Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
provides its users the benefits of a trunked radio and a cellular telephone. iDEN places
more users in a given spectral space, compared to analog cellular and two-way radio
systems, by using speech compression and time division multiple access TDMA.
Notably, iDEN is designed, and licensed, to operate on individual frequencies that may
not be contiguous. iDEN operates on 25kHz channels, but only occupies 20 kHz in order
to provide interference protection via guard bands. By comparison, TDMA Cellular (IS-
54 and IS-136) is licensed in blocks of 30 kHz channels, but each emission occupies 40
kHz,and is capable of serving the same number of subscribers per channel as iDEN.
iDEN supports either three or six interconnect users (phone users) per channel, and either
six or twelve dispatch users (push-to-talk users) per channel. Since there is no Analogue
Domain Duplexing is used instead, the same way that other digital-only technolgies
duplex their handsets. Also, like other digital-only technologies, hybrid or cavity
1
iDEN
History
brought to the market next generation wireless solutions designed for a variety of
vertical market mobile business applications. Today, iDEN wireless handsets are
Motorola iDEN handset users are finding new applications and discovering unique
communication solutions every day to help their businesses evolve and grow. For
example, Motorola's iDEN solution offers the ability for you to hold a conference
with a large number of people, with only the push of a button, helping you eliminate
2
iDEN
wireless technologies with one pocket-sized digital handset that combines: two-way
to go anywhere while still keeping track of what's important to not only your business
Motorola's iDEN solution truly simplifies your life by streamlining all of your
communications tools.
iDEN technology offers you more than just a wireless phone. It's a Motorola
speakerphone, voice command, phone book, voice mail, digital two-way radio,
mobile Internet and e-mail, wireless modems, voice activation, and voice recordings
3
iDEN
dispatch radio, full-duplex telephone interconnect, short messaging service and data
transmission
Key Technologies
iDEN's digital technology divides a channel into different "slots". Each slot can carry one
voice or data transmission. By deploying an iDEN system, service providers can increase
capacity by as much as six times their current analog Specialized Mobile Radio (SMR)
network.
TDMA utilizes Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) to reference a synchronized time, and
then divides the channel into time slots. As a result, channel capacity is increased because
one channel has now been converted to multiple voice or data transmission vehicles.
4
iDEN
TDMA is a proven technology in cellular systems across Europe, the US, and in Japan.
Time division multiple access (TDMA) is a channel access method for shared medium
networks. It allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the
signal into different timeslots. The users transmit in rapid succession, one after the other,
each using his own timeslot. This allows multiple stations to share the same transmission
medium . While using only the part of its bandwidth they require. TDMA is used in the
IS-136, Personal Digital Cellular(PDC) and iDEN, and in the Digital Enhanced Cordless
satellite systems, and combat-net radio systems. For usage of Dynamic TDMA packet
5
iDEN
VSELP provides iDEN systems with the capability to fit voice transmission into the
Vector Sum Excited Linear Prediction, or VSELP, is a speech coding method used in the
IS-54 standard. This codec was used in early TDMA cell phones in the United States. It
was also used in the first version of RealAudio for audio over the Internet. The IS-54
1989.
IS-54 VSELP specifies an encoding of each 20 ms of speech into 159-bit frames, thus
achieving a raw data rate of 7.95 kbit/s. In an actual TDMA cell phone, the vocoder
output is packaged with error correction and signaling information, resulting in an over-
the-air data rate of 16.2 kbit/s. For internet audio, each 159-bit frame is stored in 20
bytes, leaving 1 bit unused. The resulting file thus has a data rate of exactly 8 kbit/s.
A major drawback of VSELP is its limited ability to encode non-speech sounds, so that it
performs poorly when encoding speech in the presence of background noise. For this
reason, use of VSELP has been gradually phased out in favor of newer codecs.
