PAPER PRESENTATION ON

NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY
SOURCE
(Electricity from Bio Mass)

Authorised By
SANTOSH BHARADWAJ REDDY
Email: help@matlabcodes.com
Engineeringpapers.blogspot.com
More Papers and Presentations available on above
site
 INDEX

S.N
CONTENTS
O.
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. PROCEDURE
4. BACKGROUND
AREAS USEFULL FOR CONSTRUCTION OF
5.
POWERPLANT
6. PERCENTAGE OF PRODUCTION
7. ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
8. USES AND ADVANTAGES
9. DISADVANTAGES
10. CURRENT RESEARCH
11. CONCLUSION
12. BIBILIOGRAPHY
13. PHOTOGALLARY
 ABSTRACT
Modern life presents several alternatives at every stage. The media
inundates us with new products- plasma TV’s, flat screens …. For each
product there are numerous alternatives highlighted by attractive
advertising and aggressive marketing. Alternatives with new features are
created by companies in order to sell their products. Unlike these
alternatives, we will see that there is a real need for alternative energy
sources. What do we understand by alternative energy sources? In order to
understand this, we should understand what the existing or conventional
energy use pattern is.
In order to see the scarcity less society we are
also implementing new methods for production of electricity. A part of new
production, Bioelectricity is one to produce the electricity from biomasses. In
this presentation we want to say about the production of electricity,
advantages, and disadvantages in the bioelectric plant.
By using this bioelectric plant we can overcome
the scarcity of electric power up to some extent. We can make use of the
agricultural wastage in a proper way. So production of electricity from bio
masses is having much impotence.
 INTRODUCTION

Energy is nighter created nor be destroyed But it is converted from one

form to another form this is called energy conservation. But we should use in
a perfect manner to make use of it.
Take an example of energy circle from one from to another form like.

Solar energy—Photosynthesis—Biomass—Energy generation.

ACCORDING TO 2002 ANNALISES

BREAKUP OF WORLD PRIMARY ENERGY

CONSUPTION

 OIL - 34%

 NATURAL GAS – 21%

 COAL - 24%

 NUCLEAR - 8%

 LARGE HYDRO -2%

 TRADBIOMASS – 9%

 RENEWABLES -2%S

BACKUP OF INDIA’S PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUPTION

 COAL - 53%

 GAS - 10%
  OIL - 33%

 HYDRO - 3%

 NUCLEAR – 1%

BIOMASSES:-

(i) Biomass in its traditional solid mass (wood and agriculture residue)
and (ii) biomass in non-traditional form (converted into liquid- fuels). The first
category is to burn the biomass directly and get the energy. In the second
category, the biomass is converted into ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and methanol
(methyl-alcohol) to be used as liquid fuels engines. The third category is to
ferment the biomass an aerobically obtain a gaseous fuel called bio-gas. It is
about this bio gas technology detailed discussion will be given in subsequent
article. Biomass includes wood waste and bagasse, which have potential of
generating substantial electric power. All these bio-mass are highly
dispersed and bulky and contain large amounts of water (50 to 90 per cent).
Thus, it is not economical to transport them over long distances, and
conversion into usable energy must take place close to the source, which is
limited to particular regions. However, biomass can be converted to liquid or
gaseous fuels, thereby increasing its energy density and making feasible
transportation over long distances.
Terrestrial crops include (1) sugar crops such as sugarcane and sweet
sorghum ; (2) herbaceous crops, which are non-woody plants that are easily
converted into liquid or gaseous fuels ; and (3) silviculture (forestry) plants
such as cultured hybrid poplar, sycamore, sweet gum, alder, eucalyptus, and
other hard woods. Current research focuses on the screening and
identification of species that are available for short- rotation growing and on
the optimum techniques for planting, fertilize-. Ton, harvesting, and
conversion.
Animal and human waste are indirect crops from which methane
for combustion and ethylene (used in the plastic industry) can be
produced while retaining the fertilizer value of the manure. Aquatic crops
are grown in fresh, sea, and brackish waters. Both submerged and emergent
plants are considered, including sea weeds, marine algae, and of
particular interest, the giant California kelp.
Hence bio energy and energy plantations are the two main features which
are discussed in the chapter. Bio gas or methane is produced by the
anaerobic decomposition of organic materials. This gas is produced from cow
dung and other wastes such as cornhusks, leaves, straw, garbage, flesh of-
carcasses, poultry droppings, pig dung, human excreta and sewage. It is
estimated that about 100 Crore tones of fresh dung is available in the
country, and 67.1 cubic meter of gas per tonne of wet dung can be
produced. Aquatic biomass is another source to produce methane gas. It has
been estimated that about two lakh hectares of land is covered by water
hyacinth spreading West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, TamilNadu,
Orissa and Kerala. It can absorb 80% of nitrogen and 60% of phosphorus
from the secondary effluent in 5 days. The yield is 148 tones per hectare per
year. A huge quantity of agriculture residues is available in the country which
goes waste every year. Against the total agricultural waste which could be
around 200 million tones, the actual consumption as fuel might be around 40
million tones. It has been estimated that even for the smallest gas plant (2
cu. m.), one should have a regular supply of 45 kg of fresh dung everyday.
The animal should preferably be stable bound otherwise the dung would be
lost in the pasture. The family size gas plant will cook a day’s meals for a-
small family. The rate of gas production will be highest if the mixture in the
digester contains solids between 7-9 per cent. Cow dung originally contains
about 18% of solids. The bio-gas can also be used to run diesel engines
which operate with the mixture of bio gas and diesel oil it can reduce the
consumption of diesel oil by about 80% and engine run faster by 43% of
extra power with this mixture.

