39 70 7 68 99 36 95 4 6 13 34 74 65 42 28 54 69
Ordered Data 4 6 7 13 27 28 34 36 39 42 48 54 65 68 69 70 72 74 95 96 99
Median 48, leaving ten values below and ten values above
With an even number of data values, for example 20, we have:

Data 57 55 85 24 33 49 94 2 8 51 71 30 91 6 47 50 65 43 41 7
Ordered
2 6 7 8 24 30 33 41 43 47 49 50 51 55 57 65 71 85 91 94
Data
Median Halfway between the two 'middle' data points - in this case halfway
between 47 and 49, and so the median is 48
Mode
The mode is the most frequently occurring value in a set of discrete data. There can be more
than one mode if two or more values are equally common.
Example
Suppose the results of an end of term Statistics exam were distributed as follows:
Student: Score:</I.< td>
1 94
2 81
3 56
4 90
5 70
6 65
7 90
8 90
9 30
Then the mode (most common score) is 90, and the median (middle score) is 81.
Dispersion
The data values in a sample are not all the same. This variation between values is called
dispersion.
When the dispersion is large, the values are widely scattered; when it is small they are tightly
clustered. The width of diagrams such as dot plots, box plots, stem and leaf plots is greater for
samples with more dispersion and vice versa.
There are several measures of dispersion, the most common being the standard deviation.
These measures indicate to what degree the individual observations of a data set are
dispersed or 'spread out' around their mean.
In manufacturing or measurement, high precision is associated with low dispersion.
Range
The range of a sample (or a data set) is a measure of the spread or the dispersion of the
observations. It is the difference between the largest and the smallest observed value of some
quantitative characteristic and is very easy to calculate.
A great deal of information is ignored when computing the range since only the largest and the
smallest data values are considered; the remaining data are ignored.
The range value of a data set is greatly influenced by the presence of just one unusually large
or small value in the sample (outlier).
Examples
1. The range of 65,73,89,56,73,52,47 is 89-47 = 42.
2. If the highest score in a 1st year statistics exam was 98 and the lowest 48, then the
range would be 98-48 = 50.
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR)

The inter-quartile range is a measure of the spread of or dispersion within a data set.
It is calculated by taking the difference between the upper and the lower quartiles. For
example:
Data 23456667789
Upper quartile 7
Lower quartile 4
IQR 7-4=3
The IQR is the width of an interval which contains the middle 50% of the sample, so it is
smaller than the range and its value is less affected by outliers.
Quantile
Quantiles are a set of 'cut points' that divide a sample of data into groups containing (as far as
possible) equal numbers of observations.
Examples of quantiles include quartile, quintile, percentile.
Percentile
Percentiles are values that divide a sample of data into one hundred groups containing (as far
as possible) equal numbers of observations. For example, 30% of the data values lie below
the 30th percentile.
See quantile.
Compare quintile, quartile.
Quartile
Quartiles are values that divide a sample of data into four groups containing (as far as
A data set has three quartiles. References to quartiles often relate to just the outer two, the
upper and the lower quartiles; the second quartile being equal to the median. The lower
quartile is the data value a quarter way up through the ordered data set; the upper quartile is
the data value a quarter way down through the ordered data set.
Example
Data 6 47 49 15 43 41 7 39 43 41 36
Ordered Data 6 7 15 36 39 41 41 43 43 47 49
Median 41
Upper quartile 43
Lower quartile 15
See quantile.
Compare percentile, quintile.
Quintile
Quintiles are values that divide a sample of data into five groups containing (as far as
See quantile.
Compare quartile, percentile.
Sample Variance
Sample variance is a measure of the spread of or dispersion within a set of sample data.
The sample variance is the sum of the squared deviations from their average divided by one
less than the number of observations in the data set. For example, for n observations x1, x2, x3,
... , xn with sample mean
the sample variance is given by