6
iDEN
Quad Amplitude Modulation results in 64 kbps data rate over a 25 kHz channel.
changing (modulating) the amplitude of two carrier waves. These two waves, usually
sinusoids, are out of phase with each other by 90° and are thus called quadrature carriers ,
QAM Transmitter
The following picture shows the ideal structure of a QAM transmitter, with a carrier
First the flow of bits to be transmitted is split into two equal parts: this process
7
iDEN
just like they were in an amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulator. Then one
channel (the one "in phase") is multiplied by a cosine, while the other channel
("in quadrature") is multiplied by a sine. This way there is a phase of 90° between
them. They are simply added one to the other and sent through the real channel
QAM Receiver
The receiver simply performs the inverse process of the transmitter. Its ideal structure is
shown in the picture below with Hr the receive filter's frequency response:
Multiplying by a cosine (or a sine) and by a low-pass filter it is possible to extract the
component in phase (or in quadrature). Then there is only an ASK demodulator and the
8
iDEN
two flows of data are merged back.In any application, the low-pass filter will be within hr
When first powered up, an iDEN mobile radio scans selected iDEN frequencies and locks
on to the designated control channel. The control channel carries information ontinuously
broadcast by the fixed end system regarding system identification and timing parameters
for the mobile radio to use when it operates on the system. The control channel also
defines the maximum transmit power that radios on the system may use.
9
iDEN
Mobile Synchronization
In its operational mode, the mobile radio aligns its frequency and transmit timing to the
Mobile Registration
identifier (IMSI), which is assigned to it when it is first placed in service and performs an
initial registration with the fixed end system. When making its registration request, the
mobile radio supplies its international mobile equipment identifier (IMEI) to the fixed
end system. After determining the validity of the IMEI, the fixed end station assigns an
ssociated with all GSM and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)
network mobile phone users. The number is stored in the Subscriber Identity Module
(SIM). It is sent by the mobile phone to the network and is also used to acquire other
details of the mobile in the Home Location Register (HLR) or as locally copied in the
Visitor Location Register. In order to avoid the subscriber being identified and tracked by
10
iDEN
eavesdroppers on the radio interface, the IMSI is sent as rarely as possible and a
Also the IMSI is used in ANY mobile network that interconnect with others. We are
talking here about CDMA and EVDO networks and this number is provisioned in the
phone directly or in the RUIMS card (a CDMA analogue to SIM card in GSM)
An IMSI is usually fifteen digits long. However, they can be shorter (eg. MTN South
Africa's are 14 digits). The first three digits are the country code (mobile country code),
and the next digits are the Mobile Network Code (MNC). The MNC can be either two
digits long (normal e.g. in Europe) or three digits long (normal in North America), the
remaining digits, up to the maximum length are the unique subscriber number (MSIN)
The International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) is a number unique to every GSM
and UMTS mobile phone. It is usually found printed on the phone underneath the battery
and can also be found by dialling the sequence *#06# into the phone.
The IMEI number is used by the GSM network to identify valid devices and therefore
itcan be used to stop a stolen phone from accessing the network. For example, if a mobile
11
iDEN
phone is stolen, the owner can call his or her network provider and instruct them to "ban"
the phone using its IMEI number. This renders the phone useless, regardless of whether
Unlike the Electronic Serial Number or MEID of CDMA and other wireless networks,
the IMEI is only used to identify the device, and has no permanent or semi-permanent
number, which is stored on a SIM card which can (in theory) be transferred to any
handset. However, many network and security features are enabled by knowing the
When operating in a moving vehicle, an iDEN mobile radio can assist the fixed end
system in determining when a handover to another cell should be executed. Whenever the
mobile radio is not actually transmitting or receiving a signal from the fixed end system,
it monitors outbound signals from neighboring cells and measures the received power and
signal quality of these signals. When it determines that the signal from a neighboring cell
is of higher quality than the signal from the fixed end system in its currently assigned
cell, it transmits a handover request to the fixed end system. The iDEN infrastructure can
also query a mobile radio for a measurement report. The mobile radio then transmits data
12
iDEN
back to the fixed end system indicating the received signal strength detected and
iDEN is the only commercial technology that offers push-to-talk( PTT) service.
