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austenite Fe3C cementite
Fcc structure Orthorhombic
Nonmagnetic Hard
Reactions ductile brittle
Peritectic L + =
Max. solubility of C in ferrite=0.022%
Eutectic L = + Fe3C
Max. solubility of C in austenite=2.11%
Eutectoid = + Fe3C
Steel is an interstitial solid solution of carbon in iron.
Theoretically steel has a maximum of 2.11% carbon.
In practice, the amount of carbon rarely exceeds 0.8%
Classification/Nomenclature
Low carbon steels up to 0.2%C AISI 1020:
Last two numbers indicate
Medium carbon steels 0.20.4%C Amount of carbon :0.2%C
10 indicates plain carbon steel
High carbon steels >0.4% C AISI 4340: 0.4%C
43 indicates alloy steel
IRON-CARBON (Fe-C) PHASE DIAGRAM
• 2 important T(°C)
1600
points δ
-Eutectic (A): 1400 L
L ⇒ γ + Fe3C γ+L
γ A
1200 1148°C L+Fe3C
Fe3C (cementite)
-Eutectoid (B): (austenite) R S
γ ⇒ α + Fe3C 1000 γ γ
γ γ γ+Fe3C
α+
800
α γ B 727°C = T
eutectoid
R S
600
α+Fe3C
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe) 0.77 4.30 C , wt% C
120µm o
C eutectoid
C eutectoid (wt%C)
0.8
T Eutectoid (°C)
1200 Ti Si
Mo W 0.6 Ni
1000 Cr
Cr 0.4
Si
800 Mn
Mn 0.2 W
Ti Mo
600 Ni
0
0 4 8 12 0 4 8 12
wt. % of alloying elements wt. % of alloying elements
Overview of cast iron
• Iron with 1.7 to 4.5% carbon and 0.5 to 3%
silicon
• Lower melting point and more fluid than steel
(better castability)
• Low cost material usually produced by sand
casting
• A wide range of properties, depending on
composition & cooling rate
– Strength
– Hardness
– Ductility
– Thermal conductivity
Production of cast iron
• Uniform
• Rosette
• Superimposed (Kish
and normal)
• Interdendritic random
• Interdendritic preferred
orientation
Matrix structure
• Pearlite or ferrite
• Transformation is to ferrite when
– Cooling rate is slow
– High silicon content
– High carbon equivalence
– Presence of fine undercooled graphite
Properties of grey cast iron
• Machineability is excellent
• Ductility is low (0.6%), impact
resistance low
• Damping capacity high
• Thermal conductivity high
• Dry and normal wear properties
excellent
Applications
• Engines
– Cylinder blocks, liners,
• Brake drums, clutch plates
• Pressure pipe fittings (AS2544)
• Machinery beds
• Furnace parts, ingot and glass
moulds
Ductile iron
• Graphite spheres
surrounded by ferrite
• Usually some
pearlite
• May be some
cementite
• Can be hardened to
martensite by heat
Production
• Mild graphitiser
– Reduces chill depth
– Considered detrimental in alloy cast
irons
Chromium
• Main uses:
– Forms carbides
– Gives corrosion resistance
– High temperature stability
• Up to 3% - no effect on
hardenability
• More than 10% - M7C3 carbides
stronger and tougher than M3C
Nickel
• Promotes graphite
• Increases strength of pearlite
• Increases hardenability
– 2.5 to 4.5% Ni-Hard irons
• Stabilises austenite
– Over 6.5%