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Chapter 4 Chapter 5
CMOS CMOS
Subcircuits Amplifiers
Simple
Circuits
Chapter
Chapter10
2 Chapter
Chapter11
3
CMOS/BiCMOS
D/A and A/D CMOS/BiCMOS
Analog
Technology
Converters Modeling
Systems
Devices
Introduction
Fig. 1.0-01
Function or
Application Fig. 1-1
Simulation
Physical Definition
Physical
Design Physical Verification
Parasitic Extraction
Fabrication Fabrication
;;
Analog IC Design - Continued
• Electrical Aspects
L
W
W/L ratios
VDD
M6
Circuit or Analog M3 M4 Cc
vout
systems Integrated -
vin
M1 M2 CL
-
VSS
3.0V
Power Supply Voltage
2.5V
2.0V
Desktop Systems
1.5V
1.0V
Portable Systems
2 Analog
Headroom
1
VDD
0.5
VT (scenario 2)
0.2
VT (scenario 1)
0.1
0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1
MOSFET Channel Length, μm Fig. 1.2-2
Trends in IC Technology
Technology Speed Figure of Merit vs. Time:
ft
HEMTs, HBTs
300GHz
SiGe
100GHz 0.09μm
0.13μm
0.18μm
30GHz 0.25μm
0.35μm
10GHz 0.5μm
GaAs 0.8μm 0.6μm
3GHz 1μm
Bipolar
2μm 1.5μm
1GHz
3μm
CMOS Carrier Frequency of RF
Cellular Telephony
Year
77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05
Fig. 1.2-3B
Estimated Frequency Performance based on Scaling:
Technology ft fmax
0.35 micron 25GHz 40GHz
0.25 micron 40GHz 60-70GHz
0.18 micron 60GHz 90-100GHz
CMOS Analog Circuit Design © P.E. Allen - 2005
Chapter 1 – Section 2 (8/3/05) Page 1.2-4
Actual
?
Innovative
Solution
Generic
Function
Standard
Technology
Innovative
Solution
New
Application Fig. 1.2-5
CMOS Analog Circuit Design © P.E. Allen - 2005
Chapter 1 – Section 2 (8/3/05) Page 1.2-6
Video RF
Acoustic
Seismic Imaging Microwave
Sonar Radar
Telecommunications
;;
Signal Bandwidths versus Technology
;; Mostly analog
;;
implementation
BiCMOS
Bipolar analog
;;
;;
Fuzzy boundary,
Bipolar digital logic keeps moving to
;;
the right
Surface acoustic
waves
;;
MOS analog
;;
;; GaAs
Optical
1 10
Physical
Transmission
Sensors
Media
Actuators
Audio
Storage I/O
Media
Analog/Digital
Interface Fig. 1.3-3
Electronics
CMOS Analog Circuit Design © P.E. Allen - 2005
Now:
Trend:
Fig. 1.3-4
Idm
id
ID iD
t
Fig. 1.4-1
CMOS Analog Circuit Design © P.E. Allen - 2005
Enhancement Enhancement
G NMOS with G PMOS with
VBS = 0V. VBS = 0V.
S D
D S
Enhancement Enhancement
G B NMOS with G B PMOS with
VBS 0V. VBS 0V.
S D
D S
Simple Simple
G NMOS G PMOS
symbol symbol
S D
CMOS Analog Circuit Design © P.E. Allen - 2005
Chapter 1 – Section 4 (8/3/05) Page 1.4-3
+ +
+ +
V V V
-
- -
-
Differential amplifier,
op amp, or comparator Independent Independent
voltage sources current source
I2
+ + +
+
V1 AvV1 - V2 V1 GmV1
- - -
Voltage-controlled, Voltage-controlled,
voltage source current source
I1 I1 I2
RmI1 +- V2 AiI1
-
Current-controlled, Current-controlled,
voltage source current source
CMOS Analog Circuit Design © P.E. Allen - 2005
1.5 - SUMMARY
• Analog IC design combines a function or application with IC technology for a
successful solution.
• Analog IC design consists of three major steps:
1.) Electrical design Topology, W/L values, and dc currents
2.) Physical design (Layout)
3.) Test design (Testing)
• Analog designers must be flexible and have a skill set that allows one to simplify and
understand a complex problem
• Analog IC design is driven by improving technologies rather than new technologies.
• Analog IC design has reached maturity and is here to stay.
• The appropriate philosophy is “If it can be done economically by digital, don’t use
analog”.
• As a result of the above, analog finds applications where speed, area, or power have
advantages over a digital approach.
• Deep-submicron technologies will offer exciting challenges to the creativity of the
analog designer.