What is push-to-talk?
important contacts without one person’s having to place a traditional telephone call and
wait for the other party to “pick up” or answer. In addition, push-to-talk can offer features
such as calling groups so that more than two users can communicate at the same time.
Like a walkie talkie, this communication is half-duplex; therefore, users must press and
hold the button while they speak, and only one person can speak at a time (hence the
name push-to-talk). This service is also commonly referred to as PTT, P2T, press- to-
Background
iDEN™ (integrated Digital Enhanced Network) technology. One of these services, Direct
Connect SM push-to-talk.
13
iDEN
Nextel operates the first commercially available push-to-talk system, which works only
on Motorola’s iDEN platform. Because the iDEN network was built entirely by Motorola
to be compatible with Direct Connect, it does not have the same limitations as other
technologies.
IP Radio Service
The IPRS technology permits users to conduct unlimited international and roaming push-
to-talk sessions across any packetbased network. IPRS is based primarily on client
software that can be downloaded into most of the newer smart phone environments, such
14
iDEN
Inc.’s, BREW™ (Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless™), or that can be embedded
in the handsets by the handset vendors. “In peer-to-peer sessions voice transmission is
performs duties such as authenticating users; managing voice calls; originating and
terminating calls; and providing O&M (operation and maintenance), billing, and
provisioning capabilities.
15
iDEN
GPRS Gateway Support Node (GGSN) is network node that acts as agateway between a
GPRS wireless data network and other networks such as the Internet or private network
The GGSN is the anchor point that enables the mobility of the user terminal in the
GPRS/UMTS networks. In essence, it carries out the role in GPRS equivalent to the
Home Agent in Mobile IP. It maintains routing necessary to tunnel the Protocol Data
16
iDEN
(Mobile Station) and performs security functions and access control. The SGSN also
exists in a UMTS network, where it connects to the RNC (Radio Network Controller)
17
iDEN
Base Tranceiver Station. Technical term for a mobile phone base station. A BTS contains
the transmit and receive technology and also the aerials to supply a radio cell. Several
BTSs are administered by a BSC (Base Station Controller), which is in turn under an
MSC (Mobile Switching Center). Existing BSCs and BTSs can be extended for new radio
technology to allow the network operator to reuse existing aerial sites for UMTS radio
networks.
18
iDEN
used to communicate with one or more mobile or portable radio transceivers. They are
typically used by low-power two-way radios such as mobile phones, portable phones and
wireless routers. For example, the signals from one or more mobile telephones in an area
are received at a nearby base station, which then connects the call to the land-line
network. In the case of a portable phone, the connection is typically direct to a land line.
Base stations can be local controlled or remote controlled. Local controlled base stations
are operated by front panel controls on the base station cabinet. Remote control base
stations can be operated over tone- or DC- private line telephone circuits or radio links.
location, used to communciate with one or more mobile or portable radio transceivers.
They are typically used by low-power two-way radios such as mobile phones, portable
phones and wireless routers. For example, the signals from one or more mobile
telephones in an area are recieved at a nearby base station, which then connects the call to
the land-line network. In the case of a portable phone, the connection is typically direct to
a land line.
known fixed location which is used to derive correction information for nearby portable
GPS recievers. This correction data allows propagation and other effects to be corrected
19
iDEN
out of the position data obtained by the mobile stations, which gives greatly increased
location precision and accuracy over the results obtained by uncorrected GPS recievers.
that serves as the hub of the local wireless network, and may also be the gateway between
Base stations can be local controlled or remote controlled. Local controlled base stations
are operated by front panel controls on the base station cabinet. Remote control base
stations can be operated over private line telephone circuits or radio links.
20
iDEN
21
iDEN
(NGN) architecture for telecom operators that want to provide mobile and fixed
standardised implementation of SIP, and runs over the standard Internet Protocol (IP).