Biomass Conversion Technologies

A wide variety of conversion technologies is available for

manufacturing premium fuels from biomass (see table 7.2.1). Some are
simple and well understood like digestion and fermentation ; others like
gasification have been tested in large pilot plants and are now being
commercialized.

Each biomass resource—wood, dung, vegetable waste can be treated

in many different ways to provide a wide spectrum of useful products.
Domestic refuse, for example, can be dried and burnt to provide heat or
converted into low calorific value gas by ‘pyrolysis’ (heating without air).
Alternatively, it can be stirred into a slurry and digested to yield methane.
Like-wise, liquid and gaseous fuels such as methanol and methane can be
manufactured by several different routes and from a variety of feedstock.

The choice of the process is determined by a number of factor—

location of the resource and its physical condition, the economics of
competing processes, and the availability of a suitable market for the
product.

Biomass conversion, or simply bio conversion can take many forms: (1)
direct combustion, such as wood waste and bagasse (sugarcane refuge), (2)
thermo chemical conversion, and (3) biochemical conversion.

crops into ethanol. About 500 million gal ethanol per year by 1985,
were produced the limited states by the use of surplus gain. It is intended for
mixing.

Each biomass resource—wood, dung, vegetable waste can be treated

in many different ways to provide a wide spectrum of useful products.
Domestic refuse, for example, can be dried and burnt to provide heat or
converted into low calorific value gas by ‘pyrolysis’ (heating without air).
Alternatively, it can be stirred into slurry and digested to yield methane.
Like-wise, liquid and gaseous fuels such as methanol and methane can be
manufactured by several different routes and from a variety of feedstock.

The choice of the process is determined by a number of factor—

location of the resource and its physical condition, the economics of
competing processes, and the availability of a suitable market for the
product.

Biomass conversion, or simply bio conversion can take many forms: (1)
direct combustion, such as wood waste and bagasse (sugarcane refuge), (2)
thermo chemical conversion, and (3) biochemical conversion.

Woody feedstock’s direct combustion or pyrolysis is probably more

productive at present, although steam treatment and new low-energy
enzymatic hydrolysis techniques are under development. The energy
requirement for distillation is also likely to be cut dramatically. Alcohol can,
be separated from the beer by many methods which are now under intensive
development. These include solvent extraction, reverse’ osmosis, molecular
sieves and use of new desiccants for alcohol drying. It may soon be possible
to halve the energy required for alcohol production to produce a greater net
energy gain.

Chemical reduction. Chemical reduction is the least developed of the

wet biomass conversion processes. It involves pressure—cooking animal
wastes or plant cellulose slurry with an alkaline catalyst in the presence of
carbon monoxide at temperatures between 250°C and 400°C. Under these
conditions the organic material is converted into a mixture of oils with a yield
approaching 50%. If the pressure is reduced and the temperature increased,

the product is a high calorific value gas.