See also variance.
Standard Deviation
Standard deviation is a measure of the spread or dispersion of a set of data.
It is calculated by taking the square root of the variance and is symbolised by s.d, or s. In other
words
The more widely the values are spread out, the larger the standard deviation. For example,
say we have two separate lists of exam results from a class of 30 students; one ranges from
31% to 98%, the other from 82% to 93%, then the standard deviation would be larger for the
results of the first exam.
Coefficient of Variation
The coefficient of variation measures the spread of a set of data as a proportion of its mean. It
is often expressed as a percentage.
It is the ratio of the sample standard deviation to the sample mean:
There is an equivalent definition for the coefficient of variation of a population, which is based
on the expected value and the standard deviation of a random variable.
Fall 2009

Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
No.
Marks
Q No. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Marks
Q No. 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Marks
Q No. 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Marks

Mean
deviation is always:
► Less than S.D

► Greater than S.D
► Greater or equal to S.D
► Less or equal to S.D

The value
of χ2can never be :
► Zero
► Less than 1
► Greater than 1
► Negative

The mean
of the F-distribution is:
v1
forv1 〉 2
► v1 − 2
v2
forv 2 〉 2
► v2 − 2
v1
forv1 ≥ 2
► v1 − 2
v2
forv1 ≤ 2
► v2 − 2

If X and Y
E ( X −Y )
E ( X ) + E (Y )
►
E ( X ) − E (Y )
►
X − E(Y)
►
E ( X ) −Y
►

Evaluate:
(9-4)!
► 362880
► 120
► 24
►6

Which
formula represents the probability of the complement of event A:
► 1 + P (A)
► 1 - P (A)
► P (A )
► P (A) -1

Ideally the
width of confidence interval should be:
►0
►1
► 99
► 100

If the
sampling distribution of X is normal, the interval µ x ± 3σ x includes:
► 99% of the sample means
► 99.73% of the sample means

The
probability distribution of a statistic is called the:
► Population distribution
► Frequency distribution
► Sampling distribution
► Sample distribution

An
estimator T is said to be unbiased estimator of θ if
► E (T) = θ
► E (T) =T
► E (T) =0
► E (T) =1

If the
following is a probability distribution, then what is the value of 'a':
X 1 2 3
P(X) 0.1 a 0.1
► 0.6
► 0.8
► 0.2
► 0.4

A discrete
probability function f(x) is always:
► Non-negative
► Negative
► One
► Zero

An
expected value of a random variable is equal to:
► Variance
► Mean
► Standard deviation
► Covariance

The
f ( x |1) =
__________:
f ( 1,1)
►
f ( x,1)
►
f ( x,1)
h ( 1)
►
f ( x,1)
h ( x)
►

The area
► .0401
► .5500
► .4599
► .9599

The


Which of
the following is impossible in sampling:
► Destructive tests
► Heterogeneous
► To make voters list
► None of these

Which of
the following is a systematic arrangement of data into rows and columns?
► Classification
► Tabulation
► Bar chart
► Component bar chart

Which one
of the following statements is true regarding a sample?
► It is a part of population
► It must contain at least five observations
► It refers to descriptive statistics
► It produces True value

The data
for an ogive is found in which distribution?
► A relative frequency distribution
► A frequency distribution
► A joint frequency distribution
► A cumulative frequency distribution

Write
down the formula for binomial distribution.
Ans:

Write
down the formula for testing the equality of two population proportions.

Define moment ratios. In which unit they are expressed?

Elaborate
the Poisson distribution:

Explain
the symmetrical form of the Normal distribution.

Elaborate
The
experiment of a house-agent indicates that he can provide suitable accommodation for 75
percent of the client who come to him. If on a particular occasion, 6 client approaches to him
independently, calculate the probability that less than 4 clients will get a satisfactory
accommodation.
Why we
use confidence interval?

Write
down short note on chi- square test of independence.

Draw all
possible sample of two letters each without replacement from the letters of the word
“STATISTICS”. Find proportion of latter “S” in each sample.