The aim of IMS is not only to provide new services but all the services, current and
future, that the Internet provides. In this way, IMS will give network operators and
service providers the ability to control and charge for each service. In addition, users have
to be able to execute all their services when roaming as well as from their home
networks. To achieve these goals, IMS uses open standard IP protocols, defined by the
IETF. So, a multimedia session between two IMS users, between an IMS user and a user
on the Internet, and between two users on the Internet is established using exactly the
same protocol. Moreover, the interfaces for service developers are also based on IP
protocols. This is why IMS truly merges the Internet with the cellular world; it uses
appealing services.
22
iDEN
based networks, they are able to offer many features in addition to traditional push-to-talk
most features are common to all products. For example, users can create and manage
individual and group contact lists and use only one number for both push-totalk and
regular calls. The rollout of IP-based push-to-talk services will allow nationwide and
even worldwide push-to-talk sessions without special upgrades. Similar to “buddy lists”
figure. It shows whether the contact is connected and available to talk, is busy, or is not
connected. If the contact is unavailable or busy, users can leave voice or text messages
IP-Based Push-to-Talk
23
iDEN
transmission divides an iDEN phone's signal into three parts, thereby decreasing the
individual load of each stream. European units use the Global System for Mobile
Communication (GSM) standard, which separates the stream into eight parts. There is
Time Division Multiple Access is a air interface technology is used in GSM, as a digital
upgrade of the AMPS analog system in the U.S. and as the basis of Personal Handyphone
System (PHS) in Japan. TDMA is especially popular in the Americas. The technology
divides each cellular channel into three time slots, tripling the data capacity from analog
technology. TDMA was first specified as a standard in EIA/TIA Interim Standard 54 (IS-
54). IS-136, a version of IS-54, is the U.S. standard for TDMA for the 850MHz and 1.9
GHz spectrums. PHS was first introduced in Japan in 1995; intended as a worldwide
24
iDEN
iDEN enables communications to begin with the press of a PTT button on the handset,
rather than through completion of a standard cellular call. A call is formed by combining
known as the iDEN Applications Server, deployed on the provider’s IP-based Wide Area
Network (WAN).
Pressing the PTT button originates a call to the target iDEN user and provides the
originator with information indicating the availability of the target user. Target users can
be identified and programmed into handsets by the user or a network administrator. If the
target user is available, the originator receives an immediate indication (e.g., audible
tone, message on the display) and the originator can begin speaking. The call originator’s
voice is then sent through the carrier’s network to the target’s handset. Initiating a call to
a iDEN user who isnot available simply results in a negative response tone rather than a
25
iDEN
iDEN uses VoIP architecture, subscribers using standard 3G CDMA data networks
worldwide2 will be able to push a button to talk. For instance, a iDEN user in Boston
could make a direct push-to-talk connection with another iDEN subscriber in Beijing...
iDEN enables end users to set up iDEN groups dynamically from the handset without the
need for action from a system administrator. The iDEN application benefits from
CDMA’s inherent security attributes. Since CDMA signals are digital in nature and
detection, thus ensuring that transmissions are resistant to decoding and eavesdropping.
• Support for over-the-air upgrade of iDEN client software via the wireless download
feature.
• Ad hoc creation of chat groups on the handset, in addition to the standing groups that an
• Easy implementation of the user interface across multiple device types and in multiple
languages.
26
iDEN
iDEN is an evolutionary technology based on the PTT technologies that exist in today’s
wireless services such as QChat. QChat is currently being used as backup form of voice
communications for public safety field personnel, such as emergency response and police
high-capacity digital trunked radio technology that can provide integrated voice and data
into six separate time slots. Using half-duplex and full-duplex signals.