PROCEDURE:

Mainly we use husk, maize, maize leaf, groundnut shell sawdust,

cotton stack, red gram stack as the raw material for production of heat

From this heat is produced then we have to take water and the taken
water is chemically reduced means in the PH-value by adding some
chemicals and this water is heated from the heat produced by burning of raw
materials .Actually the boiling point of water is 100centegrade but this water
is heated up to 485cc and 65guages pressure and this steam is used to
rotate the turbine at 9000rpm.This 9000rpm speed is reduced to 1500rpm
and supplied to the machine then the A.C. current will be produced by the
rotation of turbine.

Minimum of 6M.V.is produced in a Bio-Electrical plant for producing

M.V.we need 40.2towns of raw material in small power plant the minimum of
8towns of raw material is used for producing the heat. This produced A.C.
current is transferred to sub station which is having the capacity of 33M.V.
and this is supplied to the house hold uses.

BACKGROUND :-

Actually we are using river water to rotate the turbine and to produce
electricity from olden days .We can see the projects near Nagarjunasagar,
Srisailum e.t.c……….

Now a days around 10to15 years we are using this Bio-Electrical plants
for production of electricity because the power produced by “Thermal
Energy” is not sufficient now a days due to more use of electric power in
industries and for other uses.

Before this is started in INDIA this process is mainly followed in Belgium,

France and other western countries. In Belgium this process started in1989,
this process is mainly used in Australia and America.

AREAS USEFULL FOR CONSTRUCTION OF POWER PLANTS:-

As the process consumes plenty of water and Agriculture

wastage as raw material this plants should construct at the areas where
there is surplus of water and raw material. We must check and we should
check that plant should be nearer to sub station to transfer the power from
plant to the sub station . This plant should be constructed at the outskirts of
the city. As this process includes some what of pollution.

PERCENTAGE OF PRODUCTION:-

The production of electricity is based on the raw materials and

capacity of turbines used. If there is more raw materials the production will
be more in a small power plant there is production of 6M.V. of A.C. current by
using 40.2towns of raw material in such power plants there is use of 8towns
of raw material per hour. It takes 1.2 k.g of raw material for converting 1
cubic meter of water in to steam. In this process two types of steams are
produced first wet steam is produced at 270cc and this steam is converted
into super heated steam at 485cc of heat in such a away that the steam is
not visible to the necked eye. In this away the production is based on raw
material and capacity of turbine used.

ENVIRONAMENTAL BENEFITS:-

Before starting this power plants farmers and other peoples used
to fire the agricultural wastages in open places which produces more
pollution. After starting this power plants pollution is reduced by using
E.S.P’s means electro static precipitation by using this E.S.P’s the smoke is
controlled and it is converted to ash. This ash is used for brick companies in
production of bricks. This also the best example for the conservation of
energy.

The water which is flowing to the occasions with out any use is
controlled and converted to steam and used for production of electricity in
this form we can also make use of water which is going to be wasted. So by
using this power plant we can reduce the environmental pollution up to some
extent these are the environmental benefits we are getting from this power
plant.

USES AND ADVANTAGES:-

• The main use of this power plant is to reduce the scarcity of electric
power.

• Due to this power plant farmers are getting benefited by selling the raw
materials like husk, maize, ground nut Stack etc……

• The small power plant consumer at least of 200 to 300 working labosur.
So labour getting benefited due to this.

DISADVANTAGES :
• It is difficult to transfer the power produced to the substation.

• Even we are using ESP’s some what pollution will occur.

CURRENT RESEARCH :

There is ongoing research into finding more suitable turbines that

could rotate by using less steam.

It would be done in large scale in India because the production of Bio-

masses is here in India.

There is the pressure from Government of India to construct Bio-

Electric plants to overcome the scarcity of electric power.
 CONCLUSION

Finally I would like to conclude that the Bio-electric plants are

most useful now a days in India and other countries to overcome
the scarcity electric power and to reduce the environmental
pollution.

I hope that this will be the best process to produce the electric
power future.

BIBILIOGRAPHY

 www.google.com

 www.bio-electricpower.com

 Non-conventional Energy Source by- G.D.RAI

 Encyclopedia of Bio-Masses.

 Staff of Bio-Electric Plant in Gopalpuram near to Khamma

PHOTOGALLARY