A random
variable X has the following probability distribution:
X P(X)
-2 0.1
-1 k
0 0.2
1 2k
2 0.3
3 3k
Find K and P(X<2).
Spring 2010

When
each outcome of a sample space has equal chance to occur as any other, the outcomes
are called:
► Mutually exclusive
► Equally likely
► Not mutually exclusive
► Exhaustive

The mean
of the F-distribution is:
v1
forv1 〉 2
► v1 − 2
v2
forv 2 〉 2
► v2 − 2
v1
forv1 ≥ 2
► v1 − 2
v2
forv1 ≤ 2
► v2 − 2

The LSD
test is applied only if the null hypothesis is:
► Rejected
► Accepted
► No conclusion
► Acknowledged

Analysis
of variance is a procedure that enables us to test the equality of several:
► Variances
► Means
► Proportions
► Groups

ANOVA
was introduced by :
► Helmert
► Pearson
► R.A Fisher
► Francis

For
testing of hypothesis about population proportion , we use:
► Z-test PROPORTIONS ARE TESTED AND MEAN

► t-Test MEAN IS TESTED
► Both Z & T-test
► F test VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION

If a
random variable X denotes the number of heads when three distinct coins are tossed, the X
assumed the values:
► 0,1,2,3
► 1,3,3,1
► 1, 2, 3
► 3, 2

If X and Y
are independent variables, then E (XY) is:
► E(XX)
► E(X).E(Y)
► X.E(Y)
► Y.E(X)

The
parameters of the binomial distribution b(x; n, p) are:
►x&n
►x&p
►n&p
► x, n & p

If P (E) is
the probability that an event will occur, which of the following must be false:
► P(E)= - 1 ROBIBILITY SHOULD NEVER BE NEGATIVE AND NOT BE GREATER THAN ONE
► P(E)=1
► P(E)=1/2
► P(E)=1/3

An
estimator T is said to be unbiased estimator of θ if
► E (T) = θ
EXPECTION OF STATISTIC IS EQUAL TO PARAMETER THAT IS ESTIMATED THEN STATISTIC IS
CALLED UNBIASED OTHER WISE BIASED.
► E (T) =T
► E (T) =0
► E (T) =1

The
best unbiased estimator for population variance σ is:
2
► Sample mean
► Sample median
► Sample proportion
► Sample variance

The
∑( x − x )
2
S2 =
2
2
IF IT IS DI VIDED BY N-1 THEN IT IS CALLED UNBIASED OTHER WISE BIASED
► None of these

When c is
a constant, then E(c) is:
1
0
c
-c
►0
►1
► c THE EXPECTION OF A CONSTATNT IS ALWAYS CONSTANT
► -c

If f (x, y) is
bivariate probability density function of continuous r.v.'s X and Y then
g ( x) is:
∫ f ( x, y ) dx
► −∞
∫ f ( x, y ) dy
► −∞
∞ ∞
∫ ∫ f ( x, y ) dx dy
► −∞ −∞
b d
∫ ∫ f ( x, y ) dy dx
► a c

The
analysis of variance technique is a method for :
► Comparing F distributions
► Comparing three or more means
► Measuring sampling error
► Comparing variances

The


Stem and
leaf is more informative when data is :
► Equal to 100
► Greater Than 100
► Less than 100
► In all situations

The branch
of Statistics that is concerned with the procedures and methodology for obtaining valid conclusions is
called:
► Descriptive Statistics
► Advance Statistics
► Inferential Statistics
► Sampled Statistics

Which of
the following is a systematic arrangement of data into rows and columns?
► Classification
► Tabulation
► Bar chart
► Component bar chart

In normal
distribution Q.D =
► 0.5σ
► 0.75σ
► 0.7979σ
► 0.6745σ

In normal
distribution β 2 =
►1
►2
►3
►0
If you
connect the mid-points of rectangles in a histogram by a series of lines that also touches the x-
axis from both ends, what will you get?
► Ogive
► Frequency curve
► Historigram

Which one
of the following statements is true regarding a population?
► It must be a large number of values
► It must refer to people
► It is a collection of individuals, objects, or measurements
► It is small part of whole

When
Q1 = 2 and Q3 = 4 ,what is the value of Median, if the distribution is symmetrical:
►1
►2
►3
►4

In a
simple linear regression model, if it is assumed that the intercept parameter is equal to zero,
then:
► The regression line will pass through the origin
► The regression line will pass through the point (0,10).
► The regression line will pass through the point (0,-10).
► The slope of the line will also be equal to 0.