• Cellular-like telephony
• Digital two-way radio, one-to-one and group, and limited dispatch capabilities
The iDEN digital two-way radio service uses a half-duplex signal, similar to that of
QChat. A normal cellular telephone call uses a full-duplex scheme (i.e., two separate
channels, one to send and the other to receive) for each call. In contrast, a Direct Connect
call uses a single channel. Direct Connect relies on the proven technology of PTT, which
of communications that requires the person speaking to press a button while talking and
27
iDEN
then release when they are finished. The listener then presses his or her PTT button to
respond. This simplex or half-duplex access method allows the system to easily discern
divides each 200kHz channel into eight 25kHz time-slots. GSM operates in the 900MHz
and 1.8GHz bands in Europe and the 1.9GHz PCS band in the US. Unlike CDMA or
TDMA, GSM defines the entire cellular system, not just the air interface. GSM also
supports short messaging service (SMS), which enables text messages of up to 160
characters in length to be sent to and from compatible phones. SMS is probably the most
successful wireless data service in the world at the moment. The GSM Association has
said that around 3 billion SMS messages are sent each month. GSM supports data
transfer speeds of up to 9.6 kbit/s and has become the de facto standard in Europe and
Asia. Over 80 percent of the world’s mobile phone subscribers use GSM-compatible
phones.
28
iDEN
A "spread spectrum," digital, cellular, air interface technology mainly used in the U.S.
and parts of Asia, such as South Korea. CDMA sends multiple signals or streams of
information at one time as a single signal and then unravels the separate strands at the
receiving end. CDMA operates in the 800MHz band and 1.9GHz PCS band and supports
The world is demanding more from wireless communication technologies than ever
before as more people around the world are subscribing to wireless. Add in
wireless networks are doing much more than just a few years ago. This is
where CDMA technology fits in. CDMA consistently provides better capacity
for voice and data communications than other commercial mobile technologies,
CDMA is a "spread spectrum" technology, allowing many users to occupy the same time
and frequency allocations in a given band/space. As its name implies, CDMA (Code
from others in the same spectrum. In a world of finite spectrum resources, CDMA
enables many more people to share the airwaves at the same time than do alternative
29
iDEN
standards are branded cdmaOne and include IS-95A and IS-95B. CDMA is the
foundation for 3G services: the two dominant IMT-2000 standards, CDMA2000 and
iDEN is a proprietary version of the digital TDMA system developed by Motorola Inc.
The technology has proved something of a dead end, even though it can support both
packet- and circuit-switched data and offers data transfer rates of up to 10 kbit/s
A wireless data-only packet overlay for the existing analog AMPS network in the U.S.,
CDPD shunts data over unused intervals in the voice channels. It has a data transfer rate
of 19.2 kbit/s.
Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) uses unused bandwidth normally used by
AMPS mobile phones between 800 and 900 MHz to transfer data. Speeds up to
Developed in the early 1990's, CDPD was large on the horizon as a future technology.
However, it had difficulty competing against existing slower but less expensive Mobitex
and DataTac systems, and never quite gained widespread acceptance before newer, faster
30
iDEN
CDPD had very limited consumer offerings. AT&T Wireless first offered the technology
in the United States under the PocketNet brand. It was one of the first consumer offerings
of wireless web service. Cingular Wireless later offered CDPD under the Wireless
Internet brand (not to be confused with Wireless Internet Express, their brand for
GPRS/EDGE data). PocketNet was generally considered a failure with competition from
2G services such as Sprint's Wireless Web. After the three phones AT&T Wireless had
offered to the public (two from Panasonic, one from Mitsubishi and the Ericsson
31
iDEN
Next Generation
Our newest phones-like the i90c-feature innovative J2ME™ technology enabling you
graphically rich games. Motorola's iDEN phones are truly the next generation of
Conclusion
32
iDEN
technology, which provides its users the benefits of a trunked radio and a cellular
telephone. This technology is developed by the mobile company “Motorola” and is sold
Data like text message and picture message and voice communications are supported by
iDEN.
iDEN currently is at software release 13.0, supporting 2500 sites maximum per urban. In
order to provide high data rates for packet data, Nextel started to develop a 2.5G
Unfortunately, not many areas have support for iDen technology. There are only twelve
Salvador, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, Saudi Arabia,
Singapore, and the United States – currently capable of working with the system.
33
iDEN
Reference
http://www.trillium.com.
http://www.wikipedia.com
http://www.motorola.com/
http://www.geocities.com/5peter/iDEN.html
34