The
degrees of freedom for a t-test with sample size 10 is:
►5
►8
► 9 n-1
► 10

In testing
of hypothesis, we always begin it with assuming that:

It is shown by h0 and first we assumption is h0

A failing
student is passed by an examiner is an example of:
► Type I error
► Type II error
► Correct decision
► No information regarding student exams

How to
find P ( X + Y ≤ 1) ?
► f(0, 0) + f(0, 1) + f(1, 2)
► f(2, 0) + f(0, 1) + f(1, 0)
► f(0, 0) + f(1, 1) + f(1, 0)
► f(0, 0) + f(0, 1) + f(1, 0)

How
many parameters are involved in hypergeometric distribution?
Three N n k
Poission mean is np and variance and mean are equal

If an
automobile is driven on the average no more than 16000 Km per year, then formulate the null
and alternative hypothesis.
H 0 ≤ 16000
H1 > 16000

Write down
the test statistic when chi- square goodness of fit test is performed.

P1 = 0.30, P2 = 0.20.
Find the
value of F(table value), when n1 = 7 , n 2 = 10 and α= 0.05
3.37

If X = 327,
n = 634, p0 = 0.50 then find the z-test statistic for proportion.

If
population proportions are given as:
σ p2ˆ1 − pˆ 2
Find ,where n = 10
σ p2ˆ1 − pˆ 2
= p1q1/n1+p2q2/n2

A
candidate for mayor in a large city hires the services of a poll-taking organization, and they
found that 62 of 100 educated voters interviewed support the candidate, and 69 of 150
uneducated voters support him.
At the 0.05 significance level, test the following
H o : P1 − P2 ≥ 0.05
H1 : P1 − P2 < 0.05
Book Example # 16.17 on Page 155
Professor sher Muhammad Chaudhry

If we have
RCBD with MSE=3.19, no.of.treatments = 4, no.of.blocks = 5; then find the value of LSD (least
significant difference) for treatments by using α=0.05 and error degrees of freedom is 12.

Find the
mean and variance for the sampling distribution given below.
No. of Probability
( p̂) Samples f ( p̂ )
0 1 1/20
1/3 9 9/20
2/3 9 9/20
1 1 1/20
Σ 20 1
µ
P µ ¶ 2 µ µ ¶ 2
µ
F( P ) P P F( P ) P F( P )
0 1/20
1/3 9/20
2/3 9/20
1 1/20
∑ 1
µ fP
µ =∑ P µ
Mean=
µ2fP
µ − ( P
∑ µ f P¶ )
2
E ( x)2 = ∑ P
Variance=

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STA301 - STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY (Session - 1 )

∑ ,∩, X or write Mean, s, σ or sd for standard deviation, s2 σ 2 or sd2 or

For Teacher's use only

Question No: 1 ( Marks: 4 )

Question No: 2 ( Marks: 4 )

Differentiate simple and composite hypothesis.

Question No: 3 ( Marks: 4 )

Correct the followings:

µ ± σ contains approximately 50% area.

Question No: 4 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 5 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The characteristic which can not be measured numerically is called:

Question No: 6 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The expected value of the normal distribution is

Question No: 7 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 8 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 9 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The rule or formula that is used to estimate a population parameter is called:

Question No: 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis is called:

Question No: 11 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The value of chi-square can never be

Question No: 12 ( Marks: 10 )

Calculate the standard deviation.

Question No: 13 ( Marks: 10 )

Question No: 14 ( Marks: 10 )

ExamDate: 2/24/2010 12:00:00 AM

For Teacher's Use Only

Question No: 1 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 2 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 3 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 4 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 5 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

► Null hypothesis is true

Question No: 7 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 8 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 9 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 11 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 12 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 13 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 14 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 15 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 16 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 17 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

► The sample size is at least 5

Question No: 18 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

► Its largest and smallest value

Question No: 19 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 20 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 21 ( Marks: 1 )

Question No: 22 ( Marks: 2 )

e=(w * p) + (-v *1). e

Question No: 23 ( Marks: 3 )

Question No: 25 ( Marks: 3 )

Question No: 26 ( Marks: 3 )

given data n = 1340, x = 723, p = .54 and H 0 : P0 = 0.5 against H1 : P0 ≠ 0.5 .

Question No: 29 ( Marks: 5 )

Compute the distribution function F(x).

Question No: 30 ( Marks: 10 )

Question No: 31 ( Marks: 10 )